considered by
Fabricius
to be mutilated at the com-
vol.
vol.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
Zosimus places bulent assemblies.
Owing to his popularity, he
his death near Singidunum, now Belgrade, on the was twice invested with the praetorship, and in
borders of Pannonia and Maesia. Maximus re- one of them he proposed an edict concerning the
fused to give up his body to his brother Valentinian coinage (edictum de re nummaria), which raised his
for burial; but subsequently, probably on the favour with the people still higher. During the
overthrow of Maximus, it was removed and interred proscriptions of Sulla, he was killed by Catiline in
at Milan. Sozomen and Socrates, followed by a most cruel and brutal manner, and his head was
Theophanes, describe the stratagem by which carried in triumph through the city. Cicero was
Andragathius succeeded in killing him, and though connected with him by intimate friendship. (Cic.
their story is improbable enough, it perhaps origi- Brut. 62, de Leg. ii. 16, de off. iii. 16, 20, de
nated in some treachery actually employed. Petit. Cons. 3, de Orat. i. 39, ii. 65; Ascon. in Cic.
Gratian was twice married. 1. About a. D. 374 in tog. cand. p. 84, ed. Orelli; Senec, de Ira, 3
or 375, to Flavia Maxima Constantia, daughter of Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 9. )
[L. S. ]
the emperor Constantius II. , by whom he appears GRATI'DIUS, the name of a family of Arpi-
to have had a son, of whom nothing is known. num, of which a few members are known in the
Constantia died about six months before her hus- last century of the Roman republic.
band. 2. To Laeta, of whom little is known, and 1. M. GRATIDIUS, proposed in B. c. 115 a lex
who survived him. (Amm. Marc. xxvii. 6, xxviii
. tabellaria at Arpinum, which was opposed by M.
1, xxix. 6, xxx. 10, xxxi. 9, 10; Aurel. Vict. Epit. . Tullius Cicero, the grandfather of the orator, who
c. 45, 47, 48; Oros. vii. 32, 33, 34; Zosim. vi. 12, was married to Gratidia, the sister of M. Grati-
19, 24, 34, 35, 36; Zonar. xiii. 17; Marcellin. dius. The question respecting the lex tabellaria
Prosper Aquit. , Prosper Tiro, Chronica ; Idatius, was referred to the consul of the year, M. Aemilius
Chronicon and Fasti ; Theophan. Chronograph. vol. Scaurus, who seems to have decided in favour of
i. pp. 85—106, ed. Bonn ; Socrat. H. E. iv. 31, v. Cicero, for it is said that Scaurus praised his sen-
2, il; Sozom. H. E. vi. 36, vii. 1, 13; Rufinus, timents and his courage. (Cic. de Leg. ii. 16. )
H. E. xi. 13, 14; Sulpic. Severus, Histor. Sacra, According to Cicero (Brut. 45), Gratidius was a
ii. 63; Themist. Orat. xiii. ; Auson. Epigr. 1, 2, clever accuser, well versed in Greek literature, and
Gratiarum Actio pro Consulatu ; Ambros. De a person with great natural talent as an orator; he
Fide Prolog. Epistolae 11, 17, 21, Consolatio de was further a friend of the orator M. Antonius,
Obitu Valentin. c. 79, ed. Benedictin. ; Tillemont, and accompanied him as his praefect to Cilicia,
Hist. des Emp. vol. v. ; Gibbon, ch. 25, 26, 27; where he was killed. In the last-mentioned pas-
Eckhel, vol. viii. p. 157. )
sage Cicero adds, that Gratidius spoke against
c. Fimbria, who had been accused of extortion.
(Val. Max. viii. 5. $ 2. ) This accusation seems to
refer to the administration of a province, which
Fimbria undertook in B. c. 103 (for he was consul
in B. c. 104), so that the accusation would belong
to B. c. 102, and more particularly to the begin-
ning of that year, for in the course of it M. Anto-
nius undertook the command against the pirates,
COIN OF THE EMPEROR GRATIANUS.
and M. Gratidius, who accompanied him, was
killed. (Comp. J. Obsequens, Prodig. 104; Dru-
3. Theodosius the Great appears to have had a mann, Gesch. Roms, vol. i. p. 61, who, however,
son Gratianus by his second wife Galla [Galla, places the campaign of M. Antonius against the
No. 2]: the child died before his father. (Ambros. pirates one year too early. )
Epistol. 17, De Obitu Theodos. c. 40, ed. Bene- 2. M. GRATIDIUS, perhaps a grandson of No. 1,
dictin. , with the editor's notes in both places. ) was legate of Q. Cicero in his administration of the
4. Á usurper, who assumed the purple in Bri- province of Asia. In one passage (Cic. ad Quint.
tain, on the murder of the previous usurper, Marcus. fr. i. 4), a Gratidius is mentioned as tribune of
Of his history and condition before his elevation we the people in B. c. 57, which has in itself nothing
know nothing more than is intimated by the term improbable ; but as the name Gratidius is not men-
Municeps Britanniae, applied to him by Orosius and tioned elsewhere among the tribunes of that year,
Bede, from which we may infer that he was a native whose names occur very frequently, it is usually
of the island ; and from his being the object of the supposed that in the passage just referred to, Gra-
soldiers' choice, it is probable he was a military tidius is a false reading for Fabricius. (See Cic.
