No More Learning

672, X. pp. 448, 453)
boea under the command of Phocion, who defeated calls the author of a ypaumatına Tpaywdían is un-
Callias at Tamynae, B. C. 350. (Acsch. c. Ctes. certain. (Comp. Athen. iv. pp. 140, 176, vii.
SS 85-88, de Fuls. Leg. $ 180; Dem. de Pac. § 5; p. 300, xii. pp. 524, 667; Pollux, vii. 113; Ety-
Plut. Phoc. 12. ) After this, Callias betook himself to mol. M. s. v. Elvai ; Meincke, Hist. Crit. Cuin.
the Macedonian court, where he was for some time Gr. p. 213, &c. )
high in the favour of the king; but, having in 2. Of Argos, a Greek poet, the author of an
some way offended him, he withdrew to Thebes, epigram upon Polycritus. (Anth. Graec. xi. 232;
in the hope of gaining her support in the further Brunck, Anal. ii. p. 3. )
ance of his views. Breaking, however, with the 3. Of Mytilene in Lesbos, a Greek grammarian
Thebans also, and fearing an attack both from them who lived before the time of Strabo (xiii. p. 618),
and from Philip, he applied to Athens, and through who mentions him among the celebrated persons
the influence of Demosthenes not only obtained born in Lesbos, and states that he wrote commen-
alliance, and an acknowledgment of the independ- taries on the poems of Sappho and Alcaeus. (Comp.
ence of Chalcis, but even induced the Athenians Athen. iii. p. 05. )
to transfer to that state the annual contributions Of Syracuse, a Greek historian who wrote a
(ouvráters) from Oreus and Eretria, Callias hold- great work on the history of Sicily. He lived, as
ing out great promises (apparently never realized) Josephus (c. Apion. i. 3) expresses it, long after
of assistance in men and money from Achaia, Me- Philistus, but earlier than Timaeus. From the
gara, and Euboea. This seems to have been in nature of his work it is clear that he was a con-
B. c. 343, at the time of Philip's projected attempt temporary of Agathocles, whom, however, the
on Ambracia. Aeschines of course ascribes his historian survived, as he mentioned the death of
rival's support of Callias to corruption; but De- the tyrant. This work is sometimes called ta hepd
mosthenes may have thought that Euboea, united | Αγαθοκλέα, Or περί 'Αγαθοκλέα ιστορίαι, and
under a strong government, might serve as an effec- sometimes also by Roman writers “ Historia de
tual barrier to Philip's ambition. (Aesch. c. Ctes. Rebus Siculis. " (Athen. xii. p. 542; Aelian, Hist.
$ 89, &c. ; Dem. Philipp. iii. & 85; Thirlwall's An. xvi. 28 ; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. iii. 4);
Greece, vol. vi. p. 19. ) In B. c. 341, the defeat by Macrob. Sat. v. 19; Dionys. i. 42; Fest. s. v. Ro
Phocion of the Macedonian party in Eretria and mam. ) It embraced the history of Sicily during
Oreus under Cleitarchus and Philistides gave the the reign of Agathocles, from B. C. 317 to 289, and
supremacy in the island to Callias. (Dem. de Cor. consisted of twenty-two books. (Diod. xxi. Exc.
SS 86, 99, &c. ; Philipp. ii. SS 23, 75, 79; Diod. 12. p. 492. ) The very few fragments which we
xvi. 74; Plut. Dem. 17. ) Callias seems to have possess of the work do not enable us to form an
been still living in B. c. 330, the date of the ora- opinion upon it, but Diodorus (xxi. Exc. p. 561)
tions on “the Crown. ” See Aesch. c. Ctes. SS 85, states, that Callias was corrupted by Agathocles
87, who mentions proposal of Demosthenes to with rich bribes; that he sacrificed the truth of
confer on him and his brother Taurosthenes the history to base gain ; and that he went even so far
honour of Athenian citizenship.
in distorting the truth as to convert the crimes and
5. One of the Thespian ambassadors, who ap- the violation of the laws human and divine, of
peared at Chalcis before the Roman commissioners, which Agathocles was guilty, into praise worthy
Marcius and Atilius, to make a surrender of their actions. (Comp. Suid. s. v. Kantías. )
city, renouncing the alliance of Perseus, B. c. 172. There is another Callias of Syracuse, a contem-
In common with the deputies from all the Boeotian porary of Demosthenes, who occupied himself with
towns, except Thebes, they were favourably re- oratory, but who is mentioned only by Plutarch.
ceived by the Romans, whose object was to dis- |(Dem. 5, Vit. X Orat. p. 844, c. ) [L. S. ]
solve the Boeotian confederacy, -an object accom- CA'LLIAS, an architect of the island of Aradus,
plished in the same year. (Polyb. xxvii
. 1, 2; contemporary with Demetrius Poliorcetes. (Vitruv.
