;
its conditions not themselves capable
of being experienced, 677 ; cf.
its conditions not themselves capable
of being experienced, 677 ; cf.
Windelband - History of Philosophy
see Opinion.
Drobisch. 631.
Dualism, of Pythagoreans,
46 of
Elean-Eretrian School, 70, 82.
Eleatics, 28, 30, 34 ff. , 61 ff. , 69 ff. , 89 f. , 684 note, 686 note see also
Vr'/u'ui', 172, 179, 187, 339.
Ego, of Fichte, 693 ff.
Egoism, with Hobbes, 434 Lamet-
Xenophanes.
Plato, 120, 130 overcome by Aris Elements, of Empedocles, 39 as
totle, 133 ethical and religious, in Alexandrian thought, 229 ff. , 235 ff. of Gnostics and Manichauuis, 239 with Augustine, 285 anthropo logical, of body and soul, 304 ff. metaphysical, 403 ff. of substances, with Descartes, 404 exception made in case of the passions, 418 controlling view of Enlightenment, 448 moral, of Kant, 665
Duclos, 448.
Dtthring, 632, 671
Miwjut, 140, 179 see also Potential,
Power, Dynamic.
Duns Scntus, personality and writings,
311, 314; separates theology from philosophy, 322 metaphysical psychology, 324 indeterminisin,
330, 332 on relation of intellect and will, 334, 690 (330) on indi viduality, 341 gave impetus to empirical science, 344 influence on Bacon, 384 on Descartes, 304 on Lelbnlx, 420, 428.
Durkheim, 628.
Duty, Stoics, 172 Kant, 661.
Dynamic conception, Strato and the
Stoics, 179, 236; Leibniz, 421, 656;
theory of matter, Kant, 646, 656 Engel, J. ,446.
trle, etc. , 516; combined with Utili
Sig ner's, 671, Nietzsche's, 078 see
tarianism, 613 ff. , 062 f. , 071
Hedonism, Epicureanism, Individ ualism.
homoiomeriai, with Anaxagoras, 41 of Pythagoreans, 67 with Aristotle, 147
Emanation, in Alexandrianism, 242 . as eternal necessity, 249 as logical system, 250 with Erigena, 289- 2«
Emotions, ancient conception of, 106 Stoics on, 108 Descartes and Spi noza, 412-414; Hobbes, 413; Ideol ogists, 457.
Empedocles, 29 39 f. , 61 ff. , 58 ff. , 92.
Empiricism, favoured by Nominalism, 344 in Renaissance, 300 f. , 302, 876 I. 379; Bacon's, 383 ff. ; influ enced by mathematics, 387 Locke's, 460 f. ; of Hume, 476; Schelling's metaphysical. 619.
Empirio-Criticism, 051.
Ir «al vor, 35, 600 cf. Pantheism. Encyclopaedists, 430, 442.
End, see Teleology.
/Wp>«ia, 140, 144.
Energy, specific of the sense organs,
66, 113; principle of conservation of energy, 656 see Conservation, and Mfq/mm.
Enfantin, 628.
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Index.
Engels, Fr. , 632, 665. Enlightenment, the
tive, 326 with formaliter. 325, 393 ft'. ; with nosse and velle. Augustine.
Greek, 66
philos. of, 437 ff. ; Its meaning, 506 t, 280 Campanella, 370.
dominated by natural science, 624 ; Essence, with Aristotle, 139, 141 and
cf. also 650. existence, 293 ff. , 393, 408. Ens realissimum, et perfectissimum, Essenes, Beet of, 213, 231.
292, 393, 408.
Entelechy, of Aristotle, 140 ff. ; revived
by Leibniz, 420.
Epicharmus, 66.
Epictetus, 213, 216, 230.
Epicurus and Epicureanism, 158 f. ; life
Eternal truths, see Vhiles.
Eternity, of the world, Aristotle, 144
Origen, 263 f. ; Plotinus, 249; and
time, 287.
