No More Learning

CLAUDIUS.
Augustus and his uncle Tiberius always treated | cissus, Pallas, and others, led him into a number
him with contempt; Caligula, his nephew, raised of cruel acts. After the fall of Messalina by her
him to the consulship indeed, but did not allow own conduct and the intrigues of Narcissus, Clau-
him to take any part in public affairs, and behaved dius was, if possible, still more unfortunate in
towards him in the same way as his predecessors choosing for his wife his niece Agrippina, A. D. 49.
had done.
She prevailed upon him to set aside his own son,
In this manner the ill-fated man had reached Britannicus, and to adopt her son, Nero, in order
the age of fifty, when after the murder of Caligula that the succession might be secured to the latter.
he was suddenly and unexpectedly raised to the Claudius soon after regretted this step, and the
imperial throne. When he received the news of consequence was, that he was poisoned by Agrip-
Caligula's murder, he was alarmed about his own pina in a. D. 54.
safety, and concealed himself in a corner of the The conduct of Claudius during his government,
palace ; but he was discovered by a common solo in so far as it was not under the influence of his
dier, and when Claudius fel prostrate before him, wives and freedmen, was mild and popular, and he
the soldier saluted him emperor. Other soldiers made several useful and beneficial legislative en-
soon assembled, and Claudius in a state of agony, actments. He was particularly fond of building,
as if he were led to execution, was carried in a and several architectural plans which had been
Jectica into the practorian camp. There the soldiers formed, but thought impracticable by his predeces-
proclaimed him emperor, and took their oath of sors, were carried out by him. Ile built, for ex-
allegiance to him, on condition of his giving each ample, the famous Claudian aquaeduct (Aqua
soldier, or at least each of the practorian guards, a Claudia), the port of Ostia, and the emissary by
donative of fifteen sestertia--the first instance of a which the water of lake Fucinus was carried into
Roman emperor being obliged to make such a the river Liris. During his reign several wars
promise on his accession. It is not quite certain were carried on in Britain, Germany, Syria, and
what may have induced the soldiers to proclaim a Mauretania; but they were conducted by his
ipan who had till then lived in obscurity, and had generals. The southern part of Britain was consti-
taken no part in the administration of the empire. tuted a Roman province in the reign of Claudius,
It is said that they chose him merely on account of who himself went to Britain in A. D. 43, to take
his connexion with the imperial family, but it is part in the war; but not being of a warlike dispo-
highly probable that there were also other causes sition, he quitted the island after a stay of a few
at work.
days, and returned to Rome, where he celebrated
During the first two days after the murder of a splendid triumph. Mauretania was made a
Caligula, the senators and the city cohorts, which Roman province in A. D. 42 by the legate Cn.
formed a kind of opposition to the praetorian guards, Hosidius.
indulged in the vain hope of restoring the republic, As an author Claudius occupied himself chiefly
but being unable to make head against the praeto- with history, and was encouraged in this pursuit
rians, and not being well agreed among themselves, by Livy, the historian. With the assistance of
the senators were at last obliged to give way, and Sulpicius Flavius, he began at an early age to write
on the third day they recognized Claudius as em- a history from the death of the dictator Caesar;
peror. The first act of his government was to but being too straightforward and honest in his
proclaim an amnesty respecting the attempt to re- accounts, he was severely censured by his mother
store the republic, and a few only of the murderers and grandmother. He accordingly gave up. his
of Caligula were put to death, partly for the pur- plan, and began his history with the restoration of
pose of establishing an example, and partly because peace after ihe battle of Actium. Of the earlier
it was known that some of the conspirators had period he had written only four, but of the latter
intended to murder Claudius likewise. The acts forty-one books. A third work were memoirs of
which followed these shew the same kind and his own life, in eight books, which Suetonius de
amiable disposition, and must convince every one, scribes as magis inepte quam ineleganter composita.
that, if he had been left alone, or had been assisted A fourth was a learned defence of Cicero against
by a sincere friend and adviser, his government the attacks of Asinius Pollio. He seems to have
would have afforded little or no ground for com- been as well skilled in the use of the Greek as of
plaint. Had he been allowed to remain in a pri- the Latin language, for he wrote two historical
vate station, he would certainly have been a kind, works in Greek, the one a history of Carthage, in
good, and honest man. But he was throughout his eight books, and the other a history of Etruria, in
life placed in the most unfortunate circumstances. twenty books. However small the literary merit
The perpetual fear in which he had passed his of these productions may have been, still the loss
earlier days, was now increased and abused by of the history of Etruria in particular is greatly to
those by whom he was surrounded after his acces- be lamented, as we know that he made use of the
sion. And this fear now became the cause of a genuine sources of the Etruscans themselves. In
series of cruel actions and of bloodshed, for which A. D. 48, the Aedui petitioned that their senators
he is stamped in history with the name of a tyrant, should obtain the jus petendorum honorum at Rome.
which he does not deserve.
