It is
probable
that SB, writing from memory, has conflated Rousseau's Les Confessions (1782) with the autobiographical novel Confessions d'un enfant du siecle (1836) by French poet, dramatist, and novelist Alfred de Musset (1810-1857).
Samuel Beckett
intheDordogne.
conflatedbySBwithCunegonde, a character in Candide ou l'optimisme (1759) by Voltaire (ne Fran,;:ois-Marie Arouet, 1694-1778).
SB translated "Murderous Humanitarianism" by the "Surrealist Group" in Paris, a group which included Andre Breton and Paul Eluard (Cunard, ed.
, Negro, Anthology, 574-575).
Although SB writes to McGreevy that Cunard plans to send him "Eluard & Breton," as she does in December 1932 (21 November 1932, TCD, MS 10402/38), there is no indication that SB translated other work by either writer for Cunard.
He had translated their writing for the surrealist number of This Qj.
ulrter (see 13 [September 1932], n.
9).
12 "Touche" (got my hands on).
13 Mme. Marie Redmond (nee Robinson, known as Elsie, 1885-1976), married to Dr. H. E. Redmond (1882-1951), was born in Paris of English parents and had grown up there. In Dublin she was the "go to" person for French lessons and taught SB. In later years, she would say, "That Beckett fellow has done quite well, it seems" (Annick O'Meara, 17 October 2007).
Ralph D. Blumenfeld (1864-1948), the American-born Editor of the Daily Express (London) from 1902 to 1932, was a family friend of Mme. Redmond's parents.
"Boniments" (sales talk or puffs).
14 PrinceWilliam'sSeatisapromontorysouthofDublinontheWicklowWay;the town of Enniskerry lies north of it in the direction of Foxrock.
137
18 October 1932, McGreevy
18 October 1932, McGreevy
15 Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare (1564-1616) opened at Dublin's Gate Theatre on 1 November 1932. Oscar Wilde's An Ideal Husband had played there from 18 October; prior to that, from 27 September to 15 October, the Gate produced a revival of Peer Gynt by Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906). Hilton RobertEdwards (1903-1982), a founder of the Gate Theatre, had directed the original production in October 1928; his revival was "improved" with the scenic concept of light coming from the back of the stage (The Irish Times 29 September 1932: 4).
Incidental Music to Peer Gynt for SoloVoices, Orchestra and Chorus, op. 23, by Norwegian composerEdvard Hagerup Grieg (1843-1907).
16 J. D. O. Bryan (known as Donagh, 1903-1932), a gold medalist and Research Prizeman in History at Trinity College Dublin, was appointed as Assistant Lecturer in History there in January 1931; he died on 9 October 1932.
THOMAS McGREEVY TARBERT, CO. KERRY
4th Nov. [for 3 November 1932]
Cooldrinagh, Foxrock,
Co. Dublin.
My dear Tom
Because the morning is balmy and the wind in the south
west I can come out of the grate and sit at the table and write a
letter. Though there is little news. The work I did for Ruddy has
not yet been paid. I was waiting to write till it would be, but I see
no signs of any money forthcoming, and I can't bring myself to
write & ask him for it. I sent my Dream to Titus about 3 weeks
1
ago,buthavehadnoacknowledgment. Thereisnothingatall to be done here, in this house. Sitting about all day from one room to another & moving cautiously about the parish, regret ting that my old friend obstipation excludes me from more frequent enjoyment of the seats in rosewood. I tried once or twice to get something started, but as soon as a word goes down out it must come. So I gave it up. I got a letter of introduction to Blumenfeld of the Daily Express and wrote him a begging letter. He regretted rather coarsely to be unable -- I nearly applied for
138
4 November [for 3 November 1932}, McGreevy
an [sic] job as teacher ofFrench in Technical School in Bulawayo,
S. Rhodesia, but a few minutes consideration equipoised so per
fectly the pros & cons that as usual I found myself constrained to
2
I had a letter from George Reavey with a poem out ofhis new
Quixote Series. Better than his usual, at least more amusing. He is
full ofplans & Editors & publishers & literary agencies. He might
3
And yourself? You were sad when you wrote last. I was glad
to hear the Lun;:at deal concluded. I have heard nothing about
4
The Income Tax bastards have been after me, sending up the local sergeant to see what I am at and spying in the office in Clare
6
I push the bike up into the mountains in the late afternoon
to the Lamb Doyle's or Glencullen or Enniskerry and have a pint
and then free wheel home to TomJones. Yes, as you say, as far as
he goes. But he's the best ofthem. I like the short chapters more
& more and the ironical chapter-titles. His burlesque is rather
clumsy but his serious mood is very distinguished. Somehow
7
better. I'm enclosing a photo that I thought you would like and
donothing. Butnearlyanythingwouldbeagratefulchangeafter these slow months oftepid eviration, with the mind in slush.
prove useful before he dies. Nothing further from Nancy Cunard.
it,butthenIdonothavetheoccasion. TheGalleryisclosedfor re-hanging. I have not seenJ. B. Y. Those Sat. afternoons chez lui are rather dreadful. To-morrow afternoon I am having 3/- worth of Gods to hear Horowitz at the Royal. The programme is interesting. 5
St. So far no formal demand. Anyhow I cant pay them anything.
I expected more from TomJones.
Dear Tom this is a very white kind ofletter but I cant do any
another poem.
God love you
8
Sam
139
4 November [for 3 November 1932}, McGreevy
this seps of a world
see-saw she is blurred in sleep
she is fat she is half dead the rest is freewheeling part the black shag the pelt
is ashen woad
snarl and howl in the wood wake all the birds hound the whores out of the fems
this damfool twilight threshing in the brake bleating to be bloodied
this crapulent hush
tear its heart out
in her dreams she leaps again9
way back in the good old dark old days
in the womb of her dam panting
in the claws of the Pins in the stress of her hour
the womb writhes bagful offerrets
first come first served no queuing up in the womb the light fails it is time to lie down
Clew Bay vat of xanthic flowers
Croagh Patrick waned Hindu to spite the pilgrims she is ready to lie down above all the islands of glory straining now this Sabbath evening of garlands
with a yo-heave-ho of able-bodied swans
out from the doomed land their reefs of tresses whales in Blacksod Bay dancing
as to the sound of a trumpet
in a hag she drops her young
the asphodels come running the flags after cloppety-clop all night she drops them
till dawn the trollop fillips the clots of love
from her infamous finger
140
4 November (for 3 November 1932], McGreevy
she wakes whining
she was deep in heat when Pavlov came
with a cauter and a metronome he came
toiling on bottom gear through the celtic mizzle to where stiff with nits
blotch and pearly ticks she lay
her hot snout pointing south
vermifuge quotha from this time forth
and donnerwetter she'll wet on my tomb
she took me up on to a high watershed
whence like the rubrics of a childhood
lo Meath shining through a chink in the mountains posses of larches there is no going back on
a rout of tracks and streams fleeing to the sea kindergartens of steeples and then the harbour like a woman making to cover her breasts
and left me
with whatever trust of panic we went out
with so much shall we return
there shall be no loss of panic between a man and his dog bitch though he be
sodden packet of Players
it is only a dream
muzzling the cairn
the light randy slut can't be easy this clonic world
all these phantoms shuddering out of focus
it is better to close the eyes
all the chords of the earth broken like a bad pianist's
141
4 November {for 3 November 1932}, McGreevy
the toads abroad again on their rounds
sidling up to their snares
the fairy-tale of Meath ended
say your prayers now and go to bed
your prayers before the lamps start to sing behind the larches here at these knees of stone
then to bye-bye on the bones
ALS; 3 leaves, 5 sides; letterhead; enclosure TMS 2 leaves, 2 sides ("this seps of a world"); the photo is not extant with this letter; env to Thomas McGreevy Esq. , Tarbert, Keny; pm 3-11-32, Dublin; TCD, MS 10402/35. Dating: SB misdates the letter a day later than the postmark.
1 Rudmose-Brown. SB sent Dream ofFair to Middling Women to Edward Titus before 18 October 1932.
2 NeitherSB'slettertoRalphBlumenfeldnorBlumenfeld'sreplyhasbeenfound. Bulawayo, S. Rhodesia, is now Bulawayo (alt. Buluwayo), Zimbabwe.
