This could be shown especially clearly using the
evolution
of Buddhism and the adaptation of the arhat ideal of the Hinayana to the bodhisattva ideal of the Mahayana.
Sloterdijk - You Must Change Your Life
171.
69 Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 2: The Use of Pleasure,
trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1990), p. 11.
70 Wittgenstein, Culture and Value, p. ne.
71 Ibid. , p. 56e.
71 Michel Foucault, 'The Return of Morality', interview with Gilles Barbedette
and Andre Scala, in Politics, Philosophy; Culture, p. 249.
73 Foucault, Remarks on Marx, p. 174.
74 See Foucault's allusion to the builder Solness in his introduction to Dream
and Existence (quoted above, p. 150). I do not know whether Foucault had read Binswanger's book Henrik Ibsen und das Problem der Selbstrealisation in der Kunst (Heidelberg: Lambert Schneider, 1949).
75 This is a key term in Gaston Bachelard's work Air and Dreams.
76 Ludwig Binswanger, Drei Formen missgluckten Daseins: Verstiegenheit,
Verschrobenheit, Manieriertheit (Tubingen: Niemeyer, 1956), p. 6.
77 Ibid. , p. 4.
78 Martin Heidegger, 'Letter on Humanism', trans. Frank A. Capuzzi with J. Glenn Gray, in Basic Writings, ed. David Farrell Krell (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1977), p. 233.
79 Ibid. , p. 234.
80 Admittedly, Heidegger's rendition of daimon in the singular as 'God' is sup-
ported by the synonymy - since Homer - between daimon and theos. In the
present context, however, this translation does not strike me as very plausible.
81 Plato, Republic, trans. John Llewelyn Davies and David James Vaughan
(Ware: Wordsworth Classics, 1997), p. 126.
82 The ontological and theological variations on this political psychology are:
as in being, so in the city, and as in heaven, so on earth.
83 Prophetic divination, divinely inspired healing, the poetic madness (mania) fuelled by the muses, and the love sent by the gods (see Phaedrus i
244a-245b).
463
84
NOTES I
between Diogenes and Alexander is
Lectures on Discourse and Truth (1983, at www. lib. berke! ey. edufMRCi foucaultlparrhesia. html, accessed 14 May 2012). See Plutarch, On the Daimonion of Socrates, ed. Heinz-Gunther Nesselrath (Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2010), p. 61, which describes the recycling of the daimones in the beyond.
85 St Augustine, Of True Religion, ed. Louis O. Mink, trans. John H. S. Burleigh (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1991), p. 75.
86 Thomas it Kempis, The Imitation of Christ, trans. Aloysius Croft and Harold Bolton (Mineola, NY: Dover, 1983), p. 18.
87 Fragment 5.
88 Concerning the suspension of the liaison between thought and waking in
nineteenth- and twentieth-century anaesthetic practice, see pp. 380f below.
89 Oswald Spengler, The Decline o f the West, trans. Charles Francis Atkinson
(New York: Knopf, 1939), pp. 4ff.
90 See Pupul Jayakar, J. Krishnamurti: A Biography (London: Arkana, 1986).
91 Carl Friedrich von Weizsacker, Zeit und Wissen (Munich: Hanser, 1992).
92 Binswanger, Henrik Ibsen, p. 48.
93 Ibid. , p. 50.
94 Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, p. 16.
95 See Slavoj Zizek, 1n Defense of Lost Causes (London and New York: Verso,
2009), ch. 9, 'Unbehagen in der Natur'.
96 Erwin Panofsky, Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism (New York:
Meridian, 1957).
97 The significance of habit as a starting point for ever more shifts within the
system of our constituted faculties is highlighted especially by the French philosopher Felix Ravaison. See Ravaisson, O f Habit, trans. and intr. Clare Carlisle and Mark Sinclair (London and New York: Continuum, 2008).
98 This is precisely what the modern ethics of obligation rejects. The decisive- ness with which Kant shifted from the concern for skill to pure obligation in his ethics is shown, among other things, by his rejection of the idea of a habitus that assists the performance of duty. For then virtue would be 'a mere mechanism of applying power. Rather, virtue is moral strength in adherence to one's duty, which never should become habit but should always emerge entirely new and original from one's way of thinking. ' Immanuel Kant, Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View, trans. Robert B. Louden (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 38. lf man can only be rescued by duty, all help from one's disposition or inclina- tion falls by the wayside.
99 Genet, 'The Funambulists', p. 47: 'It is not you who will dance, but the rope. '
100 See Norbert Bolz, Die Konformisten des Andersseins: Ende der Kritik (Munich: Fink, 1999).
101 Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness: An Essay 011 Phenomenological Ontology (London: Routledge, 1969), p. 591.
102 Karl Jaspers, The Origin and Goal o f History, trans. Michael Bullock (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953), p. 4.
103 See Manfred Osten, 'Alles veloziferisch' oder Goethes Entdeckung der 464
whose account of
at length by in Six
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
PI'.
This
a second process began in which non-scriptural pacemakers behind the
script-based hurnanitas. Humanists cannot see that the latter, from the per- spective of pre-literate life forms, had itself already constituted a devilish acceleration. See also Peter Sioterdijk, 'Rules for the Human Zoo', trans. Mary Varney Rorty, Environrnent and Planning D: Society and Space 27 (1), pp. 12-28.
TN: the proximity of passion and suffering is especially close in German, where the word for the former, Leidenschaft, is based on that for the latter, leiden.
