, Che cos'e la
psichiatria?
Foucault-Psychiatric-Power-1973-74
Lectures at the College de France 1974-1975, ed.
Valerio Marchetti and Antonella Salomoni, English series ed.
Arnold I.
Davidson, trans.
Graham Burchell (New York: Picador, 2003) pp.
16-21 and pp.
154 156.
13. "Les rapports de pouvoir passent a l'interieur des corps" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 3, p. 229-
14. "Entretien avec Michel Foucault" p. 140; "Truth and Power" p. 111.
15. See above, "Course Summary. "
16. L. Bonnafe, "Sources du desalienisme" in Desaliener? Folie(s) et Societe(s) (Toulouse: Presses universitaires du Mirail/Privat, 1991) p. 221.
17. Esprit, 20th year, December 1952, "Misere de la psychiatric La vie asilaire. Attitudes de la societe (Textes de malades, de medecins, d'un infirmier, denoncanl la vie asilaire chroni- cisante, la surpopulation, le reglement modele de 1838). " Foucault refers to this "remarkable number of Esprit" in Maladie mentale et Personnalite, p. 109, n. 1.
? 18. An allusion to the cases of arbitrary confinement, the most famous cases of which arc those
of General Gngorenko, arrested in February 1964 under the charge of anti Soviet activi- ties and confined in the Serbski Institute in Moscow, and Vladimir Borissov, confined in the special psychiatric hospital of Leningrad--for the liberation of whom a campaign was led by Victor Fainberg, supported by some intellectuals including David Cooper and Michel Foucault. See, "Enlermement, psychiatrie, prison" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 3, pp. 332 360. There was also the confinement ol the dissident Wladimir Boukovski in autumn 1971. See W. Boukovski, Une nouvc/le maladie mentale en URSS: /'opposition (Paris: Le Seuil, 1971).
19- T. Laine, "Une psychiatrie differente pour le malaise a vivre," La Nouvelle Critique, no. 59, December 1972; reprinted in the Editions de la Nouvelle Critique, April 1973, pp. 23 36.
20. "Entretien avec Michel Foucault (Conversazione con Michel Foucault)" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 4, p. 61; English translation, "Interview with Michel Foucault" trans. Robert Hurley, Essential Works of Foucault, 3, p. 260 [English translation slightly amended; G. B. j.
21. "Michel Foucault. Les reponses du philosophe" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 2, p. 813-
22. In April 1970 a journal o( the extreme left had already appeared which sought to struggle
against "class psychiatry," Cahiers pour lafolie, a special issue of which, Cles pour Henri Colin, June 1973, was devoted to the security unit for difficult patients ol the Villejuif psychiatric
hospital. The journal Marge devoted its April May 1970 issue to this "rottenness ofpsychiatry. " In November 1973 a pamphlet appeared entitled: Psychiatrie: la peur change de camp, and in December 1973 number O of Psychiatrie el Lutle de classe appeared which put itself forward as "a site of theoretical development for the formation ol slogans promoting a revolutionary con sciousness ol 'social' workers in connection with the battle of the working class" (p. 1). On the role of the "young psychiatrists" see "Entretien avec Michel Foucault" Dits el Ecrits, vol. 4, p. 60; "Interview with Michel Foucault," Essential Works oj Foucault, 3, pp. 259 260.
23. Des infirmiers psychiatriques prennent la parole (Paris: Capedith, 1974).
24. M. Burton and R. Gentis, La psychiatrie doit etrefaite/defaitepar lous (Paris: Maspero, 1973).
25. "Le monde est un grand asile" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 2, p. 433.
26. Maladie menlale el Psychologie, p. 2; Mental Illness and Psychology, p. 2.
27. Histoire de lafolie, p. 40 (omitted from the English translation).
28. "Le jeu de Michel Foucault" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 3, p. 299; abridged English translation "The Confession of the Flesh," trans. Colin Gordon, in M. Foucault, Power/Knowledge. Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon, trans. Colin Gordon and others (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1980) p. 194. In an unpublished interview with Paul Patton and Colin Gordon of 3 April 1978, Foucault says: "What I study is an architecture. "
29. See above, lecture of 7 November 1973, pp. 14-15.
30. Histoire de lafolie, p. 26; Madness and Civilisation, p. 16.
31. See above, lecture of 6 February 1974, p. 308, where Foucault marks the difference between his problematic and that ol the Anglo-Saxon and Italian anti psychiatry movements that, taking as their target the "violence" exercised by society in general and psychiatry in particular, model themselves on the paradigmatic figure of the "schizophrenic" who, refus- ing to constitute an alienated "lalse self" subservient to social demands, tears off the masks of this everyday violence, and thanks to which, as R. D. Laing says, "the light began to break through the cracks in our all too-closed minds"; R. D. Laing, The Politics of Experience and the Bird of Paradise (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967) p. 107; French translation, La Politique de Vexperience. Essai sur I'alienation et I'Oiseau de Paradis, trans. Cl. Elsen (Paris: Stock, 1969), p. 89. See the works of David Cooper: (1) Psychiatry and Antipsychiatry (London: Tavistock Publications, 1967); French translation, Psychiatrie et Anti-psychiatrie,
trans. M. Braudeau (Paris: Le Seuil, 1970); ( 2 ) with R. D. Laing, Reason and Violence (London: Tavistock Publications, 1964); French translation, Raison et Violence. Dix ans de la philosophic de Sartre (1950-1960), trans. J. -P. Cottereau, Avant propos by
J. -P. Sartre (Paris: Payot, 1972). See also F. Basaglia and others, "L'Istituzione negata. Rapporto da un ospedale psichiatrico," in Nuovo Politecnico, vol. 19, Turin, 1968; French translation, F. Basaglia, ed. , L'Institution en negation. Rapport su I'hopital psychiatrique de Gon'^ia, trans. I. Bonalumi (Paris: Le Seuil, 1970).
32. "Pouvoir et savoir" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 3, p. 414.
33- L. Bonnafe, "Le milieu hospitalier au point de vue psychotherapique, ou Theorie et
pratique de I'hopital psychiatrique," La Raison, no. 17,1958, p. 7.
Course Context 365
? 366 PSYCHIATRIC POWER
34- L. Bonnaie, "De la doctrine post-esquirolienne. I. Problemes generaux," Information psychialrique, vol. 1, no. 4, April 1960, p. 423. The reference is to J. E. D. Esquirol, "Memoires, statistiques et hygieniques sur la folie. Preambule," in Des maladies mentaks,
considerees sous les rapports medical, hygienique et medico-legal (Paris: J. B. Bailliere, 1838),
vol. 2, p. 398.
35- L. Bonnafe, "Conclusions des journees psychiatriques de mars 1945," Information
36.
37.
38.
39. 40. 41.
psychialrique, 22ml year, no. 2, October 1945, p. 19.
L. Bonnafe, "De la doctrine post esquirolienne, II. Examples appliques," Information
psychialrique, vol. 1, no. 5, May 1960, p. 580: "The pivot of the service is no longer the asylum, but the town, at the heart of the territory in which the psychiatrist's Junction is exercised, extended to the protection of mental health. "
[aj H. Torrubia, "Analyse et interpretation du transfert en therapeutique institutionelle," Revue de psychotherapie institutionelle, vol. 1, 1965, pp. 83 90. [bj J. Oury, [t| "Dialectique du fantasme, du transfert et du passage a l'acte dans la psychotherapie institutionelle," Cercle d'eludes psychiatriques (Paris: Laboratoire Specia, 1968); [n] "Psychotherapie institutionelle: transfert et espace du dire" Information psychiatrique, vol. 59, no. 3, March 1983, pp. 413-423. | c | J. Ayme, Ph. Rappard, H. Torrubia, "Therapeutique institutionelle," Encyclopedic medico-psychiatrique. Psychiatrie, vol. 3, October 1964, col. 37 930, G. 10, pp. 1-12. On the La Borde clinic, see the special issue of the review Recherches, no. 21, March April 1976: Histoires de La Borde. Dix ans de psychotherapie institutionelle a la clinique de Cour-Cheverny, complement, p. 19.
F. Tosquelles, "La problematique du pouvoir dans les collectifs de soins psychiatriques," La Nef 281'1year,no. 42,January March,1971:L'Antipsychiatrie,p. 98.