PAPLASS
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RRPS
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304
GREGENTIUS.
GREGORAS.
p. Flacc. 21, an Quint. fr. i. 1, 3, 10; Orelli, Onom. thuca Patrum of Gallandins, vol. xi. fol. Venice,
Tull. vol. ii. p. 388. )
(L. S. ) 1765, &c. The Latin version alone appears in
GRATIUS, is known only as the accuser of A. some other editions of the Bibliotheca Patrum.
Licinius Archias (Cic. pro . Arch. 4, 6). The name The Disputatio, as it appears in these works, is
is sometimes read Gracchus. (Orell. Onom. Tull.
considered by Fabricius to be mutilated at the com-
vol. ii. p. 274. )
(W. B. D. ) mencement; and his opinion, which is disputed by
GRA'TIUŚ FALISCUS. (Faliscus. ) Gallandius, is corroborated by the greater complete-
GRATUS, a soldier of Caligula's body-guard, ness of a Slavonic MS. of the work in the Royal
who, after the assassination of that emperor, dis- Library at Berlin, of which one or two passages
covered and drew Claudius from his hiding-place in are given in a Latin version in the last edition of
the palace, and presented him to the soldiers as a Fabricius. In this Slavonic MS. the archbisnop is
Germanicus, the proper heir to the empire. (Joseph. always called Gregory.
Antiq. xix. 3. & 1; comp. Suet. Claud. 10; Dion The work is by Pagi regarded as a fiction, and
Cass. lx. 1. )
(W. B. D. ] Gallandius significantly leaves it to others to deter-
GRATUS, JU'LIUS. (FRONTO, JULIUS. ) mine this point. Cave considers that “ some parts
GRATUS, VALE'RIUS, procurator of Judaea of it smack of the credulity of a later age ; " and,
from A. D. 15 to a. D. 27, and the immediate indeed, the contents of the work render it likely
predecessor of Pontius Pilate. (Joseph. Antiq. that it is much interpolated, to say the least ; nor
xviii. 6. § 5. ) The government of Gratus is chiefly is the authorship deterinined of that portion (if
remarkable for the frequent changes he made in the any) which is genuine. Substantially it may be
appointment of the high-priesthood. He deposed regarded as the production of Gregentius himself,
Ananus, and substituted Ismael, son of Fabi, then whose arguments, as Barthius thinks, and as the
Eleazar, son of Ananus, then Simon, son of Ca- work itself indicates, were taken down at the time
mith, and lastly Joseph Caiaphas, the son-in-law by Palladius of Alexandrin, whom the archbishop,
of Ananus. (id. Antiq. xviii. 2. $ 2. ) He put on his departure for Tephar, had taken with him
down two formidable bands of robbers that infested as his scholasticus. Lambecius ascribes the work
Judaea during his government, and killed with his to Nonnosus, ambassador of the emperor Justinian
own hand the captain of one of them, Simon, for- to the Homeritae. According to this work, the
merly a slave of Herod the Great. (Id. Antiq. xvii. disputation of Gregentius with Herban took place
10. § 6,7; B. J. ii. 4. § 2, 3. ) Gratus assisted at Tephar, in the presence of the king, Abramius,
the proconsul Quintilius Varus in quelling an in- many bishops, a number of Jews, and the whole
surrection of the Jews. (B. J. ii. 5. & 2. ) (W. B. D. ]. population of the city: it was terminated by the
GREGE'NTIUS (Ipnyévrlos), archbishop of miraculous appearance of the Lord Jesus Christ,
Tephar (Teddp, the Sapphar, Lárpap, of Ptolemy, and the infliction of miraculous blindness upon the
and the Saphar, Zápap, of Arrian), capital of the Jews, who were, however, restored to sight on
Homeritae, a nation of Arabia Felix, the site of their believing and being baptized. The king him-
which is a little above 100 miles N. N. W. of Aden. self was sponsor for Herban, to whom he gave the
The place of his birth is not ascertained. In the name of Leo, and whom he enrolled among his
Greek Mlenaea, in which he is called "pıyevtivos, councillors. The number of Jews converted and
he is described as a native of Milan, and the son baptized in consequence of these events is stated
of Agapius and Theodota, inhabitants of that city; at 5,500,000! Gregentius persuaded Abramius
but in a Slavonic MS. of the Disputatio, mentioned to break up the division of the Jewish converts
below, he is described as the son of Agapius and into tribes, and to mingle them with other Chris-
Theotecna, a married pair living in the little town tians, and to order their children, under pain of
of “ Lopliane, on the frontier of Avaria and Asia. " death, not to marry with any of their own nation,
He went to Alexandria, where he embraced the but with Gentile Christians only. By these
life of an anchorite, and from whence he was sent means, “in course of time” (TẬ xpóra, an ex-
by Asterius, patriarch of Alexandria, to take pression showing that the passage is not by a con-
charge of the church of the Homeritae, which temporary), the Jews were merged in the general
had been relieved by the Aethiopian Elesbaan, population of the country.
