" /
L ord N evil was silent, and d' E rfeuil q uestioned him on
his opinion of R ome.
L ord N evil was silent, and d' E rfeuil q uestioned him on
his opinion of R ome.
Madame de Stael - Corinna, or Italy
"
' Dellius, remember thou must die -- leaving the world,
thy home, and gentle wife. ' The ancients ack nowledged
this in their very voluptuousness: even love and festivity
reminded them of it, and j oy seemed heightened by a sense
of its brevity.
O swald and Corinne returned by the side of the Tiber;
formerly covered with vessels, and bank ed by palaces. O f
yove, even its inund tiens were regarded r. s orders. I t was
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? CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y . 81
then the prophetic, the tutelar divinity of R ome. (13) I t
may now be said to flow among phantoms, so livid is its
hue-- so deep its loneliness. The finest statues and other
work s of art were thrown into the Tiber, and are hidden
beneath its tides. W ho k nows but that, in search of them,
the river may at last be driven from its bed? B ut, while
we muse on efforts of human genius that lie, perhaps,
beneath us, and that some eye, more piercing than our own,
may yet see through these waves, we feel that awe which,
in R ome, is constantly reviving in various forms, and
giving the mind companions in those physical obj ects which
are elsewhere dumb.
CH A PTE R I I I .
R aphael said that modern R ome was almost entirely
built from the ruins of the ancient city; Pliny had talk ed of
the " eternal walls," which are still seen amid the work s
of latter times. N early all the buildings bear the stamp
of history, teaching you to compare the physiognomies of'
different ages. F rom the days of the E truscans (a people
senior to the R omans themselves, resembling the E gyptians
in the solidity and eccentricity of their designs), down to
the time of B ernini, an artist as guilty of mannerism as
were the I talian poets of the seventeenth century, one may
trace the progress of the human mind, in the characters of:
the arts, the buildings, and ruins. The middle ages and
the brilliant day of the de Medici, re-appearing in their
work s, it is but to study the past in the present-- to pene-
trate the secrets of all time. I t is believed that R ome had
formerly a mystic name, k nown but to few. The city has
still spells, into which we req uire initiation. I t is not
simply an assemblage of dwellings; it is a chronicle of the
world, represented by figurative emblems. Corinne agreed
with N evil, that they would now ex plore modern R ome,
reserving for another opportunity its admirable collection
of pictures and of statues. Perhaps, without confessing it
to herself, she wished to defer these sights as long as
a
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? 82CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
possible: for who has ever left R ome without look ing on
the A pollo B elvidere and the paintings of R aphael? This
security, weak as it was, that O swald would not yet depart,
was every thing to her. W here is their pride, some may
ask , who would retain those they love by any other motive
than that of affection? I k now not: but, the more we love,
the less we rely on our own power; and, whatever be the
cause which secures us the presence of the obj ect dear to
us, it is accepted with gratitude. There is often much
vanity in a certain species of pride; and if women as
generally admired as Corinne have one real advantage, it is;
the right to ex ult rather in what they feel than in what'
they inspire.
Corinne and N evil recommenced their ex cursions, by
visiting the most remark able among the numerous churches
of R ome. They are all adorned by magnificent antiq uities;
but these festal ornaments, torn from Pagan temples,
have here a strange, wild effect. Granite and por-
phyry pillars are so plentiful, that they are lavished as if
almost valueless. A t S t. J ohn L ateran, famed for the
councils that have been held in it, so great is the q uantity
of marble columns, that many of them are covered with
cement, to form pilasters; thus indifferent has this pro-
fusion of riches rendered its possessors. S ome of these
pillars belonged to the Tomb of A drian, others to the
Capitol; some still bear the forms of the geese which pre-
served the R omans; others have Gothic and even A rab-
esq ue embellishments. The urn of A grippa contains the
ashes of a pope. The dead of one generation give place \
to the dead of another, and tombs here as often change
their occupants as the abodes of the living. N ear S t. J
L ateran are the holy stairs, brought, it is said, from J
rusalem, and which no one ascends but on his k nees;
ohn
e-
as
Claudius, and even Csesar, mounted those which led to the
temple of J upiter Capitolinus. B eside S t. J ohn' s is the
font where Constantine is supposed to have been baptized.
I n the centre of this ground is an obelisk , perhaps the
most ancient work of art in the world-- contemporary with
the Troj an war; so respected, even by the barbarous
Gambyses, that he put a stop to the conflagration of a city
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? CO R I N N B ; O B I TA L Y . 83
in its honour; and, for its sak e, a k ing pledged the life of
his only son. The R omans brought it from the heart of
E gypt by miracle. They turned the N ile from his course
that it might be found, and carried to the sea. This
obelisk is still covered with hieroglyphics, which have k ept
their secret for centuries, and defy the sages of to-day to
decipher signs that might reveal the annals of I ndia
and of E gypt-- the antiq uities of antiq uity! The won-
drous charm of R ome consists not only in the real beauty
of her monuments, but in the interest they ex cite; the ma. )
terial for think ing they suggest; the speculations which
grow, every day, the stronger from each new study.
O ne of the most singular churches in R ome is S t. Paul' s:
its ex terior is that of an ill-built barn; yet it is bedeck ed
within by eighty pillars of such ex q uisite material and pro-
portion, that they are believed to have been transported
from an A thenian temple, described by Pausanias. I f
Cicero said, in his day, ' we are surrounded by vestiges of V
history,' what would he say now? Columns, statues, and
pictures are so prodigally crowded in the churches of mo-
dern R ome, that, in S t. A gnes' , bas-reliefs, turned face
downwards, serve to pave a staircase, no one troubling
himself to ascertain what they might represent. H ow
astonishing a spectacle were ancient R ome, had its trea-
sures been left where they were found! The immortal city,
nearly as it was of yore, were still before us: but could the
men of our day dare to enter it? The palaces of the R o-
man lords are vast in the ex treme, and often display much
architectural grace; but their interiors are rarely arranged
by good taste. They have none of those elegant apart-
ments invented elsewhere for the perfect enj oyment of
social life. S uperb galleries, hung with the chefs-d' wuvre
of the tenth L eo' s age, are abandoned to the gaze of stran-
gers, by their lazy proprietors, who retire to their own ob-
scure little chambers, dead to the pomp of their ancestors,
as were they to the austere virtues of the R oman republic.
The country-houses give one a still greater idea of solitude,
and of their owners' carelessness amid the loveliest scenes
of nature. O ne walk s immense gardens, doubting if they
have a master; the grass grows in every path, yet in these
o2
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? 84CO R I N N E j O R I TA L Y .
very alleys are the trees cut into shapes, after the fantastic
mode that once reigned in F rance. S trange inconsistency!
this neglect of essentials, and affectation in what is useless!
Most I talian towns, indeed, surprise us with this mania,
in a people who have constantly heneath their eyes such
models of noble simplicity. They prefer glitter to con-
venience; and in every way betray the advantages and dis-
advantages of not habitually mix ing with society. Their
lux ury is rather that of fancy than of comfort. I solated
among themselves, they dread not that spirit of ridicule,
which, in truth, seldom penetrates the interior of R oman
abodes. Contrasting this with what they appear from
without, one might say that they were rather built to dazzle
the peasantry than for the reception of friends.