He stated this in an intervention at the University ol Vincennes on 5 February 1971: "Personally, I do not accept the label anti-psychiatrist. " (Personal notes; J. L. )
On the Italian movement, see: [a| F. Basaglia, [1] ed.
, Che cos'e la psichiatria? (Turin: Einaudi, 1973); French translation, Qu'esl<e qu la psychiatrie? trans. R. Maggiori (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1977); [ii | "L'Istituzione negata. Rapporto da un ospedale psichiatrico"; Vlnslilution en negation. Rapport su Vhopital psychiatrique de Gori^ia; fiii] "Le rapport de Trieste," in Pratiques de lafolie. Pratiques etfolie (Paris: Ed. Solin, 1981) pp. 5 7 0 . On this current, see also: [ b | G. Jervis, "II Mito dell'Antipsichiatna," Quaderni Piacentini, no. 60 61, October 1976; French translation, Le Mythe de I'antipsychiatrie," trans. B. de Freminville (Paris: ? d. Solin, 1977). [c| R. Castel, "Le ville natale de 'Marco Cavallo,' embleme de I'antipsychiatrie," Critique, no. 435 436, August-September 1983, pp. 628-636. More generally, on anti-psychiatry movements in Europe, see [dj Reseau. Alternative a la
psychiatrie. Collectif international (Paris: Union generale d'Edition, 1977).
F. Basaglia, "L'assistance psychiatrique comme probleme anti-institutionnel: une
experience italienne," Information psychiatrique, vol. 47, no. 2, February 1971: "The tolerant institution, the other face of the violent institution, continues to perform its original func tion without changing its strategic and structural meaning, or the games ol power on which it is based. "
F. Basaglia, "Les institutions de la violence," in Vinstitution en negation, p. 137.
The works of English anti-psychiatry began to be translated and known in France follow- ing a colloquium organized in 1967 in Paris by the Federation des groupes d'Etudes et de Recherches institutionnelles (FGERI), to which Cooper and Laing were invited. See [aj
R. Castel, La Gestion des risques. De Vantipsychiatrie a Vapres-psychanalyse, 1 ? "Grandeurs et servitudes contestaires" (Paris: Ed. de Minuit, 1981) pp. 19 33. fb] J. Postel and D. F. Allen, "History and anti-psychiatry in France" in M. Micale and R. Porter, eds. Discovering the History of Psychiatry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994) pp. 384 414. [c) Recherches special issue Enfance alienee, vol. 2, December 1968 in which there are contributions from D. Cooper, "Alienation mentale et alienation sociale" pp. 48-50, and
R. Laing, "Metanoia. Some experiences at Kingsley Hall" pp. 51-57.
"A more radical questioning led some of us to put forward conceptions and procedures that seem to be absolutely opposed to traditional conceptions and procedures, and which can in fact be considered as the germ of an anti-psychiatry" David Cooper, Psychiatrie et Anti-
psychialrie, p. 9. (This passage does not appear in the original English, Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry. }
42.
43- 44.
45-
? 46. 47.
R. D. Laing, The Politics of Experience, pp. 105 6; La politique de ['experience, p. 88.
Report on the activity of the Philadelphia Association (1965-1967), quoted in the article by G. Baillon, "Introduction a l'antipsychiatrie," La Nef, 28lh year, no. 42, January May 1971: L'Anti-Psychiatrie, p. 23. This is why, in his contribution, "Histoire de la folie et antipsychi atrie," to the colloquium at Montreal organized by H. Ellenberger on 9 May 1973: "Faul
d interner les psychiatres? "--to which he refers in "Michel Foucault: An Interview by Stephen Riggins" Essential Works of Foucault, vol. 1, pp. 131-132; French translation, "Une interview de Michel Foucault par Stephen Riggins" trans. F. Durand-Bogaert, Dits et Ecrits, vol. 4, pp. 536 537--he could say: "In the form of anti-psychiatry practiced by Laing and Cooper, it is a question of the de medicalization of the space in which madness is pro- duced. Consequently, it is an anti psychiatry in which the power relationship is reduced to zero. This de medicalization implies not only an institutional reorganization of psychiatric establishments; it is undoubtedly more than a simple epistemological break; the question should perhaps be posed more in terms of an ethnological break than o( a political revolution. Maybe it is not just our economic system, or even our present form of rationalism, but the whole of our immense social rationality as it has been woven historically since the Greeks that reluses today to recognize, at the very heart of our society, an experience of madness that may be a test of truth not under the control oi medical power" (typescript p. 19).
See above, lecture of 7 November 1973, pp. 15 16.
E. Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the Social Siluation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates (New York: Doubleday, 1961); French translation, Asiles: Etudes sur la condition sociale des malades mentaux et autres reclus, trans. L. and Cl. Laine, wilh Preface by R. Castel (Paris: ? d. de Minuit, 1968). See M. Foucault |i| "La verite et les formes juridiques"; pp. 611 612; "Truth and Juridical Forms" pp. 75 76. [iij "Foucault Examines Reason in Service of State Power" an interview with M. Dillon in Campus Report, 12th Year, no. 6, October 1979, pp. 5-6; French translation, "Foucault etudie la raison d'Etat" trans. F. Durand-Bogaert, Dits et Ecrits,vol. 3, pp. 802-803. fiii] "Foucault Examines Reason in Service of State Power" The Three Penny Review, 1st Year, no. 1, 1980, pp. 4 5; French translation, "Foucault Etudie la raison d'Etat trans. F. Durand-Bogaert, Dits et Ecrits, vol. 4, p. 38 (this is a modified version o( the previous reference), and [IV]"Space, Knowledge, and Power" an interview with P. Rabinow, in Essential Works of Foucault, 3, pp. 356-357; French translation, "Espace, savoir et pouvoir" trans. F. Durand-Bogaert, Dits et Ecrits, vol. 4, p. 277. E. Goffman, Asylums, p. 4.
See above, "Course summary," p. 339.
See above, lecture of 12 December 1973, p. 132.
"Foucault Examines Reason in Service of State Power," pp. 4-5; "Foucault Etudie la raison d'Etat;' p. 38.
The battle of Henri Ey (1900-1977) to maintain the "specificity" of psychiatry against psychoanalysis and against biological and socio-political temptations, testifies to this, as does the appearance of a collection edited by F. Caroli entitled, precisely, Specificile de la
psychiatrie (Paris: Masson, 1980).
David Cooper, Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry: "In so far as psychiatry represents the interests or pretended interests of the sane ones, we may discover that, in fact, violence in psychiatry is pre eminently the violence of psychiatry" p. 14.
See above, note 31.
See above, lecture ol 6 February 1974, p. 304 sq.
See above, "Course summary" p. 342.
"Histoire de la folie et antipsychiairie" (typescript) p. 12. Summarized with some changes in the "Course summary. "
Ibid.
"Le grand enfermemeni" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 2, p. 301.
48. 49.
50. 51. 52. 53-
54.
55-
56. 57. 58. 59.
60. 61.