See Babette Babich, 'Die Naturgeschichte der griechischen Bronze im Spiegel des Lebens: Betrachtungen uber Heideggers a sthetisehe Phanomenoiogie und Nietzsches agonale Politik', in Internationales Jahrbuch fur Herrneneutik, vol. 7, ed. Gunter Figal (Tiibingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2008), pp. 127-90.
Concerning the difference between conversion and opportunistic turna- round, see below, eh. 9, pp. 298f.
See recently Dieter Henrich, Denken und Selbstsein: Vorlesungen uber Subjektivitat (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2007).
See the motto of Poetry and Truth: Ho rne dareis anthr6pos ou paideuetai, meaning The man who is not mistreated is not educated. '
See Peter Sloterdijk, 'Der andere Logos oder: Die List der Vernunft. Zur Ideengeschichte des Indirekten', in Achim Hecker, Klaus Kammerer, Bernd Schauenberg and Harro von Senger (eds. ), Regel und Abweichung: Strategie und Stratagerne. Chinesische Listenlehre irn interdisziplinaren Dialog (Munster: LIT, 2008), pp. 87-112.
As well as pedagogical training through enlightened repetitions, a technique that cultures have always also had at their disposal is training via terror, or the imprinting of a norm by branding a sacred scene on the psyche through shock. See Heiner Muhlmann, Jesus uberlistet Darwin (Vienna and New York: Springer, 2007), in which the author shows how the memoactive fitness of a collective can be increased through killing dramas (sacrifices) that are carried out together. In the light of this analysis, the Christian mass appears as a double conditioning form: on the one hand a constantly repeated killing drama, and on the other hand a rehearsing of the blood sacrifice's replacement by the symbolic game.
This is the inversion of Seneca's satirical statement non vitae, sed scholae discirnus [we are learning not for life, but for the school] (Epistolae rnorales ad Lucilium 106, 12), with which he declares that the decadence of the school constitutes the system of learning. The true school programme, the learning of the divine, must therefore be copied onto other media, for example the philosopher's correspondence with a younger friend. It is there- fore likely that Seneca was inverting an older, undocumented saying - which would make the return of the medieval schoolmasters to the version non scholae sed vitae discimus entirely justified.
Plato's Euthyphro, Apology, erito, and Phaedo, trans. Benjamin Jowett (Millis, MA: Agora, 2005), p. 62.
Klaus Berger, Theologiegeschichte des Urchristenturns: Theologie des Neuen Testarnents (Tubingen and Basle: Francke, 1994), p. 661.
111
112
113
465
NOTES TO PP.
Alexander Leben: 350
G eschich ten
115 Tertullian, Disciplinary. Moral and trans. Rudolph
Arbesmann, Sister Emily Joseph Daly and Edwin A. Quain (Washington,
DC; CUA Press, 1959), p. 20. 116 Ibid. , p. 23.
117 118 119 120
1
2 3
4
5 6
7 8 9
10
11
12 13
14 15
16
Tertullian, On the Flesh of Christ, trans. Peter Holmes (Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2004), p. 12.
Simone Weil, Gravity and Grace, trans. Emma Crawford and Marion von der Ruhr (London and New York: Routledge, 2002).
See Harold Bloom, The American Religion: The Emergence of the Post- Christian Nation (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).
Wittgenstein, Culture and Value, p. 84e.
/I EXAGGERATION PROCEDURES
See Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 1998). For a critical response to this from a student of Arendt, see Richard Sennett, The Craftsman (London: Allen Lane, 2008); see also p. 292 below.
See pp. 163f. above.
Paul Rabbow, Seelenfuhrung: Methodik der Exerzitien in der Antike (Munich: Kosel, 1954), based on Epictetus, The Enchiridion, 3. One finds the same motif in Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations, book 11, ch. 34. Albert Schweitzer, Indian Thought and Its Development, trans. Mrs Charles E. B. Russell (Boston: Beacon, 1960), p. 110.
Patanjaii, Yoga Surra II, 41.
Nietzsche, The Gay Science, trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage, 1974), p. 245.
Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations, trans. G. M. A. Grube (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1983), p. 124.
See Jiirgen Hasse, Ubersehene Riiume: Zur Kulturgeschichte und Heterotopologie des Parkhauses (Bielefeld: transcript, 2007).
See Peter Sloterdijk, 'Strong Observation: For a Space Station Philosophy', in Native Land, Stop Eject, ed. Raymond Depardon and Paul Virilio (ArIes: Actes Sud, 2010), pp. 29-36.
Digha Nikaya 5.
In this context one should recall Petrarch's well-known letter of 26 April 1336, in which he claims to have been reading a pocket edition of Augustine's Confessions at the summit of Mont Ventoux.
See Rabbow, Seelenfuhrung, p. 93.
Epictetus, The Enchiridion, III, 3, 14; quoted in Rabbow, Seelenfuhrung, p. 135.
Augustine, De vera religione, XXXIX, 72.
One possible version of the philosophical counter-movement to the age of objectivism and the illusion of the outside world is presented in my Spheres trilogy (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1998-2003). In English so far: Spheres, vol. 1: Bubbles, trans. Wieland Hoban (Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2011). Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations, p. 90.
466
and New
Marcus Aurelius, The lV lt'U H U lt'U I
trans. Iv! . p. 60.
PP.
See p. 266 below.
This is treated in greater detail in ch. 8, pp. 277-84.
Horace, Epistles I, 6, 1.
This could be shown especially clearly using the evolution of Buddhism and the adaptation of the arhat ideal of the Hinayana to the bodhisattva ideal of the Mahayana.
23 On 'riddle language' or 'intentional language' in Tantrism, see Mircea Eliade, Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009), p. 249.