A fter having shown O swald the churches and the pa-
laces, Corinne led him to the V illa Melini, whose lonely
garden is ornamented soW y by maj estic trees. F rom
thence is seen afar the chain of the A pennines, tinted by the
transparent air against which their outlines are defined
most picturesq uely. O swald and Corinne rested for some
time, to taste the charms of heaven and the tranq uillity of
nature. N o one who has not dwelt in southern climes can
form an idea of this stirless silence, unbrok en by the light-
est zephyr. The tenderest blades of herbage remain per-
fectly motionless; even the animals partak e this noontide
lassitude. Y ou hear no hum of insects, no chirp of grass-
hoppers, no song of birds; nothing is agitated, all sleeps,
till storm or passion wak en that natural vehemence which
impetuously I rishes from this profound repose. The R o-
man garden possesses a great number of evergreens, that,
during winter, add to the illusion which the mild air cre-
ates. The tufted tops of pines, so close to each other that
they form a k ind of plain in the air, have a charming effect
from any eminence; trees of inferior stature are sheltered
by this verdant arch. O nly two palms are to be found in
the Monk s' Gardens: one is on a height; it may be seen
from some distance, always with pleasure. I n returning
towards the city, this image of a meridian more burning
than that of I taly awak ens a host of agreeable sensations.
" Do you not find," said Corinne, " that nature here gives
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? C0R 1N N B ; O R I TA L Y . 85
birth to reveries elsewhere unk nown? S he is as intimate
with the heart of man as if the Creator made her the in-
terpretress between his creatures and himself. " -- " I feel
all this," replied O swald; " yet it may be but your melt-
ing influence which renders me so susceptible. Y ou reveal
to me emotions which ex terior obj ects may create. I lived'
but in my heart; you have revived my imagination. B ut
the magic of the universe, which you teach me to appre-
ciate, will never offer me aught lovelier than your look s,
more touching than your voice. " -- " May the feeling I
k indle in your breast to-day," said Corinne, " last as long
as my life;
your love!
V illa B
or, at least, may my life last no longer than
" They finished their tour of R ome by the
orghese. I n no R oman palace or garden are the
splendours of nature and art collected so tastefully. E very
k ind of tree, superb waterfalls, with an incredible blending
of statues, vases, and sarcophagi, here reanimate the my-
thology of the land. N aiads recline beside the streams;
nymphs start from thick ets worthy of such guests. Tombs
repose beneath E lysian shades; E sculapius stands in
the centre of an island; V enus appears gliding from a
bower. O vid and V irgil might wander here, and believe
themselves still in the A ugustan age. The great work s
of sculpture, which grace this scene, give it a charm for
ever new. Through its trees may be descried the city,
S t. Peter' s, the Campagna, and those long arcades, ruins of
aq ueducts, which formerly conducted many a mountain
stream into old R ome. There is every thing that can
mingle purity with pleasure, and promise perfect happiness:
but if you ask why this delicious spot is not inhabited, you
will be told, that the cattiva aria, or bad air, prevents its
being occupied in summer. This enemy, each year, be-
sieges R ome more and more closely-- its most charming
abodes are deserted perforce. Doubtless the want of
tr^ es is one cause; and therefore did the R omans dedicate
their woods to goddesses, that they might be respected by
the people: yet have numberless forests been felled in our
own times. W hat can now be so sanctified that avarice will
forbear its devastation? This malaria is the scourge of
R ome, and often threatens its whole population; yet, per-
o3
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? 86 CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
haps, it adds to the effect produced by the lovely gardens
to be found within the boundaries. I ts malignant power
is betrayed by no ex ternal sign: you respire an air that
seems pure' ; the earth is fertile;
in the evening for the heat of the day;
death!
" I love such invisible danger,"
a delicious freshness atones
and all this is:
said O swald, " veiled;
as it is in delight. I f death, as I believe, be but a call to
happier life, why should not the perfume of flowers, the
shade of fine trees, and the breath of eve be charged to re-
mind us of our fate? O f course, government ought, in
every way, to watch over human life; but nature has
secrets which imagination only can penetrate; and I easily
conceive that neither natives nor foreigners find any thing
to disgust them in the perils which belong to the sweetest
seasons of the year. "
BOOKVI.
O N I TA L I A N CH A R A CTE R A N DMA N N E R S .
CH A PTE R I .
O swald' s irresolution, augmented by misfortunes, taught
him to fear every irrevocable engagement. H e dared not
ask Corinne her name or story, though his love for her
grew each day more strong: he could not look on her
without emotion ; hardly, in the midst of society, q uit her
side for an instant; she said not a word he did not feel,
nor ex pressed a sentiment, sad or gay, that was not reflected
in his face. Y et, loving, admiring her as he did, he for-
got not how little such a wife would accord with E nglish
habits; how much she differed from the idea his father
formed of the woman it would become him to marry: all
he said to Corinne was restrained by the disq uiet these re-
flections caused him. S he perceived this but too plainly;
yet so much would it have cost her to break with him,
that she lent herself to whatever could prevent a decisive
ex planation; and, never possessing much forethought, re-
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? corinne; or italy. 87
veiled in the present, such as it was, not dreaming of the
inevitable future. S he entirely secluded herself from the
world in this devotion to him; but, at last, hurt by his
silence on their prospects, she resolved to accept a pressing
invitation to a ball. N othing is more common, in R ome,
than for persons to leave and return to society by fits:
there is so little gossip in I taly, that people do what they
lik e, without comment, at least without obstacle, in affairs
either of love or ambition. F oreigners are as safe as na-
tives in this rendezvous of E uropeans. W hen N evil learnt
that Corinne was going to a ball, he was out of humour;
for some time he had fancied that he detected in her a me-
lancholy sympathetic with his own; yet suddenly she
appeared to think
she so much ex
was not frivolous;
of nothing but dancing (in which
celled), and the eclat of a fete. Corinne
but, feeling every day more subdued by
love, she wished to combat its force. S he k new by ex -'
perience that reflection and forbearance have less power
over impassioned characters than dissipation; and she
thought that, if unable to triumph over herself as she ought,
thenex tbeststepweretodosoasshecould. W henN e-
vil censured her intentions, she replied, " I want to ascer-
tain whether what formerly pleased can still amuse me,
or whether my regard for you is to absorb every other in-
terest of my life. " -- " Y ou would fain cease to love me,"
he said. " N ot so," she replied; " but it is only in do-
mestic life that it can be agreeable to feel one' s self lorded
over by a single affection. To me, who need my wit and
genius to sustain the reputation of the life I have adopted,
it is a great misfortune to love as I love you. " -- " Y ou
will not sacrifice your glory to me, then ? " cried O swald. --
" O f what importance were it to you," she replied, " if I
did? S ince we are not destined' for each other, I must not
for ever destroy the k ind of happiness with which I ought
to content myself. " L ord N evil said nothing; conscious
that he could not now speak without ex plaining his de-
signs; and, in truth, he was ignorant of them himself.
H e sighed, and reluctantly followed Corinne to the ball.
I t was the first time, since his loss, that he had gone to
such an assembly. I ts tumult so oppressed him that he
o4
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? 88CO B I N K E ; O B I TA L Y .
remained for some period in a hall beside the dancing-
room, with his head reclined upon his hand; not even
wishing to see Corinne dance. A ll music, even if its oc-
casion be a gay one, renders us pensive. The Count
d' E rfeuil arrived, enchanted with the crowd and amuse-
ments, which once more reminded him of F rance. " I ' ve
done my best," he said, " to interest myself in their
vaunted ruins, but I see nothing in them: ' tis a mere pre-
j udice, this fuss about rubbish covered with briars! I
shall speak my mind when I return to F rance; for it is
high time that the farce should be ended. There is not a
single building of to-day, in good repair, that is not worth
all these trunk s of pillars, and mouldy bas-reliefs, which
can only be admired through the spectacles of pedantry.