3 Reaveysentoneofthefollowingpoems,writtenin1932fortheQuixoticseries: "Adios Prolovitch," "Hie Jacet," "Squirearchy," or "Perquisition" (George Reavey, Quixotic Perquisitions: First Series [London: Europa Press, 1939] 11-12, 17-23).
4 McGreevyhadmadethearrangementsfortheSocietyofFriendsoftheNational Collections oflreland to acquire Decorative Landscape (1932) by Jean Lun;at (see McGreevy to Dermod O'Brien, TCD, McGreevy, MSS 8126/47-48). Sarah Purser (1848-1943), Chairman of the Society. expressed reservations: '"I am a little nervous about its acceptance and reception by our rather arriere public"' (letter to McGreevy quoted in Patricia Boylan, All Cultivated People: A History of the United Arts Club, Dublin [Gerrards Cross, Bucks. , UK: Colin Smythe, 1988] 187-188). The painting (no. 709) was kept in storage until the new Municipal Gallery of Modem Art opened in Charlemont House on 19 June 1933 (now known as the Dublin City Gallery The Hugh Lane; see Elizabeth Mayes and Paula Murphy, eds. . Images and Insights [Dublin: Hugh Lane Gallery of Modem Art. 1993] 258-259).
"I do not have the occasion" (Gallicism for "I do not have the opportunity").
5 TheNationalGalleryofIreland.
"Chez lui" (at-homes); SB often lamented that other people were present.
The gods: cheap seats in top gallery.
On 5 November 1932, Russian-born American pianist Vladimir Horowitz (1903-1989)
gave a recital in Dublin's Theatre Royal. The program included the Organ Toccata in C, BWV 564, by Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750), arranged for piano by German born Italian composer Ferruccio Benvenuto Busoni (1866-1924); "Flight of the Bumble Bee" from the opera The Tale of Tzar Saltan by Russian composer Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908); a fantasia based on the opera Carmen by
142
4 November [for 3 November 1932}, McGreevy
French composer Georges Bizet (1838-1875) (possibly Horowitz's own "Variations on a Theme from Carmen"); a Sonata in E-flat major by Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809); "Funerailles" from Harmonies poetiques et religieuses, second version (Sl73, no. 7), by Franz Liszt (1811-1886); "Variations on a Theme by Paganini," op. 35, and two of the three Intermezzos for Piano, op. 117, byJohannes Brahms (1833-1897); the Pastorale and "Toccata" from Trois pieces, op. 48, by Francis Poulenc (1899-1963); Stravinsky's "Danse Russe" from the ballet Petrouchka; and Etude in F major, op. 10, no. 8, and Barcarolle in F-sharp major, op. 60, by Frederic Chopin (1810-1849).
SB wrote to McGreevy:
The Horowitz concert was very remarkable and yet somehow unsatisfac tory. The Haydn Sonata was unspeakable and coming so early on put me in a bad temper for the rest of the programme. He played with great intelligence, especially the Brahms Intermezzi, affecting to feel his way through them. The Poulenc Pastorale & Toccata were charming. Still & all I was glad to get away before the torrent of encores and into the Scotch House. (11 November 1932, TCD, MS 10402/37)
6 BeckettandMedcalf,6ClareStreet.
7 Lamb Doyles, an inn on the Hill of Stepaside near the base of the Three Rock Mountains, Co. Wicklow. Glencullen and Enniskerry are towns at the southern edge of Co. Dublin in the Wicklow hills.
Henry Fielding's novel The History of Tam Jones, a Foundling (1748).
8 A "white kind of letter" (Gallicism for a "blank, colorless" letter). This poem, untitled here, is an early draft of "Serena 2" (Echo's Bones, [28-301). The photo has not been identified.
9 SBwrote"<wakesagain>leaps. "
GEORGE REAVEY LONDON
6/11/32
Cooldrinagh, Foxrock
Co. Dublin.
DearReavey
Herewith 2 Prepuscules d'un Gueux_
I dont know yet how things are with my book. If you think
you could place a truss of poems for me you are very welcome
2
to see them.
sometime. But I don't think that is likely.
Let me know. Perhaps I may get to Paris myself
143
1
6 November 1932, Reavey
Best of luck in your new venture. Yours
Sam Beckett
Thanks for the Quix poem. I liked it very much.
ALS; 1 leaf, 2 sides; letterhead; env to Monsieur George Reavey, Bureau Litteraire Europeen, 13 Rue Bonaparte, Paris 6! ! ! , pm 7-11-32, Dublin; enclosure not extant with
Jetter;TxU.
1 SB's enclosure is not extant. However, SB's letters to McGreevy indicate that he had sent two poems to Reavey, one ofwhich was "[There was a] Happy Land," published in Echo's Bones as "Sanies 2" (21 November 1932 and 11 November 1932, TCD, MS 10402/ 38 and 37), which was also given to Charles Prentice (see 4 August 1932, n. 17). Pilling indicates the poems as "Serena I" and "Sanies II" (A Samuel Beckett Chronology, 40).
SB puns on Crepuscule des dieux (Twilight of the Gods), French form of the title of Wagner's opera, Giitterdiimmerung (1876).
"Prepuce" (foreskin); "gueux" (beggar, wretch, knave).
2 Edward Titus had received Dream of Fair to Middling Women, "but has not read it" (SB to McGreevy, 11 November 1932, TCD, MS 10402/37). Rickword had not ack nowledged the poems sent by SB in August; SB tries Reavey's interest in placing them.
3 Followingsignature,inpencilinAH:"P. T. O. ";PSonverso.
One of the four poems written in 1932 for Quixotic Perquisitions: SB to Reavey, 4 November [for 3 November 1932], n. 3.
3
THOMA S McGREEVY TAR BERT, CO. KERRY
51h December [1932]
Merrion Nursing Home 28 Upper Merrion St Dublin
My dear Tom
At last I worked myself up to seeing a doctor about my neck,
which he described as a deep-seated septic cystic system! ! And advised me to have the whole thing cleaned up une fois pour
1
144
toutes. So I came in here last Wednesday & was operated on Thursday morning. I had a joint off a hammer toe at the same time. Evezyt:hing went well and I am much better now & able to get
up & hobble round, but do not expect to be allowed out for another week at least. I have an agreeable room full of sun all morning, and it is pleasant enough lying in bed sleeping & reading & feeling vaguely spoilt & victimised and comic all at the same time. [ . . . ]
I was re-reading the first volume of LeTemps Retrouve - Paris
during the war & the pleasures & opinions of Charlus. I disliked it
before and thought it mere bourrage & badly out of control - so
obviously ajoute & hors d'oeuvre. But this time I simply couldn't
get on with it at all. Balzac gush - and the allusion to Morel's
physical terror of Charius & Charlus's letter when he confesses to
2
I have a great admiration for Sainte-Beuve & I think his was the
most interesting mind of the whole galere but I can't help regret
ting that it was applied to criticism. I think if you read the
Causeries chronologically[? you'd] notice a rather horrible process
of crystallisation into a plausible efficiency of method, the only
thing added material - piece de [for a] conviction - dossier sou
4
NothingfromTitusorNancy. Icameindependentlytothe
5 December {1932}, McGreevy
having planned to murder Morel seem to me pure Balzac. Then the second volume - the last of the book - surely the first 100 pages are as great a piece of sustained writing as anything to be found anywhere. I find it more satisfactory at every reading. 3
plesse becoming clockwork. But if you have not read his novel Volupte I have it & would like to send it to you when I get out & can delve for it. It's very beautifully written and I never could see why it is usually rated as rather dark & sinister. The images are so well framed and the colours so numerous, like a faded kaleidoscope. It's more like Rousseau's Reverie[s] that [for than] the Confessions d'un Enfant du Siecle, but without the madness & the distortion. In a way I suppose he had a lot in common with Rousseau. I wish he had done something more than work out a critical method and pre ciser an attitude. Aren't there plenty ofTaines for that? 5
6
same conclusions concerning Kruschen.