Course Context 367
? Ackerknecht, Erwin Heinz 198, 262, 364 Adams, R. A. 324
Adnes, Andre 36
Alembertjean Le Rond d' 259
Alencon, Edouard d' 8 9 Alexander IV (pope) 257 Algarron, Jacques 351 Alleau, Rene 258
Allen, David F. 366
Althusser, Louis 18
Amandry, Pierre 260
Amard, Louis Victor Frederic 169 Ame, Charles Francois (patient) 293 Arnauld, Antoine 140
Auenbrugger, Leopold 324 Augustine, Aurelius Augustinus
(saint) 88
Augustine (patient) 331 Ayme,Jean 366 AymenJ. B. 259
Azam, Paul 294
Babinski, Joseph Francois Felix 142, 323, 332-33, 342
Baillarger, Jules Gabriel Francois 197, 267, 289, 292, 325, 326
Baillon, Guy 367
Balard, Antoine Jerome 291 Ballet, Gilbert 231
Balvet, Paul 196
Barbaroux, N. 90
Barker, John 259
Barnes, Mary 31-32, 37, 347 Basaglia, Franco 341, 345, 347, 357,
365, 366
Baudin, Louis 89
Bayard, Henri Louis 141, I95
Bayle, Antoine Laurent Jesse 141, 263, 267, 289, 306, 326
Bayle, Gaspard Laurent 198,199 Beauchesne, H. 227
Beaudouin, Henri 59
Beccaria, Cesare 17
Becher, Hubert 8 9
Belhomme, Jacques Etienne 205-6, 224, 225,
226
Belloc, Hippolyte 156,171,192
Bentham, Jeremy 41,60, 73-79, 90, 91, 93,
102-3,106
Bergboff, Emanuel 259
Berillon, Edgar 294
Berke, Joe 31-32, 37, 347
Berliere, Ursmer 88
Bernard, Claude 142, 279, 291
Bernardin, Alexandre Edme Maurice 145, 149,
195
Bernbeim, Hippolyte 316, 318, 331, 341 Berthier, Pierre 100, 117, 118
Berthold de Calabre 8 9
Bertrand, Alexandre 255
Bessejean Martial 8 8 , 8 9
Bichat, Marie Francois Xavier 188, 198, 298,
299, 302, 303, 323, 324, 336
Binet, Alfred 61
Bini, Lucio 195
Binswanger, Ludwig 364
Bixler, Elizabetb S. 196
Blanche, Esprit Sylvestre 110, 112, 113, 120-21,
169
Bleandonu, Gerard 196 Boerhaave, Hermann 260 Boisseau, Edmund 142, 330 Boissier de Sauvages, Francois 225 Bollotte, Gustave 117
INDEX OF NAMES
? 370 INDEX OF NAMES
Bongert, Yvonne 257
Bonnafe, Lucien 59, 264, 351, 352, 355, 364,
365, 366
Bordeu, Theophile 259
Bonssov, Vladimir 365
Borneman, Ernst 170
Borromeo, Carlo (saint) 193
Bouchardeau, G. 230
Bouche-Leclercq, Auguste 260
Boucher, Louis 194
Bouchet, Camille 168, 197
Boukovski, Wladimir 365
Bourgey, Louis 259
Bourgin, Georges 90
Bourneville, Desire Magliore 142, 199, 217-18,
220-21, 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 318,
331
BousquetJ. B. E. 292
Bouzon, Jean 91
Braguette (the widow Brouillard, called)
(patient) 136-37, 142, 285, 293 Braid, James 285-86, 294-95 Braun, Lucien 258
Brauner, Alfred 227
Bredero, Adriaan Hendrik 88
Briand, Marcel 228
Brierre de Boismont, Alexandre Jacques
Francois 109, 112-14, 118, 120, 121,169 Briftaut, Jean Baptiste Lodois 325
Briquet, Paul 332
Broca, Pierre Paul 285-86, 294, 300-3, 324-25 Brochin, Hippolyte 168, 255
Brouardel, Paul 332 Broussais, Francois 336, 349 BroussardJ. 90
Bru, Paul 194
Brucker, Joseph
Bruno, Giordano 258 Bruttin,Jean Marie 327 Buntz, Herwig 258 Burckhardt, Titus 258 Burdin, Claude 293
Burton, Marc 365
Bus, Cesar de 90
Butler, Cuthbert 88
Buvat Pochon, Christine 169
Caro, Elme Marie 193
Caron, Michel 258
Castel, Robert 18, 36, 87,199, 229, 263, 347,
366, 367
Cele, Jean 6 0
Celina (patient) 320, 332
Cerise, Laurent Alexis Philibert 229, 325 Cerletti, Ugo 195
Chagny, Andre 194
Chantraine, Pierre 255, 259
Chaptal, Jean Antoine, The Count ol
Chanteloup 194
Charcotjean-Martin 98, 136-37, 142, 202,
224, 264, 269, 288, 297-98, 308-32,
339-43, 360, 361
Charlesworth, Edward 119
Chassaigne, Marc 60
Chastenet, Armand Marc Jacques de, marquis
de Puysegur 293
Christian,Jules 289
Cindadjean 194
Cochin, Austin 91, 228, 229 Cochin, Jean Denys Marie 228, 229 Cognet, Louis 60
Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de 78, 91 Conollyjohn 119
Cooper, David 341, 345, 347, 358, 365,
366, 367
Copernicus, Nicolaus 138
Corvisart des Marets,Jean Nicolas 324 Coulmiers, Francois de 194
Cousin, Patrice 88
Couteaux,J. 194
Cox, Joseph Mason 33, 37,129, 130, 132, 137,
140, 169
Cranefield, Paul 225 Cullen, William 224, 326
Daquin, Joseph 120, 168, 224, 225 Daremberg, Charles Victor 259, 260, 261 Darwin, Charles Robert 120, 223
Darwin, Erasmus 169
Daumezon, Georges 59, 117, 196, 264 Davaine, Casimir Joseph 226
Davenne, Henri Jean Baptiste 91, 226, 227,
228, 229, 230
Dechambre, Amedee 142, 291 Defert, Daniel 37, 256, 364 Defradas,Jean 2 6 0
Dehaussy, Jacques 91 Dehove,Gerard 90
Dejerine, Joseph Jules 230, 290, 327
Caire, Michel 196
Calmeil, Louis Florentin 226, Canguilhem, Georges 202, 224 Canivez,Joseph-Marie 88 Caquot, Andre 260
8 9 , 9 0
263
? Delasiauve, Louis 329
Ddaye, Jean Baptiste 141, 263, 326 Delcourt, Marie 255
Deleuze, Gilles 87
Delsaut, Pierre Joseph 1 9 8 Demersay, Alfred 89, 9 0
Demetz, Frederic Auguste 91 Derrida, Jacques 292
Desaive,Jean Paul 2 6 2
Descartes, Rene 27, 37, 130, 140,
283, 292
Detienne, Marcel 256
Devernoix, Pierre 263
Dewhurst, Kenneth 2 5 9
Diderot, Denis 259
Dolleans, lidouard 9 0
Doncoeur, R. P. 193
Doutrehente, Georges 290
Dowbiggin, Ian Robert 231
Dreylus, Ferdinand 91
Dubois, Jean 325
Dubois, Frederic (called Dubois d'Amiens)
293, 326
Dubuisson (Jean Baptiste Theophile
Jacquelin) 204, 211; . vee Jacquelin Dubuisson Dubuisson, Paul. D . 264
Duchenne, Cuillaume Benjamin Amand, called
de Boulogne 288, 295, 300-1, 311-12, 323,
324, 325
Dudon, Paul 193
Ducpetiaux, Fdouard 91
Dullinjacalyn 199
Dupin, Flenri262
Dupotet de Sennevoy, Jules 142, 255, 293 Dupuy,J. Marc 117
Dupre (patient) 144-53, 157-59, 161-64, 167,
169, 170, 171, 176, 290
Durand, Jean Pierre, called Durand de Gros
(aliasJoseph Philips) 286-87, 294 Duval, Andre 8 8
F. delstein, Ludwig 258
Einstein, Albeit 138
FJiade, Mircea 258
Fllenberger, Henri F. 264, 293, 361, 367 Erichsen,John Eric 330
E. smein, Adhemar 257
Esquirol,Jean Etienne Dominique 263, 272,
279, 282, 289, 290, 291-92, 293, 326, 331,
338-40, 344, 345, 347, 349, 355-56, 3 6 6 Fsterson, Aaron 358
Index of Names 371 Ewald, Francois 37, 364
Ey, Henri 292, 326, 367
Faber, Knud 259
Fainberg, Victor 365
Falretjean-Pierre 117-18,119,141,152,168,170,
186-87,197,198,199, 212, 227, 228, 263, 290 Falret, Jules Philippe 230, 307, 321, 327, 332 Fassbinder, Maria 9 0