A rapture which one must purchase by study cannot be very
vivid in itself. O ne needs not spoil one' s complex ion
over musty book s, to appreciate the sights of Paris.
" /
L ord N evil was silent, and d' E rfeuil q uestioned him on
his opinion of R ome. " A ball is not the best place for
serious conversation,"
can afford you no other. "
said O swald; " and you k now that I
-- " Mighty fine," replied the
Count. " I own I am gayer than you; but who can say
that I am not wiser too? Trust me, there is much phi-
losophy in tak ing the world as it goes. " -- " Perhaps you
are right," answered O swald; " but, as you are what you
are by nature, and not by reflection, your manner of living
can belong to no one but yourself. "
D' E rfeuil now heard the name of Corinne from the ball-
room, and went to learn what was doing there. N evil fol-
lowed him to the door, and saw the handsome N eapolitan
Prince A main soliciting her to dance the Tarantula with
him. A ll her friends j oined in this req uest. S he waited
for no importunity, but promised with a readiness which
astonished d' E rfeuil, accustomed as he was to the refusals
with which it is the fashion to precede consent. I n I taly
these airs are unk nown: there, every one is simple enough
to believe that he cannot better please society than by
promptly fulfilling whatever it req uires. Corinne would
have introduced this natural manner, if she had not found
it there. The dress she had assumed was light and elegant.
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? CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y . S < )
H er lock s were confined by a silk en fillet, and her eyes
ex pressed an animation which rendered her more attractive
than ever. O swald was uneasy; displeased with his own
subj ection to charms whose ex istence he was inclined to
deplore, as, far from wishing to gratify him, it was almost
in order to escape from his power that Corinne shone forth
thus enchantingly: yet, who could resist her seducing
grace? E ven in scorn she would have been still triumphant;
hut scorn was not in her disposition. S he perceived her
lover; and blushed, as she bestowed on him one of her
sweetest smiles. The Prince A malfi accompanied himself
with castanets. Corinne saluted the assembly with both
hands; then, turning, took the tambourine, which her part-
ner presented to her, and she beat time as she danced.
H er gestures displayed that easy union of modesty and vo-
luptuousness, such as must have so awed the I ndians when
the B ayarderes-- poets of the dance -- depicted the various
passions by characteristic attitudes. Corinne was so well
acq uainted with antiq ue painting and sculpture, that her
positions were so many studies for the votaries of art.
N ow she held her tambourine above her head; sometimes
advanced it with one hand, while the other ran over its
little bells with a dex terous rapidity that brought to mind
the girls of H erculaneum. (14) This was not F rench
dancing, remark able for the difficulty of its steps; it was a
movement more allied to fancy and to sentiment. The air
to which she danced, pleased alternately by its softness and
its precision. Corinne as thoroughly infected the spectators
with her own sensations as she did while ex temporising
poetry, playing on her lyre, or designing an ex pressive
group. E very thing was language for her. The musicians, \
in gazing on her, felt all the genius of their art; and every
witness of this magic was electrified by impassioned j oy,
transported into an ideal world, there to dream of bliss
unk nown below.
There is a part of the N eapolitan dance where the heroine
k neels, while the hero marches round her, lik e a conq ueror.
H ow dignified look ed Corinne at that moment! W hat a
sovereign she was on her k nees ! and when she rose, clashing
her airy tambourine, she appeared animated by such en-
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? 90CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
thusiasm of youthful beauty, that one might have thought
she needed no life but her own to mak e her happy. A las,
it was not thus! though O swald feared it, and sighed, as
if her every success separated her farther from him. W hen
the Prince, in his turn, k nelt to Corinne, she, if possible,
surpassed herself. Twice or thrice she fled round him,
her sandalled feet sk imming the floor with the speed of
lightning; and when, shak ing her tambourine above his
head with one hand, she signed with the other for him to
rise, every man present was tempted to prostrate himself
before her, ex cept L ord N evil, who drew back some paces,
and d' E rfeuil, who made a step or two forwards, in order
to compliment Corinne. The I talians gave way to what
they felt, without one fear of mak ing themselves remark -
able. They were not lik e men so accustomed to society,
and the self-love which it ex cites, as to think on the effect
they might produce: they are never to be turned from their
pleasures by vanity, nor from their purposes by applause.
Corinne, charmed with the result of her attempt, thank ed
her friends with amiable simplicity. S he was satisfied, and
permitted her content to be seen, with childlik e candour;
her greatest desire was to get through the crowd to the
door, against which O swald was leaning. S he reached it
at last, and paused for him to speak . -- " Corinne," he
said, endeavouring to conceal both his delight and his dis-
tress, " you have ex torted universal homage: but is there,
among all your adorers, one brave, one trusty friend; one
protector for life? or can the clamours of flattery suffice a
soul lik e yours? "
CH A PTE R I I .
The press of company prevented Corinne' s reply: they were
going to supper; and each cavaliere servente hastened to seat
himself beside his lady. A fair stranger arrived and found
no room; yet not a man, save O swald and d' E rfeuil, rose
to offer her his place. N ot that the R omans were either rude
or selfish; but they believed that their honour depended
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? comas k t; or italy. gi
on their never q uitting their post of duty. S ome, unable to
gain seats, leaned behind their mistresses' chairs, ready to
obey the slightest sign. The females spok e but to their
lovers: strangers wandered in vain around a circle where
no one had a word to spare them; for I talian women are
ignorant of that coq uetry which renders a love affair no-
thing more than the triumph of self-conceit: they wish to
please no eyes save those that are dear to them. The
mind is never misled before the heart. The most abrupt
commencements are often followed by sincere devotion, and
even by lasting constancy. I nfidelity is more censured in
man than in woman. Three or four men, beneath different
titles, may follow the same beauty, who tak es them with
her every where, sometimes without troubling herself to
name them to the master of the house which receives the
party. O ne is the favourite; another aspires to be so; a
third calls himself the sufferer (ilpatito): though disdained,
he is permitted to be of use; and all these rivals live peace-
ably together. I t is only among the common people that
you still hear of the stiletto; but the whole country pre-
sents a wild mix ture of simpleness and of vice, dissimulation
and truth, good-nature and revenge, strength and weak ness;
j ustifying the remark , that the best of these q ualities may
be found among those who will do nothing for vanity; the
worst among such as will do any thing for interest, whether
the interest of love, of avarice, or ambition. Distinctions
of rank are generally disregarded in I taly. I t is not from
stoicism, but from heedless familiarity, that men are here
insensible to aristocratic prej udices: constituting themselves
j udges of no one, they admit every body. A fter supper
they sat down to play; some of the women at hazard, others
chose silent whist; and not a word was now uttered in the
apartment, so noisy j ust before. The people of the S outh
often run thus q uick ly from the ex treme of agitation to that
of repose: it is one of the peculiarities of their character,
that indolence is succeeded by activity: indeed, in all re-
spects they are the last men on whose merits or defects we
ought to decide at first sight; so contrasted are the q uali-
ties they unite: the creature all prudence to-day may be
all audacity to-morrow. They are often apathetic, from
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? 92CO R I N N E J O R I TA L Y .
j ust having made, or preparing to mak e, some great ex e* -
tion. I n fact, they waste not one energy of their minds on
society, but hoard them till called forth by strong events.