7
145
5 December {1932}, McGreevy
Do write her & God love you ever
Sam
ALS; 2 leaves, 4 sides; env to Thomas McGreevy Esq, Tarbert, Co. Kerry; pm 6-12-32; Dublin; TCD, MS 10402/39. Dating: from pm.
1 "Unefoispourtoutes"(onceandforall).
2 Proust'sLeTempsretrouve(TimeRegained)isthefinalpartofAIarecherchedutemps perdu.
"Bourrage" (padding): "ajoute & hors d'oeuvre" (added on & extraneous). SB com pares Proust here to Honore de Balzac (1799-1850). M. de Charlus's letter of confession is from Le Temps retrouve in A Ia recherche du temps perdu, N, 384-385); Time Regained in In Search ofLost Time, VI, 167-168).
3 In the edition that SB used, the second book of the final volume of Le Temps retrouve begins within what is entitled "Chapter III," as M. de Charlus enters the courtyard of the Guermantes mansion ("En roulant ! es tristes pensees [ . . . ]" in Marcel Proust, A la recherche du temps perdu, VIII, Book 2, [Paris: Librairie Gallimard, Editions de la Nouvelle Revue Fran�aise 1927] 7; Le Temps retrouve in A Ia recherche du temps perdu, N, 445; "Revolving the gloomy thoughts . . . "in Time Regained in In Search of Lost Time, VI, 255).
4 Charles-AugustinSainte-Beuve(1804-1869)wroteCauseriesdulundi(1858-1872),a collection of weekly articles on literary subjects.
5 Sainte-Beuve,Volupte(1834;Voiupte:TheSensualMan).
Les Reveries du promeneur solitaire (1776-1778, published 1782; The Reveries ofthe Solitary Walker) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778).
It is probable that SB, writing from memory, has conflated Rousseau's Les Confessions (1782) with the autobiographical novel Confessions d'un enfant du siecle (1836) by French poet, dramatist, and novelist Alfred de Musset (1810-1857).
"Preciser"(set out in detail).
French critic, historian, and philosopher, Hippolyte-Adolphe Taine (1828-1893), author ofLes Origines de Ia France contemporaine (1874-1894; The Origins ofContemporary France).
6 Edward Titus had not sent the December issue of This Quarter which included SB's "Dante and the Lobster," nor any word about Dream of Fair to Middling Women. Nancy Cunard had proposed translations of Eluard and Breton to SB, but still had not sent their books; SB reflected on the prospect: "I think I'll have real pleasure trans posing them"(SB to McGreevy, 12 [December 1932], TCD, MS 10402/40).
7 Kruschen, mineral salts, taken dissolved in warm water; a mild diuretic, it was advertised as a weight-loss product in 1932, said to be good for the kidneys and restorative of vigor.
146
"Galere" (crew).
"Material - piece a conviction - dossier souplesse" (Material Exhibit A, file under versatility).
1933 January
1January By 5January 26January
c. 2 February By 20 March
15 April By 23April
3May
Before 13 May
13May
By 22June
22June 26June
SB continues translation for Cunard's Negro, Anthology.
Hitler appointed German Chancellor.
SB applies for teaching position in Milan.
Considers applying for teaching position in Manchester.
Completes translations for Cunard. Resolves not to teach again. Works on Mozart with piano teacher.
Sends a short story, possibly "Ding-Dong," to
Dublin Magazine.
Cycles through Malahide, around the Portrane estuary, and through Swords.
Dublin Magazine returns story. SB writes another poem, "Sanies 1," and another story, possibly "Fingal. " Takes countryside walk with his father.
Has second operation on his neck. Peggy Sinclair dies in Germany.
SB introduced to an editor from Methuen. Sends McGreevy draft of"Sanies 1. "
Sends McGreevy draft of"Sanies 1. "
Titus returns Dream ofFair to Middling Women. SB sends it to Methuen.
SB's father William Beckett suffers a heart attack. William Beckett dies.
147
CHRONOLOGY 1933
Chronology 1933
By 25July
c. July-August
By 6 September
By 25 September 3 October
By 9 October
By 1 November
8 November
By 10 November
12 November By 6 December
By 18 December 25 December
SB sets up an "office" at 6 Clare Street in which to receive students for "grinds. " Cissie Sinclair returns to Dublin.
SB augments story collection by taking material from Dream ofFair to Middling Women ("A Wet Night" and "The Smeraldina's Billet Doux") and by incorporating passages into "What a Misfortune" and "Draff. "
Sends ten stories to Chatto and Windus. All the members of the Sinclair family now in Dublin. SB meets Nuala Costello in Dublin.
Chatto and Windus accepts the stories, with pro visos, including change of title.
SB accepts contract from Chatto and Windus and supplies a new title: More Pricks Than Kicks.
Beckett family moves to Dalkey for a month. SB sends poem "Serena 3" to McGreevy. Applies for a position with The National Gallery (London).
Tries to write a final story for More Pricks Than Kicks, for which Belacqua must be "revived. " The National Gallery rejects SB's application.
Beckett family returns to Foxrock.
SB sends "Echo's Bones," the final story for More
Pricks Than Kicks, to Prentice.
Prentice returns "Echo's Bones": Chatto and Windus will publish More Pricks Than Kicks without it.
SB writes poem "Echo's Bones" following rejection of the story of the same name. Corrects part of the proofs of More Pricks Than Kicks.
Prentice sends proofs with McGreevy's notes on them, which SB approves.
SB is in Dublin.
148
THOMAS McGREEVY TARBERT, CO. KERRY
5111 Jan [1933] Cooldrinagh [Foxrock, Co. Dublin)
DearTom
Forgive this long silence. Noel & Silvester were big hurdles,
1
Your intricate observations on the subject of absolute & relative nearly strangled me. Or should I say seriousness & irony. Why not both, a little seriousness in the stress of irony. But I find that eschewal ofverbal sanies is one ofmy New Year resolutions. So you can sit back. 2
Cissie writes; they are quite down now, piano, pictures and everything gone. 3 Even Percy Ussher felt sick when he went to visit them.
I am doing stuff for Nancy at present - some interesting
(Congo Sculpture) some balls (Madagascar). There's one there
waiting about the usual assassin signed by the whole surrealiste
4
being borne in mind.
No more news fromTitus. 5
[. . . ]
I dined (I write dined, but nothing of the kind happened) at Joe Hone's of Killiney last Saturday, & his wife [. . . ] Do you
149
andIonlygotoutofthecliniquejustintimetotakethem. My neck is still a bit troublesome about cleaning & healing, but I am really much better than I was. And quieter every way.
guild. And a long one by Peret.
I applied for a job in Milan, but nothing doing. But I am
5 January {1933], McGreevy
know them? Now he is collaborating with one Rossi (the
Berkeley better half) in a book on poor Swift. A boring mori
6
Loughlinstown, and thence home on 9 toes between the years.
I was down at Donabate on Boxing Day and walked all
about Portrane lunatic asylum in the rain. Outside the gate I
was talking to a native of Lambay, and asked him about an old
tower I saw in a field nearby. 'That's where Dane Swift came to
his motte' he said. 'What motte? ' I said. 'Stella. ' What with that,
and the legend about the negress that his valet picked up for
him, and the Portrane lunatics and round tower built as relief
work in the Famine, poem scum is fermenting, the first flicker
8
help. TheremaybeGods,butwhaticedotheycut?
I'll look up Volupte forthwith and send it. I've been reading nothing but a little history (Greene! [for Green]), his libel on poor
Charles 2. 10 The royal mumper! God bless & love ever
Sam
ALS; I leaf, 2 sides; env to Thomas McGreevy Esq, Tarbert, Kerry, pm 5-1-33, Dublin; TCD, MS 10402/43. Dating: from pm and context.
1 Sylvester:NewYear'sEve,SaintSylvester'sday.
2 "Sanie"(Lat. ,morbiddischarge). SBgavetwopoemsthisname.
3 Cissie Sinclair had returned to Kassel and had written of the effect that the Depression was having on her family's circumstances.