Fere, Charles 142, 230, 328
Fernald, Walter 213, 229
Ferrus, Guillaume Marie Andre 120, 153-54,
170, 197, 199, 212, 228, 230, 326 Fiorelli, Pieio 258
Fischer Homberger, Esther 330 Flaceliere, Robert 255, 2 6 0
Fleury, Louis Joseph Desire 327
Fodere, Francois Emmanuel 2, 3-4, 7, 15, 17, 29,
37, 94, 98,117,168, 224, 331 Foissac, Pierre 293
Foil in, Eugene Francois 294 Fonssagnves,Jean Baptiste 168 Fontana, Alessandro 264 Fontanille, Raphael 264 Fournet, Jules 108-9, 118, 120 Fournier, Allred 2 8 9
Foville, Achille (de) 141, 226, 263, 326, 327 Franchi,Jean 194
Francis ol Assisi (saint) 8 9
Francis de Sales (saint) 193
Frederick II 48
Freud, Sigmund 98, 138, 167, 170, 221,231,
292, 308, 321-22, 327, 332, 349 Funck-Brentano, Frantz 194
Caillac, Henri 90, 91
Galbraith, Georgina R. 8 8
Galen (Claudius Galenus) 245, 259, 261 Ganzenmuller, Wilhelm 258
Garrabe, Jean 196
Garrison, Fielding Hudson295
Gaspann, Adrien, comte de 36
Gastaldy, Joseph 194
Caudemet,Jean 257
Gaulres, MJ. 61, 89, 231
Gauthier, Aubin 142, 255, 329
Genevieve (patient) 322, 332
Genii Perrin, Georges 231
Gentis, Roger 353, 365
George III, King 20-21, 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33,
36, 40, 41, 360
? 372 INDEX OF NAMES
Georget, Etiennejean 17, 28, 29, 37, 136, 141,
142,148,170, 195, 224, 225, 226, 255, 262,
263, 285, 293, 325, 331
Gerdy, P. N. 326
Gerspach, Edouard 60
Gicklhorn, Josef 332
Gicklhorn, Renee 332
Girard de Cailleux, Henri 100, 118, 154, 169,
171, 182, 196
Giraudy, Charles Francois Simon
194, 197
Glotz, Gustave 257
Goffman, Erving 359-60, 367
Gontard, Maurice 228
Goubert, Pierre 262
Gralien, Badin 89
Greenwood, Major 262
Gregory IX (pope) 257
Griesinger, Wilhelm 195, 289, 290, 326 Grigorenko, Piotr 365
Grmeck, Mirko Drazen 199
Groote, Gerard 59-60, 67
Guattari, Felix 87, 357
Guesstel, Charles 171
Guillain, Georges 194, 308, 327 Guillemaud, Claude 329
Guilleret 119
Guillermou, Alain 89
Guilly, Paul 295
Guiraud,Jean 258
Guislain, Joseph 29, 37, 117, 119, 120, 168,
169, 195
Guizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume 212, 228 Guzman, Dominique de 88
Habill (patient) 329
Hack Tuke, Daniel 330
Flalliday, William Reginald 260 Hamelin, G. 259
Ilamon, Georges 329
Hamoniaux, M. 9 0
Ilannaway, Caroline 262
Haslam, John 3, 9, 17, 29, 37, 119 Flatzleld, Henri 329
Haussmann, Georges F_ugene, Baron
170, 197
Haymaker, Webb 324 Hchert (patient) 293
1 Iecaen, Henri 325 Hecquet, Philippe 168 Heidegger, Martin 255-56
Helvetius, Claude Arien 78, 91 Helyot, R. P. 88-89, 90
Flermans, Francis 89
Hippocrates 242, 245, 255, 258-59,
260-61
Hobbes, Thomas 57, 61 Hoffbauer. Johann Christoph 263, 338 Hoffmann, Friedrich 248, 260, 261 Honorius 111 (pope) 88
Huard, Pierre 199
Hunter, Richard 17, 36
Husserl, Edmund 255
Husson, Bernard 258
Husson, Henri Marie 255
Hutin, Serge 258
Huvelin, Henri 193
Hyma, Albert 60
Ignatius Loyola (saint) 89, 193 llberg, Johannes 261
Imbault-Huart, Marie Jose 199, 262 Innocent IV (pope) 89, 257
Itard, Jean Marc Gaspard 211, 226-27, 263
Jacquelin Dubuisson, Jean Baptiste Theophile 204, 225, 226
Janet, Pierre 349
Jean Nesmy, Claude 88 Jervis, Giovanni 366 Joeger, Murielle 262 Joly, Robert 258
Joos, Paul 255
Jouanna, Jacques 258 JuchetJ. 196-97
Kanner, Leo 225
Kant, Immanuel 291 Kantorowicz, Ernst 45, 60, 91 Kaplan, Steven 90
Kepler, Johannes 138
King, Lester Snow 225, 259, 26t) Knowles, David 88
Koechlin, Philippe 117
Koyre, Alexandre 89
Kraepelin, Emile 339
Kraft, Ivol 229
Kucharski, Paul 255
Labatt, Hamilton 119 Labbe, Denise 351 Labitte, Gustave 140
? Laennec, Rene Theophile Hyacinthe 198-99, 298-99, 302-3, 323, 324
Latontaine, Charles 294
Lailler (pharmacist) 255
Laine, Tony 352, 365
Laing, Ronald D. 341, 358, 365, 366, 367 Laingui, Andre 117
Lallemand, Leon 91
La Mettriejulien Offray de 260, 329 Lancelot, Claude 140
Landrc-Beauvais, Augustin Jacob 293 Laurent, Armand 141, 291, 330
Lauzier,Jean 59
Lea, Henry Charles 89, 257-58, 330
Lear, King 21, 36; see Shakespeare
Leblanc, Sebastien 194
Leborgne (patient) 324
Le Breton, Jacques 120
Lecler, Joseph 88
Leclercq, Henri 258
Le Filliatre, Gustave 289
Le Gauley, Guy 196, 231
Le Goff, Jacques 8 9
Legrain, Paul Maurice 230
Legrand du Saulle, Henri 117, 168, 329
Le Guillant, Louis 264
Leibovici, Marcel 2 6 0
Lekai, Louis Julius 88
Le Logeais (patient) 331
Lelut, Louis Francisque 226, 326
Le Paulmier, Claude Stephen 224
Le Roy Ladune, Emmanuel 262
Leuret, Francois 18, 31, 37, 107, 117, 120, 130,
140,144,145-46, 148, 149-53, 157-64,166, 169-71, 174, 176-77,180,184,193, 194,195, 197, 215, 226, 262, 277, 290, 339
Levy,Jean Philippe 257 Libert, Lucien 117 Lichtenthaeler, Charles 258 Liebig,Justus 255
Littre, Emile 255, 258, 327 Longet, Francois Achille 325 Lourdaux, Willem 6 0 Lubimov, Alexei 224
Lucas, Charles Jean Marie 9 0 Lugon, Clovis 9 0
Macalpine, Ida 36
MacPherson, Crawlord Brough 61 Magendie, Francois 324
Magnan, Valentin 119, 230, 326
Mahnjean Berthold 88
Maisonneuve, Henri 258
Malson, Lucien 227
Mandonnet, Pierre 88
Marc, Charles Chretien Henri 227, 263, 264,
291
Margolin, Jean Claude 258
Marie, Pierre 325, 330
Marin, Louis 140
Marindaz, Georges 194
Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de 79,
91
Martel. Jean Georges Hippolyte 196 MartinJ. G. G. 227
Mason Cox see Cox
Masse, L. 262
Mathieu, Paul 194
Matton, Sylvain 258
Maury, Alfred 292
Maxwell, James Clerk 138
Meduna, Laszlo von 195
Mesmer, Antonius 294
Meyer, Jean 262
Mialle, Simon 293
Micale, Mark 366
Michea, Claude Francois 168, 289, 326 Michel, Albert 257
Michelet, Marcel 6 0
Mignont, Henri 264
Millepierres, Francois 261
Mir, Gabriel Codina 60
Moliere, Jean Baptiste Poquelin 245, 261 Monfalcon, Jean Baptiste 91
Monneret, Edouard 327
Monteggia, Giovanni Battista 291 Monval,Jean 194
Moore, Stanlord 289
Moorman, John 89
Moreau de Tours, Joseph Jacques 168, 197,
255, 278-83, 290-93, 326
Moreau de Tours, Paul 224
Morel, Benedict Augustin 119, 120, 195, 223,
230,278,290,291
Muel, Francine 61
Miiller, Charles 36
Muraton, Lodovic Antonio 89 Myrvold, Renate 225
Nadaud, Martin 329 Newton, Isaac 78 Nicole, Pierre 140
Index of Names 373
?