Lir. xlii. 43, 44; Clinton, Fast. ii. p. 80, iii. p. x. 16. 5. )
(W. I. )
398. )
(E. E. ] CALLI'BIUS (Karll610s). 1. The Harmost
CÁ'LLIAS(Karlías), literary. 1. A comic poet, who commanded the garrison with which the Spar-
was according to Suidas (s. v. ) a son of Lysimachus, tans occupied Athens at the request of the Thirty
and bore the name of Schoenion because his father tyrants, B. C. 404. The story told by Plutarch of
was a rope or basket maker (OXOLVOT Nókos). He his raising his staff to strike Autolycus the Athlete
belonged to the old Attic comedy, for Athenaeus (x. (whom the Thirty put to death for presuming to
p. 453) states, that he lived shortly before Strattis, resent the insult), shews that he formed no excep-
who appears to have commenced his career as a tion to the coarse and overbearing demeanour so
comic poet about B. C. 412. From the Scholiast common with Spartan governors.
The tyrants
on Aristophanes (Equit. 526) we further learn, conciliated his favour by the most studious de-
that Callias was an emulator of Cratinus. It is, ference, the above case is a strong instance of it,
therefore, probable that he began to come before --and he allowed them accordingly to use his sol-
the public prior to B. C. 424; and if it could be diers at their pleasure as the instruments of their
proved that he was the same person as Calliades oppression. (Xen. Hell. ii. 3. $$ 13, 14 ; Diod.
(Calliades), he would have lived at least till xiv. 4; Plut. Lysand. 15. )
B. C. 402. We still possess a few fragments of his 2.
One of the leaders of the democratic party at
comedies, and the names of six are preserved in Tegea, B. c. 370, who having failed in obtaining
Suidas, viz. AigúrTiOS, 'Atarávan (Zenob. iv. 7), the sanction of the Tegean assembly for the pro-
KÚKAWTES (perhaps alluded to by Athen. ii. p. 57, ject of uniting the Arcadian towns into one body,
and Clem. "Alex. Strom. vi. p. 264), Tieontal endeavoured to gain their point by an appeal to
(Athen. viii. p. 314 ; Schol. ad Aristoph. Av. 31, arms. They were, however, defeated by the oli-
151; Diog. Laërt. ii. 18), Bátpaxui, and Exotá- garchical leader, Stasippus, and Proxenus, the colo


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CALLICRATES.
569
CALLICRATES.
ܪ
llibius, was slain. Callibius on this abused his trust, and instigated the Romans to
th his forces close to the walls of the sap the independence of his country by giving
hile he affected to open a negotiation their support in every city to the Roman or anti-
pus, waited for the arrival of a rein- national party. Returning home with letters from
or which he had sent from Mantineia. the senate, pressing the recall of the exiles, and
arance, Stasippus and his friends fled highly commendatory of himself, he was made
ty and took refuge in the temple of general of the leaguc, and used all his influence
ut the party of Callibius unroofed the thenceforth for the furtherance of the Roman
ad attacked them with missiles, and cause. (Polyb. xxv. 1, 2, xxvi. 1-3. )
In B. C.
obliged to surrender, they were taken 174 he successfully resisted the proposal of Xenar-
d put to death after the mockery of a chus, who was at that time general, for an alliance
n. Hell. vi. 5. § 6, &c. ; comp. Paus. ) with Perseus. (Liv. xli. 23, 24. ) Early in B. C.
( E. E. ) 168 he opposed the motion of Lycortas and his
LES (Kadıklîs), a physician, who party for sending aid to the two Ptolemies (Philo-
bly in the third or second century B. C. , metor and Physcon) against Antiochus Epiphanes,
mentioned by Galen (Dc Meth. Mcd. recommending instead, that they should endeavour
· p. 142) as having belonged to the to mediate between the contending parties ; and
t of the Empirici. (W. A. G. ) he carried his point by introducing a letter from
LES (Kanaikais). 1. A statuary of Q. Marcius, the Roman consul, in which the same
ho lived about B. C. 400. (See Siebelis, course was urged. (Polyb. xxix. 8—10. ) On
i. p. 29. ) His principal works seem to the conquest of Macedonia by the Romans, B. C.