Boss Sinclair was a dealer in modern art and owned many paintings; one known to be in his collection at this time was Abendmahl by the German artist Ewald Dulberg (1888-1933); James Knowlson indicates that it had been in the collection of the Hamburger Kunsthalle. but was "destroyed in 1939, two years after its confiscation in the 'Entartete Kunst' (Degenerate Art) action" Uames Knowlson, "Beckett in Kassel: Erste Begegnungen mit dem deutschen Expressionismus," in Der unbekannte Beckett: Samuel Beckett und die deutsche Kultur. ed. Therese Fischer-Seidel and Marion Fries Dieckmann, tr. Marion Fries-Dieckmann [Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2005] 76-78, 94).
150
bund creature. I stole away to Jesus and did the bonafide in
7
in the wash-tub since the bitch & bones.
I dribble malgre moi and knowing I do & oughtn't to is no
9
5January {1933}, McGreevy
The Sinclairs also owned a painting by the American artist Lyonel Feininger (1871-1956): Bathers I, an oil on canvas (current ownership unknown, possibly lost) (see no. 109, in Hans Hess, Lyonel Feininger [New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1961] 66, 257; also Knowlson, "Beckett in Kassel," 76).
4 SB is translating French essays selected for Nancy Cunard's Negro, Anthology. Although he translated others for the book, here SB refers to: "Essay on Styles in the Statuary of the Congo" by Henri Lavachery (1852-1934) (687-693); •A Short Historical Survey of Madagascar" by Jean-Jacques Rabearivelo (1903-1937) (618-622); "French Imperialism at Work in Madagascar" by Georges Citerne (1906-1944) and Francis Jourdain (1876-1958) (801-802).
Still to do were "Murderous Humanitarianism" by "The Surrealist Group in Paris," a collective statement signed by Andre Breton, Roger Caillois (1913-1978), Rene Char (1907-1988), Rene Creve! (1900-1935), Paul Eluard, Jules Monnerot (1909-1995), Benjamin Peret, Yves Tanguy (1900-1955), Andre Thirion (1907-2001), Pierre Unik (1909-1945), Pierre Yoyotte (? d. 1941) (574-575); and "Black and White in Brazil" by Benjamin Peret (1899-1959) (510-514).
5 NoresponsehadbeenreceivedfromEdwardTitusaboutDreamofFairtoMiddling Women.
6 Irish biographer and critic Joseph Maunsel Hone• (1882-1959) founded the Dublin publishing house Maunsel and Company. His wife Vera (nee Brewster, 1886-1971) was described in Hone's obituary as "an American of great beauty, and famous both for her caustic wit and for her tireless devotion" ("Mr. Joseph Hone; Biographer and Critic," The Times 28 March 1959: 19). With Mario Manlio Rossi (1895-1978), Hone wrote Bishop Berkeley: His Life, Writings, and Philosophy (1932) and Swift; or, the Egoist (1934).
7 SBalludestotheAfrican-Americanspiritual"StealAway. "Itwaspossibletodrink legally outside drinking hours "providing one had accomplished the business of cover ing the three miles that was the statutory 'journey' establishing your claim as a travel· ! er" Uohn Ryan, Remembering How We Stood: Bohemian Dublin at the Mid-Century [Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1975] 25). In popular usage "bona fide," pronounced in three syllables rather than the required four, was taken to refer to the pub, rather than the traveler. Loughlinstown, a small village near Killiney, about 8 miles southeast of Dublin.
8 BoxingDay(26December).
Donabate, Co. Dublin, is inland from Lambay Island, north of Dublin. The Portrane Lunatic Asylum (now St. lta's Hospital) once housed 1,640 inmates in a cluster of buildings and facilities on 600 acres; it is 2 miles from the Donabate Station.
Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) was guardian to Esther Johnson (known as Stella to Swift, 1681-1728), the natural child of Sir William Temple; Swift was Temple's secretary and half-brother. After Temple's death in 1699, Swift left England and returned to Ireland; Stella followed him. Although they remained close and rumors suggested they had secretly married, Swift would see Stella only when a third party was present. "Motte" (Ir. colloq. , young woman). Portrane had once been Stella's country home. The Stella Tower is a Martello tower built during the famine (Eoin O'Brien, The Beckett Country: Samuel Beckett's Ireland [Dublin: The Black Cat Press in association with Faber and Faber, 1986] 373, 232-233; see also Victoria Glendinning,
Jonathan Swift: A Portrait [New York: Henry Holt and Co. , 1999] 215-228).
151
5 January {1933}, McGreevy
In Ireland, Swift (Dean ofSt. Patrick's Cathedral) was commonly referred to by the uneducated as the "Dane. " Among traditional Irish stories about Swift is that he would ask his servant to "find him a woman for the night"; various tellings make the woman old and ugly, or crippled, or black (Mackie L. Jarrell, '"Jack and the Dane': Swift Traditions in Ireland. " Journal ofAmerican Folklore 77. 304 [April-June 1964] 101-102). SB would have been aware ofthis legend through mention ofit byW. B. Yeats in "TheWords Upon The
Window Pane: A Commentaty," Dublin Magazine 6. 4 (October-December 1931) 17; SB's poem "Alba" immediately preceded this essay (Ian Higgins and Claude Rawson pointed to these sources for the Swift "legends").
The area ofSB's walk figures in the poem "Sanies 1" in Echo's Bones. and also in the stoty "Fingal" in More Pricks Than Kicks.
9 "Malgremoi"(inspiteofmyself).
10 Volupte:5December[1932]. n. 5.
John Richard Green, A Short History of the English People [New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1898] 620-664. King Charles II ofEngland (1630-1685).
THOMAS McGREEVY TARBERT, CO. KERRY
Lundi (20 March 1933) [Dublin]
Cher Ami
Merci de ta lettre. Quand aurai-je le plaisir de te revoir?
Je sais que tu as de la peine a lire mon Ogham, et c'est seulement pour t'assurer que je t'aurais repondu plus tot si je n'avais ete tellement pris par un conte que je gate cette bonne carte et que je m'y mettrai des ce soir[. ] 1
A toi S.
APCI; 1 leaf, 2 sides: to Thomas McGreevy Esq. , Tarbert. KERRY; pm 20-3-33, Dublin; TCD, MS 1040/47. Dating: from pm.
Monday [20 March 1933] [Dublin]
Dear Tom
Thank you for your letter. When shall I have the pleasure
of seeing you again? I know that you have trouble reading my
152
Ogham, and it is only to assure you that I would have answered
you earlier ifl had not been so caught up with a short story that I
am spoiling this good card, and will set about doing so no later
1
1 Ogham, a system of writing, with an alphabet of twenty characters, used by ancient British and Irish people as secret writing.
SB sent this story to Seumas O'Sullivan for Dublin Magazine, as he wrote the next day in a letter to McGreevy: "I sent a short story to Seumas O'Solomon ! sic] last night, which I think you'd like, but few others" (21 ! March 1933], TCD, MS 10402/48). The story has not been identified, although Pilling suggests that it might be "Ding-Dong," which later became part of More Pricks Than Kicks (A Samuel Beckett Chronology, 42).
O'Sullivan's wife was Estella Solomons and SB conflates her name with his.
THOMAS McGREEVY PARIS
23rn (April 1933) Cooldrinagh Foxrock [Co. Dublin]
My dear Tom
I'm so tired belting away at the old typewriter that I venture
to address you thus. I hope you'll be able to read it.
I am sure you were right to go to Paris. I wish I had the courage to go as you did, with only your fare and vague copulation al'arrivee. ButIdon'tknowanyJunyersorLun;:ats. 1 Ofcourse
your letter made me wish very much to be there. The sensation of taking root, like a polypus, in a place, is horrible, living on a kind of mucous [for mucus] of conformity. And in this of all places. The mind is in league with one's nature, or family's nature, it pops up and says 'egal'. I'd love to see Beaufret en militaire, looking some thing between the drummer and the mascot. Thomas in his testi monial credited me with 'tres precieuses amities. '2 I seem to have squandered them all. Sean O'Sullivan asked me would I like a
153
23 {April 1933}, McGreevy
than this evening. Your S.