Ethics, principle of, first propounded
by Heraclitus, 63 problems raised and writings, 162 ; ethics and theory by Sophists, 72 ff. intellectuals
of life, 165 170 f. ; theory of the state, 173 ff. , 686 (174), 328 view of Nature, 180, 182-186, 687 (204 note) indeterminism, 193 logic and theory of knowledge, 198, 202 205 cf. also 211 f. , 229, 252, 353, 369, 521.
and eudsemonistic of Socrates, 77
of Democritus, 115 of Plate. 123 ff. ; the basis of his idealism, 108 f. , 117 f. ; of Aristotle, 161 ff. ; ol the Stoics, 163 ff. ; of Epicureans, 165 ff. ; of Sceptics, 166 ff. of Augustine, 287; of Abelard, 308; of Thomas. 332 of Descartes and Spinoza, 414 individualistic of eighteenth cen tury, 600 ff. three main questions. 601 of Locke, 502 inlelleciii. il istic, of Clarke, etc. , 503 f. ; Leibnii
Epistemology, or theory of cognition,
origin of its problems, 58 of Greek
cosmologists, 58-65 treated psycho
logically by Protagoras, 91 ff. ; of
Aristippus, 93 f. ; of Socrates, 94 ff. ;
made basis of metaphysics, 101, and Wolff, 605 ff. aesthetic of Shaf
104 ff. of Democritus, 104 ff. , 110 ff. ;
of Plato, 104 ff. , 117 ff. ; the principle
of Aristotle's logic, 133 Stoic, 199,
207 . of Sceptics, 200-202, 206-207
of Epicureans, 204 of Augustine,
277-282 of Occam, 325 of Mysti 516 ff. ; of Smith, 617 f. ; of Kant. cism, 335 ff. of humanistic Renais 551-567 as chief philos. discipline,
sance, 370; of Descartes, 392-394,
403; of Spinoza, 396, 408 f. ; of
Malebranche, 417 made central in
philosophy of Enlightenment, 447
general character of modern to
emphasise inner experience, 466 of
Locke, 467-469 of Berkeley, 469 of
Collier, 471; of Hume, 472-477; Eubulides, 71, 89.
of Condillac and Ideologists, 478 ff.
of Reid, 482 f. ; of Leibniz, 483;
Wolff and his successors, 460 ff. ,
484 ff. ; of Kant's pre-critical period,
465 f. , 485 general character of
his critical, 633 exposition of the
same, 637-550 of Kant's successors, Eudemus, 161, 198.
673 ff. ; Fichte, 679; Schleiermacher, 582; Herbart, 583 ff. ; Schopen hauer's, 588 f. ; Hamilton, 638; Lotze, 644 Comte, 650 Spencer, 667-659; Nietzsche, 679; see also Knowledge and Signs.
Erasmus, 360.
Eratosthenes, 162.
Erdmann, 631.
Eric of Aux. , 273.
Erigena, John Scotus, 271, 274, 289-
291, 336, 419, 689 (274). Eschenmayer, 616.
Esse, in intellectu and in re, 293, 393,
408 objective, contrasted with subjec
Eudorus, 216.
Eudoxus, 103, 147, 186. Euemerus, 70.
Euripides, 66.
Eusebius, 216.
Euthydemus, 89.
Evil (see also Theodicy) in the
tesbury and Hutcheson, 608 utili tarian, of Bentham, 51. 3, 622, 662- 664, 666 of J. S. Mill, 6<S6 ff. ; Butler and Paley, 514 egoistic, 615, utili tarian, separated from egoism, Hume.
Fichte, 695 Schiller's aesthetic. 600 ff. of genius. Romanticists, 60. 'i branch of aesthetics, Herbart, 603 evolutionary theory of, 659, 662, 667- 669; Green's, 669 individualist ice of Nietzsche, 679 see also Virtue. Virtues, Good.
Eucken, 633, 642.
Euclid, 70 f. , 89, 96, 102.
Eudaemonism, in Greek ethics, 79 ff. ,
87, 161 opposed by Kant, 662, 569 in Utilitarianism, 662 see Hedonism, Utilitarianism.
world, 196-197 negative with Plotinus and = matter, 247 Patristic doctrine of,
252 negative with Augustine, 280 reduced to metaphysical and due to finiteness, Leibniz, 491 "radical," Kant, 666.