A t this assembly many persons lost enormous sums, without
the slightest change of countenance; yet the same beings
could not have related a trivial anecdote without the most
lively and ex pressive gesticulation. B ut when the passions
have attained a certain degree of violence, they shrink from
sight, and veil themselves in silence.
N evil could not surmount the bitter feelings this ball
engendered: he believed that the I talians had weaned his
love from him, at least for a time. H e was very wretched;
yet his pride prevented his evincing aught beyond a con-
tempt for the tributes offered her. W hen ask ed to play
he refused, as did Corinne, who beck oned him to sit beside
her: he feared to compromise her name by passing a whole
evening alone with her before the eyes of the world. " B e
at ease on that head," she replied; " no one think
us. H ere no established etiq uette ex acts respect;
s about
a k indly
politeness is all that is req uired; no one wishes to annoy or
to be annoyed. " Tis true that we have not here what in
E ngland is called liberty;
perfect. " -- " That is,"
is paid to appearances. " --
but our social independence is
said O swald, " that no reverence
" A t least, here is no hypocrisy,"
she answered. -- " R ochefoucault says, ' The least among
the defects of a woman of gallantry is that of being one; '
but whatever be the faults of I talian women, deceit does
not conceal them; and if marriage vows are not held
sufficiently sacred, they are brok en by mutual consent. " --
" I t is not sincerity that causes this k ind of frank ness,"
replied O swald, " hut indifference to public opinion. I
brought hither an introduction to a princess, and gave it to
theservantI hadhiredhere,whosaidtome,' A h,S ir,j ust
now, this will do you no service, the princess sees no one;
she is innamorata. ' Thus was the fact of a lady' s being in
love prdclaimed lik e any other domestic affair. N or is this
publicity ex cused by fidelity to one passion: many attach-
ments succeed each other, all eq ually well k nown. W omen
have so little mystery in these ties, that they speak of them
with less embarrassment than our brides could talk of their
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? CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y . 93
husbands. I t is not easy to believe that any deep or re-
fined affection can ex ist with this shameless fick leness.
Though nothing is thought of but love, here can be no ro-
mance: adventures are so rapid, and so open, that nothing
is left to be developed; and, j ustly to describe the general
method of arranging these things, one ought to begin and
end in the first chapter. Corinne, pardon me if I give you
pain. Y ou are an I talian; that should disarm me: but one
reason why you are thus incomparable is, that you unite the \
best characteristics of our different nations. I k now not
where you were educated, but you certainly cannot have
passed all your life here: perhaps it was in E ngland. A h,
if so, how could you leave that sanctuary of all that is\
modest, for a land where not only virtue, but love itself,
is so little understood. I t may be breathed in the air, but
does it reach the heart? The poetry, here, in which love
plays so great a part, is full of brilliant pictures, indeed;
but where will you find the melancholy tenderness of our
bards? W hat have you to compare with the parting of
J affier and B elvidera, with R omeo and J uliet, or with the
lines in Thomson' s S pring depicting the happiness of
wedded life? I s there any such life in I taly? and, without
homefelt felicity, how can love ex ist? I s not happiness
the aim of the heart, as pleasure is that of the senses ? \
W ould not all young and lovely women be alik e to us, did
not mental q ualities decide our preference? W hat, then,
do these, q ualities teach us to crave? an intercourse of \
thought and feeling, permanent and undivided! This is
what we mean by marriage. I llegitimate love, when, un-
happily, it does occur among us, is still but the reflex of
marriage. The same comfort is sought abroad which
cannot be found at home; and even infidelity in E ngland .
is more moral than I talian matrimony. "
This severity so afflicted Corinne that she rose, her
eyes filled with tears, and hurried home. O swald was in
despair at having offended her; but the irritation this ball
had dealt him found a channel in the censure he had j ust
pronounced. H e followed her; but she would not see him.
N ex t morning he made another attempt; but her door was
still closed. This was out of character in Corinne; but
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? Q i corinne; or italy.
she was so dismayed by his opinion of her countrywomen,
that she resolved, if possible, to conceal her affection from
him for ever. O swald, on his part, was confirmed by this
unusual conduct in the discontent that unluck y fete had
engendered; he was ex cited to struggle against the senti-
ment whose empire he dreaded. H is principles were strict.
Corinne' s manners sometimes evinced a too universal
wish to please: her conduct and carriage were noble and
reserved; but her opinions were over-indulgent. I n fact,
though dazzled and enervated, something still combated
his weak ness. S uch a state often embitters our language;
we are displeased with ourselves and others; we suffer so
much, that we long to brave the worst at once, and, by open
war, ascertain which of our two formidable emotions is to
triumph. I t was in this mood that he wrote to Corinne.
H e k new his letter was angry and unbecoming; yet a
confusion of impulses urged him to send it. H e was so
miserable in his present situation, that he longed, at any
price, for some change; and was reck less how his doubts
were answered, so that they came to a termination. A
rumour brought him by Count d' E rfeuil, though he believed
it not, contributed, perhaps, to render his style still more
unk ind. I t was said that Corinne was about to marry
Prince A malfi. O swald well k new that she did not love this
man, and ought to have been sure that the report sprung
merely from her having danced with him; but he per-
suaded himself that she had received A malfi when denied
to him: therefore, though too proud to confess his personal
j ealousy, he vented it on the people in whose favour he k new
her to be so prepgssessed.
CH A PTE R I I I .
" To Corinne.
" J anuary 24. 1795.
" Y ou refuse to see me; you are offended by my last
conversation, and no doubt intend henceforth to admit none
but your countrymen, and thus ex piate your recent devi-
ation from that rule. Y et, far from repenting the sincerity
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? corinne; O R I TA L Y . 95
. with which I spok e to you, whom, perhaps chimerically, I
would fain consider an E nglishwoman, I will dare to say still
more plainly, that you can preserve neither your own dignity'
nor your own peace, by choosing a husband from your pre-
sent society. I k now not one I talian who deserves you;
not one who could honour you by his alliance, whatever
were the title he had to bestow. The men are far less
estimable here than the women, to whose errors they add
worse of their own. W ould you persuade me that these
sons of the S outh, who so carefully avoid all trouble, and
live but for enj oyment, can be capable of love? Did you
not, last month, see at the O pera a man who had not eight
days before lost a wife he was said to adore? The me-s
mory of the dead, the thought of death itself, is here, as
much as possible, thrown aside. F uneral ceremonies are
performed by the priests, as the duties of love are fulfilled
by cavalieres serventes. Custom has prescribed all rites \
beforehand: regret and enthusiasm are nothing. B ut
what, above all, must be destructive to love, is the fact, that
your men cannot be respected: women give them no credit
for submission, because they found them originally weak ,
and destitute of all serious employment. I t is req uisite,
for the perfection of natural and social order, that men -,
should protect, and women be protected; but by guardians *
adoring the weak ness they defend, and worshipping ths
gentle divinity which, lik e the Penates of the ancients, calls
down good fortune on the house. H ere one might almost
say that woman is the sultan, and men her seraglio: it is
they who have most pliancy and softness. A n I talian
proverb says, ' W ho k nows not how to feign, k nows not
how to live. ' I s not that a feminine max im? but where
you have neither military glory nor free institutions, how
should men acq uire strength or maj esty of mind? Their
wit degenerates into a k ind of cleverness, with which they
play the game of life lik e a match at chess, wherein suc-
cess is every thing. A ll that remains of their love for
antiq uity consists in ex aggerated ex pressions and ex ternal
grandeur; but. beside this baseless greatness, you often
find the most vulgar tastes, the most miserably neglected
homes. I s this, then, Corinne, the country you prefer?