Claudius supported their petition in a speech which
The first wife of Claudius was Plautia Urgula- he delivered in the senate. The grateful inhabi-
nilla, by whom he had a son, Drusus, and a tants of Lyons had this speech of the emperor
daughter, Claudia. But as he had reason for be- engraved on brazen tables, and exhibited them in
lieving that his own life was threatened by her, he public. Two of these tables were discovered at
divorced her, and married Aelia Petina, whom he Lyons in 1529, and are still preserved there. The
likewise divorced on account of some misunder- inscriptions are printed in Gruter's Corp. Inscript.
standing. At the time of his accession he was p. Di. (Sueton. Claudius ; Dion Cassius, lib. lx. ;
married to his third wife, the notorious Valeria Tacit. Annal. libb. xi. and xii. ; Zonaras, xi. 8,
Messalina, who, together with the freedmen Nar- &c. ; Joseph. Ant. Jud. xix. 2, &c. , xx. 1; Oros.
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CLAUDIUS.
777
CLAUDIUS.
MAC
SEAT
PSENTE
SOCCOUDOLO
POTAPOS
bocas
LOVASNA
cocooooo
vii. 6; Eutrop. vii. 13; Aurel. Vict. de Cacs. 4. I had sailed along the southern shores of the Euxine,
Epit. 4 ; Seneca Lusus de Morte Drusi ; comp. Proceeding onwards, they passed through the nar-
Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. v. p. 213, &c. ) row sens, and, stcering for mount Athos, landed in
The portrait of Claudius is given in each of the Macedonia and invested Thessalonica. But hav-
two cuts annexed : the second, which was struck ing heard that Claudius was advancing at the head
by Cotys J. , king of Thrace, contains also that of of a great army, they broke up the siege and has-
his wife Agrippina. See also p. 82. [L. S. ] tened to encounter him. A terrible battle was
fought near Naissus in Dardania (A. D. 269); up-
wards of fifty thousand of the barbarians were
slain; a still greater number sank beneath the
ravages of famine, cold, and pestilence; and the
remainder, hotly pursued, threw themselves into
the defiles of Haemus. Most of these were sur-
rounded and cut off from all escape; such as re-
sisted were slaughtered; the most vigorous of those
who surrendered were admitted to recruit the
ranks of their conquerors, while those unfit for mi-
litary service were compelled to labonr as agricul-
tural slaves. But soon after these glorious achieve-
ments, which gained for the emperor the title of
Gothicus, by which he is usually designated, he
was attacked by an epidemic which seems to have
spread from the vanquished to the victors, and
died at Sirmium in the course of A. D. 270, after a
reign of about two years, recommending with his
last breath his general Aurelian as the individual
CLAU'DIUS II. (M. AURELIUS CLAUDIUS, most worthy of the purple.
Burnamed Gothicus), Roman emperor A. D. 268– Claudius was tall in stature, with a bright flash-
270, was descended from an obscure family in ing eye, a broad full countenance, and possessed
Dardania or Illyria, and was indebted for distinc- extraordinary muscular strength of arm. "He was
tion to his military talents, which recommended dignified in his manners, temperate in his mode
him to the favour and confidence of Decius, by of life, and historians have been loud in extolling
whom he was entrusted with the defence of Ther- his justice, moderation, and moral worth, placing
mopylae against the northern invaders of Greece. him in the foremost rank of good emperors, equal
By Valerian he was nominated captain-general of the to Trajan in valour, to Antoninus in piety, to
Illyrian frontier, and commander of all the provinces Augustus in self-controul-commendations which
on the Lower Danube, with a salary and appoint- must be received with a certain degree of caution,
ments on the most liberal scale ; by the teeple and from the fact, that the object of them was consi-
indolent son of the latter he was regarded with min- dered as one of the ancestors of Constantine, his
gled respect, jealousy, and fear, but always treated niece Claudia being the wife of Eutropius and the
with the bighest consideration. Having been sum- mother of Constantius Chlorus. The biography of
moned to Italy to aid in suppressing the insurrec- Trebellius Pollio is a mere declamation, bearing all
tion of Aureolus, he is believed to have taken a the marks of fulsome panegyric; but the testimony
share in the plot organized against Gallienus by of Zosimus, who, although no admirer of Constan-
the chief officers of state, and, upon the death of tine, echoes these praises, is more to be trusted.