Evolution, as opposed to emanation, 243 Comte on, 653 as principle
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Index. 707
recent thought, 666-660 ; two forms axagoras, 41 conservation of, 421, of, 659, 061 ; in ethics, 660, 662, 607- 666 = the absolute, 667, 659 to be 609; in H artman n, 674; see also De eliminated, 651 see also Con velopment, Natural selection, etc. servation.
Existence ; see Essence, and also God. Foreknowledge of God, aa argument of Experience, in opposition to thought, determinism, 103.
68 f. ; Deinocritus and Plato, 106 f. , de la Forge, 381, 416.
110, 114 f. ; inner and outer, 450 f. ; Form, essential nature of things, with inner more certain than outer, 276 ff . , Democritus, 107, 111 ff. with Plato,
346, 362 f. , 466 ff. ; as history of sal 107-109, 129 (see also Idea); con vation, 276 f. , :i0. '>; as sole basis of trasted with matter by Aristotle,
psychology, 6:15 ; as organised sys
tem of phenomena with Kant, 646 f.
;
its conditions not themselves capable
of being experienced, 677 ; cf. also 341 used by Bacon, 384 distin Empiricism. guished from content in ideas by
Experiment, with Bacon, 384 ; with Lambert. 461 by Kant, 466 pure
Galileo, 388.
Faculty, 461, 677, 634 Psychology.
Forms of sensibility, 465 f. , 639-642; of the understanding, 541 fur nished by the subject, Reinhold, 676 Maimon, 678 from without, Her-
637 see also
Faath, and reason (see Reason), priori bart, 58:1.
of Kant, 664 ff.
Jacobi's doctrine of, Fortlage, 632, 637, 646. Foucher, Sim. , 366.
139 ff. pure, 144 in psychology of Scholastics, 324 with vermes, 338 individual Forms with Scotus,
674.
Fearn, 628.
Kechner. 632, 644
Feder, 446.
Feeling, with Cyrenaics, 86; Victorines,
Fouillee, 663.
Fowler, 620.
Franck, A. , 627.
Franck, Seb. , 356, 365, 36& Francke, 445, 487, 683. Krancki, 031.
:UM> Ideologists, 457 emphasized by Rousseau, 458 made basis of be lief in external world and in causality
682 Comte on, 653; esthetic, 483 f. ,
609
Ferguson, 441, 510.
Ferrari, 631.
Ferri, 631.
Feuerbach. 632, 640 f. , 610 f. , 676, 678. Fichte, J. G. , life and writings, 570
Francis of Mayro, 316, 343. Franciscans, 313 f. , 341. Fraser, 630.
Frayssinons, 028.
by Hume, 475-477 Herder, 465
basis of morality with Protagoras,
74 Shaftesbury, 500 and others,
610 recognized as distinct faculty
by Tetens and Kant, 512 priori,
560 immediate knowing. Jacobi, Frederick II. of Prussia. 446, 616. 674; as communion with the infinite,
Fredegisus, 274.
Frederick II. of Sicily, 319.
his character, 606 (570) concep to God by Patristic thought. 262 used
to explain origin of evil, 252 both maintained and denied by Augustine, 282-285 maintained as determinism by Thomism, 329 f. ; as indetermin ism by Scotus' and Occam, 310 f. ; a* ethical, Buridan, 331, 600 (331); as source of error, Descartes, 304 with Malebranche, 407 denied by Hobbes and Spinoza, 413 as postulate, Kant, 554
Free thought, 448, 486 ff. Fries, 673, 676.
Fulbert, 302.
Fischer, K. , 13, 631, 642, 660.
Fludd, 367.
Fontenelle, 410.
Force, moving, Empedoclea, 40 An- Gale. Thomas, 382.
tion of philosophy and starting-point, 579 dialectical method, 600 system, 503-500 philosophy of his tory, 605 latest doctrine, 610 cf. also 432, 635-637, 640, 660, 661 note, «T5, 680
Fichte, H. . 632. 640. Ficino, 364, 358. Figulua, 216.
Final causes; see Cause. Fiorentino, 631.