23 {April 1933}, McGreevy
ticket for Academy vernissage for a friend. And then: 'Oh I forgot, you don't go in for that luxury. '3 Luxury is the word. Gide seems to be making a whirl ofgaiety out ofhis last days. Perhaps he hopes to end where Dostoievski began, with a 'Pauvres Gens'. I had heard ofVoyage au bout de la nuit and admired the title. Are you sure it isn't Pelorson's! 4 It's like his phrase.
Seumas O'S. returned the short story at last - [? remarking]
that he was behind the times, which was the only place where
he could be 'reasonably happy' and that was his 'great secret'!
Not so secret. I thought of sending it to the Adelphi.
12 "Touche" (got my hands on).
13 Mme. Marie Redmond (nee Robinson, known as Elsie, 1885-1976), married to Dr. H. E. Redmond (1882-1951), was born in Paris of English parents and had grown up there. In Dublin she was the "go to" person for French lessons and taught SB. In later years, she would say, "That Beckett fellow has done quite well, it seems" (Annick O'Meara, 17 October 2007).
Ralph D. Blumenfeld (1864-1948), the American-born Editor of the Daily Express (London) from 1902 to 1932, was a family friend of Mme. Redmond's parents.
"Boniments" (sales talk or puffs).
14 PrinceWilliam'sSeatisapromontorysouthofDublinontheWicklowWay;the town of Enniskerry lies north of it in the direction of Foxrock.
137
18 October 1932, McGreevy
18 October 1932, McGreevy
15 Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare (1564-1616) opened at Dublin's Gate Theatre on 1 November 1932. Oscar Wilde's An Ideal Husband had played there from 18 October; prior to that, from 27 September to 15 October, the Gate produced a revival of Peer Gynt by Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906). Hilton RobertEdwards (1903-1982), a founder of the Gate Theatre, had directed the original production in October 1928; his revival was "improved" with the scenic concept of light coming from the back of the stage (The Irish Times 29 September 1932: 4).
Incidental Music to Peer Gynt for SoloVoices, Orchestra and Chorus, op. 23, by Norwegian composerEdvard Hagerup Grieg (1843-1907).
16 J. D. O. Bryan (known as Donagh, 1903-1932), a gold medalist and Research Prizeman in History at Trinity College Dublin, was appointed as Assistant Lecturer in History there in January 1931; he died on 9 October 1932.
THOMAS McGREEVY TARBERT, CO. KERRY
4th Nov. [for 3 November 1932]
Cooldrinagh, Foxrock,
Co. Dublin.
My dear Tom
Because the morning is balmy and the wind in the south
west I can come out of the grate and sit at the table and write a
letter. Though there is little news. The work I did for Ruddy has
not yet been paid. I was waiting to write till it would be, but I see
no signs of any money forthcoming, and I can't bring myself to
write & ask him for it. I sent my Dream to Titus about 3 weeks
1
ago,buthavehadnoacknowledgment. Thereisnothingatall to be done here, in this house. Sitting about all day from one room to another & moving cautiously about the parish, regret ting that my old friend obstipation excludes me from more frequent enjoyment of the seats in rosewood. I tried once or twice to get something started, but as soon as a word goes down out it must come. So I gave it up. I got a letter of introduction to Blumenfeld of the Daily Express and wrote him a begging letter. He regretted rather coarsely to be unable -- I nearly applied for
138
4 November [for 3 November 1932}, McGreevy
an [sic] job as teacher ofFrench in Technical School in Bulawayo,
S. Rhodesia, but a few minutes consideration equipoised so per
fectly the pros & cons that as usual I found myself constrained to
2
I had a letter from George Reavey with a poem out ofhis new
Quixote Series. Better than his usual, at least more amusing. He is
full ofplans & Editors & publishers & literary agencies. He might
3
And yourself? You were sad when you wrote last. I was glad
to hear the Lun;:at deal concluded. I have heard nothing about
4
The Income Tax bastards have been after me, sending up the local sergeant to see what I am at and spying in the office in Clare
6
I push the bike up into the mountains in the late afternoon
to the Lamb Doyle's or Glencullen or Enniskerry and have a pint
and then free wheel home to TomJones. Yes, as you say, as far as
he goes. But he's the best ofthem. I like the short chapters more
& more and the ironical chapter-titles. His burlesque is rather
clumsy but his serious mood is very distinguished. Somehow
7
better. I'm enclosing a photo that I thought you would like and
donothing. Butnearlyanythingwouldbeagratefulchangeafter these slow months oftepid eviration, with the mind in slush.
prove useful before he dies. Nothing further from Nancy Cunard.
it,butthenIdonothavetheoccasion. TheGalleryisclosedfor re-hanging. I have not seenJ. B. Y. Those Sat. afternoons chez lui are rather dreadful. To-morrow afternoon I am having 3/- worth of Gods to hear Horowitz at the Royal. The programme is interesting. 5
St. So far no formal demand. Anyhow I cant pay them anything.
I expected more from TomJones.
Dear Tom this is a very white kind ofletter but I cant do any
another poem.
God love you
8
Sam
139
4 November [for 3 November 1932}, McGreevy
this seps of a world
see-saw she is blurred in sleep
she is fat she is half dead the rest is freewheeling part the black shag the pelt
is ashen woad
snarl and howl in the wood wake all the birds hound the whores out of the fems
this damfool twilight threshing in the brake bleating to be bloodied
this crapulent hush
tear its heart out
in her dreams she leaps again9
way back in the good old dark old days
in the womb of her dam panting
in the claws of the Pins in the stress of her hour
the womb writhes bagful offerrets
first come first served no queuing up in the womb the light fails it is time to lie down
Clew Bay vat of xanthic flowers
Croagh Patrick waned Hindu to spite the pilgrims she is ready to lie down above all the islands of glory straining now this Sabbath evening of garlands
with a yo-heave-ho of able-bodied swans
out from the doomed land their reefs of tresses whales in Blacksod Bay dancing
as to the sound of a trumpet
in a hag she drops her young
the asphodels come running the flags after cloppety-clop all night she drops them
till dawn the trollop fillips the clots of love
from her infamous finger
140
4 November (for 3 November 1932], McGreevy
she wakes whining
she was deep in heat when Pavlov came
with a cauter and a metronome he came
toiling on bottom gear through the celtic mizzle to where stiff with nits
blotch and pearly ticks she lay
her hot snout pointing south
vermifuge quotha from this time forth
and donnerwetter she'll wet on my tomb
she took me up on to a high watershed
whence like the rubrics of a childhood
lo Meath shining through a chink in the mountains posses of larches there is no going back on
a rout of tracks and streams fleeing to the sea kindergartens of steeples and then the harbour like a woman making to cover her breasts
and left me
with whatever trust of panic we went out
with so much shall we return
there shall be no loss of panic between a man and his dog bitch though he be
sodden packet of Players
it is only a dream
muzzling the cairn
the light randy slut can't be easy this clonic world
all these phantoms shuddering out of focus
it is better to close the eyes
all the chords of the earth broken like a bad pianist's
141
4 November {for 3 November 1932}, McGreevy
the toads abroad again on their rounds
sidling up to their snares
the fairy-tale of Meath ended
say your prayers now and go to bed
your prayers before the lamps start to sing behind the larches here at these knees of stone
then to bye-bye on the bones
ALS; 3 leaves, 5 sides; letterhead; enclosure TMS 2 leaves, 2 sides ("this seps of a world"); the photo is not extant with this letter; env to Thomas McGreevy Esq. , Tarbert, Keny; pm 3-11-32, Dublin; TCD, MS 10402/35. Dating: SB misdates the letter a day later than the postmark.
1 Rudmose-Brown. SB sent Dream ofFair to Middling Women to Edward Titus before 18 October 1932.
2 NeitherSB'slettertoRalphBlumenfeldnorBlumenfeld'sreplyhasbeenfound. Bulawayo, S. Rhodesia, is now Bulawayo (alt. Buluwayo), Zimbabwe.
3 Reaveysentoneofthefollowingpoems,writtenin1932fortheQuixoticseries: "Adios Prolovitch," "Hie Jacet," "Squirearchy," or "Perquisition" (George Reavey, Quixotic Perquisitions: First Series [London: Europa Press, 1939] 11-12, 17-23).