that prince, was proclaimed as his successor by the It is certain also that he was greatly beloved by
conspirators, who pretended that such had been the senate, who heaped honours on his memory :
the last injunctions of their victim-a choice con- a golden shield bearing his effigy was hung up in
firmed with some hesitation by the army, which the curia Romana, a colossal statue of gold was
yielded however to an ample donative, and ratified erected in the capitol in front of the temple of
with enthusiastic applause by the senate on the Jupiter Optimus Maximus, a column was raised
24th of March, A. D. 268, the day upon which the in the forum beside the rostra, and a greater num-
intelligence reached Rome. The emperor signal. ber of coins bearing the epithet divus, indicating
ized his accession by routing on the shores of the that they were struck after death, are extant
Lago di Garda a large body of Alemanni, who in of this emperor than of any of his predecessors.
the late disorders had succeeded in crossing the (Trebell. Pollio, Claud. ; Aurel. Vict. Epit. 34, de
Alps, and thus was justified in assuming the epi- Caes. 34 ; Eutrop. ix. 11; Zosim. i. 40-43; Zonar.
thet of Germanicus. The destruction of Aureolus xii. 25, 26. Trebellius Pollio and Vopiscus give
also was one of the first acts of the new reign : but Claudius the additional appellation of Flavius, and
whether, as some authorities assert, this usurper the former that of Valerius also, names which were
was defeated and slain by Claudius in the battle borne afterwards by Constantius. ) [W. R. ]
of the Adda, or slain by his own soldiers as others
maintain who hold that the action of Pons Aureoli
(Pontirolo) was fought against Gallienus before
the siege of Milan was formed, the confusion in
which the history of this period is involved
prevents us from deciding with confidence. [AU-
REOLUS. ] A more formidable foe now threatened
the Roman dominion. The Goths, having col-
lected a vast fleet at the mouth of the Dniester,
nianned it is said by no less than 320,000 warriors,
COIN OF CLAUDIUS II.

DID
CLA
WEB
dvil
B
USAVO.
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778
CLEANDER.
CLEANDER.
CLAU'DIUS APOLLINA'RIS. [APOLLI- | is celebrated by Pindar. (Isthm. viii. ) The ode
Na'ris. )
must have been composed very soon after the end
CLAU'DIUS ATTICUS HEROʻDES. [AT- of the Persian war (B. C. 479), and from it we
TicuS HERODES. ]
learn that Cleander had also been victorious at the
CLAU'DIUS CAPITO. (Capito. )
'Αλκαθοία at Megara and the 'Ασκληπιεία at Epi-
CLAUDIUS CIVI'LIS. (Civilis. )
daurus. (See Dict. of Ant. on the words. )
CLAU'DIUS CLAUDIA'NUS. (CLAUDIA- 3. A Lacedaemonian, was harmost at Byzantium
NUS. ]
in B. c. 400, and promised Chcirisophus to meet
CLAU'DIUS DI'DYMUS. [Didymus. ] the Cyrean Greeks at Calpe with ships to convey
CLAU'DIUS DRUSUS. (Drusus. ] them to Europe. On their reaching that place,
CLAU'DIUS EUSTHENIUS. [EUSTHE- however, they found that Cleander had neither
NIUS. )
come nor sent; and when he at length arrived, he
CLAU'DIUS FELIX. [FELIX. )
brought only two triremes, and no transports.