Fire, aa first principle, Heracliuu, 36, 60.
Freedom, ethical, maintained by Socra tes, 191 distinguished from freedom of choice by Plato, 191 Aristotle's conception of freedom, 102 Stoics' deterministic views, 193 metaphysi cal freedom as indeterminism of Epi curus, 194 central conception with Church Fathers. 68» (234); applied
Gabler, 640.
Gale, Theophiliu, 382
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Index.
priori faith, 656 as identity at thought and Being, Scbleiermacher, 682 as moral world-order, Fichte. 596 as the Infinite, Schelling. 609 as Idea, Hegel, 611 personality of, in Hegelian School, 639 as general consciousness, Fechner. 645.
Goethe, 366, 630, 697 ff. , 699, 698 (5991, 602,656.
Godwin, 622.
Goring, 633, 651.
Good, the, Socrates leaves undefined.
79 virtue with Antisthenes, 83 pleasure with Aristippus, 85 Idea of, with Plato, 122 f. , 126 happiness or well-being with Aristotle, 161 pleasure with Epicurus, 165 f. . 170; virtue with Stoics, 168 absorption in the deity with Neo-Platonists, 250 contemplation with Augustine, 286 and Thomas, 333 love with Scotus. 334 intellectual love of God with
Spinoza, 436 recognized by God's wisdom, ace. to Thomas, 332 result of God's will, Scotus, 332 high est good = perfection with Leibniz. 605 Kant's doctrine of, 656 hedo nistic view of, 662 Carlyle's, 665 Mill's, 667; Green's, 670
good and bad," 678 Gorgias, 30,69, 71, 89 Goschel, 640.
Gottfried of Fontaine, 330. Gottsched, 444.
philos. conception of, as matter,
Anaximander, 34 as tr mil Tar,
Xenophanes, 34 his relation to
the world in Hellenistic thought,
236 ff. ; exalted above all mind or
matter, 237 (see "Negative Theol
ogy"); personality of, in Christian
ity, 238, 261 personality of, rejected
by Greek and Neo-Platonic thought,
238 implicit and explicit, 290, 346,
619; source of truth for Augustine, Grotius, 382, 427, 431 f. , 526. 278 Anselm's argument for exist
Galen, 216, 816, 687 (216). 7aX7jrur/i4t, 166 ; cf. 116.
Galileo, 378 f. , 388 f. , 398 f. , 400, 402
410, 641, 691 (379). Gall, 627, 634, 663. Galuppi, 631, 636 note. Garat, 443, 622.
morals, 602
Gennadius, 369.
Gentilis, 382, 431.
Geometry and geometrical method (see
Mathematics) made supreme by Car tesians, 396-399 in philos. of law, 432; opposed by Rudiger, Crusius, and Kant, 484 .
Georgius of Trebizond, 364, 369. Gerbert, 272, 276, 302.
Gerson, 316, 323.
Gersonides, 318.
Geulincx, 379, 381, 396, 410, 416, 417,
692 (381). Gibieuf, 381, 416.
Gilbert, 276, 336.
Gioberti. 631, 661 note.
Gioja, 631.
Glanvil, 474.
Glogau, 633.
Gnostics, 214, 217, 222, 224, 237, 239,
Garve, 446.
Gassendi, 366, 391.
Gaunilo, 293.
Gaza, Theod. , 364.
■>«Wn, with Plato, 106, 120. Genius, defined by Kant, 664
Schelling, 607 as the end of history, 679 in
243, 267.
679
Grace, realm of, opposed to nature, 318 ff. irresistible with Augustine, God (see also Deity, Theology), first 282, 284 supported by Thomas, de
Descartes, 406 as " raison univer- seWe" with Malebranche, 407 as " causa $ui," Spinoza, 408 as " na- tura naturant," 335 f. , 368, 409; as central monad, Leibniz, 424 his existence demonstratively certain, Locke, 469 arguments for, criticised by Kant, 649 f. ; as postulate of
nied by Scotus, 334.
Grammar, blended with logic with the
Sophists, 88, 96 Terminista, 342
Humanists, 360.
Gratry, 661.