Olympian victors (Paus. vi. 7. $$ 1, 3), 168, more than 1000 of the chief Achaeans, point-
phers. (Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. ) ed out by Callicrates as having favoured the cause
ainter of uncertain age and country of Perseus, were apprehended and sent to Rome,
V. xxxv. 10. s. 37), is perhaps the same to be tried, as it was pretended, before the senate.
nter, Callicles, mentioned by Varro. Among these was Polybius, the historian; and he
236, Bip. )
[W. I. ] was also one of the survivors, who, after a deten-
CRATES(Kardıxpérns), historical. 1. tion of 17 years, were permitted to return to their
is mentioned by Herodotus as the finest country. (Polyb. xxx. 10, xxxi. 8, xxxii. 7, 8,
mest man of all the Greeks of his time. xxxii. 1; Liv. xlv. 31; Paus. vii. 10. ) The base-
in by an arrow just before the armies en- ness of Callicrates was visited on his head, -if,
lataea (B. C. 479), and while the Greeks indeed, such a man could feel such a punishment,
ng till the signs from the sacrifices –in the intense hatred of his countrymen. Men
arourable. (Herod. ix. 72. ) In Herod. deemed it pollution to use the same bath with
name occurs among the ipeves who him, and the very boys in the streets threw in
separately from the rest of the Spar- bis teeth the name of traitor. (Polyb. xxx. 20. )
om the Helots. The word ipéves, how In B. c. 153 he dissuaded the league from taking
hardly be used here in its ordinary any part in the war of the Rhodians against Crete,
"youths,” but has probably its original on the ground that it did not befit them to go to
1 of “commanders. " (See Müller, Dor. war at all without the sanction of the Romans.
Thirlwall's Greece, ii. p. 350, note. ) (Polyb. xxxiii. 15. ) Three years after this, B. C.
rates is the name given to the murderer 150, Menalcidas, then general of the league, having
Nepos (Dion, 8): he is called Callip been bribed by the Oropians with 10 talents to
dorus and Plutarch. [CALLIPTUS. ] aid them against the Athenians, from whose gar-
accomplished flatterer at the court of rison in their town they had received injury,
II. (Euergetes), who, apparently mis- engaged Callicrates in the same cause by the pro-
'vility for knowledge of the world, mise of half the sum. The payment, however, he
adopt Ulysses as his model. He is evaded, and Callicrates retaliated on Menalcidas
ve wom a seal-ring with a bead of by a capital charge; but Menalcidas escaped the
graved on it, and to have given his danger through the favour of Diaeus, his successor
e names of Telegonus and Anticleia. in the office of general, whom he bribed with three
p. 25), d. )
talents. In B. C. 149, Callicrates was sent as
n of Leontium in Achaia, who plays a ambassador to Rome with Diaeus, to oppose the
lisreputable part in the history of the Spartan exiles, whose banishment Diaeus had pro-
ague. By a decree of the Achaeans, cured, and who hoped to be restored by the senate.
corded in B. c. 181, Lacedaemon bad Callicrates, however, died at Rhodes, where they
ed into their confederacy and the resto had touched on their way;
“ his death,” says
1 Lacedaemonian exiles had been pro- Pausanias, “ being, for aught I know, a clear gain
with the exception of those who had to his country. " (Paus. vii. 1), 12. ) [E. E. ]
i ingratitude their previous restoration CALLI'CRATES(Kalik párns), literary. 1. Is
hacans. The Romans, however, had mentioned only once by Athenaeus (xiii
. p. 586) as
se the recall of these men, and in the the author of a comedy called Mooxíwv, and from
he assembly on this question, B. c. 179, the connexion in which his name appears there with
contended, in opposition to Lycortas, those of Antiphanes and Alexis, it may be inferred
equisition should be complied with, that he was a poet of the middle Attic comedy.
ntaining, that neither law, nor solemn (Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com. Gr. p. 418. )
anything else, should be more regarded 2. A Greek orator who seems to have lived
ill of Rome. The assembly, however, about the time of Demosthenes, and to whom the
ne view of Lycortas, and appointed tables of Pergamus ascribed the oration rate an
s, of whom Callicrates was one, to lay Moodévous taparóuwv, which was usually consider-
he Roman scnate. But he grievously | -d the work of Deinarchus. (Dionys. Deinurch.


## p. 570 (#590) ############################################

570
CALLICRATIDAS.
CALLIGENEIA.
11. ) But no work of Callicrates was known even bers : as Diodorus and Plutarch tell it, the sooth-
as early as the time of Dionysius of Halicarnassus. sayer foretold the admiral's death. His answer at
3. A Greek historian who lived in and after the any rate, uri pap' va elvai tav Stráprav, became
time of the emperor Aurelian. He was a native famous, but is mentioned with censurc by Plutarch
of Tyre, and wrote the history of Aurelian. Von and Cicero. On the whole, Callicratidas is a some
piscus (Aurel. 4), who has preserved a few frag: what refreshing specimen of a plain, blunt Spar-
ments of the work, describes Callicrates as by far tan of the old school, with all the guileiessness
the most learned writer among the Grecks of his and simple honesty, but (it may be added) not
time.
(L. S. ] without the bigotry of that character. Witness
CALLI'CRATES (Kantipátos). ]. An ar- his answer, when asked what sort of men the
chitect, who in company with Ictinus built the lonians were : “ Bad freemen, but excellent slaves. "
Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens. (Plut. (Xen. Hell. i. 6. $S 1—33; Diod.