4 McGreevyhadmadethearrangementsfortheSocietyofFriendsoftheNational Collections oflreland to acquire Decorative Landscape (1932) by Jean Lun;at (see McGreevy to Dermod O'Brien, TCD, McGreevy, MSS 8126/47-48). Sarah Purser (1848-1943), Chairman of the Society. expressed reservations: '"I am a little nervous about its acceptance and reception by our rather arriere public"' (letter to McGreevy quoted in Patricia Boylan, All Cultivated People: A History of the United Arts Club, Dublin [Gerrards Cross, Bucks. , UK: Colin Smythe, 1988] 187-188). The painting (no. 709) was kept in storage until the new Municipal Gallery of Modem Art opened in Charlemont House on 19 June 1933 (now known as the Dublin City Gallery The Hugh Lane; see Elizabeth Mayes and Paula Murphy, eds. . Images and Insights [Dublin: Hugh Lane Gallery of Modem Art. 1993] 258-259).
"I do not have the occasion" (Gallicism for "I do not have the opportunity").
5 TheNationalGalleryofIreland.
"Chez lui" (at-homes); SB often lamented that other people were present.
The gods: cheap seats in top gallery.
On 5 November 1932, Russian-born American pianist Vladimir Horowitz (1903-1989)
gave a recital in Dublin's Theatre Royal. The program included the Organ Toccata in C, BWV 564, by Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750), arranged for piano by German born Italian composer Ferruccio Benvenuto Busoni (1866-1924); "Flight of the Bumble Bee" from the opera The Tale of Tzar Saltan by Russian composer Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908); a fantasia based on the opera Carmen by
142
4 November [for 3 November 1932}, McGreevy
French composer Georges Bizet (1838-1875) (possibly Horowitz's own "Variations on a Theme from Carmen"); a Sonata in E-flat major by Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809); "Funerailles" from Harmonies poetiques et religieuses, second version (Sl73, no. 7), by Franz Liszt (1811-1886); "Variations on a Theme by Paganini," op. 35, and two of the three Intermezzos for Piano, op. 117, byJohannes Brahms (1833-1897); the Pastorale and "Toccata" from Trois pieces, op. 48, by Francis Poulenc (1899-1963); Stravinsky's "Danse Russe" from the ballet Petrouchka; and Etude in F major, op. 10, no. 8, and Barcarolle in F-sharp major, op. 60, by Frederic Chopin (1810-1849).
SB wrote to McGreevy:
The Horowitz concert was very remarkable and yet somehow unsatisfac tory. The Haydn Sonata was unspeakable and coming so early on put me in a bad temper for the rest of the programme. He played with great intelligence, especially the Brahms Intermezzi, affecting to feel his way through them. The Poulenc Pastorale & Toccata were charming. Still & all I was glad to get away before the torrent of encores and into the Scotch House. (11 November 1932, TCD, MS 10402/37)
6 BeckettandMedcalf,6ClareStreet.
7 Lamb Doyles, an inn on the Hill of Stepaside near the base of the Three Rock Mountains, Co. Wicklow. Glencullen and Enniskerry are towns at the southern edge of Co. Dublin in the Wicklow hills.
Henry Fielding's novel The History of Tam Jones, a Foundling (1748).
8 A "white kind of letter" (Gallicism for a "blank, colorless" letter). This poem, untitled here, is an early draft of "Serena 2" (Echo's Bones, [28-301). The photo has not been identified.
9 SBwrote"<wakesagain>leaps. "
GEORGE REAVEY LONDON
6/11/32
Cooldrinagh, Foxrock
Co. Dublin.
DearReavey
Herewith 2 Prepuscules d'un Gueux_
I dont know yet how things are with my book. If you think
you could place a truss of poems for me you are very welcome
2
to see them.
sometime. But I don't think that is likely.
Let me know. Perhaps I may get to Paris myself
143
1
6 November 1932, Reavey
Best of luck in your new venture. Yours
Sam Beckett
Thanks for the Quix poem. I liked it very much.
ALS; 1 leaf, 2 sides; letterhead; env to Monsieur George Reavey, Bureau Litteraire Europeen, 13 Rue Bonaparte, Paris 6! ! ! , pm 7-11-32, Dublin; enclosure not extant with
Jetter;TxU.
1 SB's enclosure is not extant. However, SB's letters to McGreevy indicate that he had sent two poems to Reavey, one ofwhich was "[There was a] Happy Land," published in Echo's Bones as "Sanies 2" (21 November 1932 and 11 November 1932, TCD, MS 10402/ 38 and 37), which was also given to Charles Prentice (see 4 August 1932, n. 17). Pilling indicates the poems as "Serena I" and "Sanies II" (A Samuel Beckett Chronology, 40).
SB puns on Crepuscule des dieux (Twilight of the Gods), French form of the title of Wagner's opera, Giitterdiimmerung (1876).
"Prepuce" (foreskin); "gueux" (beggar, wretch, knave).
2 Edward Titus had received Dream of Fair to Middling Women, "but has not read it" (SB to McGreevy, 11 November 1932, TCD, MS 10402/37). Rickword had not ack nowledged the poems sent by SB in August; SB tries Reavey's interest in placing them.
3 Followingsignature,inpencilinAH:"P. T. O. ";PSonverso.
One of the four poems written in 1932 for Quixotic Perquisitions: SB to Reavey, 4 November [for 3 November 1932], n. 3.
3
THOMA S McGREEVY TAR BERT, CO. KERRY
51h December [1932]
Merrion Nursing Home 28 Upper Merrion St Dublin
My dear Tom
At last I worked myself up to seeing a doctor about my neck,
which he described as a deep-seated septic cystic system! ! And advised me to have the whole thing cleaned up une fois pour
1
144
toutes. So I came in here last Wednesday & was operated on Thursday morning. I had a joint off a hammer toe at the same time. Evezyt:hing went well and I am much better now & able to get
up & hobble round, but do not expect to be allowed out for another week at least. I have an agreeable room full of sun all morning, and it is pleasant enough lying in bed sleeping & reading & feeling vaguely spoilt & victimised and comic all at the same time. [ . . . ]
I was re-reading the first volume of LeTemps Retrouve - Paris
during the war & the pleasures & opinions of Charlus. I disliked it
before and thought it mere bourrage & badly out of control - so
obviously ajoute & hors d'oeuvre. But this time I simply couldn't
get on with it at all. Balzac gush - and the allusion to Morel's
physical terror of Charius & Charlus's letter when he confesses to
2
I have a great admiration for Sainte-Beuve & I think his was the
most interesting mind of the whole galere but I can't help regret
ting that it was applied to criticism. I think if you read the
Causeries chronologically[? you'd] notice a rather horrible process
of crystallisation into a plausible efficiency of method, the only
thing added material - piece de [for a] conviction - dossier sou
4
NothingfromTitusorNancy. Icameindependentlytothe
5 December {1932}, McGreevy
having planned to murder Morel seem to me pure Balzac. Then the second volume - the last of the book - surely the first 100 pages are as great a piece of sustained writing as anything to be found anywhere. I find it more satisfactory at every reading. 3
plesse becoming clockwork. But if you have not read his novel Volupte I have it & would like to send it to you when I get out & can delve for it. It's very beautifully written and I never could see why it is usually rated as rather dark & sinister. The images are so well framed and the colours so numerous, like a faded kaleidoscope. It's more like Rousseau's Reverie[s] that [for than] the Confessions d'un Enfant du Siecle, but without the madness & the distortion. In a way I suppose he had a lot in common with Rousseau. I wish he had done something more than work out a critical method and pre ciser an attitude. Aren't there plenty ofTaines for that? 5
6
same conclusions concerning Kruschen.
7
145
5 December {1932}, McGreevy
Do write her & God love you ever
Sam
ALS; 2 leaves, 4 sides; env to Thomas McGreevy Esq, Tarbert, Co. Kerry; pm 6-12-32; Dublin; TCD, MS 10402/39. Dating: from pm.
1 "Unefoispourtoutes"(onceandforall).
