No More Learning

poct, who at the same time cannot dispense with
The power of convincing, however, depends not discretion. The external form of the representa-
merely on oratorical conclusions, but also on tion, the metre, is not decisive as to whether
the credibility of the orator, and the disposition of anything is poetry or not. The history of Hero-
the hearers. Therefore it is necessary to shew dotus reduced to metre would still remain a his
how the favourable disposition requisite on every tory. (Poct. 9. ) A subject becomes poetical only
occasion is to be produced in the mind of the through a lively, vivid mode of representation,
hearer. But a person must know not only whut and the principal point is the composition and ar-
to say, but also how to say it. Therefore rhetoric rangement of the matter, the cúvbedis (or ouotaois)
has, by way of conclusion, to treat of oratorical Tüv #payuatwv (Poel. 7), in other words, the
expression and arrangement.
invention or idea, which has assumed a lively forin
2. Poetics. -—" Thou, O man, alone possessest in the poet; and this is the starting-point, and as
art! ” This dictum of Schiller's is already ex- it were the soul of poetry (αρχή και οίον ψυχή
pressed by Aristotle. (Met. i. 1. ) In art the ó uūdos mais 7paynõias, Poet. 7*). Poetry is
production of a work is the main matter and the more coniprehensive and philosophical than his-
main
purpose, whilst the purpose of oratory, tory; for whilst history is restricted to individual
which is throughout practical, is extraneous to actual facts, the poet takes higher ground, and re-
speech itself.
The relation of art to morality and presents in the particular that which, considered
virline is, on the side of the artist, a very slight in itself, can happen at any time; that which is
one ;, for, with dispositions and sentiments, universally applicable and necessary. The univer-
which in actions form the most important point, sal in poetry, however, is not an abstract, in-
we have nothing to do in the practice of art, definite something, but manifests itself in the
where the main thing is the production (TOLEîv) of characteristic individuality of person by means of
a work. On the other hand, however, every art, language and action in accordance with internal
and every work of art, exerts a moral influence, probability and necessity. (Poet. 9. ) Whilst
purifies and purges the stronger emotions of the therefore in poetry everything individual, as im-
soul, strengthens and elevates the mind.
porting something universal, is thoroughly signifi-
Art, like nature, produces by fashioning organic-cant, history, on the other hand, relates in chrono-
ally, but, with consciousness (Phys. ii. 8), and its logical succession what the individual has really
creative efforts, as well as the contemplation of done, and wbat has happened to him. The bis-
these efforts, and of the work of art produced, be torian is restricted as to the order, arrangement, and
long to those higher exertions of the mind (td succession of the facts which he describes; the
TepITTá) which have their purpose in themselves. poet has these unrestrictedly under his dominion.
Aristotle, indeed, in accordance with the light in With these individual features of Aristotle's
which the matter was generally viewed by the Poetics we must here content ourselves, as a com-
ancients, reckons art amongst the higher purposes plete examination of his theory of the epos and of
of the state and of religion (Polit. viii. ); but with the drama might easily lead us beyond the limits
him it has also already the signification of an inde to which we are restricted.
pendent creation of the mind, which ennobles
IX. APPENDIX.
reality, and which again draws within its sphere The main sources for the life of Aristotle are
religion and morality likewise.
lost to us. The number of works on biography
All the several arts find a common bond of union and literary history extant in antiquity, from
in this, that they are all imitations (ueuro eis), which information" might have been obtained
i. e. all arts, epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, lyric respecting Aristotle, must have been immense,
poetry, music, orchestic (the art of dancing), since out of Diogenes Laërtius alone the names of
painting, and statuary, strive after truth, the real nearly 40 such writers may be collected, whose
essence of things, which they represent. That works, with the exception of single quotations, have
which distinguishes the arts from each other lies
disappeared.
partly in the diversity of the means by which they
With respect to Aristotle in particular, ve
represent, partly in the object of representation, have to regret the loss of the works of Hermippus
partly in the mode of representation. According of Smyrna, Timotheus of Athens, Demetrius of
to this diversity arise the distinct differences in Magnesia (ó Máyyns), Pseudo-Aristippus, Apollo
the arts, the species of art, and the different styles dorus of Athens, Eumelus, Phavorinus, &c. , as well
of art. How, according to Aristotle's view, the as those of Aristoxenus of Tarentum, Apellicon of
beautiful developed and manifested itself in the Teos, Sotion, Aristocles of Messene, Damascius,
separate arts, can be pointed out only with reference Andronicus of Rhodes, and Ptolemaeus Philadel-
to poetry, because this is the only art that Aris-phus.