king of the Axumitae, from the depressed con- The code promulgated by Gregentius in the
dition to which it had been reduced by the perse name of king Abramius, entitled Nouobeola as ek
cution of Dunaan, king of the Homeritae, a Jew. | προσώπου του ευσεβεστάτου βασιλέως Αβραμίου,
The reigning prince at the time of the mission of is extant in the Imperial Library of Vienna. A
Gregentius, was Abramius, whom Elesbaan had copy of it is also mentioned as among the MSS.
raised to the throne, and with whom, as well as formerly belonging to Abraham Seller in England.
with his son and successor, Serdidus, Gregentius The offences denounced in this code are arranged
had great influence. Abramius died A. D. 552, under twenty-three tituli or heads. (Fabric. Bill.
after a reign of thirty years, and Gregentius died Gr. vol. vi. p. 749, vii. p. 543, x. p. 115, &c. ; Gal.
soon after, on the 19th of December in the same land. Biblioth. Patr. vol. xi. , Proleg. c. 12 ; Cave,
year, and was buried in the great church at Hist. Lit. vol. i. p. 521, ed. Oxon. , 1740-43, Catal,
Tephar.
MStorum Angliue et Hib. vol. ii. p. 96 ; Baronii
A work is extant, entitled Tou ev dylous Matpos Annales ad ann. 523, xvi. —Ixxi. ; Pagi, Critice in
muñv Ipnyevriou 'ApXlento kónov yevouévou Tedpwv Buronium ; Oudin, Comment. de Scriptor. , $c. , Ee-
διάλεξις μετα Ιουδαίου Ερβαν τούνομα, S. Patris | cles. vol. 1. col. 1423, &c. ; Larnabecius, apud
nostri Gregentü Tephrensis Archiepiscopi Disputatio Oudin. )
(J. C. M. )
cum llerbano Judaeo. It was published with a GREGORAS NICEPHORUS (Niknoópos o
Latin version by Nic. Gulonius, 8vo. Paris, 1586, rpnjopās), one of the most important Byzantine
and again in 1603. It is given in the first vol. of historians, was probably born in 1295, in the town
the ductarium of Ducaeus, in the Bibliotheca Pa- of Heracleia Pontica, in Asia Minor. While he
trui, vol. xi. ed. Paris. 1654; and in the Biblio- I lived in his native town, his education was con-
## p. 305 (#321) ############################################
GREGORAS.
305
GREGORAS.
dncted by John, archbishop of Hemcleia, but, condemned by the synod of 1915, the victorious
having been sent to Constantinople, he was placed Acindynites were going to sacrifice Gregoras to
under the care of John Glycis, patriarch of Con- their suspicions, but he was protected by John
stantinople. [Glycis. ) He learned mathematics Cantacuzenus, afterwards emperor, who during a
and astronomy from Theodorus Metochita, the long time had professed a sincere friendship for
writer. At an early age Gregoras, who had taken him. A short time afterwards the Acindynites
orders, became acquainted with the emperor An- were condemned in their turn, and the Palamites
dronicus I. , the elder, who took a great fancy to became the ruling party ; they were joined by
him, and offered him the important place of Char- John Cantacuzenus, and this time Gregoras did
tophylax, or keeper of the imperial archives, but the not escape the resentment of the victors, though
modest young priest declined the office, on the plea of his only crime was neutrality. Abandoned by
youth. He afterwards, however, accepted several Cantacuzenus, he was imprisoned in 1351. Ho
offices of importance, and in 1326 was sent as am- was afterwards released ; but his enemies, among
bassador to the Kral, that is, the king of Servia. whom his former friend Cantacuzenus was most
Gregoras was still very young, when he became active, rendered him odious to the people, and
celebrated for his learning. A dispute having when he died, in, or probably after, 1359, his re-
arisen as to the day on which Easter was to be ce- mains were insulted by the mob.