2 Proust'sLeTempsretrouve(TimeRegained)isthefinalpartofAIarecherchedutemps perdu.
"Bourrage" (padding): "ajoute & hors d'oeuvre" (added on & extraneous). SB com pares Proust here to Honore de Balzac (1799-1850). M. de Charlus's letter of confession is from Le Temps retrouve in A Ia recherche du temps perdu, N, 384-385); Time Regained in In Search ofLost Time, VI, 167-168).
3 In the edition that SB used, the second book of the final volume of Le Temps retrouve begins within what is entitled "Chapter III," as M. de Charlus enters the courtyard of the Guermantes mansion ("En roulant ! es tristes pensees [ . . . ]" in Marcel Proust, A la recherche du temps perdu, VIII, Book 2, [Paris: Librairie Gallimard, Editions de la Nouvelle Revue Fran�aise 1927] 7; Le Temps retrouve in A Ia recherche du temps perdu, N, 445; "Revolving the gloomy thoughts . . . "in Time Regained in In Search of Lost Time, VI, 255).
4 Charles-AugustinSainte-Beuve(1804-1869)wroteCauseriesdulundi(1858-1872),a collection of weekly articles on literary subjects.
5 Sainte-Beuve,Volupte(1834;Voiupte:TheSensualMan).
Les Reveries du promeneur solitaire (1776-1778, published 1782; The Reveries ofthe Solitary Walker) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778).
It is probable that SB, writing from memory, has conflated Rousseau's Les Confessions (1782) with the autobiographical novel Confessions d'un enfant du siecle (1836) by French poet, dramatist, and novelist Alfred de Musset (1810-1857).
"Preciser"(set out in detail).
French critic, historian, and philosopher, Hippolyte-Adolphe Taine (1828-1893), author ofLes Origines de Ia France contemporaine (1874-1894; The Origins ofContemporary France).
6 Edward Titus had not sent the December issue of This Quarter which included SB's "Dante and the Lobster," nor any word about Dream of Fair to Middling Women. Nancy Cunard had proposed translations of Eluard and Breton to SB, but still had not sent their books; SB reflected on the prospect: "I think I'll have real pleasure trans posing them"(SB to McGreevy, 12 [December 1932], TCD, MS 10402/40).
7 Kruschen, mineral salts, taken dissolved in warm water; a mild diuretic, it was advertised as a weight-loss product in 1932, said to be good for the kidneys and restorative of vigor.
146
"Galere" (crew).
"Material - piece a conviction - dossier souplesse" (Material Exhibit A, file under versatility).
1933 January
1January By 5January 26January
c. 2 February By 20 March
15 April By 23April
3May
Before 13 May
13May
By 22June
22June 26June
SB continues translation for Cunard's Negro, Anthology.
Hitler appointed German Chancellor.
SB applies for teaching position in Milan.
Considers applying for teaching position in Manchester.
Completes translations for Cunard. Resolves not to teach again. Works on Mozart with piano teacher.
Sends a short story, possibly "Ding-Dong," to
Dublin Magazine.
Cycles through Malahide, around the Portrane estuary, and through Swords.
Dublin Magazine returns story. SB writes another poem, "Sanies 1," and another story, possibly "Fingal. " Takes countryside walk with his father.
Has second operation on his neck. Peggy Sinclair dies in Germany.
SB introduced to an editor from Methuen. Sends McGreevy draft of"Sanies 1. "
Sends McGreevy draft of"Sanies 1. "
Titus returns Dream ofFair to Middling Women. SB sends it to Methuen.
SB's father William Beckett suffers a heart attack. William Beckett dies.
147
CHRONOLOGY 1933
Chronology 1933
By 25July
c. July-August
By 6 September
By 25 September 3 October
By 9 October
By 1 November
8 November
By 10 November
12 November By 6 December
By 18 December 25 December
SB sets up an "office" at 6 Clare Street in which to receive students for "grinds. " Cissie Sinclair returns to Dublin.
SB augments story collection by taking material from Dream ofFair to Middling Women ("A Wet Night" and "The Smeraldina's Billet Doux") and by incorporating passages into "What a Misfortune" and "Draff. "
Sends ten stories to Chatto and Windus. All the members of the Sinclair family now in Dublin. SB meets Nuala Costello in Dublin.
Chatto and Windus accepts the stories, with pro visos, including change of title.
SB accepts contract from Chatto and Windus and supplies a new title: More Pricks Than Kicks.
Beckett family moves to Dalkey for a month. SB sends poem "Serena 3" to McGreevy. Applies for a position with The National Gallery (London).
Tries to write a final story for More Pricks Than Kicks, for which Belacqua must be "revived. " The National Gallery rejects SB's application.
Beckett family returns to Foxrock.
SB sends "Echo's Bones," the final story for More
Pricks Than Kicks, to Prentice.
Prentice returns "Echo's Bones": Chatto and Windus will publish More Pricks Than Kicks without it.
SB writes poem "Echo's Bones" following rejection of the story of the same name. Corrects part of the proofs of More Pricks Than Kicks.
Prentice sends proofs with McGreevy's notes on them, which SB approves.
SB is in Dublin.
148
THOMAS McGREEVY TARBERT, CO. KERRY
5111 Jan [1933] Cooldrinagh [Foxrock, Co. Dublin)
DearTom
Forgive this long silence. Noel & Silvester were big hurdles,
1
Your intricate observations on the subject of absolute & relative nearly strangled me. Or should I say seriousness & irony. Why not both, a little seriousness in the stress of irony. But I find that eschewal ofverbal sanies is one ofmy New Year resolutions. So you can sit back. 2
Cissie writes; they are quite down now, piano, pictures and everything gone. 3 Even Percy Ussher felt sick when he went to visit them.
I am doing stuff for Nancy at present - some interesting
(Congo Sculpture) some balls (Madagascar). There's one there
waiting about the usual assassin signed by the whole surrealiste
4
being borne in mind.
No more news fromTitus. 5
[. . . ]
I dined (I write dined, but nothing of the kind happened) at Joe Hone's of Killiney last Saturday, & his wife [. . . ] Do you
149
andIonlygotoutofthecliniquejustintimetotakethem. My neck is still a bit troublesome about cleaning & healing, but I am really much better than I was. And quieter every way.
guild. And a long one by Peret.
I applied for a job in Milan, but nothing doing. But I am
5 January {1933], McGreevy
know them? Now he is collaborating with one Rossi (the
Berkeley better half) in a book on poor Swift. A boring mori
6
Loughlinstown, and thence home on 9 toes between the years.
I was down at Donabate on Boxing Day and walked all
about Portrane lunatic asylum in the rain. Outside the gate I
was talking to a native of Lambay, and asked him about an old
tower I saw in a field nearby. 'That's where Dane Swift came to
his motte' he said. 'What motte? ' I said. 'Stella. ' What with that,
and the legend about the negress that his valet picked up for
him, and the Portrane lunatics and round tower built as relief
work in the Famine, poem scum is fermenting, the first flicker
8
help. TheremaybeGods,butwhaticedotheycut?
I'll look up Volupte forthwith and send it. I've been reading nothing but a little history (Greene! [for Green]), his libel on poor
Charles 2. 10 The royal mumper! God bless & love ever
Sam
ALS; I leaf, 2 sides; env to Thomas McGreevy Esq, Tarbert, Kerry, pm 5-1-33, Dublin; TCD, MS 10402/43. Dating: from pm and context.
1 Sylvester:NewYear'sEve,SaintSylvester'sday.
2 "Sanie"(Lat. ,morbiddischarge). SBgavetwopoemsthisname.
3 Cissie Sinclair had returned to Kassel and had written of the effect that the Depression was having on her family's circumstances.
Boss Sinclair was a dealer in modern art and owned many paintings; one known to be in his collection at this time was Abendmahl by the German artist Ewald Dulberg (1888-1933); James Knowlson indicates that it had been in the collection of the Hamburger Kunsthalle. but was "destroyed in 1939, two years after its confiscation in the 'Entartete Kunst' (Degenerate Art) action" Uames Knowlson, "Beckett in Kassel: Erste Begegnungen mit dem deutschen Expressionismus," in Der unbekannte Beckett: Samuel Beckett und die deutsche Kultur. ed. Therese Fischer-Seidel and Marion Fries Dieckmann, tr. Marion Fries-Dieckmann [Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2005] 76-78, 94).