13. "Les rapports de pouvoir passent a l'interieur des corps" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 3, p. 229-
14. "Entretien avec Michel Foucault" p. 140; "Truth and Power" p. 111.
15. See above, "Course Summary. "
16. L. Bonnafe, "Sources du desalienisme" in Desaliener? Folie(s) et Societe(s) (Toulouse: Presses universitaires du Mirail/Privat, 1991) p. 221.
17. Esprit, 20th year, December 1952, "Misere de la psychiatric La vie asilaire. Attitudes de la societe (Textes de malades, de medecins, d'un infirmier, denoncanl la vie asilaire chroni- cisante, la surpopulation, le reglement modele de 1838). " Foucault refers to this "remarkable number of Esprit" in Maladie mentale et Personnalite, p. 109, n. 1.
? 18. An allusion to the cases of arbitrary confinement, the most famous cases of which arc those
of General Gngorenko, arrested in February 1964 under the charge of anti Soviet activi- ties and confined in the Serbski Institute in Moscow, and Vladimir Borissov, confined in the special psychiatric hospital of Leningrad--for the liberation of whom a campaign was led by Victor Fainberg, supported by some intellectuals including David Cooper and Michel Foucault. See, "Enlermement, psychiatrie, prison" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 3, pp. 332 360. There was also the confinement ol the dissident Wladimir Boukovski in autumn 1971. See W. Boukovski, Une nouvc/le maladie mentale en URSS: /'opposition (Paris: Le Seuil, 1971).
19- T. Laine, "Une psychiatrie differente pour le malaise a vivre," La Nouvelle Critique, no. 59, December 1972; reprinted in the Editions de la Nouvelle Critique, April 1973, pp. 23 36.
20. "Entretien avec Michel Foucault (Conversazione con Michel Foucault)" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 4, p. 61; English translation, "Interview with Michel Foucault" trans. Robert Hurley, Essential Works of Foucault, 3, p. 260 [English translation slightly amended; G. B. j.
21. "Michel Foucault. Les reponses du philosophe" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 2, p. 813-
22. In April 1970 a journal o( the extreme left had already appeared which sought to struggle
against "class psychiatry," Cahiers pour lafolie, a special issue of which, Cles pour Henri Colin, June 1973, was devoted to the security unit for difficult patients ol the Villejuif psychiatric
hospital. The journal Marge devoted its April May 1970 issue to this "rottenness ofpsychiatry. " In November 1973 a pamphlet appeared entitled: Psychiatrie: la peur change de camp, and in December 1973 number O of Psychiatrie el Lutle de classe appeared which put itself forward as "a site of theoretical development for the formation ol slogans promoting a revolutionary con sciousness ol 'social' workers in connection with the battle of the working class" (p. 1). On the role of the "young psychiatrists" see "Entretien avec Michel Foucault" Dits el Ecrits, vol. 4, p. 60; "Interview with Michel Foucault," Essential Works oj Foucault, 3, pp. 259 260.
23. Des infirmiers psychiatriques prennent la parole (Paris: Capedith, 1974).
24. M. Burton and R. Gentis, La psychiatrie doit etrefaite/defaitepar lous (Paris: Maspero, 1973).
25. "Le monde est un grand asile" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 2, p. 433.
26. Maladie menlale el Psychologie, p. 2; Mental Illness and Psychology, p. 2.
27. Histoire de lafolie, p. 40 (omitted from the English translation).
28. "Le jeu de Michel Foucault" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 3, p. 299; abridged English translation "The Confession of the Flesh," trans. Colin Gordon, in M. Foucault, Power/Knowledge. Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977, ed. Colin Gordon, trans. Colin Gordon and others (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1980) p. 194. In an unpublished interview with Paul Patton and Colin Gordon of 3 April 1978, Foucault says: "What I study is an architecture. "
29. See above, lecture of 7 November 1973, pp. 14-15.
30. Histoire de lafolie, p. 26; Madness and Civilisation, p. 16.
31. See above, lecture of 6 February 1974, p. 308, where Foucault marks the difference between his problematic and that ol the Anglo-Saxon and Italian anti psychiatry movements that, taking as their target the "violence" exercised by society in general and psychiatry in particular, model themselves on the paradigmatic figure of the "schizophrenic" who, refus- ing to constitute an alienated "lalse self" subservient to social demands, tears off the masks of this everyday violence, and thanks to which, as R. D. Laing says, "the light began to break through the cracks in our all too-closed minds"; R. D. Laing, The Politics of Experience and the Bird of Paradise (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967) p. 107; French translation, La Politique de Vexperience. Essai sur I'alienation et I'Oiseau de Paradis, trans. Cl. Elsen (Paris: Stock, 1969), p. 89. See the works of David Cooper: (1) Psychiatry and Antipsychiatry (London: Tavistock Publications, 1967); French translation, Psychiatrie et Anti-psychiatrie,
trans. M. Braudeau (Paris: Le Seuil, 1970); ( 2 ) with R. D. Laing, Reason and Violence (London: Tavistock Publications, 1964); French translation, Raison et Violence. Dix ans de la philosophic de Sartre (1950-1960), trans. J. -P. Cottereau, Avant propos by
J. -P. Sartre (Paris: Payot, 1972). See also F. Basaglia and others, "L'Istituzione negata. Rapporto da un ospedale psichiatrico," in Nuovo Politecnico, vol. 19, Turin, 1968; French translation, F. Basaglia, ed. , L'Institution en negation. Rapport su I'hopital psychiatrique de Gon'^ia, trans. I. Bonalumi (Paris: Le Seuil, 1970).
32. "Pouvoir et savoir" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 3, p. 414.
33- L. Bonnafe, "Le milieu hospitalier au point de vue psychotherapique, ou Theorie et
pratique de I'hopital psychiatrique," La Raison, no. 17,1958, p. 7.
Course Context 365
? 366 PSYCHIATRIC POWER
34- L. Bonnaie, "De la doctrine post-esquirolienne. I. Problemes generaux," Information psychialrique, vol. 1, no. 4, April 1960, p. 423. The reference is to J. E. D. Esquirol, "Memoires, statistiques et hygieniques sur la folie. Preambule," in Des maladies mentaks,
considerees sous les rapports medical, hygienique et medico-legal (Paris: J. B. Bailliere, 1838),
vol. 2, p. 398.
35- L. Bonnafe, "Conclusions des journees psychiatriques de mars 1945," Information
36.
37.
38.
39. 40. 41.
psychialrique, 22ml year, no. 2, October 1945, p. 19.
L. Bonnafe, "De la doctrine post esquirolienne, II. Examples appliques," Information
psychialrique, vol. 1, no. 5, May 1960, p. 580: "The pivot of the service is no longer the asylum, but the town, at the heart of the territory in which the psychiatrist's Junction is exercised, extended to the protection of mental health. "
[aj H. Torrubia, "Analyse et interpretation du transfert en therapeutique institutionelle," Revue de psychotherapie institutionelle, vol. 1, 1965, pp. 83 90. [bj J. Oury, [t| "Dialectique du fantasme, du transfert et du passage a l'acte dans la psychotherapie institutionelle," Cercle d'eludes psychiatriques (Paris: Laboratoire Specia, 1968); [n] "Psychotherapie institutionelle: transfert et espace du dire" Information psychiatrique, vol. 59, no. 3, March 1983, pp. 413-423. | c | J. Ayme, Ph. Rappard, H. Torrubia, "Therapeutique institutionelle," Encyclopedic medico-psychiatrique. Psychiatrie, vol. 3, October 1964, col. 37 930, G. 10, pp. 1-12. On the La Borde clinic, see the special issue of the review Recherches, no. 21, March April 1976: Histoires de La Borde. Dix ans de psychotherapie institutionelle a la clinique de Cour-Cheverny, complement, p. 19.
F. Tosquelles, "La problematique du pouvoir dans les collectifs de soins psychiatriques," La Nef 281'1year,no. 42,January March,1971:L'Antipsychiatrie,p. 98.