lebrated, Gregoras, in an excellent dissertation, Gregoras wrote a prodigious number of works on
proved that the system then adopted for computing history, divinity, philosophy, astronomy, several
that day was erroneous, and proposed another me panegyrics, some poems, and a considerable number
thod. If it had not been for the fear which the of essays on miscellaneous subjects: a list of them
clergy entertained of exciting the superstitious mob is given by Schopen in the Bonn edition of the
of Constantinople by a reform of the calendar, the History of Gregoras, and by Fabricius, who also
computation of Gregoras would have been adopted gives a list of several hundred authors perused and
by the Greek church. When pope Gregory XIII. , quoted by Gregoras. The principal work of our
300 years afterwards, reformed the calendar, it author is his 'Pwparnis 'iotoplas Móyou, com-
was found that the computation of Gregoras was monly called Historia Byzantina, in thirty-eight
quite right: the treatise which he wrote on the books, of which, as yet, only twenty-four are
subject is still extant, and highly appreciated by printed. It begins with the capture of Constan-
astronomers. Being a stauncb adherent of the tinople by the Latins in 1204, and goes down to
elder Andronicus, Gregoras was involved in the 1359 ; the twenty-four printed books contain the
fate of this unfortunate emperor, when he was de period from 1204 to 1351. The earlier part of
posed, in 1328, by his grandson, Andronicus III. , that period is treated with comparative brevity ;
the younger, who punished the learned favourite of but as the author approaches his own time, he
his grandfather by confiscating his property. For enters more into detail, and is often diffuse. This
a few years after that event Gregoras led a retired history ought to be read together with that of John
life, only appearing in public for the purpose of de Cantacuzenus: they were at first friends, but after-
livering lectures on various subjects, which were wards enemies, and each of them charges the other
crowned with extraordinary success. The violence with falsehood and calumnies. Each of them re-
of his language, however, caused him many ene presents events according to his own views, and
mies. In 1332 he pronounced funeral orations on their exaggerated praises of their partizans deserve
the emperor Andronicus the elder, and the Magnus as little credit as their violent attacks of their ene-
Logotheta, Theodorus Metochita, mentioned above. mies. Gregoras was more learned than John Can-
He opposed the union of the Greek and Latin tacuzenus, but the latter was better able to pass a
churches proposed by pope John XXII. , who had judgment upon great historical facts. One cannot
sent commissioners for that object to Constanti- help smiling at seeing Gregoras, who was ambitious
nople. An excellent opportunity for exhibiting his of nothing more than the name of a great philo
learning and oratorical qualities presented itself to sopher, forget all impartiality and moderation as
Gregoras, when the notorious Latin monk Barlaam soon as the presumed interest of his party is at
came over from Calabria to Constantinople, for the stake : his philosophy was in his head, not in his
purpose of exciting dissensions among the Greek heart. His style is, generally speaking, bombas-
clergy. Barlaam had reason to expect complete tic, diffuse, full of repetitions of facts as well as of
success, when his career was stopped short by Gre- favourite expressions : he is fond of narrating
goras, who challenged the disturber to a public matters of little importance with a sort of artificial
disputation, in which Barlaam was so completely elegance, and he cannot inform the reader of great
defeated, that, in his shame and confusion, he events without an additional display of pompous
retired to Thessaloneica, and never more appeared words spun out into endless periods. Like most
in the capital. The dissensions, however, occasioned of his contemporaries, he mixes politics with theo-
by Barlaam had a most injurious influence upon logy. These are his defects. We are indebted to
the peace of the Greek church, and caused a revo- him, however, for the care he has taken in making
lution, which ended most unfortunately for Gre posterity acquainted with an immense number of
goras. Gregorius Palamas, afterwards archbishop facts referring to that period of Byzantine history
of Thessalonica, espoused the dogmas of Barlaan: when the Greek empire was still to be saved from
he was opposed by Gregorius Acindynus, and hence ruin by a cordial understanding, both in political
arose the famous controversy between the Palamites and religious matters, with the inhabitants of
and Acindynites. This quarrel, like most disputes Europe.
on religious matters in the Byzantine empire, as- It is said that Frederic Rostgaard published the
sumed a political character. Gregoras resolved to History of Gregoras, with a Latin translation, in
remain neutral: his prudence ruined him, because, | 1559, but this is a mistake ; at least, nobody has
as his violent temper was known, be became sus- seen this edition. The editio princeps is the one
pected by both parties. Palamas, having been published by Hieronymus Wolf, Basel, 1562, fol. ,
VOL. IL
:
## p. 306 (#322) ############################################
306
GREGORIANUS.
GREGORIUS.