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' Dellius, remember thou must die -- leaving the world,
thy home, and gentle wife. ' The ancients ack nowledged
this in their very voluptuousness: even love and festivity
reminded them of it, and j oy seemed heightened by a sense
of its brevity.
O swald and Corinne returned by the side of the Tiber;
formerly covered with vessels, and bank ed by palaces. O f
yove, even its inund tiens were regarded r. s orders. I t was
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? CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y . 81
then the prophetic, the tutelar divinity of R ome. (13) I t
may now be said to flow among phantoms, so livid is its
hue-- so deep its loneliness. The finest statues and other
work s of art were thrown into the Tiber, and are hidden
beneath its tides. W ho k nows but that, in search of them,
the river may at last be driven from its bed? B ut, while
we muse on efforts of human genius that lie, perhaps,
beneath us, and that some eye, more piercing than our own,
may yet see through these waves, we feel that awe which,
in R ome, is constantly reviving in various forms, and
giving the mind companions in those physical obj ects which
are elsewhere dumb.
CH A PTE R I I I .
R aphael said that modern R ome was almost entirely
built from the ruins of the ancient city; Pliny had talk ed of
the " eternal walls," which are still seen amid the work s
of latter times. N early all the buildings bear the stamp
of history, teaching you to compare the physiognomies of'
different ages. F rom the days of the E truscans (a people
senior to the R omans themselves, resembling the E gyptians
in the solidity and eccentricity of their designs), down to
the time of B ernini, an artist as guilty of mannerism as
were the I talian poets of the seventeenth century, one may
trace the progress of the human mind, in the characters of:
the arts, the buildings, and ruins. The middle ages and
the brilliant day of the de Medici, re-appearing in their
work s, it is but to study the past in the present-- to pene-
trate the secrets of all time. I t is believed that R ome had
formerly a mystic name, k nown but to few. The city has
still spells, into which we req uire initiation. I t is not
simply an assemblage of dwellings; it is a chronicle of the
world, represented by figurative emblems. Corinne agreed
with N evil, that they would now ex plore modern R ome,
reserving for another opportunity its admirable collection
of pictures and of statues. Perhaps, without confessing it
to herself, she wished to defer these sights as long as
a
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? 82CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
possible: for who has ever left R ome without look ing on
the A pollo B elvidere and the paintings of R aphael? This
security, weak as it was, that O swald would not yet depart,
was every thing to her. W here is their pride, some may
ask , who would retain those they love by any other motive
than that of affection? I k now not: but, the more we love,
the less we rely on our own power; and, whatever be the
cause which secures us the presence of the obj ect dear to
us, it is accepted with gratitude. There is often much
vanity in a certain species of pride; and if women as
generally admired as Corinne have one real advantage, it is;
the right to ex ult rather in what they feel than in what'
they inspire.
Corinne and N evil recommenced their ex cursions, by
visiting the most remark able among the numerous churches
of R ome. They are all adorned by magnificent antiq uities;
but these festal ornaments, torn from Pagan temples,
have here a strange, wild effect. Granite and por-
phyry pillars are so plentiful, that they are lavished as if
almost valueless. A t S t. J ohn L ateran, famed for the
councils that have been held in it, so great is the q uantity
of marble columns, that many of them are covered with
cement, to form pilasters; thus indifferent has this pro-
fusion of riches rendered its possessors. S ome of these
pillars belonged to the Tomb of A drian, others to the
Capitol; some still bear the forms of the geese which pre-
served the R omans; others have Gothic and even A rab-
esq ue embellishments. The urn of A grippa contains the
ashes of a pope. The dead of one generation give place \
to the dead of another, and tombs here as often change
their occupants as the abodes of the living. N ear S t. J
L ateran are the holy stairs, brought, it is said, from J
rusalem, and which no one ascends but on his k nees;
ohn
e-
as
Claudius, and even Csesar, mounted those which led to the
temple of J upiter Capitolinus. B eside S t. J ohn' s is the
font where Constantine is supposed to have been baptized.
I n the centre of this ground is an obelisk , perhaps the
most ancient work of art in the world-- contemporary with
the Troj an war; so respected, even by the barbarous
Gambyses, that he put a stop to the conflagration of a city
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? CO R I N N B ; O B I TA L Y . 83
in its honour; and, for its sak e, a k ing pledged the life of
his only son. The R omans brought it from the heart of
E gypt by miracle. They turned the N ile from his course
that it might be found, and carried to the sea. This
obelisk is still covered with hieroglyphics, which have k ept
their secret for centuries, and defy the sages of to-day to
decipher signs that might reveal the annals of I ndia
and of E gypt-- the antiq uities of antiq uity! The won-
drous charm of R ome consists not only in the real beauty
of her monuments, but in the interest they ex cite; the ma. )
terial for think ing they suggest; the speculations which
grow, every day, the stronger from each new study.
O ne of the most singular churches in R ome is S t. Paul' s:
its ex terior is that of an ill-built barn; yet it is bedeck ed
within by eighty pillars of such ex q uisite material and pro-
portion, that they are believed to have been transported
from an A thenian temple, described by Pausanias. I f
Cicero said, in his day, ' we are surrounded by vestiges of V
history,' what would he say now? Columns, statues, and
pictures are so prodigally crowded in the churches of mo-
dern R ome, that, in S t. A gnes' , bas-reliefs, turned face
downwards, serve to pave a staircase, no one troubling
himself to ascertain what they might represent. H ow
astonishing a spectacle were ancient R ome, had its trea-
sures been left where they were found! The immortal city,
nearly as it was of yore, were still before us: but could the
men of our day dare to enter it? The palaces of the R o-
man lords are vast in the ex treme, and often display much
architectural grace; but their interiors are rarely arranged
by good taste. They have none of those elegant apart-
ments invented elsewhere for the perfect enj oyment of
social life. S uperb galleries, hung with the chefs-d' wuvre
of the tenth L eo' s age, are abandoned to the gaze of stran-
gers, by their lazy proprietors, who retire to their own ob-
scure little chambers, dead to the pomp of their ancestors,
as were they to the austere virtues of the R oman republic.
The country-houses give one a still greater idea of solitude,
and of their owners' carelessness amid the loveliest scenes
of nature. O ne walk s immense gardens, doubting if they
have a master; the grass grows in every path, yet in these
o2
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? 84CO R I N N E j O R I TA L Y .
very alleys are the trees cut into shapes, after the fantastic
mode that once reigned in F rance. S trange inconsistency!
this neglect of essentials, and affectation in what is useless!
Most I talian towns, indeed, surprise us with this mania,
in a people who have constantly heneath their eyes such
models of noble simplicity. They prefer glitter to con-
venience; and in every way betray the advantages and dis-
advantages of not habitually mix ing with society. Their
lux ury is rather that of fancy than of comfort. I solated
among themselves, they dread not that spirit of ridicule,
which, in truth, seldom penetrates the interior of R oman
abodes. Contrasting this with what they appear from
without, one might say that they were rather built to dazzle
the peasantry than for the reception of friends.