He stated this in an intervention at the University ol Vincennes on 5 February 1971: "Personally, I do not accept the label anti-psychiatrist. " (Personal notes; J. L. )
On the Italian movement, see: [a| F. Basaglia, [1] ed.
, Che cos'e la psichiatria? (Turin: Einaudi, 1973); French translation, Qu'esl<e qu la psychiatrie? trans. R. Maggiori (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1977); [ii | "L'Istituzione negata. Rapporto da un ospedale psichiatrico"; Vlnslilution en negation. Rapport su Vhopital psychiatrique de Gori^ia; fiii] "Le rapport de Trieste," in Pratiques de lafolie. Pratiques etfolie (Paris: Ed. Solin, 1981) pp. 5 7 0 . On this current, see also: [ b | G. Jervis, "II Mito dell'Antipsichiatna," Quaderni Piacentini, no. 60 61, October 1976; French translation, Le Mythe de I'antipsychiatrie," trans. B. de Freminville (Paris: ? d. Solin, 1977). [c| R. Castel, "Le ville natale de 'Marco Cavallo,' embleme de I'antipsychiatrie," Critique, no. 435 436, August-September 1983, pp. 628-636. More generally, on anti-psychiatry movements in Europe, see [dj Reseau. Alternative a la
psychiatrie. Collectif international (Paris: Union generale d'Edition, 1977).
F. Basaglia, "L'assistance psychiatrique comme probleme anti-institutionnel: une
experience italienne," Information psychiatrique, vol. 47, no. 2, February 1971: "The tolerant institution, the other face of the violent institution, continues to perform its original func tion without changing its strategic and structural meaning, or the games ol power on which it is based. "
F. Basaglia, "Les institutions de la violence," in Vinstitution en negation, p. 137.
The works of English anti-psychiatry began to be translated and known in France follow- ing a colloquium organized in 1967 in Paris by the Federation des groupes d'Etudes et de Recherches institutionnelles (FGERI), to which Cooper and Laing were invited. See [aj
R. Castel, La Gestion des risques. De Vantipsychiatrie a Vapres-psychanalyse, 1 ? "Grandeurs et servitudes contestaires" (Paris: Ed. de Minuit, 1981) pp. 19 33. fb] J. Postel and D. F. Allen, "History and anti-psychiatry in France" in M. Micale and R. Porter, eds. Discovering the History of Psychiatry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994) pp. 384 414. [c) Recherches special issue Enfance alienee, vol. 2, December 1968 in which there are contributions from D. Cooper, "Alienation mentale et alienation sociale" pp. 48-50, and
R. Laing, "Metanoia. Some experiences at Kingsley Hall" pp. 51-57.
"A more radical questioning led some of us to put forward conceptions and procedures that seem to be absolutely opposed to traditional conceptions and procedures, and which can in fact be considered as the germ of an anti-psychiatry" David Cooper, Psychiatrie et Anti-
psychialrie, p. 9. (This passage does not appear in the original English, Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry. }
42.
43- 44.
45-
? 46. 47.
R. D. Laing, The Politics of Experience, pp. 105 6; La politique de ['experience, p. 88.
Report on the activity of the Philadelphia Association (1965-1967), quoted in the article by G. Baillon, "Introduction a l'antipsychiatrie," La Nef, 28lh year, no. 42, January May 1971: L'Anti-Psychiatrie, p. 23. This is why, in his contribution, "Histoire de la folie et antipsychi atrie," to the colloquium at Montreal organized by H. Ellenberger on 9 May 1973: "Faul
d interner les psychiatres? "--to which he refers in "Michel Foucault: An Interview by Stephen Riggins" Essential Works of Foucault, vol. 1, pp. 131-132; French translation, "Une interview de Michel Foucault par Stephen Riggins" trans. F. Durand-Bogaert, Dits et Ecrits, vol. 4, pp. 536 537--he could say: "In the form of anti-psychiatry practiced by Laing and Cooper, it is a question of the de medicalization of the space in which madness is pro- duced. Consequently, it is an anti psychiatry in which the power relationship is reduced to zero. This de medicalization implies not only an institutional reorganization of psychiatric establishments; it is undoubtedly more than a simple epistemological break; the question should perhaps be posed more in terms of an ethnological break than o( a political revolution. Maybe it is not just our economic system, or even our present form of rationalism, but the whole of our immense social rationality as it has been woven historically since the Greeks that reluses today to recognize, at the very heart of our society, an experience of madness that may be a test of truth not under the control oi medical power" (typescript p. 19).
See above, lecture of 7 November 1973, pp. 15 16.
E. Goffman, Asylums: Essays on the Social Siluation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates (New York: Doubleday, 1961); French translation, Asiles: Etudes sur la condition sociale des malades mentaux et autres reclus, trans. L. and Cl. Laine, wilh Preface by R. Castel (Paris: ? d. de Minuit, 1968). See M. Foucault |i| "La verite et les formes juridiques"; pp. 611 612; "Truth and Juridical Forms" pp. 75 76. [iij "Foucault Examines Reason in Service of State Power" an interview with M. Dillon in Campus Report, 12th Year, no. 6, October 1979, pp. 5-6; French translation, "Foucault etudie la raison d'Etat" trans. F. Durand-Bogaert, Dits et Ecrits,vol. 3, pp. 802-803. fiii] "Foucault Examines Reason in Service of State Power" The Three Penny Review, 1st Year, no. 1, 1980, pp. 4 5; French translation, "Foucault Etudie la raison d'Etat trans. F. Durand-Bogaert, Dits et Ecrits, vol. 4, p. 38 (this is a modified version o( the previous reference), and [IV]"Space, Knowledge, and Power" an interview with P. Rabinow, in Essential Works of Foucault, 3, pp. 356-357; French translation, "Espace, savoir et pouvoir" trans. F. Durand-Bogaert, Dits et Ecrits, vol. 4, p. 277. E. Goffman, Asylums, p. 4.
See above, "Course summary," p. 339.
See above, lecture of 12 December 1973, p. 132.
"Foucault Examines Reason in Service of State Power," pp. 4-5; "Foucault Etudie la raison d'Etat;' p. 38.
The battle of Henri Ey (1900-1977) to maintain the "specificity" of psychiatry against psychoanalysis and against biological and socio-political temptations, testifies to this, as does the appearance of a collection edited by F. Caroli entitled, precisely, Specificile de la
psychiatrie (Paris: Masson, 1980).
David Cooper, Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry: "In so far as psychiatry represents the interests or pretended interests of the sane ones, we may discover that, in fact, violence in psychiatry is pre eminently the violence of psychiatry" p. 14.
See above, note 31.
See above, lecture ol 6 February 1974, p. 304 sq.
See above, "Course summary" p. 342.
"Histoire de la folie et antipsychiairie" (typescript) p. 12. Summarized with some changes in the "Course summary. "
Ibid.
"Le grand enfermemeni" Dits et Ecrits, vol. 2, p. 301.
48. 49.
50. 51. 52. 53-
54.
55-
56. 57. 58. 59.
60. 61.