:
:
with a Latin translation and an index, which, the Collatio Juris Rom. et Mos. xv. 3, and 18, 4,
however, contains only the first eleven books. where we find Gregorianus Libro VII, and Gre-
Wolf was persuaded to undertake the task by gorianus Libro V.
his death near Singidunum, now Belgrade, on the was twice invested with the praetorship, and in
borders of Pannonia and Maesia. Maximus re- one of them he proposed an edict concerning the
fused to give up his body to his brother Valentinian coinage (edictum de re nummaria), which raised his
for burial; but subsequently, probably on the favour with the people still higher. During the
overthrow of Maximus, it was removed and interred proscriptions of Sulla, he was killed by Catiline in
at Milan. Sozomen and Socrates, followed by a most cruel and brutal manner, and his head was
Theophanes, describe the stratagem by which carried in triumph through the city. Cicero was
Andragathius succeeded in killing him, and though connected with him by intimate friendship. (Cic.
their story is improbable enough, it perhaps origi- Brut. 62, de Leg. ii. 16, de off. iii. 16, 20, de
nated in some treachery actually employed. Petit. Cons. 3, de Orat. i. 39, ii. 65; Ascon. in Cic.
Gratian was twice married. 1. About a. D. 374 in tog. cand. p. 84, ed. Orelli; Senec, de Ira, 3
or 375, to Flavia Maxima Constantia, daughter of Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 9. )
[L. S. ]
the emperor Constantius II. , by whom he appears GRATI'DIUS, the name of a family of Arpi-
to have had a son, of whom nothing is known. num, of which a few members are known in the
Constantia died about six months before her hus- last century of the Roman republic.
band. 2. To Laeta, of whom little is known, and 1. M. GRATIDIUS, proposed in B. c. 115 a lex
who survived him. (Amm. Marc. xxvii. 6, xxviii
. tabellaria at Arpinum, which was opposed by M.
1, xxix. 6, xxx. 10, xxxi. 9, 10; Aurel. Vict. Epit. . Tullius Cicero, the grandfather of the orator, who
c. 45, 47, 48; Oros. vii. 32, 33, 34; Zosim. vi. 12, was married to Gratidia, the sister of M. Grati-
19, 24, 34, 35, 36; Zonar. xiii. 17; Marcellin. dius. The question respecting the lex tabellaria
Prosper Aquit. , Prosper Tiro, Chronica ; Idatius, was referred to the consul of the year, M. Aemilius
Chronicon and Fasti ; Theophan. Chronograph. vol. Scaurus, who seems to have decided in favour of
i. pp. 85—106, ed. Bonn ; Socrat. H. E. iv. 31, v. Cicero, for it is said that Scaurus praised his sen-
2, il; Sozom. H. E. vi. 36, vii. 1, 13; Rufinus, timents and his courage. (Cic. de Leg. ii. 16. )
H. E. xi. 13, 14; Sulpic. Severus, Histor. Sacra, According to Cicero (Brut. 45), Gratidius was a
ii. 63; Themist. Orat. xiii. ; Auson. Epigr. 1, 2, clever accuser, well versed in Greek literature, and
Gratiarum Actio pro Consulatu ; Ambros. De a person with great natural talent as an orator; he
Fide Prolog. Epistolae 11, 17, 21, Consolatio de was further a friend of the orator M. Antonius,
Obitu Valentin. c. 79, ed. Benedictin. ; Tillemont, and accompanied him as his praefect to Cilicia,
Hist. des Emp. vol. v. ; Gibbon, ch. 25, 26, 27; where he was killed. In the last-mentioned pas-
Eckhel, vol. viii. p. 157. )
sage Cicero adds, that Gratidius spoke against
c. Fimbria, who had been accused of extortion.
(Val. Max. viii. 5. $ 2. ) This accusation seems to
refer to the administration of a province, which
Fimbria undertook in B. c. 103 (for he was consul
in B. c. 104), so that the accusation would belong
to B. c. 102, and more particularly to the begin-
ning of that year, for in the course of it M. Anto-
nius undertook the command against the pirates,
COIN OF THE EMPEROR GRATIANUS.
and M. Gratidius, who accompanied him, was
killed. (Comp. J. Obsequens, Prodig. 104; Dru-
3. Theodosius the Great appears to have had a mann, Gesch. Roms, vol. i. p. 61, who, however,
son Gratianus by his second wife Galla [Galla, places the campaign of M. Antonius against the
No. 2]: the child died before his father. (Ambros. pirates one year too early. )
Epistol. 17, De Obitu Theodos. c. 40, ed. Bene- 2. M. GRATIDIUS, perhaps a grandson of No. 1,
dictin. , with the editor's notes in both places. ) was legate of Q. Cicero in his administration of the
4. Á usurper, who assumed the purple in Bri- province of Asia. In one passage (Cic. ad Quint.
tain, on the murder of the previous usurper, Marcus. fr. i. 4), a Gratidius is mentioned as tribune of
Of his history and condition before his elevation we the people in B. c. 57, which has in itself nothing
know nothing more than is intimated by the term improbable ; but as the name Gratidius is not men-
Municeps Britanniae, applied to him by Orosius and tioned elsewhere among the tribunes of that year,
Bede, from which we may infer that he was a native whose names occur very frequently, it is usually
of the island ; and from his being the object of the supposed that in the passage just referred to, Gra-
soldiers' choice, it is probable he was a military tidius is a false reading for Fabricius. (See Cic.