A fter having shown O swald the churches and the pa-
laces, Corinne led him to the V illa Melini, whose lonely
garden is ornamented soW y by maj estic trees. F rom
thence is seen afar the chain of the A pennines, tinted by the
transparent air against which their outlines are defined
most picturesq uely. O swald and Corinne rested for some
time, to taste the charms of heaven and the tranq uillity of
nature. N o one who has not dwelt in southern climes can
form an idea of this stirless silence, unbrok en by the light-
est zephyr. The tenderest blades of herbage remain per-
fectly motionless; even the animals partak e this noontide
lassitude. Y ou hear no hum of insects, no chirp of grass-
hoppers, no song of birds; nothing is agitated, all sleeps,
till storm or passion wak en that natural vehemence which
impetuously I rishes from this profound repose. The R o-
man garden possesses a great number of evergreens, that,
during winter, add to the illusion which the mild air cre-
ates. The tufted tops of pines, so close to each other that
they form a k ind of plain in the air, have a charming effect
from any eminence; trees of inferior stature are sheltered
by this verdant arch. O nly two palms are to be found in
the Monk s' Gardens: one is on a height; it may be seen
from some distance, always with pleasure. I n returning
towards the city, this image of a meridian more burning
than that of I taly awak ens a host of agreeable sensations.
" Do you not find," said Corinne, " that nature here gives
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? C0R 1N N B ; O R I TA L Y . 85
birth to reveries elsewhere unk nown? S he is as intimate
with the heart of man as if the Creator made her the in-
terpretress between his creatures and himself. " -- " I feel
all this," replied O swald; " yet it may be but your melt-
ing influence which renders me so susceptible. Y ou reveal
to me emotions which ex terior obj ects may create. I lived'
but in my heart; you have revived my imagination. B ut
the magic of the universe, which you teach me to appre-
ciate, will never offer me aught lovelier than your look s,
more touching than your voice. " -- " May the feeling I
k indle in your breast to-day," said Corinne, " last as long
as my life;
your love!
V illa B
or, at least, may my life last no longer than
" They finished their tour of R ome by the
orghese. I n no R oman palace or garden are the
splendours of nature and art collected so tastefully. E very
k ind of tree, superb waterfalls, with an incredible blending
of statues, vases, and sarcophagi, here reanimate the my-
thology of the land. N aiads recline beside the streams;
nymphs start from thick ets worthy of such guests. Tombs
repose beneath E lysian shades; E sculapius stands in
the centre of an island; V enus appears gliding from a
bower. O vid and V irgil might wander here, and believe
themselves still in the A ugustan age. The great work s
of sculpture, which grace this scene, give it a charm for
ever new. Through its trees may be descried the city,
S t. Peter' s, the Campagna, and those long arcades, ruins of
aq ueducts, which formerly conducted many a mountain
stream into old R ome. There is every thing that can
mingle purity with pleasure, and promise perfect happiness:
but if you ask why this delicious spot is not inhabited, you
will be told, that the cattiva aria, or bad air, prevents its
being occupied in summer. This enemy, each year, be-
sieges R ome more and more closely-- its most charming
abodes are deserted perforce. Doubtless the want of
tr^ es is one cause; and therefore did the R omans dedicate
their woods to goddesses, that they might be respected by
the people: yet have numberless forests been felled in our
own times. W hat can now be so sanctified that avarice will
forbear its devastation? This malaria is the scourge of
R ome, and often threatens its whole population; yet, per-
o3
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? 86 CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
haps, it adds to the effect produced by the lovely gardens
to be found within the boundaries. I ts malignant power
is betrayed by no ex ternal sign: you respire an air that
seems pure' ; the earth is fertile;
in the evening for the heat of the day;
death!
" I love such invisible danger,"
a delicious freshness atones
and all this is:
said O swald, " veiled;
as it is in delight. I f death, as I believe, be but a call to
happier life, why should not the perfume of flowers, the
shade of fine trees, and the breath of eve be charged to re-
mind us of our fate? O f course, government ought, in
every way, to watch over human life; but nature has
secrets which imagination only can penetrate; and I easily
conceive that neither natives nor foreigners find any thing
to disgust them in the perils which belong to the sweetest
seasons of the year. "
BOOKVI.
O N I TA L I A N CH A R A CTE R A N DMA N N E R S .
CH A PTE R I .
O swald' s irresolution, augmented by misfortunes, taught
him to fear every irrevocable engagement. H e dared not
ask Corinne her name or story, though his love for her
grew each day more strong: he could not look on her
without emotion ; hardly, in the midst of society, q uit her
side for an instant; she said not a word he did not feel,
nor ex pressed a sentiment, sad or gay, that was not reflected
in his face. Y et, loving, admiring her as he did, he for-
got not how little such a wife would accord with E nglish
habits; how much she differed from the idea his father
formed of the woman it would become him to marry: all
he said to Corinne was restrained by the disq uiet these re-
flections caused him. S he perceived this but too plainly;
yet so much would it have cost her to break with him,
that she lent herself to whatever could prevent a decisive
ex planation; and, never possessing much forethought, re-
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? corinne; or italy. 87
veiled in the present, such as it was, not dreaming of the
inevitable future. S he entirely secluded herself from the
world in this devotion to him; but, at last, hurt by his
silence on their prospects, she resolved to accept a pressing
invitation to a ball. N othing is more common, in R ome,
than for persons to leave and return to society by fits:
there is so little gossip in I taly, that people do what they
lik e, without comment, at least without obstacle, in affairs
either of love or ambition. F oreigners are as safe as na-
tives in this rendezvous of E uropeans. W hen N evil learnt
that Corinne was going to a ball, he was out of humour;
for some time he had fancied that he detected in her a me-
lancholy sympathetic with his own; yet suddenly she
appeared to think
she so much ex
was not frivolous;
of nothing but dancing (in which
celled), and the eclat of a fete. Corinne
but, feeling every day more subdued by
love, she wished to combat its force. S he k new by ex -'
perience that reflection and forbearance have less power
over impassioned characters than dissipation; and she
thought that, if unable to triumph over herself as she ought,
thenex tbeststepweretodosoasshecould. W henN e-
vil censured her intentions, she replied, " I want to ascer-
tain whether what formerly pleased can still amuse me,
or whether my regard for you is to absorb every other in-
terest of my life. " -- " Y ou would fain cease to love me,"
he said. " N ot so," she replied; " but it is only in do-
mestic life that it can be agreeable to feel one' s self lorded
over by a single affection. To me, who need my wit and
genius to sustain the reputation of the life I have adopted,
it is a great misfortune to love as I love you. " -- " Y ou
will not sacrifice your glory to me, then ? " cried O swald. --
" O f what importance were it to you," she replied, " if I
did? S ince we are not destined' for each other, I must not
for ever destroy the k ind of happiness with which I ought
to content myself. " L ord N evil said nothing; conscious
that he could not now speak without ex plaining his de-
signs; and, in truth, he was ignorant of them himself.
H e sighed, and reluctantly followed Corinne to the ball.
I t was the first time, since his loss, that he had gone to
such an assembly. I ts tumult so oppressed him that he
o4
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? 88CO B I N K E ; O B I TA L Y .
remained for some period in a hall beside the dancing-
room, with his head reclined upon his hand; not even
wishing to see Corinne dance. A ll music, even if its oc-
casion be a gay one, renders us pensive. The Count
d' E rfeuil arrived, enchanted with the crowd and amuse-
ments, which once more reminded him of F rance. " I ' ve
done my best," he said, " to interest myself in their
vaunted ruins, but I see nothing in them: ' tis a mere pre-
j udice, this fuss about rubbish covered with briars! I
shall speak my mind when I return to F rance; for it is
high time that the farce should be ended. There is not a
single building of to-day, in good repair, that is not worth
all these trunk s of pillars, and mouldy bas-reliefs, which
can only be admired through the spectacles of pedantry.