24 In the first part of The Vocation of Man (1800), Johann Gottlieb Fichte demonstrated the deterministic-fatalistic position with a perfect simulation in order to evoke the despair that drives us forwards to practical idealism.
25 Quoted in Eliade, Yoga, p. 189.
26 In this respect, Buddha is 'simultaneous' with Greek Sophism, which, in
terms of its overall direction, must be viewed above all as a humanistic exercise programme. It views a helpless letting-oneself-go as the worst form of behaviour and fatalism as an assault on arete, the willingness to self-help.
27 Thomas Macho, 'Mit sich allein: Einsamkeit als Kulturtechnik', in Aleida and Jan Assmann (eds. ), Einsamkeit (Archaologie der literarischen Kommunikation VI) (Munich: Fink, 2000), pp. 27-44.
28 Regula Benedicti 7, 13 and 7, 28.
29 Kierkegaard, A Literary Review, trans. Alastair Hannay (London: Penguin,
2001).
30 The Meditations, p. 78.
31 Ibid. , p. 35.
32 Ibid. , p. 103.
33 Eliade, Yoga, p. 296.
34 See Niklas Luhmann, 'Die Autopoiesis
des Bewusstseins', Selbstthematisierung und Selbstzeugnis: Bekenntnis und Gestandnis, ed.
Alois Hahn and Volker Knapp (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1987), pp. 64L
35 Thomas of Celano, First and Second Life of Saint Francis, with Selections from the Treatise 011 the Miracles o f Blessed Francis, trans. Placid Hermann
(Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1963), p. 84.
36 Critics of the miracle of stigmata have formulated the taboo-breaking ques-
tion of why the wounds in the hands of Francis and his imitators appeared in the palms rather than the historically accurate place, namely the wrist bones. Their reply: because Francis was himself imitating the painted and sculpted crucifixes of his time, in which nails through the palms had long since become the norm. This does not answer the question of whether the wounds came about through pious deception, self-harm, or some physiolog- ically inexplicable autoplastic achievement of the holy body. The first option is espoused with regard to Francis of Assisi by Christoph Tiircke, who con- siders the saint the greatest actor, or most determined faker, of the Middle Ages: see Tiircke, 'Askese und Performance: Franziskus als Regisseur und Hauptdarsteller seiner selbst', Neue Rundschau 4 (2000), pp. 3St By analogy, the Indian mystic Ramakrishna, a worshipper of the Great Mother, claimed that she gave him the gift of menstruation as a sign of grace.
467
I I I
NOTES TO PP. 243-57
37 Regula Benedicti 7, 67.
38 Ibid. , 7, 5.
39 That is why the Regula Benedicti contains such formulations as 'hasten to
the perfection of the monastic ways' (73,2) and 'hurrying forward to your
heavenly fatherland' (ad patriam caelestem festinare) (73, 8).
40 Peter Sloterdijk, Rage and Time, trans. Mario Wenning (New York:
Columbia University Press, 2010), pp. 69f.
41 In the later mystical theology of Gregor of Nyssa, this dynamized mimesis
is pushed further to the thesis that Christian desire, because it follows a boundless object, can never rest, only lead into a paradoxical unity of move- ment and standstill.
42 See pp. 272f.
43 Epistolae morales ad Lucilium, 66, 9. Crescere posse imperfectae rei signum
est.
44 See Peter Sloterdijk, Spharen II. Globen, Makrospharologie (Frankfurt:
Suhrkamp, 1999), pp. 326-39 (Excursus 1, 'Spater sterben im Amphitheater:
Uber den Aufschub, romisch').
45 Epistolae morales ad Luci/ium, 71, 25.
46 Ibid. , 71, 26. Scit se esse oneri ferendo.
47 Ibid. , 71, 27.
48 Ibid. , 71, 37.
49 Epistolae morales ad Lucilium, 71, 11. While Stoic doctrine can only con-
ceive of a perfection that is static and satisfying, Christian mysticism opened up the perspective of a perfection without a loss of desire. Thus Karl Rahner states in his summary of Gregory of Nyssa's mysticism of ascent: 'The only true sight of God is that which does not offer a final satisfaction of longing. ' See Marcel Viller and Karl Rahner, Aszese und Mystik in der Vaterzeit: Ein Abriss der fruhchristlichen Spiritualitat (Freiburg: Herder, 1989), p. 144.
50 See Selbstthematisierung und Selbstzeugnis, pp. 12f.
51 The last example of an existence under the star of completion is provided by
the autobiography of Jean-Paul Sartre, Les mots (1964), where the young Sartre's flight into the artist's career is deconstructed a priori as a neurotic fabrication.
52 Regula Benedicti 73, 2.
53 Ibid. , 7, 7.
54 Ibid. , 7, 66.
55 Concerning the monk's silence, see Regula Benedicti 6,1-8 and 7, 9-11.
56 The similarities between the early asketeria (i. e. the monastic training camp)
and a military facility are discussed by Marcel Viller and Karl Rahner in their work Aszese und Mystic in der Vaterzeit, pp. 92f. This leads to a second derivation of the ideal of obedience from religiously overcoded sol- diership. A third derivation would address imperial and ecclesiastical func- tionary ethics; concerning the ecclesiastical side, see Giorgio Agamben, The Kingdom and the Glory: For a Theological Genealogy of Economy and Government (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2011), and on the impe- rial side, see Sloterdijk, Spharen II, pp. 729f.