PAPLASS
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SOMA
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304
GREGENTIUS.
GREGORAS.
p. Flacc. 21, an Quint. fr. i. 1, 3, 10; Orelli, Onom. thuca Patrum of Gallandins, vol. xi. fol. Venice,
Tull. vol. ii. p. 388. )
(L. S. ) 1765, &c. The Latin version alone appears in
GRATIUS, is known only as the accuser of A. some other editions of the Bibliotheca Patrum.
Licinius Archias (Cic. pro . Arch. 4, 6). The name The Disputatio, as it appears in these works, is
is sometimes read Gracchus. (Orell. Onom. Tull.
considered by Fabricius to be mutilated at the com-
vol. ii. p. 274. )
(W. B. D. ) mencement; and his opinion, which is disputed by
GRA'TIUŚ FALISCUS. (Faliscus. ) Gallandius, is corroborated by the greater complete-
GRATUS, a soldier of Caligula's body-guard, ness of a Slavonic MS. of the work in the Royal
who, after the assassination of that emperor, dis- Library at Berlin, of which one or two passages
covered and drew Claudius from his hiding-place in are given in a Latin version in the last edition of
the palace, and presented him to the soldiers as a Fabricius. In this Slavonic MS. the archbisnop is
Germanicus, the proper heir to the empire. (Joseph. always called Gregory.
Antiq. xix. 3. & 1; comp. Suet. Claud. 10; Dion The work is by Pagi regarded as a fiction, and
Cass. lx. 1. )
(W. B. D. ] Gallandius significantly leaves it to others to deter-
GRATUS, JU'LIUS. (FRONTO, JULIUS. ) mine this point. Cave considers that “ some parts
GRATUS, VALE'RIUS, procurator of Judaea of it smack of the credulity of a later age ; " and,
from A. D. 15 to a. D. 27, and the immediate indeed, the contents of the work render it likely
predecessor of Pontius Pilate. (Joseph. Antiq. that it is much interpolated, to say the least ; nor
xviii. 6. § 5. ) The government of Gratus is chiefly is the authorship deterinined of that portion (if
remarkable for the frequent changes he made in the any) which is genuine. Substantially it may be
appointment of the high-priesthood. He deposed regarded as the production of Gregentius himself,
Ananus, and substituted Ismael, son of Fabi, then whose arguments, as Barthius thinks, and as the
Eleazar, son of Ananus, then Simon, son of Ca- work itself indicates, were taken down at the time
mith, and lastly Joseph Caiaphas, the son-in-law by Palladius of Alexandrin, whom the archbishop,
of Ananus. (id. Antiq. xviii. 2. $ 2. ) He put on his departure for Tephar, had taken with him
down two formidable bands of robbers that infested as his scholasticus. Lambecius ascribes the work
Judaea during his government, and killed with his to Nonnosus, ambassador of the emperor Justinian
own hand the captain of one of them, Simon, for- to the Homeritae. According to this work, the
merly a slave of Herod the Great. (Id. Antiq. xvii. disputation of Gregentius with Herban took place
10. § 6,7; B. J. ii. 4. § 2, 3. ) Gratus assisted at Tephar, in the presence of the king, Abramius,
the proconsul Quintilius Varus in quelling an in- many bishops, a number of Jews, and the whole
surrection of the Jews. (B. J. ii. 5. & 2. ) (W. B. D. ]. population of the city: it was terminated by the
GREGE'NTIUS (Ipnyévrlos), archbishop of miraculous appearance of the Lord Jesus Christ,
Tephar (Teddp, the Sapphar, Lárpap, of Ptolemy, and the infliction of miraculous blindness upon the
and the Saphar, Zápap, of Arrian), capital of the Jews, who were, however, restored to sight on
Homeritae, a nation of Arabia Felix, the site of their believing and being baptized. The king him-
which is a little above 100 miles N. N. W. of Aden. self was sponsor for Herban, to whom he gave the
The place of his birth is not ascertained. In the name of Leo, and whom he enrolled among his
Greek Mlenaea, in which he is called "pıyevtivos, councillors. The number of Jews converted and
he is described as a native of Milan, and the son baptized in consequence of these events is stated
of Agapius and Theodota, inhabitants of that city; at 5,500,000! Gregentius persuaded Abramius
but in a Slavonic MS. of the Disputatio, mentioned to break up the division of the Jewish converts
below, he is described as the son of Agapius and into tribes, and to mingle them with other Chris-
Theotecna, a married pair living in the little town tians, and to order their children, under pain of
of “ Lopliane, on the frontier of Avaria and Asia. " death, not to marry with any of their own nation,
He went to Alexandria, where he embraced the but with Gentile Christians only. By these
life of an anchorite, and from whence he was sent means, “in course of time” (TẬ xpóra, an ex-
by Asterius, patriarch of Alexandria, to take pression showing that the passage is not by a con-
charge of the church of the Homeritae, which temporary), the Jews were merged in the general
had been relieved by the Aethiopian Elesbaan, population of the country.