A rapture which one must purchase by study cannot be very
vivid in itself. O ne needs not spoil one' s complex ion
over musty book s, to appreciate the sights of Paris.
" /
L ord N evil was silent, and d' E rfeuil q uestioned him on
his opinion of R ome. " A ball is not the best place for
serious conversation,"
can afford you no other. "
said O swald; " and you k now that I
-- " Mighty fine," replied the
Count. " I own I am gayer than you; but who can say
that I am not wiser too? Trust me, there is much phi-
losophy in tak ing the world as it goes. " -- " Perhaps you
are right," answered O swald; " but, as you are what you
are by nature, and not by reflection, your manner of living
can belong to no one but yourself. "
D' E rfeuil now heard the name of Corinne from the ball-
room, and went to learn what was doing there. N evil fol-
lowed him to the door, and saw the handsome N eapolitan
Prince A main soliciting her to dance the Tarantula with
him. A ll her friends j oined in this req uest. S he waited
for no importunity, but promised with a readiness which
astonished d' E rfeuil, accustomed as he was to the refusals
with which it is the fashion to precede consent. I n I taly
these airs are unk nown: there, every one is simple enough
to believe that he cannot better please society than by
promptly fulfilling whatever it req uires. Corinne would
have introduced this natural manner, if she had not found
it there. The dress she had assumed was light and elegant.
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? CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y . S < )
H er lock s were confined by a silk en fillet, and her eyes
ex pressed an animation which rendered her more attractive
than ever. O swald was uneasy; displeased with his own
subj ection to charms whose ex istence he was inclined to
deplore, as, far from wishing to gratify him, it was almost
in order to escape from his power that Corinne shone forth
thus enchantingly: yet, who could resist her seducing
grace? E ven in scorn she would have been still triumphant;
hut scorn was not in her disposition. S he perceived her
lover; and blushed, as she bestowed on him one of her
sweetest smiles. The Prince A malfi accompanied himself
with castanets. Corinne saluted the assembly with both
hands; then, turning, took the tambourine, which her part-
ner presented to her, and she beat time as she danced.
H er gestures displayed that easy union of modesty and vo-
luptuousness, such as must have so awed the I ndians when
the B ayarderes-- poets of the dance -- depicted the various
passions by characteristic attitudes. Corinne was so well
acq uainted with antiq ue painting and sculpture, that her
positions were so many studies for the votaries of art.
N ow she held her tambourine above her head; sometimes
advanced it with one hand, while the other ran over its
little bells with a dex terous rapidity that brought to mind
the girls of H erculaneum. (14) This was not F rench
dancing, remark able for the difficulty of its steps; it was a
movement more allied to fancy and to sentiment. The air
to which she danced, pleased alternately by its softness and
its precision. Corinne as thoroughly infected the spectators
with her own sensations as she did while ex temporising
poetry, playing on her lyre, or designing an ex pressive
group. E very thing was language for her. The musicians, \
in gazing on her, felt all the genius of their art; and every
witness of this magic was electrified by impassioned j oy,
transported into an ideal world, there to dream of bliss
unk nown below.
There is a part of the N eapolitan dance where the heroine
k neels, while the hero marches round her, lik e a conq ueror.
H ow dignified look ed Corinne at that moment! W hat a
sovereign she was on her k nees ! and when she rose, clashing
her airy tambourine, she appeared animated by such en-
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? 90CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y .
thusiasm of youthful beauty, that one might have thought
she needed no life but her own to mak e her happy. A las,
it was not thus! though O swald feared it, and sighed, as
if her every success separated her farther from him. W hen
the Prince, in his turn, k nelt to Corinne, she, if possible,
surpassed herself. Twice or thrice she fled round him,
her sandalled feet sk imming the floor with the speed of
lightning; and when, shak ing her tambourine above his
head with one hand, she signed with the other for him to
rise, every man present was tempted to prostrate himself
before her, ex cept L ord N evil, who drew back some paces,
and d' E rfeuil, who made a step or two forwards, in order
to compliment Corinne. The I talians gave way to what
they felt, without one fear of mak ing themselves remark -
able. They were not lik e men so accustomed to society,
and the self-love which it ex cites, as to think on the effect
they might produce: they are never to be turned from their
pleasures by vanity, nor from their purposes by applause.
Corinne, charmed with the result of her attempt, thank ed
her friends with amiable simplicity. S he was satisfied, and
permitted her content to be seen, with childlik e candour;
her greatest desire was to get through the crowd to the
door, against which O swald was leaning. S he reached it
at last, and paused for him to speak . -- " Corinne," he
said, endeavouring to conceal both his delight and his dis-
tress, " you have ex torted universal homage: but is there,
among all your adorers, one brave, one trusty friend; one
protector for life? or can the clamours of flattery suffice a
soul lik e yours? "
CH A PTE R I I .
The press of company prevented Corinne' s reply: they were
going to supper; and each cavaliere servente hastened to seat
himself beside his lady. A fair stranger arrived and found
no room; yet not a man, save O swald and d' E rfeuil, rose
to offer her his place. N ot that the R omans were either rude
or selfish; but they believed that their honour depended
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? comas k t; or italy. gi
on their never q uitting their post of duty. S ome, unable to
gain seats, leaned behind their mistresses' chairs, ready to
obey the slightest sign. The females spok e but to their
lovers: strangers wandered in vain around a circle where
no one had a word to spare them; for I talian women are
ignorant of that coq uetry which renders a love affair no-
thing more than the triumph of self-conceit: they wish to
please no eyes save those that are dear to them. The
mind is never misled before the heart. The most abrupt
commencements are often followed by sincere devotion, and
even by lasting constancy. I nfidelity is more censured in
man than in woman. Three or four men, beneath different
titles, may follow the same beauty, who tak es them with
her every where, sometimes without troubling herself to
name them to the master of the house which receives the
party. O ne is the favourite; another aspires to be so; a
third calls himself the sufferer (ilpatito): though disdained,
he is permitted to be of use; and all these rivals live peace-
ably together. I t is only among the common people that
you still hear of the stiletto; but the whole country pre-
sents a wild mix ture of simpleness and of vice, dissimulation
and truth, good-nature and revenge, strength and weak ness;
j ustifying the remark , that the best of these q ualities may
be found among those who will do nothing for vanity; the
worst among such as will do any thing for interest, whether
the interest of love, of avarice, or ambition. Distinctions
of rank are generally disregarded in I taly. I t is not from
stoicism, but from heedless familiarity, that men are here
insensible to aristocratic prej udices: constituting themselves
j udges of no one, they admit every body. A fter supper
they sat down to play; some of the women at hazard, others
chose silent whist; and not a word was now uttered in the
apartment, so noisy j ust before. The people of the S outh
often run thus q uick ly from the ex treme of agitation to that
of repose: it is one of the peculiarities of their character,
that indolence is succeeded by activity: indeed, in all re-
spects they are the last men on whose merits or defects we
ought to decide at first sight; so contrasted are the q uali-
ties they unite: the creature all prudence to-day may be
all audacity to-morrow. They are often apathetic, from
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? 92CO R I N N E J O R I TA L Y .
j ust having made, or preparing to mak e, some great ex e* -
tion. I n fact, they waste not one energy of their minds on
society, but hoard them till called forth by strong events.
A t this assembly many persons lost enormous sums, without
the slightest change of countenance; yet the same beings
could not have related a trivial anecdote without the most
lively and ex pressive gesticulation. B ut when the passions
have attained a certain degree of violence, they shrink from
sight, and veil themselves in silence.