CLAU'DIUS JU'LIUS or JOLAUS, a Greek Soon after his arrival, a tumult occurred, in which
writer of unknown date, and probably a freedman the traitor Dexippus was rather roughly handled,
of some Roman, was the author of a work on and Cleander, instigated by him, threatened to sail
Phoenicia (Ouviriká) in three books at least. away, to denounce the army as enemics, and to
(Steph. Byz. s. vv. "Akn, 'lovdala, Awpos; Etym. issue orders that no Greek city should receive
8. v. ráðeipa. ) This appears to be the same Jo-them. [DEXIPPUS. ] They succeeded, however, in
läus, who wrote a work on the Peloponnesus pacifying him by extreme submission, and he en-
(Nedotovinolaká, Schol. ad Nicand. Ther. 521); tered into a connexion of hospitality with Xeno-
he spoke in one of his works of the city Lampe in phon, and accepted the offer of leading the army
Crete. (Steph. Byz. s. r. náutin. )
home. But he wished probably to avoid the pos-
CLAU'DIUS LABEO. (LABEO. )
sibility of any hostile collision with Pharnabazus,
CLAU'DIUS MAMERTI'NUS.
[MAMER- | and, the sacrifices being declared to be unfavoura-
TINUS. ]
ble for the projected march, he sailed back to By-
CLAU'DIUS MAXIMUS. [MAXIMUS. ) zantium, promising to give the Cyreans the best
CLAU’DIUS POMPEIA'NŪS. [POMPEI- reception in his power on their arrival there. This
ANUS. ]
promise he seems to have kept as effectually as the
CLAU'DIUS QUADRIGA'RIUS. (QUAD- opposition of the admiral Anaxibius would permit.
RIGA RIUS. )
He was succeeded in his government by Aristar-
CLAU’DIUS SACERDOS. [SACERDOS. ] chus. (Xen. Anab. vi. 2. § 13, 4. SS 12, 18, vi. 6.
CLAU'DIUS SATURNI'NUS. (SATURNI- SS 5—38, vii. 1. SS 8, 38, &c. , 2. & 5, &c. )
NUS. ]
4. One of Alexander's officers, son of Polemo-
CLAU'DIUS SEVE'RUS. (SEVERUS. ] crates. Towards the winter of B. c. 334, Alexan-
CLAU'DIUS TACITUS. (Tacitus. ) der, being then in Caria, sent bim to the Pelopon-
CLAU'DIUS TRYPHO'NIUS. [TRYPHO nesus to collect mercenaries, and with these he
NIUS. ]
returned and joined the king while he was en-
CLAUDUS, C. QUINCTIUS, patrician, con- gaged in the siege of Tyre, B. c. 331. (Art. Anal.
sul with L. Genucius Clepsina in B. C 271. (Fasti. ) i. 24, ii. 20; Curt. iii. 1. $ 1, iv. 3. § 11. ) In
CLAUSUS, a Sabine leader, who is said to have B. C. 330 he was employed by Polydamas, Alex-
assisted Aeneas, and who was regarded as the an- ander's emissary, to kill Parmenion, under whom
cestor of the Claudia gens. (Virg. Aen. vii. 706, he had been left as second in command at Ecba-
&c. ) App. Claudius, before he migrated to Rome, tana. (Arr. Anab. iii. 26; Curt. vii. 2. SS 19, 27–
was called in his own country Attus, or Atta 32; Plut. Aler. 49; Diod. xvii. 80 ; Just. xii. 5. )
Clausus. (CLAUDIUS, No. 1. )
On Alexander's arrival in Carmania, B. C. 325,
CLEAE'NETUS (RAEalvetos). 1. Father of Cleander joined him there, together with some
Cleon, the Athenian demagogue. ' (Thuc. iii. 36, other generals from Media and their forces. But
iv. 21. ) It is doubtful whether he is the same he was accused with the rest of extreme profligacy
person as the Cleaenetus who is mentioned by and oppression, not unmixed with sacrilege, in his
Aristophanes (Eq. 572), and of whom the Scho command, and was put to death by order of Alex-
liast on the passage speaks as the author of a de ander. (Arr. Anað. vi. 27; Diod. xvii. 106; Plut.
cree for withholding the oitnous év Nlputavelw from Alex. 68 ; Curt. x. 1. $S 1–8; Just. xii. 10. )
the generals of the state.