totle (in his work hep mointiKÍs) has treated of. The scanty and confused sources still extant
Poetry is the product of inspiration (Rhet. iii. 7), are the following :- 1. Diogenes Laërtius, v. l-
and its means of representation is language, metri- 35 ; 2. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Epistola ad
cal as well as unmetrical. (Poet. 1. ) Improvisa- Ammaeum de Demosthene et Aristotele; 3. Pseudo-
tions form the historical starting point for all Ammonius, + rita Aristotelis, by a later com-
poetry, which from its very commencement divides
itself into two principal directions, that which Aristotle, indeed, is there speaking only of
follows the more bomely, and that which follows tragedy, but what he says of the mythus with re-
the more exalted. This depended on the peculiar ference to tragedy applies to all poetry.
character of the poet. A delicate perception of + Victor Cousin, in the Journal des Suvans,
what is correct and appropriate, an acute faculty December, 1832, p. 747, maintains the authenticity
of observation, and a mind easily excitable and of this little biography.


## p. 344 (#364) ############################################

344
ARISTOTELES.
ARISTOXENUS.
piler, according to others by Philoponus, edited | persons of the name of Aristoteles, respecting
by J. Nunnesius, together with an old Latin whom no particulars are known. Diogenes enu-
translation of the same, with some additions mcrates eight, including the great philosopher, and
(Vetus translatio); 4. The short Greek biography, Jonsius (de Script. Histor. Phil. i. 12) no less than
by an ancnymous writer, published by Menage thirty-two persons of this name.
(LS. )
(Anonymus Menagii in Diog. Laërt. v. 35, vol. ii. ARISTOTI MUS ('Aprotótipos), became tyrant
p. 201, ed. Meibom. ), with which the article in in Elis with the help of Antigonus Gonatas, and
Suidas coincides ; 5. Hesychius Milesius. These after reigning for six months in the most cruel
ancient biographies will be found all together in the manner, was killed by Hellanicus, Cylon, and
first vol. of Buhle's edition of Aristotle. Among others. (Paus. v. 5. § 1; Plut. de Mulier. Virt.
the more modern biographies, we need mention p. 251, &c. )
only the works of Guarinus of Verona (A. D. 1460, ARISTO'XENUS ('Aprotótevos), a philosopher
Vila Aristotelis, appended to his translation of of the Peripatetic school. The date of his birth is
Plutarch's biographies) ; Patritius (Discussiones not known; but from the account of Suidas, and
Peripateticae, Basil. 1581), a passionate opponent from incidental notices in other writers, we learn
of Aristotle and his philosophy ; Nunnesius (in that he was born at Tarentum, and was the son of
his commentary on Ammonius, Vila Aristotelis, a learned musician named Spintharus (otherwise
Lugd. 1621); Andreas Schott (Vitae comparatae Mnesias). (Aelian, H. A. ii. 11. ) He learnt music
Aristotelis et Demosthenis, Augustae Vindelic. 1603, from his father, and having been afterwards instruct-
4t0); Buhle, in the first part of his edition of ed by Lamprus of Erythme and Xenophilus the
Aristotle, and in Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopädie, Pythagorean, finally became a disciple of Aristotle
v. p. 273, &c. ; Blakesley's Life of Aristotle'; and (Gell. iv. 1l; Cic. Tusc. Disp. i. 18), whom he appears
the work entitled Aristotelia by the writer of this to have rivalled in the variety of his studies, though
article. *
(A. S. ] probably not in the success with which he prose-
ARISTOʻTELES ('Aplototéans). 1. Of Sicily, cuted them. According to Suidas, he produced
a rhetorician who wrote against the Panegyricus works to the number of 453 upon music, philosophy,
of Isocrates. (Diog. Laërt. v. 35. ) Some modern history, in short, every department of literature.
critics attribute to him, on very insufficient Ile gained so much credit as a scholar of Aristotle,
grounds, the texvwv ouvaywrh, which is printed that it was expected, at least by bimself, that he
among the works of Aristotle.
would be chosen to succeed him; and his disgust
2. Of Athens, an orator and statesman, under at the appointment of Theophrastus caused him
whose name some forensic orations were known in afterwards to slander the character of his great
the time of Diogenes Laërtius (v. 35), which were master. This story is, however, contradicted by
distinguished for their elegance.