57 S. Joannis Abbatis vulgo Climaci opera Omnia editore et interpreto Mattheo Radero (1633), in Patrologiae Cursus Competus, ed. Jean-Paul Migne, Series Graeca 88 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1967), col. 1152. In the fol- lowing, I shall use both the Greek original and the Latin translation.
468
58 59 60 61
62
63
col, 1147.
coL 663. Ibid. , col. 674.
Hugo Ball, Byzantinisches Christentum: Drei Heiligenleben, ed. Bernd Wacker (G6ttingen: Wallstein, 2010), p. 28.
At the same time, the monastic psychagogues knew the difference between the false tears of self-pity and the true ones of remorse or devotion. By analogy, see The Questions of King Milinda, trans. T. W. Rhys Davies, ed. F. Max Muller (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2001).
All' halos ho palaios anthropos hamartia kaleitai. Non enim unum est
NOTES PP. 25
peccatum, sed totus vetus homo peccatum appellatur (col. 78112). 64 Joannis Climaci, Scala Paradisi, col. 782.
65 Ibid. , col. 1149150.
66 Galatians 2:20.
67 Joannis Climaci, coL 1153/4.
68 Ibid. , col. 1157/8.
69 See Jacob Taubes, Occidental Eschatology, trans. David Ratmoko (Palo
Alto: Stanford University Press, 2009).
70 The corresponding literature certainly pays lip service to the possibility of
'perfection outside of monasticism', but if one sees how quickly even authors such as Viller and Rahner, the Jesuits cited several times above, get through the subject in their outline of early Christian spirituality (§36), the truth of the matter is clear enough. Before the start of devotio moderna, what applies in practice is this: nulla salus outside the order.
71 Lowith's commentary on this is still central: Karl L6with, Meaning in History (Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 1957).
72 See Jacques Ie Goff, The Birth of Purgatory, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 1984).
73 Quoted (as a motto) in ibid. , p. v.
74 In his book La vie de Ramakrishna (1929), Romain Rolland points to the
moment of demographic parity between 300 million gods and the same
number of living Indians.
75 See pp. 231£ above.
76 Heinrich Zimmer, Philosophies of India, ed. Joseph Campbell (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1969), p. 41.
77 William Shakespeare, Much Ado About Nothing, Act 5, Scene 2.
78 Mysore Hiriyanna, Essentials of Indian Philosophy (Delhi: Diamond
Pocket Books, 1996), p. 102.
79 Huineng, The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch, ed. and trans. P. B.
Yampolsky (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), p. 137.
80 See the comprehensive commentary of B. K. S. Iyengar, Light on the Yoga
Sutras ofPatanjali (London: Thorsons, 2002).
81 See Digha Nikaya, 9.
82 See Eliade, Yoga, pp. 169-73.
83 A. M. Podznejev, Dhyana und Samadhi im mongolischen Lamaismus
(Hanover: Lafaire, 1927).
84 See Bruno Latour and Peter Weibel (eds. ), Making Things Public:
Atmospheres of Democracy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005), ch. 4,
'From Objects to Things', pp. 250-95.
85 See pp. 119f above.
469
86
92 93
94 95
96 97
98
99
100
101
102 103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110 111
the Marxist educational theorist and psychologist Lucien Seve, L'Ecole et la Nation (October 1964).
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Faust II, I. 7488.
TN: in German, the equivalent of 'school desk' (especially in its metonymic sense) is Schulbank, which actually translates as 'school bench'.
There is also no shortage of mocking journalists: see Gita Mehta, Karma Cola: Marketing the Mystic East (New York: Vintage, 1994).
See the chapter 'The Salvation of Identifications' in Axel Michaels, Hinduism: Past and Present, trans. Barbara Harshav (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), pp. 325-44.
See Michael von Bruck, Einfiihrung in den Buddhismus (Frankfurt: Verlag der Weltreligionen, 2007), pp. 188f.
See the collection of statements by Kodo Sawake (1880-1965), one of the most striking Zen masters of recent times: Kosho Uchiyama, The Zen Teaching of 'Homeless Kodo' (Kyoto: Kyoto Zen Center, 1999).
See pp. 308f below.
Regula Benedicti 2, 24: miscens temporibus tempora, terroribus blandi- menta, dirum magistri, pium patris ostendat affectum.
Pierre Hadot, 'The Figure of Socrates', in Philosophy as a Way of Life: Spiritual Exercises from Socrates to Foucault, trans. Michael Chase (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), pp. 147-78.
Slavoj Zizek, Liebe dein Symptom wie dich selbst! Jacques Lacans Psychoanalyse und die Medien (Berlin: Merve, 1991).
See pp. 200f above.
A contemporary exception to this is the Socratic performance philosopher Bazan Brock; see Peter Sloterdijk, 'Der Jahrhundertmensch', in Bazan Brock, Lustmarsch durchs Theoriegelande: Musealisiert Euchl (Cologne: DuMont, 2008), pp. 6-24.
See Pierre Hadot, The Inner Citadel: The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, trans. Michael Chase (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998). Epistolae morales ad Lucilium, 34.
Ibid. , 35.
Ibid. , 33.
The same tendency appears in some younger schools of Buddhism. Concerning the complex of Sophistic paideia as training for universal ability, see Thomas Buchheim, Die Sophistik als Avantgarde des normalen Lebens (Hamburg: Meiner, 1968), pp. 108-27; concerning the Sophists' approach to kairos, see pp. 82f.
Ibid. , p. 114.
Concerning the history of the piano recital and its increasingly sterile char- acter, see Kenneth Hamilton, After the Golden Age: Romantic Pianism and
TO
trans. J. 1997), p. 37.