Course Context 367
? Ackerknecht, Erwin Heinz 198, 262, 364 Adams, R. A. 324
Adnes, Andre 36
Alembertjean Le Rond d' 259
Alencon, Edouard d' 8 9 Alexander IV (pope) 257 Algarron, Jacques 351 Alleau, Rene 258
Allen, David F. 366
Althusser, Louis 18
Amandry, Pierre 260
Amard, Louis Victor Frederic 169 Ame, Charles Francois (patient) 293 Arnauld, Antoine 140
Auenbrugger, Leopold 324 Augustine, Aurelius Augustinus
(saint) 88
Augustine (patient) 331 Ayme,Jean 366 AymenJ. B. 259
Azam, Paul 294
Babinski, Joseph Francois Felix 142, 323, 332-33, 342
Baillarger, Jules Gabriel Francois 197, 267, 289, 292, 325, 326
Baillon, Guy 367
Balard, Antoine Jerome 291 Ballet, Gilbert 231
Balvet, Paul 196
Barbaroux, N. 90
Barker, John 259
Barnes, Mary 31-32, 37, 347 Basaglia, Franco 341, 345, 347, 357,
365, 366
Baudin, Louis 89
Bayard, Henri Louis 141, I95
Bayle, Antoine Laurent Jesse 141, 263, 267, 289, 306, 326
Bayle, Gaspard Laurent 198,199 Beauchesne, H. 227
Beaudouin, Henri 59
Beccaria, Cesare 17
Becher, Hubert 8 9
Belhomme, Jacques Etienne 205-6, 224, 225,
226
Belloc, Hippolyte 156,171,192
Bentham, Jeremy 41,60, 73-79, 90, 91, 93,
102-3,106
Bergboff, Emanuel 259
Berillon, Edgar 294
Berke, Joe 31-32, 37, 347
Berliere, Ursmer 88
Bernard, Claude 142, 279, 291
Bernardin, Alexandre Edme Maurice 145, 149,
195
Bernbeim, Hippolyte 316, 318, 331, 341 Berthier, Pierre 100, 117, 118
Berthold de Calabre 8 9
Bertrand, Alexandre 255
Bessejean Martial 8 8 , 8 9
Bichat, Marie Francois Xavier 188, 198, 298,
299, 302, 303, 323, 324, 336
Binet, Alfred 61
Bini, Lucio 195
Binswanger, Ludwig 364
Bixler, Elizabetb S. 196
Blanche, Esprit Sylvestre 110, 112, 113, 120-21,
169
Bleandonu, Gerard 196 Boerhaave, Hermann 260 Boisseau, Edmund 142, 330 Boissier de Sauvages, Francois 225 Bollotte, Gustave 117
INDEX OF NAMES
? 370 INDEX OF NAMES
Bongert, Yvonne 257
Bonnafe, Lucien 59, 264, 351, 352, 355, 364,
365, 366
Bordeu, Theophile 259
Bonssov, Vladimir 365
Borneman, Ernst 170
Borromeo, Carlo (saint) 193
Bouchardeau, G. 230
Bouche-Leclercq, Auguste 260
Boucher, Louis 194
Bouchet, Camille 168, 197
Boukovski, Wladimir 365
Bourgey, Louis 259
Bourgin, Georges 90
Bourneville, Desire Magliore 142, 199, 217-18,
220-21, 224, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 318,
331
BousquetJ. B. E. 292
Bouzon, Jean 91
Braguette (the widow Brouillard, called)
(patient) 136-37, 142, 285, 293 Braid, James 285-86, 294-95 Braun, Lucien 258
Brauner, Alfred 227
Bredero, Adriaan Hendrik 88
Briand, Marcel 228
Brierre de Boismont, Alexandre Jacques
Francois 109, 112-14, 118, 120, 121,169 Briftaut, Jean Baptiste Lodois 325
Briquet, Paul 332
Broca, Pierre Paul 285-86, 294, 300-3, 324-25 Brochin, Hippolyte 168, 255
Brouardel, Paul 332 Broussais, Francois 336, 349 BroussardJ. 90
Bru, Paul 194
Brucker, Joseph
Bruno, Giordano 258 Bruttin,Jean Marie 327 Buntz, Herwig 258 Burckhardt, Titus 258 Burdin, Claude 293
Burton, Marc 365
Bus, Cesar de 90
Butler, Cuthbert 88
Buvat Pochon, Christine 169
Caro, Elme Marie 193
Caron, Michel 258
Castel, Robert 18, 36, 87,199, 229, 263, 347,
366, 367
Cele, Jean 6 0
Celina (patient) 320, 332
Cerise, Laurent Alexis Philibert 229, 325 Cerletti, Ugo 195
Chagny, Andre 194
Chantraine, Pierre 255, 259
Chaptal, Jean Antoine, The Count ol
Chanteloup 194
Charcotjean-Martin 98, 136-37, 142, 202,
224, 264, 269, 288, 297-98, 308-32,
339-43, 360, 361
Charlesworth, Edward 119
Chassaigne, Marc 60
Chastenet, Armand Marc Jacques de, marquis
de Puysegur 293
Christian,Jules 289
Cindadjean 194
Cochin, Austin 91, 228, 229 Cochin, Jean Denys Marie 228, 229 Cognet, Louis 60
Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de 78, 91 Conollyjohn 119
Cooper, David 341, 345, 347, 358, 365,
366, 367
Copernicus, Nicolaus 138
Corvisart des Marets,Jean Nicolas 324 Coulmiers, Francois de 194
Cousin, Patrice 88
Couteaux,J. 194
Cox, Joseph Mason 33, 37,129, 130, 132, 137,
140, 169
Cranefield, Paul 225 Cullen, William 224, 326
Daquin, Joseph 120, 168, 224, 225 Daremberg, Charles Victor 259, 260, 261 Darwin, Charles Robert 120, 223
Darwin, Erasmus 169
Daumezon, Georges 59, 117, 196, 264 Davaine, Casimir Joseph 226
Davenne, Henri Jean Baptiste 91, 226, 227,
228, 229, 230
Dechambre, Amedee 142, 291 Defert, Daniel 37, 256, 364 Defradas,Jean 2 6 0
Dehaussy, Jacques 91 Dehove,Gerard 90
Dejerine, Joseph Jules 230, 290, 327
Caire, Michel 196
Calmeil, Louis Florentin 226, Canguilhem, Georges 202, 224 Canivez,Joseph-Marie 88 Caquot, Andre 260
8 9 , 9 0
263
? Delasiauve, Louis 329
Ddaye, Jean Baptiste 141, 263, 326 Delcourt, Marie 255
Deleuze, Gilles 87
Delsaut, Pierre Joseph 1 9 8 Demersay, Alfred 89, 9 0
Demetz, Frederic Auguste 91 Derrida, Jacques 292
Desaive,Jean Paul 2 6 2
Descartes, Rene 27, 37, 130, 140,
283, 292
Detienne, Marcel 256
Devernoix, Pierre 263
Dewhurst, Kenneth 2 5 9
Diderot, Denis 259
Dolleans, lidouard 9 0
Doncoeur, R. P. 193
Doutrehente, Georges 290
Dowbiggin, Ian Robert 231
Dreylus, Ferdinand 91
Dubois, Jean 325
Dubois, Frederic (called Dubois d'Amiens)
293, 326
Dubuisson (Jean Baptiste Theophile
Jacquelin) 204, 211; . vee Jacquelin Dubuisson Dubuisson, Paul. D . 264
Duchenne, Cuillaume Benjamin Amand, called
de Boulogne 288, 295, 300-1, 311-12, 323,
324, 325
Dudon, Paul 193
Ducpetiaux, Fdouard 91
Dullinjacalyn 199
Dupin, Flenri262
Dupotet de Sennevoy, Jules 142, 255, 293 Dupuy,J. Marc 117
Dupre (patient) 144-53, 157-59, 161-64, 167,
169, 170, 171, 176, 290
Durand, Jean Pierre, called Durand de Gros
(aliasJoseph Philips) 286-87, 294 Duval, Andre 8 8
F. delstein, Ludwig 258
Einstein, Albeit 138
FJiade, Mircea 258
Fllenberger, Henri F. 264, 293, 361, 367 Erichsen,John Eric 330
E. smein, Adhemar 257
Esquirol,Jean Etienne Dominique 263, 272,
279, 282, 289, 290, 291-92, 293, 326, 331,
338-40, 344, 345, 347, 349, 355-56, 3 6 6 Fsterson, Aaron 358
Index of Names 371 Ewald, Francois 37, 364
Ey, Henri 292, 326, 367
Faber, Knud 259
Fainberg, Victor 365
Falretjean-Pierre 117-18,119,141,152,168,170,
186-87,197,198,199, 212, 227, 228, 263, 290 Falret, Jules Philippe 230, 307, 321, 327, 332 Fassbinder, Maria 9 0
Fere, Charles 142, 230, 328