Aristocles (ap. Euseb. Pruep. Evang. xv. 2), who as-
3. Of Cyrene, is mentioned by Diogenes serts that he never mentioned Aristotle but with the
Laërtius (v. 35) as the author of a work Tlepgreatest respect. We know nothing of his philo-
Ποιητικής.
sophical opinions, except that he held the soul to
4. Of Argos, a megaric or dialectic philosopher. be a harmony of the body (Cic. Tusc. Disp. i. 10, 18;
(Plut. Arat. 3, 44; Diog. Laërt. ii. 113. ) He Lact. Instit. vii. 13, de Opif. Dei, c. 16), a doctrine
belonged to the party at Argos which was hostile which had been already discussed by Plato (in the
to Cleomenes of Sparta, and after Cleomenes had Phaedo) and combated by Aristotle. (De An. i. 4. )
taken possession of the town, Aristoteles con- It is only in his character as a musician that
trived to get it again into the hands of the Achaeans. Aristoxenus appears to have deserved and acquired
(Polyb. ii. 53; Plut. Cleom. 20. )
a reputation for real excellence; and no consider-
5. The author of a work Tepi Teovao uoll, able remains of his works have come down to us
which is completely lost. (Diog. Laërt. v. 35. ) except three books of apuovika Otoixeia, or rather,
6. The author of a work on the Iliad, which is as their contents seem to shew, fragments of two or
likewise lost. (Diog. Laërt. v. 35. )
three separate musical treatises. (See Burney, Hist.
7. There are apparently three Peripatetic philo of Music, vol. i. p. 442. ) They contain less actual
sophers of the name of Aristoteles. The first is information on the theory of Greek music than the
mentioned as a commentator of his great namesake later treatises ascribed to Euclid, Aristeides Quin-
(Syrian. Metaphys. xii. 55); the second, a son of tilianus, and others; but they are interesting from
Erasistratus, is mentioned by S. Empiricus (adv. tbeir antiquity, and valuable for their criticisms
Math. p. 51); and the third, a Mytilenaean, was on the music of the times to which they belong.
one of the most distinguished speculative philoso Aristoxenus, at least if we may trust his own ac-
phers in the time of Galen. (De Consuetud. p. 553, count, was the first to attempt a complete and sys-
ed. Paris.
)
tematic exposition of the subject; and he aimed at
8. Of Chalcis in Euboea, who is mentioned as introducing not only a more scientific knowledge,
the author of a work on Euboea. (Iepi Eubolas, but also a more refined and intellectual taste than
Harpocrat. 5. v. "Apyoupa ; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. that which prevailed among his contemporaries,
i. 558. ) Some critics have been inclined to think whom he accuses of cultivating only that kind of
that this Aristoteles is not a distinct person, and music which was capable of sucetness. (Aristox.
that the work on Euboca ascribed to him is only p. 23, ed. Meibom. ) He became the founder of
another name for the Evboéwv Toitela of the great a sect or school of musicians, called, after him,
philosopher Aristotle. But there is no reason for Aristoxeneans, who were opposed to the Pytha-
such a supposition.
goreans on the question whether reason or sense
Ancient writers make mention of many more should furnish the principles of musical science
and the criterion of the truth of its proposi-
The abore article was written in German br tions. Pythagoras had discovered the connexion
Prof. Stahr, expressly for this work, and has been between musical intervals and numerical ratios;
translated into English by Mr. C. P. Mason. and it had been found that the principal concords


## p. 345 (#365) ############################################

ARISTOXENUS.
345
ARIUS.
*+2)
same name.
were defined by simple ratios which were either | Moró. Acul. iii. 16, p. 233), who was a pupil of
superparticular (of the form or multiple
Alexander Philalethes (Galen. De Differ. Puls. iv.
10, vol. viii. p. 746), and must therefore have lived
(of the form 1). From this fact, Be or his followers about the beginning of the
Christian era. He was
a follower of Herophilus (ibid. c. 7. p. 734), and
inferred, that no interval could be consonant which studied at the celebrated Herophilean school of
was defined by a ratio of a different kind; and medicine, established in Phrygia, at the village of
hence they were obliged to maintain (contrary to Men-Carus, between Laodicea and Carura. Ho
the evidence of the senses), that such intervals as wrote a work Περί της Ηροφίλου Αιρέσεως, De
the octave and fourth (the eleventh), for example, Herophili Secta, of which the thirteenth book is
were dissonant. Aristoxenus justly blamed them quoted by Galen (ibid. c. 10. p. 746), and which
for their contempt of facts, but went into the oppo is not now extant. (Mahne, “ Diatribe de Aris-
site extreme of allowing too much authority to the toxeno,” Amstel. 1793, 8vo. ) (W. A. G. )
decisions of the ear, though without denying the ex- ARISTUS ("APOTOS), of Salamis in Cyprus, a
istence of a certain truth in the arithmetical theory Greek historian, who wrote a history of Alexander
(p. 33). He maintains, for instance, not only that the Great, in which he mentioned the embassy of
every consonant interval added to the octave produces the Romans to Alexander at Babylon. (Arrian,
another consonance, which is true ; but also that Anað, vii. 15; Athen. X. p. 436 ; Clemens Alex.