87 See Bruno Snell, The
Literature, trans. T. G. Rosenmeyer (Mineola, NY: Dover, 1982), ch.
69 Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 2: The Use of Pleasure,
trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1990), p. 11.
70 Wittgenstein, Culture and Value, p. ne.
71 Ibid. , p. 56e.
71 Michel Foucault, 'The Return of Morality', interview with Gilles Barbedette
and Andre Scala, in Politics, Philosophy; Culture, p. 249.
73 Foucault, Remarks on Marx, p. 174.
74 See Foucault's allusion to the builder Solness in his introduction to Dream
and Existence (quoted above, p. 150). I do not know whether Foucault had read Binswanger's book Henrik Ibsen und das Problem der Selbstrealisation in der Kunst (Heidelberg: Lambert Schneider, 1949).
75 This is a key term in Gaston Bachelard's work Air and Dreams.
76 Ludwig Binswanger, Drei Formen missgluckten Daseins: Verstiegenheit,
Verschrobenheit, Manieriertheit (Tubingen: Niemeyer, 1956), p. 6.
77 Ibid. , p. 4.
78 Martin Heidegger, 'Letter on Humanism', trans. Frank A. Capuzzi with J. Glenn Gray, in Basic Writings, ed. David Farrell Krell (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1977), p. 233.
79 Ibid. , p. 234.
80 Admittedly, Heidegger's rendition of daimon in the singular as 'God' is sup-
ported by the synonymy - since Homer - between daimon and theos. In the
present context, however, this translation does not strike me as very plausible.
81 Plato, Republic, trans. John Llewelyn Davies and David James Vaughan
(Ware: Wordsworth Classics, 1997), p. 126.
82 The ontological and theological variations on this political psychology are:
as in being, so in the city, and as in heaven, so on earth.
83 Prophetic divination, divinely inspired healing, the poetic madness (mania) fuelled by the muses, and the love sent by the gods (see Phaedrus i
244a-245b).
463
84
NOTES I
between Diogenes and Alexander is
Lectures on Discourse and Truth (1983, at www. lib. berke! ey. edufMRCi foucaultlparrhesia. html, accessed 14 May 2012). See Plutarch, On the Daimonion of Socrates, ed. Heinz-Gunther Nesselrath (Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2010), p. 61, which describes the recycling of the daimones in the beyond.
85 St Augustine, Of True Religion, ed. Louis O. Mink, trans. John H. S. Burleigh (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1991), p. 75.
86 Thomas it Kempis, The Imitation of Christ, trans. Aloysius Croft and Harold Bolton (Mineola, NY: Dover, 1983), p. 18.
87 Fragment 5.
88 Concerning the suspension of the liaison between thought and waking in
nineteenth- and twentieth-century anaesthetic practice, see pp. 380f below.
89 Oswald Spengler, The Decline o f the West, trans. Charles Francis Atkinson
(New York: Knopf, 1939), pp. 4ff.
90 See Pupul Jayakar, J. Krishnamurti: A Biography (London: Arkana, 1986).
91 Carl Friedrich von Weizsacker, Zeit und Wissen (Munich: Hanser, 1992).
92 Binswanger, Henrik Ibsen, p. 48.
93 Ibid. , p. 50.
94 Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, p. 16.
95 See Slavoj Zizek, 1n Defense of Lost Causes (London and New York: Verso,
2009), ch. 9, 'Unbehagen in der Natur'.
96 Erwin Panofsky, Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism (New York:
Meridian, 1957).
97 The significance of habit as a starting point for ever more shifts within the
system of our constituted faculties is highlighted especially by the French philosopher Felix Ravaison. See Ravaisson, O f Habit, trans. and intr. Clare Carlisle and Mark Sinclair (London and New York: Continuum, 2008).
98 This is precisely what the modern ethics of obligation rejects. The decisive- ness with which Kant shifted from the concern for skill to pure obligation in his ethics is shown, among other things, by his rejection of the idea of a habitus that assists the performance of duty. For then virtue would be 'a mere mechanism of applying power. Rather, virtue is moral strength in adherence to one's duty, which never should become habit but should always emerge entirely new and original from one's way of thinking. ' Immanuel Kant, Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View, trans. Robert B. Louden (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 38. lf man can only be rescued by duty, all help from one's disposition or inclina- tion falls by the wayside.
99 Genet, 'The Funambulists', p. 47: 'It is not you who will dance, but the rope. '
100 See Norbert Bolz, Die Konformisten des Andersseins: Ende der Kritik (Munich: Fink, 1999).
101 Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness: An Essay 011 Phenomenological Ontology (London: Routledge, 1969), p. 591.
102 Karl Jaspers, The Origin and Goal o f History, trans. Michael Bullock (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953), p. 4.
103 See Manfred Osten, 'Alles veloziferisch' oder Goethes Entdeckung der 464
whose account of
at length by in Six
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
PI'.
This
a second process began in which non-scriptural pacemakers behind the
script-based hurnanitas. Humanists cannot see that the latter, from the per- spective of pre-literate life forms, had itself already constituted a devilish acceleration. See also Peter Sioterdijk, 'Rules for the Human Zoo', trans. Mary Varney Rorty, Environrnent and Planning D: Society and Space 27 (1), pp. 12-28.
TN: the proximity of passion and suffering is especially close in German, where the word for the former, Leidenschaft, is based on that for the latter, leiden.
See Babette Babich, 'Die Naturgeschichte der griechischen Bronze im Spiegel des Lebens: Betrachtungen uber Heideggers a sthetisehe Phanomenoiogie und Nietzsches agonale Politik', in Internationales Jahrbuch fur Herrneneutik, vol. 7, ed. Gunter Figal (Tiibingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2008), pp. 127-90.