king of the Axumitae, from the depressed con- The code promulgated by Gregentius in the
dition to which it had been reduced by the perse name of king Abramius, entitled Nouobeola as ek
cution of Dunaan, king of the Homeritae, a Jew. | προσώπου του ευσεβεστάτου βασιλέως Αβραμίου,
The reigning prince at the time of the mission of is extant in the Imperial Library of Vienna. A
Gregentius, was Abramius, whom Elesbaan had copy of it is also mentioned as among the MSS.
raised to the throne, and with whom, as well as formerly belonging to Abraham Seller in England.
with his son and successor, Serdidus, Gregentius The offences denounced in this code are arranged
had great influence. Abramius died A. D. 552, under twenty-three tituli or heads. (Fabric. Bill.
after a reign of thirty years, and Gregentius died Gr. vol. vi. p. 749, vii. p. 543, x. p. 115, &c. ; Gal.
soon after, on the 19th of December in the same land. Biblioth. Patr. vol. xi. , Proleg. c. 12 ; Cave,
year, and was buried in the great church at Hist. Lit. vol. i. p. 521, ed. Oxon. , 1740-43, Catal,
Tephar.
MStorum Angliue et Hib. vol. ii. p. 96 ; Baronii
A work is extant, entitled Tou ev dylous Matpos Annales ad ann. 523, xvi. —Ixxi. ; Pagi, Critice in
muñv Ipnyevriou 'ApXlento kónov yevouévou Tedpwv Buronium ; Oudin, Comment. de Scriptor. , $c. , Ee-
διάλεξις μετα Ιουδαίου Ερβαν τούνομα, S. Patris | cles. vol. 1. col. 1423, &c. ; Larnabecius, apud
nostri Gregentü Tephrensis Archiepiscopi Disputatio Oudin. )
(J. C. M. )
cum llerbano Judaeo. It was published with a GREGORAS NICEPHORUS (Niknoópos o
Latin version by Nic. Gulonius, 8vo. Paris, 1586, rpnjopās), one of the most important Byzantine
and again in 1603. It is given in the first vol. of historians, was probably born in 1295, in the town
the ductarium of Ducaeus, in the Bibliotheca Pa- of Heracleia Pontica, in Asia Minor. While he
trui, vol. xi. ed. Paris. 1654; and in the Biblio- I lived in his native town, his education was con-
## p. 305 (#321) ############################################
GREGORAS.
305
GREGORAS.
dncted by John, archbishop of Hemcleia, but, condemned by the synod of 1915, the victorious
having been sent to Constantinople, he was placed Acindynites were going to sacrifice Gregoras to
under the care of John Glycis, patriarch of Con- their suspicions, but he was protected by John
stantinople. [Glycis. ) He learned mathematics Cantacuzenus, afterwards emperor, who during a
and astronomy from Theodorus Metochita, the long time had professed a sincere friendship for
writer. At an early age Gregoras, who had taken him. A short time afterwards the Acindynites
orders, became acquainted with the emperor An- were condemned in their turn, and the Palamites
dronicus I. , the elder, who took a great fancy to became the ruling party ; they were joined by
him, and offered him the important place of Char- John Cantacuzenus, and this time Gregoras did
tophylax, or keeper of the imperial archives, but the not escape the resentment of the victors, though
modest young priest declined the office, on the plea of his only crime was neutrality. Abandoned by
youth. He afterwards, however, accepted several Cantacuzenus, he was imprisoned in 1351. Ho
offices of importance, and in 1326 was sent as am- was afterwards released ; but his enemies, among
bassador to the Kral, that is, the king of Servia. whom his former friend Cantacuzenus was most
Gregoras was still very young, when he became active, rendered him odious to the people, and
celebrated for his learning. A dispute having when he died, in, or probably after, 1359, his re-
arisen as to the day on which Easter was to be ce- mains were insulted by the mob.