Fernald, Walter 213, 229
Ferrus, Guillaume Marie Andre 120, 153-54,
170, 197, 199, 212, 228, 230, 326 Fiorelli, Pieio 258
Fischer Homberger, Esther 330 Flaceliere, Robert 255, 2 6 0
Fleury, Louis Joseph Desire 327
Fodere, Francois Emmanuel 2, 3-4, 7, 15, 17, 29,
37, 94, 98,117,168, 224, 331 Foissac, Pierre 293
Foil in, Eugene Francois 294 Fonssagnves,Jean Baptiste 168 Fontana, Alessandro 264 Fontanille, Raphael 264 Fournet, Jules 108-9, 118, 120 Fournier, Allred 2 8 9
Foville, Achille (de) 141, 226, 263, 326, 327 Franchi,Jean 194
Francis ol Assisi (saint) 8 9
Francis de Sales (saint) 193
Frederick II 48
Freud, Sigmund 98, 138, 167, 170, 221,231,
292, 308, 321-22, 327, 332, 349 Funck-Brentano, Frantz 194
Caillac, Henri 90, 91
Galbraith, Georgina R. 8 8
Galen (Claudius Galenus) 245, 259, 261 Ganzenmuller, Wilhelm 258
Garrabe, Jean 196
Garrison, Fielding Hudson295
Gaspann, Adrien, comte de 36
Gastaldy, Joseph 194
Caudemet,Jean 257
Gaulres, MJ. 61, 89, 231
Gauthier, Aubin 142, 255, 329
Genevieve (patient) 322, 332
Genii Perrin, Georges 231
Gentis, Roger 353, 365
George III, King 20-21, 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33,
36, 40, 41, 360
? 372 INDEX OF NAMES
Georget, Etiennejean 17, 28, 29, 37, 136, 141,
142,148,170, 195, 224, 225, 226, 255, 262,
263, 285, 293, 325, 331
Gerdy, P. N. 326
Gerspach, Edouard 60
Gicklhorn, Josef 332
Gicklhorn, Renee 332
Girard de Cailleux, Henri 100, 118, 154, 169,
171, 182, 196
Giraudy, Charles Francois Simon
194, 197
Glotz, Gustave 257
Goffman, Erving 359-60, 367
Gontard, Maurice 228
Goubert, Pierre 262
Gralien, Badin 89
Greenwood, Major 262
Gregory IX (pope) 257
Griesinger, Wilhelm 195, 289, 290, 326 Grigorenko, Piotr 365
Grmeck, Mirko Drazen 199
Groote, Gerard 59-60, 67
Guattari, Felix 87, 357
Guesstel, Charles 171
Guillain, Georges 194, 308, 327 Guillemaud, Claude 329
Guilleret 119
Guillermou, Alain 89
Guilly, Paul 295
Guiraud,Jean 258
Guislain, Joseph 29, 37, 117, 119, 120, 168,
169, 195
Guizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume 212, 228 Guzman, Dominique de 88
Habill (patient) 329
Hack Tuke, Daniel 330
Flalliday, William Reginald 260 Hamelin, G. 259
Ilamon, Georges 329
Hamoniaux, M. 9 0
Ilannaway, Caroline 262
Haslam, John 3, 9, 17, 29, 37, 119 Flatzleld, Henri 329
Haussmann, Georges F_ugene, Baron
170, 197
Haymaker, Webb 324 Hchert (patient) 293
1 Iecaen, Henri 325 Hecquet, Philippe 168 Heidegger, Martin 255-56
Helvetius, Claude Arien 78, 91 Helyot, R. P. 88-89, 90
Flermans, Francis 89
Hippocrates 242, 245, 255, 258-59,
260-61
Hobbes, Thomas 57, 61 Hoffbauer. Johann Christoph 263, 338 Hoffmann, Friedrich 248, 260, 261 Honorius 111 (pope) 88
Huard, Pierre 199
Hunter, Richard 17, 36
Husserl, Edmund 255
Husson, Bernard 258
Husson, Henri Marie 255
Hutin, Serge 258
Huvelin, Henri 193
Hyma, Albert 60
Ignatius Loyola (saint) 89, 193 llberg, Johannes 261
Imbault-Huart, Marie Jose 199, 262 Innocent IV (pope) 89, 257
Itard, Jean Marc Gaspard 211, 226-27, 263
Jacquelin Dubuisson, Jean Baptiste Theophile 204, 225, 226
Janet, Pierre 349
Jean Nesmy, Claude 88 Jervis, Giovanni 366 Joeger, Murielle 262 Joly, Robert 258
Joos, Paul 255
Jouanna, Jacques 258 JuchetJ. 196-97
Kanner, Leo 225
Kant, Immanuel 291 Kantorowicz, Ernst 45, 60, 91 Kaplan, Steven 90
Kepler, Johannes 138
King, Lester Snow 225, 259, 26t) Knowles, David 88
Koechlin, Philippe 117
Koyre, Alexandre 89
Kraepelin, Emile 339
Kraft, Ivol 229
Kucharski, Paul 255
Labatt, Hamilton 119 Labbe, Denise 351 Labitte, Gustave 140
? Laennec, Rene Theophile Hyacinthe 198-99, 298-99, 302-3, 323, 324
Latontaine, Charles 294
Lailler (pharmacist) 255
Laine, Tony 352, 365
Laing, Ronald D. 341, 358, 365, 366, 367 Laingui, Andre 117
Lallemand, Leon 91
La Mettriejulien Offray de 260, 329 Lancelot, Claude 140
Landrc-Beauvais, Augustin Jacob 293 Laurent, Armand 141, 291, 330
Lauzier,Jean 59
Lea, Henry Charles 89, 257-58, 330
Lear, King 21, 36; see Shakespeare
Leblanc, Sebastien 194
Leborgne (patient) 324
Le Breton, Jacques 120
Lecler, Joseph 88
Leclercq, Henri 258
Le Filliatre, Gustave 289
Le Gauley, Guy 196, 231
Le Goff, Jacques 8 9
Legrain, Paul Maurice 230
Legrand du Saulle, Henri 117, 168, 329
Le Guillant, Louis 264
Leibovici, Marcel 2 6 0
Lekai, Louis Julius 88
Le Logeais (patient) 331
Lelut, Louis Francisque 226, 326
Le Paulmier, Claude Stephen 224
Le Roy Ladune, Emmanuel 262
Leuret, Francois 18, 31, 37, 107, 117, 120, 130,
140,144,145-46, 148, 149-53, 157-64,166, 169-71, 174, 176-77,180,184,193, 194,195, 197, 215, 226, 262, 277, 290, 339
Levy,Jean Philippe 257 Libert, Lucien 117 Lichtenthaeler, Charles 258 Liebig,Justus 255
Littre, Emile 255, 258, 327 Longet, Francois Achille 325 Lourdaux, Willem 6 0 Lubimov, Alexei 224
Lucas, Charles Jean Marie 9 0 Lugon, Clovis 9 0
Macalpine, Ida 36
MacPherson, Crawlord Brough 61 Magendie, Francois 324
Magnan, Valentin 119, 230, 326
Mahnjean Berthold 88
Maisonneuve, Henri 258
Malson, Lucien 227
Mandonnet, Pierre 88
Marc, Charles Chretien Henri 227, 263, 264,
291
Margolin, Jean Claude 258
Marie, Pierre 325, 330
Marin, Louis 140
Marindaz, Georges 194
Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de 79,
91
Martel. Jean Georges Hippolyte 196 MartinJ. G. G. 227
Mason Cox see Cox
Masse, L. 262
Mathieu, Paul 194
Matton, Sylvain 258
Maury, Alfred 292
Maxwell, James Clerk 138
Meduna, Laszlo von 195
Mesmer, Antonius 294
Meyer, Jean 262
Mialle, Simon 293
Micale, Mark 366
Michea, Claude Francois 168, 289, 326 Michel, Albert 257
Michelet, Marcel 6 0
Mignont, Henri 264
Millepierres, Francois 261
Mir, Gabriel Codina 60
Moliere, Jean Baptiste Poquelin 245, 261 Monfalcon, Jean Baptiste 91
Monneret, Edouard 327
Monteggia, Giovanni Battista 291 Monval,Jean 194
Moore, Stanlord 289
Moorman, John 89
Moreau de Tours, Joseph Jacques 168, 197,
255, 278-83, 290-93, 326
Moreau de Tours, Paul 224
Morel, Benedict Augustin 119, 120, 195, 223,
230,278,290,291
Muel, Francine 61
Miiller, Charles 36
Muraton, Lodovic Antonio 89 Myrvold, Renate 225
Nadaud, Martin 329 Newton, Isaac 78 Nicole, Pierre 140
Index of Names 373
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