Concerning the difference between conversion and opportunistic turna- round, see below, eh. 9, pp. 298f.
See recently Dieter Henrich, Denken und Selbstsein: Vorlesungen uber Subjektivitat (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2007).
See the motto of Poetry and Truth: Ho rne dareis anthr6pos ou paideuetai, meaning The man who is not mistreated is not educated. '
See Peter Sloterdijk, 'Der andere Logos oder: Die List der Vernunft. Zur Ideengeschichte des Indirekten', in Achim Hecker, Klaus Kammerer, Bernd Schauenberg and Harro von Senger (eds. ), Regel und Abweichung: Strategie und Stratagerne. Chinesische Listenlehre irn interdisziplinaren Dialog (Munster: LIT, 2008), pp. 87-112.
As well as pedagogical training through enlightened repetitions, a technique that cultures have always also had at their disposal is training via terror, or the imprinting of a norm by branding a sacred scene on the psyche through shock. See Heiner Muhlmann, Jesus uberlistet Darwin (Vienna and New York: Springer, 2007), in which the author shows how the memoactive fitness of a collective can be increased through killing dramas (sacrifices) that are carried out together. In the light of this analysis, the Christian mass appears as a double conditioning form: on the one hand a constantly repeated killing drama, and on the other hand a rehearsing of the blood sacrifice's replacement by the symbolic game.
This is the inversion of Seneca's satirical statement non vitae, sed scholae discirnus [we are learning not for life, but for the school] (Epistolae rnorales ad Lucilium 106, 12), with which he declares that the decadence of the school constitutes the system of learning. The true school programme, the learning of the divine, must therefore be copied onto other media, for example the philosopher's correspondence with a younger friend. It is there- fore likely that Seneca was inverting an older, undocumented saying - which would make the return of the medieval schoolmasters to the version non scholae sed vitae discimus entirely justified.
Plato's Euthyphro, Apology, erito, and Phaedo, trans. Benjamin Jowett (Millis, MA: Agora, 2005), p. 62.
Klaus Berger, Theologiegeschichte des Urchristenturns: Theologie des Neuen Testarnents (Tubingen and Basle: Francke, 1994), p. 661.
111
112
113
465
NOTES TO PP.
Alexander Leben: 350
G eschich ten
115 Tertullian, Disciplinary. Moral and trans. Rudolph
Arbesmann, Sister Emily Joseph Daly and Edwin A. Quain (Washington,
DC; CUA Press, 1959), p. 20. 116 Ibid. , p. 23.
117 118 119 120
1
2 3
4
5 6
7 8 9
10
11
12 13
14 15
16
Tertullian, On the Flesh of Christ, trans. Peter Holmes (Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2004), p. 12.
Simone Weil, Gravity and Grace, trans. Emma Crawford and Marion von der Ruhr (London and New York: Routledge, 2002).
See Harold Bloom, The American Religion: The Emergence of the Post- Christian Nation (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).
Wittgenstein, Culture and Value, p. 84e.
/I EXAGGERATION PROCEDURES
See Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 1998). For a critical response to this from a student of Arendt, see Richard Sennett, The Craftsman (London: Allen Lane, 2008); see also p. 292 below.
See pp. 163f. above.
Paul Rabbow, Seelenfuhrung: Methodik der Exerzitien in der Antike (Munich: Kosel, 1954), based on Epictetus, The Enchiridion, 3. One finds the same motif in Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations, book 11, ch. 34. Albert Schweitzer, Indian Thought and Its Development, trans. Mrs Charles E. B. Russell (Boston: Beacon, 1960), p. 110.
Patanjaii, Yoga Surra II, 41.
Nietzsche, The Gay Science, trans. Walter Kaufmann (New York: Vintage, 1974), p. 245.
Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations, trans. G. M. A. Grube (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1983), p. 124.
See Jiirgen Hasse, Ubersehene Riiume: Zur Kulturgeschichte und Heterotopologie des Parkhauses (Bielefeld: transcript, 2007).
See Peter Sloterdijk, 'Strong Observation: For a Space Station Philosophy', in Native Land, Stop Eject, ed. Raymond Depardon and Paul Virilio (ArIes: Actes Sud, 2010), pp. 29-36.
Digha Nikaya 5.
In this context one should recall Petrarch's well-known letter of 26 April 1336, in which he claims to have been reading a pocket edition of Augustine's Confessions at the summit of Mont Ventoux.
See Rabbow, Seelenfuhrung, p. 93.
Epictetus, The Enchiridion, III, 3, 14; quoted in Rabbow, Seelenfuhrung, p. 135.
Augustine, De vera religione, XXXIX, 72.
One possible version of the philosophical counter-movement to the age of objectivism and the illusion of the outside world is presented in my Spheres trilogy (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1998-2003). In English so far: Spheres, vol. 1: Bubbles, trans. Wieland Hoban (Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2011). Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations, p. 90.
466
and New
Marcus Aurelius, The lV lt'U H U lt'U I
trans. Iv! . p. 60.
PP.
See p. 266 below.
This is treated in greater detail in ch. 8, pp. 277-84.
Horace, Epistles I, 6, 1.
This could be shown especially clearly using the evolution of Buddhism and the adaptation of the arhat ideal of the Hinayana to the bodhisattva ideal of the Mahayana.
23 On 'riddle language' or 'intentional language' in Tantrism, see Mircea Eliade, Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009), p. 249.