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bund creature. I stole away to Jesus and did the bonafide in
7
in the wash-tub since the bitch & bones.
I dribble malgre moi and knowing I do & oughtn't to is no
9
5January {1933}, McGreevy
The Sinclairs also owned a painting by the American artist Lyonel Feininger (1871-1956): Bathers I, an oil on canvas (current ownership unknown, possibly lost) (see no. 109, in Hans Hess, Lyonel Feininger [New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1961] 66, 257; also Knowlson, "Beckett in Kassel," 76).
4 SB is translating French essays selected for Nancy Cunard's Negro, Anthology. Although he translated others for the book, here SB refers to: "Essay on Styles in the Statuary of the Congo" by Henri Lavachery (1852-1934) (687-693); •A Short Historical Survey of Madagascar" by Jean-Jacques Rabearivelo (1903-1937) (618-622); "French Imperialism at Work in Madagascar" by Georges Citerne (1906-1944) and Francis Jourdain (1876-1958) (801-802).
Still to do were "Murderous Humanitarianism" by "The Surrealist Group in Paris," a collective statement signed by Andre Breton, Roger Caillois (1913-1978), Rene Char (1907-1988), Rene Creve! (1900-1935), Paul Eluard, Jules Monnerot (1909-1995), Benjamin Peret, Yves Tanguy (1900-1955), Andre Thirion (1907-2001), Pierre Unik (1909-1945), Pierre Yoyotte (? d. 1941) (574-575); and "Black and White in Brazil" by Benjamin Peret (1899-1959) (510-514).
5 NoresponsehadbeenreceivedfromEdwardTitusaboutDreamofFairtoMiddling Women.
6 Irish biographer and critic Joseph Maunsel Hone• (1882-1959) founded the Dublin publishing house Maunsel and Company. His wife Vera (nee Brewster, 1886-1971) was described in Hone's obituary as "an American of great beauty, and famous both for her caustic wit and for her tireless devotion" ("Mr. Joseph Hone; Biographer and Critic," The Times 28 March 1959: 19). With Mario Manlio Rossi (1895-1978), Hone wrote Bishop Berkeley: His Life, Writings, and Philosophy (1932) and Swift; or, the Egoist (1934).
7 SBalludestotheAfrican-Americanspiritual"StealAway. "Itwaspossibletodrink legally outside drinking hours "providing one had accomplished the business of cover ing the three miles that was the statutory 'journey' establishing your claim as a travel· ! er" Uohn Ryan, Remembering How We Stood: Bohemian Dublin at the Mid-Century [Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1975] 25). In popular usage "bona fide," pronounced in three syllables rather than the required four, was taken to refer to the pub, rather than the traveler. Loughlinstown, a small village near Killiney, about 8 miles southeast of Dublin.
8 BoxingDay(26December).
Donabate, Co. Dublin, is inland from Lambay Island, north of Dublin. The Portrane Lunatic Asylum (now St. lta's Hospital) once housed 1,640 inmates in a cluster of buildings and facilities on 600 acres; it is 2 miles from the Donabate Station.
Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) was guardian to Esther Johnson (known as Stella to Swift, 1681-1728), the natural child of Sir William Temple; Swift was Temple's secretary and half-brother. After Temple's death in 1699, Swift left England and returned to Ireland; Stella followed him. Although they remained close and rumors suggested they had secretly married, Swift would see Stella only when a third party was present. "Motte" (Ir. colloq. , young woman). Portrane had once been Stella's country home. The Stella Tower is a Martello tower built during the famine (Eoin O'Brien, The Beckett Country: Samuel Beckett's Ireland [Dublin: The Black Cat Press in association with Faber and Faber, 1986] 373, 232-233; see also Victoria Glendinning,
Jonathan Swift: A Portrait [New York: Henry Holt and Co. , 1999] 215-228).
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5 January {1933}, McGreevy
In Ireland, Swift (Dean ofSt. Patrick's Cathedral) was commonly referred to by the uneducated as the "Dane. " Among traditional Irish stories about Swift is that he would ask his servant to "find him a woman for the night"; various tellings make the woman old and ugly, or crippled, or black (Mackie L. Jarrell, '"Jack and the Dane': Swift Traditions in Ireland. " Journal ofAmerican Folklore 77. 304 [April-June 1964] 101-102). SB would have been aware ofthis legend through mention ofit byW. B. Yeats in "TheWords Upon The
Window Pane: A Commentaty," Dublin Magazine 6. 4 (October-December 1931) 17; SB's poem "Alba" immediately preceded this essay (Ian Higgins and Claude Rawson pointed to these sources for the Swift "legends").
The area ofSB's walk figures in the poem "Sanies 1" in Echo's Bones. and also in the stoty "Fingal" in More Pricks Than Kicks.
9 "Malgremoi"(inspiteofmyself).
10 Volupte:5December[1932]. n. 5.
John Richard Green, A Short History of the English People [New York and London: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1898] 620-664. King Charles II ofEngland (1630-1685).
THOMAS McGREEVY TARBERT, CO. KERRY
Lundi (20 March 1933) [Dublin]
Cher Ami
Merci de ta lettre. Quand aurai-je le plaisir de te revoir?
Je sais que tu as de la peine a lire mon Ogham, et c'est seulement pour t'assurer que je t'aurais repondu plus tot si je n'avais ete tellement pris par un conte que je gate cette bonne carte et que je m'y mettrai des ce soir[. ] 1
A toi S.
APCI; 1 leaf, 2 sides: to Thomas McGreevy Esq. , Tarbert. KERRY; pm 20-3-33, Dublin; TCD, MS 1040/47. Dating: from pm.
Monday [20 March 1933] [Dublin]
Dear Tom
Thank you for your letter. When shall I have the pleasure
of seeing you again? I know that you have trouble reading my
152
Ogham, and it is only to assure you that I would have answered
you earlier ifl had not been so caught up with a short story that I
am spoiling this good card, and will set about doing so no later
1
1 Ogham, a system of writing, with an alphabet of twenty characters, used by ancient British and Irish people as secret writing.
SB sent this story to Seumas O'Sullivan for Dublin Magazine, as he wrote the next day in a letter to McGreevy: "I sent a short story to Seumas O'Solomon ! sic] last night, which I think you'd like, but few others" (21 ! March 1933], TCD, MS 10402/48). The story has not been identified, although Pilling suggests that it might be "Ding-Dong," which later became part of More Pricks Than Kicks (A Samuel Beckett Chronology, 42).
O'Sullivan's wife was Estella Solomons and SB conflates her name with his.
THOMAS McGREEVY PARIS
23rn (April 1933) Cooldrinagh Foxrock [Co. Dublin]
My dear Tom
I'm so tired belting away at the old typewriter that I venture
to address you thus. I hope you'll be able to read it.
I am sure you were right to go to Paris. I wish I had the courage to go as you did, with only your fare and vague copulation al'arrivee. ButIdon'tknowanyJunyersorLun;:ats. 1 Ofcourse
your letter made me wish very much to be there. The sensation of taking root, like a polypus, in a place, is horrible, living on a kind of mucous [for mucus] of conformity. And in this of all places. The mind is in league with one's nature, or family's nature, it pops up and says 'egal'. I'd love to see Beaufret en militaire, looking some thing between the drummer and the mascot. Thomas in his testi monial credited me with 'tres precieuses amities. '2 I seem to have squandered them all. Sean O'Sullivan asked me would I like a
153
23 {April 1933}, McGreevy
than this evening. Your S.
23 {April 1933}, McGreevy
ticket for Academy vernissage for a friend. And then: 'Oh I forgot, you don't go in for that luxury. '3 Luxury is the word. Gide seems to be making a whirl ofgaiety out ofhis last days. Perhaps he hopes to end where Dostoievski began, with a 'Pauvres Gens'. I had heard ofVoyage au bout de la nuit and admired the title. Are you sure it isn't Pelorson's! 4 It's like his phrase.
Seumas O'S. returned the short story at last - [? remarking]
that he was behind the times, which was the only place where
he could be 'reasonably happy' and that was his 'great secret'!
Not so secret. I thought of sending it to the Adelphi.