the fourth is equal to two tones and a half (p. 56), Protrept. p. 16; Strab. xiv. p. 682. ) That he
the falsity of which proposition is not directly ap- lived a considerable time later than Alexander,
parent to the ear, but indirectly would become may be inferred from Strabo (xv. p. 730), although
evident by means of the very experiment which he it is impossible to determine the exact time at
suggests for the confirmation of it. (See Porphyr. which he lived. Some writers are inclined to be-
Comm. in Plol. Hurm. in Wallis, Op. vol. iii. p. lieve that Aristus, the historian, is the same per-
211, and Wallis's appendix, pp. 159, 169; Burney, son as Aristus the academic philosopher, who was
vol. i. chap. V. ; Theon Smyrn. p. 83, ed. Bulliald. a contemporary and friend of Cicero, who taught
and not. p. 202. ) The titles of a good many other philosophy at Athens, and by whom M. Brutus
works of Aristoxenus have been collected from was instructed. This philosopher moreover was a
various sources by Meursius and others. (See brother of the celebrated Antiochus of Ascalon.
Fabric. Bibl. Grucc. vol. ii. p. 257; Clinton, F. H. But the opinion wbich identifies the historian and
Fol. ii. appendix, c. 12. ) Among them are lives of philopher, is a mere hypothesis, supported by
Pythagoras, Archytas, Socrates, Plato, and other nothing but the circumstance that both bore the
distinguished persons; and several treatises on
(Cic. Brut. 97, de Finib. v. 5,
subjects connected with music, including one lepl Academ. j. 3, ii. 4, Tuscul. Quaest. v. 8, ad Alt. v.
Τραγικής Ορχήσεως, and one Περί Αυλών Tρή- 10; Ρlut. Brut. 2. )
(L. S. )
σεως. A fragment of “Ρυθμικά στοιχεία was edited ARISTYLLUS ('Apiotud dos), a Greek astro-
by Morelli, Ven. 1785. A collection of fragments nomer, who appears to have lived about B. C. 233.
of the other works is given in the essay by Mahne (Plut. de Pyth Orac. 18. ) He wrote a work on
referred to below.
the fixed stars (Topňous åndavwv), which was used
The three books of 'Apuovikà otoixeia were first by Hipparchus and Prolemy (Magn. Synt. vii. 2),
edited in Latin, with the Harmonics of Ptolemy, and he is undoubtedly one of the two persons of
by Ant. Gogavinus, Ven. 1562. The Greek text, this name who wrote commentaries on Aratus,
with Alypius and Nicomachus, by Meursius (Lugd. which are now lost.
[L. S. ]
Bat. 1616), who, like his predecessor, seems not ARIUS or AREIUS ("Apelos), the celebrated
to have had sufficient musical knowledge for the heretic, is said to have been a native of Libya,
task. The last and best edition is at present that and must bave been born shortly after the middle
of Meibomius, printed (with a Latin version) in of the third century after Christ. His father's
the Antiquae Musicae Auctores Septem, Amst. 1652. name appears to have been Ammonius. In the
(Mahne, Diatribe de Aristoxeno philosopho Peri- religious disputes which broke out at Alexandria
patetico, Amst. 1793. )
(W. F. D. ] in A. D. 306, Arius at first took the part of Mele-
ARISTO'XENUS ('Aplombtevos). 1. Of Setius, but afterwards became reconciled to Peter,
linus in Sicily, a Greek poet, who is said to have bishop of Alexandria, and the opponent of Mele
been the first who wrote in ana paestic metres. tius, who made Arius deacon. (Sozom. H. E. i.
Respecting the time at which he lived, it is ex- | 15. ) After this Arius again opposed Peter for
pressly stated that he was older than Epicbarmus, i his treatment of Meletius and his followers, and
from about B. c. 540 to 445. (Schol. ad Aristoph. was in consequence excommunicated by Peter.
Pluk 487 ; Hephaestion, Enchirid. p. 45, ed. Gaisf. ) After the death of the latter, Achillas, his succes-
p
Eusebius (Chron. p. 333, ed. Mai) places him in sor in the see of Alexandria, not only forgave
Ol. 29 (B. C. 664), but this statement requires Arius his offence and admitted him deacon again,
some explanation. If he was born in that year, but ordained him presbyter, a. D. 313, and gave
he can not have been a Selinuntian, as Selinus was him the charge of the church called Baucalis at
not founded till about B. C. 628. But Aristoxenus Alexandria. (Epiphan. Haeres. 68. 4. ) The
may perhaps have been among the first settlers at opinion that, after the death of Achillas, Arius
Selinus, and thus have come to be regarded as a himself wanted to become bishop of Alexandria,
Selinuntian.
and that for this reason he was hostile to Alexan-
2. A Cyrenaic philosopher, who appears not to der, who became the successor of Achillas, is a
have been distinguished for anything except his mere conjecture, based upon the fact, that Theodo-
gluttony, whence he derived the sumame of kwanv. ret (H.