24 In the first part of The Vocation of Man (1800), Johann Gottlieb Fichte demonstrated the deterministic-fatalistic position with a perfect simulation in order to evoke the despair that drives us forwards to practical idealism.
25 Quoted in Eliade, Yoga, p. 189.
26 In this respect, Buddha is 'simultaneous' with Greek Sophism, which, in
terms of its overall direction, must be viewed above all as a humanistic exercise programme. It views a helpless letting-oneself-go as the worst form of behaviour and fatalism as an assault on arete, the willingness to self-help.
27 Thomas Macho, 'Mit sich allein: Einsamkeit als Kulturtechnik', in Aleida and Jan Assmann (eds. ), Einsamkeit (Archaologie der literarischen Kommunikation VI) (Munich: Fink, 2000), pp. 27-44.
28 Regula Benedicti 7, 13 and 7, 28.
29 Kierkegaard, A Literary Review, trans. Alastair Hannay (London: Penguin,
2001).
30 The Meditations, p. 78.
31 Ibid. , p. 35.
32 Ibid. , p. 103.
33 Eliade, Yoga, p. 296.
34 See Niklas Luhmann, 'Die Autopoiesis
des Bewusstseins', Selbstthematisierung und Selbstzeugnis: Bekenntnis und Gestandnis, ed.
Alois Hahn and Volker Knapp (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1987), pp. 64L
35 Thomas of Celano, First and Second Life of Saint Francis, with Selections from the Treatise 011 the Miracles o f Blessed Francis, trans. Placid Hermann
(Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1963), p. 84.
36 Critics of the miracle of stigmata have formulated the taboo-breaking ques-
tion of why the wounds in the hands of Francis and his imitators appeared in the palms rather than the historically accurate place, namely the wrist bones. Their reply: because Francis was himself imitating the painted and sculpted crucifixes of his time, in which nails through the palms had long since become the norm. This does not answer the question of whether the wounds came about through pious deception, self-harm, or some physiolog- ically inexplicable autoplastic achievement of the holy body. The first option is espoused with regard to Francis of Assisi by Christoph Tiircke, who con- siders the saint the greatest actor, or most determined faker, of the Middle Ages: see Tiircke, 'Askese und Performance: Franziskus als Regisseur und Hauptdarsteller seiner selbst', Neue Rundschau 4 (2000), pp. 3St By analogy, the Indian mystic Ramakrishna, a worshipper of the Great Mother, claimed that she gave him the gift of menstruation as a sign of grace.
467
I I I
NOTES TO PP. 243-57
37 Regula Benedicti 7, 67.
38 Ibid. , 7, 5.
39 That is why the Regula Benedicti contains such formulations as 'hasten to
the perfection of the monastic ways' (73,2) and 'hurrying forward to your
heavenly fatherland' (ad patriam caelestem festinare) (73, 8).
40 Peter Sloterdijk, Rage and Time, trans. Mario Wenning (New York:
Columbia University Press, 2010), pp. 69f.
41 In the later mystical theology of Gregor of Nyssa, this dynamized mimesis
is pushed further to the thesis that Christian desire, because it follows a boundless object, can never rest, only lead into a paradoxical unity of move- ment and standstill.
42 See pp. 272f.
43 Epistolae morales ad Lucilium, 66, 9. Crescere posse imperfectae rei signum
est.
44 See Peter Sloterdijk, Spharen II. Globen, Makrospharologie (Frankfurt:
Suhrkamp, 1999), pp. 326-39 (Excursus 1, 'Spater sterben im Amphitheater:
Uber den Aufschub, romisch').
45 Epistolae morales ad Luci/ium, 71, 25.
46 Ibid. , 71, 26. Scit se esse oneri ferendo.
47 Ibid. , 71, 27.
48 Ibid. , 71, 37.
49 Epistolae morales ad Lucilium, 71, 11. While Stoic doctrine can only con-
ceive of a perfection that is static and satisfying, Christian mysticism opened up the perspective of a perfection without a loss of desire. Thus Karl Rahner states in his summary of Gregory of Nyssa's mysticism of ascent: 'The only true sight of God is that which does not offer a final satisfaction of longing. ' See Marcel Viller and Karl Rahner, Aszese und Mystik in der Vaterzeit: Ein Abriss der fruhchristlichen Spiritualitat (Freiburg: Herder, 1989), p. 144.
50 See Selbstthematisierung und Selbstzeugnis, pp. 12f.
51 The last example of an existence under the star of completion is provided by
the autobiography of Jean-Paul Sartre, Les mots (1964), where the young Sartre's flight into the artist's career is deconstructed a priori as a neurotic fabrication.
52 Regula Benedicti 73, 2.
53 Ibid. , 7, 7.
54 Ibid. , 7, 66.
55 Concerning the monk's silence, see Regula Benedicti 6,1-8 and 7, 9-11.
56 The similarities between the early asketeria (i. e. the monastic training camp)
and a military facility are discussed by Marcel Viller and Karl Rahner in their work Aszese und Mystic in der Vaterzeit, pp. 92f. This leads to a second derivation of the ideal of obedience from religiously overcoded sol- diership. A third derivation would address imperial and ecclesiastical func- tionary ethics; concerning the ecclesiastical side, see Giorgio Agamben, The Kingdom and the Glory: For a Theological Genealogy of Economy and Government (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2011), and on the impe- rial side, see Sloterdijk, Spharen II, pp. 729f.
57 S. Joannis Abbatis vulgo Climaci opera Omnia editore et interpreto Mattheo Radero (1633), in Patrologiae Cursus Competus, ed. Jean-Paul Migne, Series Graeca 88 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1967), col. 1152. In the fol- lowing, I shall use both the Greek original and the Latin translation.