N evil could not surmount the bitter feelings this ball
engendered: he believed that the I talians had weaned his
love from him, at least for a time. H e was very wretched;
yet his pride prevented his evincing aught beyond a con-
tempt for the tributes offered her. W hen ask ed to play
he refused, as did Corinne, who beck oned him to sit beside
her: he feared to compromise her name by passing a whole
evening alone with her before the eyes of the world. " B e
at ease on that head," she replied; " no one think
us. H ere no established etiq uette ex acts respect;
s about
a k indly
politeness is all that is req uired; no one wishes to annoy or
to be annoyed. " Tis true that we have not here what in
E ngland is called liberty;
perfect. " -- " That is,"
is paid to appearances. " --
but our social independence is
said O swald, " that no reverence
" A t least, here is no hypocrisy,"
she answered. -- " R ochefoucault says, ' The least among
the defects of a woman of gallantry is that of being one; '
but whatever be the faults of I talian women, deceit does
not conceal them; and if marriage vows are not held
sufficiently sacred, they are brok en by mutual consent. " --
" I t is not sincerity that causes this k ind of frank ness,"
replied O swald, " hut indifference to public opinion. I
brought hither an introduction to a princess, and gave it to
theservantI hadhiredhere,whosaidtome,' A h,S ir,j ust
now, this will do you no service, the princess sees no one;
she is innamorata. ' Thus was the fact of a lady' s being in
love prdclaimed lik e any other domestic affair. N or is this
publicity ex cused by fidelity to one passion: many attach-
ments succeed each other, all eq ually well k nown. W omen
have so little mystery in these ties, that they speak of them
with less embarrassment than our brides could talk of their
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? CO R I N N E ; O R I TA L Y . 93
husbands. I t is not easy to believe that any deep or re-
fined affection can ex ist with this shameless fick leness.
Though nothing is thought of but love, here can be no ro-
mance: adventures are so rapid, and so open, that nothing
is left to be developed; and, j ustly to describe the general
method of arranging these things, one ought to begin and
end in the first chapter. Corinne, pardon me if I give you
pain. Y ou are an I talian; that should disarm me: but one
reason why you are thus incomparable is, that you unite the \
best characteristics of our different nations. I k now not
where you were educated, but you certainly cannot have
passed all your life here: perhaps it was in E ngland. A h,
if so, how could you leave that sanctuary of all that is\
modest, for a land where not only virtue, but love itself,
is so little understood. I t may be breathed in the air, but
does it reach the heart? The poetry, here, in which love
plays so great a part, is full of brilliant pictures, indeed;
but where will you find the melancholy tenderness of our
bards? W hat have you to compare with the parting of
J affier and B elvidera, with R omeo and J uliet, or with the
lines in Thomson' s S pring depicting the happiness of
wedded life? I s there any such life in I taly? and, without
homefelt felicity, how can love ex ist? I s not happiness
the aim of the heart, as pleasure is that of the senses ? \
W ould not all young and lovely women be alik e to us, did
not mental q ualities decide our preference? W hat, then,
do these, q ualities teach us to crave? an intercourse of \
thought and feeling, permanent and undivided! This is
what we mean by marriage. I llegitimate love, when, un-
happily, it does occur among us, is still but the reflex of
marriage. The same comfort is sought abroad which
cannot be found at home; and even infidelity in E ngland .
is more moral than I talian matrimony. "
This severity so afflicted Corinne that she rose, her
eyes filled with tears, and hurried home. O swald was in
despair at having offended her; but the irritation this ball
had dealt him found a channel in the censure he had j ust
pronounced. H e followed her; but she would not see him.
N ex t morning he made another attempt; but her door was
still closed. This was out of character in Corinne; but
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? Q i corinne; or italy.
she was so dismayed by his opinion of her countrywomen,
that she resolved, if possible, to conceal her affection from
him for ever. O swald, on his part, was confirmed by this
unusual conduct in the discontent that unluck y fete had
engendered; he was ex cited to struggle against the senti-
ment whose empire he dreaded. H is principles were strict.
Corinne' s manners sometimes evinced a too universal
wish to please: her conduct and carriage were noble and
reserved; but her opinions were over-indulgent. I n fact,
though dazzled and enervated, something still combated
his weak ness. S uch a state often embitters our language;
we are displeased with ourselves and others; we suffer so
much, that we long to brave the worst at once, and, by open
war, ascertain which of our two formidable emotions is to
triumph. I t was in this mood that he wrote to Corinne.
H e k new his letter was angry and unbecoming; yet a
confusion of impulses urged him to send it. H e was so
miserable in his present situation, that he longed, at any
price, for some change; and was reck less how his doubts
were answered, so that they came to a termination. A
rumour brought him by Count d' E rfeuil, though he believed
it not, contributed, perhaps, to render his style still more
unk ind. I t was said that Corinne was about to marry
Prince A malfi. O swald well k new that she did not love this
man, and ought to have been sure that the report sprung
merely from her having danced with him; but he per-
suaded himself that she had received A malfi when denied
to him: therefore, though too proud to confess his personal
j ealousy, he vented it on the people in whose favour he k new
her to be so prepgssessed.
CH A PTE R I I I .
" To Corinne.
" J anuary 24. 1795.
" Y ou refuse to see me; you are offended by my last
conversation, and no doubt intend henceforth to admit none
but your countrymen, and thus ex piate your recent devi-
ation from that rule. Y et, far from repenting the sincerity
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? corinne; O R I TA L Y . 95
. with which I spok e to you, whom, perhaps chimerically, I
would fain consider an E nglishwoman, I will dare to say still
more plainly, that you can preserve neither your own dignity'
nor your own peace, by choosing a husband from your pre-
sent society. I k now not one I talian who deserves you;
not one who could honour you by his alliance, whatever
were the title he had to bestow. The men are far less
estimable here than the women, to whose errors they add
worse of their own. W ould you persuade me that these
sons of the S outh, who so carefully avoid all trouble, and
live but for enj oyment, can be capable of love? Did you
not, last month, see at the O pera a man who had not eight
days before lost a wife he was said to adore? The me-s
mory of the dead, the thought of death itself, is here, as
much as possible, thrown aside. F uneral ceremonies are
performed by the priests, as the duties of love are fulfilled
by cavalieres serventes. Custom has prescribed all rites \
beforehand: regret and enthusiasm are nothing. B ut
what, above all, must be destructive to love, is the fact, that
your men cannot be respected: women give them no credit
for submission, because they found them originally weak ,
and destitute of all serious employment. I t is req uisite,
for the perfection of natural and social order, that men -,
should protect, and women be protected; but by guardians *
adoring the weak ness they defend, and worshipping ths
gentle divinity which, lik e the Penates of the ancients, calls
down good fortune on the house. H ere one might almost
say that woman is the sultan, and men her seraglio: it is
they who have most pliancy and softness. A n I talian
proverb says, ' W ho k nows not how to feign, k nows not
how to live. ' I s not that a feminine max im? but where
you have neither military glory nor free institutions, how
should men acq uire strength or maj esty of mind? Their
wit degenerates into a k ind of cleverness, with which they
play the game of life lik e a match at chess, wherein suc-
cess is every thing. A ll that remains of their love for
antiq uity consists in ex aggerated ex pressions and ex ternal
grandeur; but. beside this baseless greatness, you often
find the most vulgar tastes, the most miserably neglected
homes. I s this, then, Corinne, the country you prefer?
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