5. A collector of proverbs, is quoted by the
2. A tragic poet, of whom we find nothing Scholiast on Theocritus. (Idyll. v. 21, ērti Mev
recorded except the interesting fact of his being so ουδέν ιερόν. )
[E. E. ]
fond of lupines, that he would eat them, husks and CLEANDER, a Phrygian slave, brought to
all. (Com. incert. ap. Athen. ii. p. 55, c. ; comp. Rome as a porter. He chanced to attract the
Casaub. ad loc. )
[E. E. ] attention and gain the favour of Commodns, who
CLEANDER (Kléavopos). 1. Tyrant of Gela, elevated him to the rank of chamberlain, and made
which had been previously subject to an oligarchy. him his chief minister after the death of Perennis.
He reigned for seven years, and was murdered (Perennis. ] Being now all-powerful, he openly
B. C. 498, by a man of Gela named Sabyllus. He offered for sale all offices, civil and military, and
was succeeded by his brother Hippocrates, one of the regular number of magistrates was multiplied
whose sons was also called Cleander. The latter, to answer the demand, so that on one occasion
together with his brother Eucleides, was deposed twenty-five consuls were nominated in a single
by Gelon when he seized the government for him- year (it is believed to have been a. D. 185, or, ac-
self in B. C. 491. (Herod. vii. 154, 155; Aristot. cording to Tillemont, 189), one of whom was
Polit. v. 12, ed. Bekk. ; Paus. vi. 9. )
Septimius Severus, afterwards emperor. The rast
2. An Aeginetan, son of Telesarchus, whose sums thus accumulated were however freely spent,
rictory in the pancratium at the Isthmian games partly in supplying the demands of the emperos,
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CLEANTHES.
779
CLEANTHES.
partly in his own private gratifications, partly in re- moned before the Areiopagus to account for his
lieving the wants of friends, and partly in works way of living. The judges were so delighted by
of public magnificence and utility. But fortune, the evidence of industry which he produced, that
which had raised him so rapidly, as suddenly they voted him ten minae, though Zeno would not
hurled him down. A scarcity of corn having permit him to accept them. By his fellow-pupils
arisen, the blame was artfully cast upon the fa- he was considered slow and stupid, and received
vourite by Papirius Dionysius, the praefectus from them the title of the Ass, in which appellation
annonae. A tumult burst forth in the circus, a he said that he rejoiced, as it implied that his back
mob hurried to the suburban villa of Commodus, was strong enough to bear whatever Zeno put upon it.
clamouring for vengeance, and the emperor giving Several other anecdotes preserved of him shew that,
way to the dictates of his natural cowardice, he was one of those enthusiastic votaries of philo-
yielded up Cleander, who was torn to pieces, and sophy who naturally appeared from time to time in
his whole family and nearest friends destroyed. an age when there was no deep and earnest reli-
(Dion Cass. lxxii. 12, 13; Herodian. i. 12, 10; gion to satisfy the thinking part of mankind. We
Lamprid. Commod. 6, 7, 11. ) (W. R. ] are not therefore surprised to hear of his declaring
CLEANDER, an architect, who constructed that for the sake of philosophy he would dig and
some baths at Rome for the emperor Commodus. undergo all possible labour, of his taking notes
(Lamprid. Comm. c. 17; Osann, Kunstblatt, 1830, from Zeno's lectures on bones and pieces of earth-
N. 83. )
(L. U. ) enware when he was too poor to buy paper, and of
CLEA'NDRIDAS (Reavopidas), a Spartan, the quaint penitence with which he reviled him-
father of Gylippus, who having been appointed by self for his small progress in philosophy, by calling
the ephors as counsellor to Pleistoanax in the in- himself an old man “possessed indeed of grey
hairs,
vasion of Attica, B. C. 445, was said to have been but not of a mind. " For this vigour and zeal in
bribed by Pericles to withdraw his army. He was the pursuit, he was styled a second Hercules ; and
condemned to death, but Aed to Thurii, and was when Zeno died, B. c. 263, Cleanthes succeeded
there received into citizenship. (Plut. Pericl. 22, him in his school. This event was fortunate for
Nic. 28; Thuc. vi. 104, 93, vii. 2; Diod. xiii. the preservation of the Stoical doctrines, for though
106, who calls him Clearchus. ) He afterwards Cleanthes was not endowed with the sagacity ne-
commanded the Thurians in their war against the cessary to rectify and develop his master's system,
Tarentines. (Strab. vi.