468
58 59 60 61
62
63
col, 1147.
coL 663. Ibid. , col. 674.
Hugo Ball, Byzantinisches Christentum: Drei Heiligenleben, ed. Bernd Wacker (G6ttingen: Wallstein, 2010), p. 28.
At the same time, the monastic psychagogues knew the difference between the false tears of self-pity and the true ones of remorse or devotion. By analogy, see The Questions of King Milinda, trans. T. W. Rhys Davies, ed. F. Max Muller (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2001).
All' halos ho palaios anthropos hamartia kaleitai. Non enim unum est
NOTES PP. 25
peccatum, sed totus vetus homo peccatum appellatur (col. 78112). 64 Joannis Climaci, Scala Paradisi, col. 782.
65 Ibid. , col. 1149150.
66 Galatians 2:20.
67 Joannis Climaci, coL 1153/4.
68 Ibid. , col. 1157/8.
69 See Jacob Taubes, Occidental Eschatology, trans. David Ratmoko (Palo
Alto: Stanford University Press, 2009).
70 The corresponding literature certainly pays lip service to the possibility of
'perfection outside of monasticism', but if one sees how quickly even authors such as Viller and Rahner, the Jesuits cited several times above, get through the subject in their outline of early Christian spirituality (§36), the truth of the matter is clear enough. Before the start of devotio moderna, what applies in practice is this: nulla salus outside the order.
71 Lowith's commentary on this is still central: Karl L6with, Meaning in History (Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 1957).
72 See Jacques Ie Goff, The Birth of Purgatory, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 1984).
73 Quoted (as a motto) in ibid. , p. v.
74 In his book La vie de Ramakrishna (1929), Romain Rolland points to the
moment of demographic parity between 300 million gods and the same
number of living Indians.
75 See pp. 231£ above.
76 Heinrich Zimmer, Philosophies of India, ed. Joseph Campbell (Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1969), p. 41.
77 William Shakespeare, Much Ado About Nothing, Act 5, Scene 2.
78 Mysore Hiriyanna, Essentials of Indian Philosophy (Delhi: Diamond
Pocket Books, 1996), p. 102.
79 Huineng, The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch, ed. and trans. P. B.
Yampolsky (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), p. 137.
80 See the comprehensive commentary of B. K. S. Iyengar, Light on the Yoga
Sutras ofPatanjali (London: Thorsons, 2002).
81 See Digha Nikaya, 9.
82 See Eliade, Yoga, pp. 169-73.
83 A. M. Podznejev, Dhyana und Samadhi im mongolischen Lamaismus
(Hanover: Lafaire, 1927).
84 See Bruno Latour and Peter Weibel (eds. ), Making Things Public:
Atmospheres of Democracy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005), ch. 4,
'From Objects to Things', pp. 250-95.
85 See pp. 119f above.
469
86
92 93
94 95
96 97
98
99
100
101
102 103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110 111
the Marxist educational theorist and psychologist Lucien Seve, L'Ecole et la Nation (October 1964).
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Faust II, I. 7488.
TN: in German, the equivalent of 'school desk' (especially in its metonymic sense) is Schulbank, which actually translates as 'school bench'.
There is also no shortage of mocking journalists: see Gita Mehta, Karma Cola: Marketing the Mystic East (New York: Vintage, 1994).
See the chapter 'The Salvation of Identifications' in Axel Michaels, Hinduism: Past and Present, trans. Barbara Harshav (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), pp. 325-44.
See Michael von Bruck, Einfiihrung in den Buddhismus (Frankfurt: Verlag der Weltreligionen, 2007), pp. 188f.
See the collection of statements by Kodo Sawake (1880-1965), one of the most striking Zen masters of recent times: Kosho Uchiyama, The Zen Teaching of 'Homeless Kodo' (Kyoto: Kyoto Zen Center, 1999).
See pp. 308f below.
Regula Benedicti 2, 24: miscens temporibus tempora, terroribus blandi- menta, dirum magistri, pium patris ostendat affectum.
Pierre Hadot, 'The Figure of Socrates', in Philosophy as a Way of Life: Spiritual Exercises from Socrates to Foucault, trans. Michael Chase (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), pp. 147-78.
Slavoj Zizek, Liebe dein Symptom wie dich selbst! Jacques Lacans Psychoanalyse und die Medien (Berlin: Merve, 1991).
See pp. 200f above.
A contemporary exception to this is the Socratic performance philosopher Bazan Brock; see Peter Sloterdijk, 'Der Jahrhundertmensch', in Bazan Brock, Lustmarsch durchs Theoriegelande: Musealisiert Euchl (Cologne: DuMont, 2008), pp. 6-24.
See Pierre Hadot, The Inner Citadel: The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, trans. Michael Chase (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998). Epistolae morales ad Lucilium, 34.
Ibid. , 35.
Ibid. , 33.
The same tendency appears in some younger schools of Buddhism. Concerning the complex of Sophistic paideia as training for universal ability, see Thomas Buchheim, Die Sophistik als Avantgarde des normalen Lebens (Hamburg: Meiner, 1968), pp. 108-27; concerning the Sophists' approach to kairos, see pp. 82f.
Ibid. , p. 114.
Concerning the history of the piano recital and its increasingly sterile char- acter, see Kenneth Hamilton, After the Golden Age: Romantic Pianism and
TO
trans. J. 1997), p. 37.
87 See Bruno Snell, The
Literature, trans. T. G. Rosenmeyer (Mineola, NY: Dover, 1982), ch.