lebrated, Gregoras, in an excellent dissertation, Gregoras wrote a prodigious number of works on
proved that the system then adopted for computing history, divinity, philosophy, astronomy, several
that day was erroneous, and proposed another me panegyrics, some poems, and a considerable number
thod. If it had not been for the fear which the of essays on miscellaneous subjects: a list of them
clergy entertained of exciting the superstitious mob is given by Schopen in the Bonn edition of the
of Constantinople by a reform of the calendar, the History of Gregoras, and by Fabricius, who also
computation of Gregoras would have been adopted gives a list of several hundred authors perused and
by the Greek church. When pope Gregory XIII. , quoted by Gregoras. The principal work of our
300 years afterwards, reformed the calendar, it author is his 'Pwparnis 'iotoplas Móyou, com-
was found that the computation of Gregoras was monly called Historia Byzantina, in thirty-eight
quite right: the treatise which he wrote on the books, of which, as yet, only twenty-four are
subject is still extant, and highly appreciated by printed. It begins with the capture of Constan-
astronomers. Being a stauncb adherent of the tinople by the Latins in 1204, and goes down to
elder Andronicus, Gregoras was involved in the 1359 ; the twenty-four printed books contain the
fate of this unfortunate emperor, when he was de period from 1204 to 1351. The earlier part of
posed, in 1328, by his grandson, Andronicus III. , that period is treated with comparative brevity ;
the younger, who punished the learned favourite of but as the author approaches his own time, he
his grandfather by confiscating his property. For enters more into detail, and is often diffuse. This
a few years after that event Gregoras led a retired history ought to be read together with that of John
life, only appearing in public for the purpose of de Cantacuzenus: they were at first friends, but after-
livering lectures on various subjects, which were wards enemies, and each of them charges the other
crowned with extraordinary success. The violence with falsehood and calumnies. Each of them re-
of his language, however, caused him many ene presents events according to his own views, and
mies. In 1332 he pronounced funeral orations on their exaggerated praises of their partizans deserve
the emperor Andronicus the elder, and the Magnus as little credit as their violent attacks of their ene-
Logotheta, Theodorus Metochita, mentioned above. mies. Gregoras was more learned than John Can-
He opposed the union of the Greek and Latin tacuzenus, but the latter was better able to pass a
churches proposed by pope John XXII. , who had judgment upon great historical facts. One cannot
sent commissioners for that object to Constanti- help smiling at seeing Gregoras, who was ambitious
nople. An excellent opportunity for exhibiting his of nothing more than the name of a great philo
learning and oratorical qualities presented itself to sopher, forget all impartiality and moderation as
Gregoras, when the notorious Latin monk Barlaam soon as the presumed interest of his party is at
came over from Calabria to Constantinople, for the stake : his philosophy was in his head, not in his
purpose of exciting dissensions among the Greek heart. His style is, generally speaking, bombas-
clergy. Barlaam had reason to expect complete tic, diffuse, full of repetitions of facts as well as of
success, when his career was stopped short by Gre- favourite expressions : he is fond of narrating
goras, who challenged the disturber to a public matters of little importance with a sort of artificial
disputation, in which Barlaam was so completely elegance, and he cannot inform the reader of great
defeated, that, in his shame and confusion, he events without an additional display of pompous
retired to Thessaloneica, and never more appeared words spun out into endless periods. Like most
in the capital. The dissensions, however, occasioned of his contemporaries, he mixes politics with theo-
by Barlaam had a most injurious influence upon logy. These are his defects. We are indebted to
the peace of the Greek church, and caused a revo- him, however, for the care he has taken in making
lution, which ended most unfortunately for Gre posterity acquainted with an immense number of
goras. Gregorius Palamas, afterwards archbishop facts referring to that period of Byzantine history
of Thessalonica, espoused the dogmas of Barlaan: when the Greek empire was still to be saved from
he was opposed by Gregorius Acindynus, and hence ruin by a cordial understanding, both in political
arose the famous controversy between the Palamites and religious matters, with the inhabitants of
and Acindynites. This quarrel, like most disputes Europe.
on religious matters in the Byzantine empire, as- It is said that Frederic Rostgaard published the
sumed a political character. Gregoras resolved to History of Gregoras, with a Latin translation, in
remain neutral: his prudence ruined him, because, | 1559, but this is a mistake ; at least, nobody has
as his violent temper was known, be became sus- seen this edition. The editio princeps is the one
pected by both parties. Palamas, having been published by Hieronymus Wolf, Basel, 1562, fol. ,
VOL. IL
:
## p. 306 (#322) ############################################
306
GREGORIANUS.
GREGORIUS.
:
:
with a Latin translation and an index, which, the Collatio Juris Rom. et Mos. xv. 3, and 18, 4,
however, contains only the first eleven books. where we find Gregorianus Libro VII, and Gre-
Wolf was persuaded to undertake the task by gorianus Libro V.