Gravitation, 388, 402. Green, T. H. , 630, 663, 669 Gregory of Nyssa, 264, 261. Grimm, 443.
Grote, 71.
Gundling, 620.
Gunther, 633, 661 note. Guyau, 628, 670.
ence of, 292 486; distinguished
from deity by Gilbert, 335 the final,
formal, and efficient cause of universe
with Bruno, 367 self-generation of,
with Boehme, 376 Descartes' proofs
for, 392 f. ; as sole substance with Hamann, 610, 669. 676, 693.
Hamilton, 624, 629, 638
Hansen, 444.
Hardenberg, see Novalis.
Harmony, of the world, according tp
Heraclitus, 36, 49 and spheres. Pythagoreans, 45 Bruno, 367 Shaftesbury, 489 pre-established ac cording to Leibniz, 416 note AM.
Haeckel, 632. Hall, 630.
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cised by Coleridge and Carlyle, 664 f. ; by Green, 670 ; transcended by Mill, 666 f. ; of Spencer, 667 f. ; see also Cyrenaics, Egoism, Epicureanism, Ethics, Utilitarianism and Eudie- moniam.
Hierocles, 218.
Hildebert of Lavardin, 276.
Hinrichs, 640.
Ilippasus, 67.
Hippius, 69, 71, 73 88.
Hippo, 70.
Hippodamus, 66, 74.
Hippocrates, 67, 316.
Hippolytus, 214, 217.
History, philosophy of, 19 its worth
Index. 709
view of history, 627 f. , 694 (627); in literature, 630 influence on Kant, 669 criticises Kant, 676 influenced by Spinoza, 698.
Heredity, 666
Herennius (Pseudo. ), 277.
64 ; Pythagoreans, 67 ; Aristotle, Hermippus, 161.
147.
Drobisch. 631.
Dualism, of Pythagoreans,
46 of
Elean-Eretrian School, 70, 82.
Eleatics, 28, 30, 34 ff. , 61 ff. , 69 ff. , 89 f. , 684 note, 686 note see also
Vr'/u'ui', 172, 179, 187, 339.
Ego, of Fichte, 693 ff.
Egoism, with Hobbes, 434 Lamet-
Xenophanes.
Plato, 120, 130 overcome by Aris Elements, of Empedocles, 39 as
totle, 133 ethical and religious, in Alexandrian thought, 229 ff. , 235 ff. of Gnostics and Manichauuis, 239 with Augustine, 285 anthropo logical, of body and soul, 304 ff. metaphysical, 403 ff. of substances, with Descartes, 404 exception made in case of the passions, 418 controlling view of Enlightenment, 448 moral, of Kant, 665
Duclos, 448.
Dtthring, 632, 671
Miwjut, 140, 179 see also Potential,
Power, Dynamic.
Duns Scntus, personality and writings,
311, 314; separates theology from philosophy, 322 metaphysical psychology, 324 indeterminisin,
330, 332 on relation of intellect and will, 334, 690 (330) on indi viduality, 341 gave impetus to empirical science, 344 influence on Bacon, 384 on Descartes, 304 on Lelbnlx, 420, 428.
Durkheim, 628.
Duty, Stoics, 172 Kant, 661.
Dynamic conception, Strato and the
Stoics, 179, 236; Leibniz, 421, 656;
theory of matter, Kant, 646, 656 Engel, J. ,446.
trle, etc. , 516; combined with Utili
Sig ner's, 671, Nietzsche's, 078 see
tarianism, 613 ff. , 062 f. , 071
Hedonism, Epicureanism, Individ ualism.
homoiomeriai, with Anaxagoras, 41 of Pythagoreans, 67 with Aristotle, 147
Emanation, in Alexandrianism, 242 . as eternal necessity, 249 as logical system, 250 with Erigena, 289- 2«
Emotions, ancient conception of, 106 Stoics on, 108 Descartes and Spi noza, 412-414; Hobbes, 413; Ideol ogists, 457.
Empedocles, 29 39 f. , 61 ff. , 58 ff. , 92.
Empiricism, favoured by Nominalism, 344 in Renaissance, 300 f. , 302, 876 I. 379; Bacon's, 383 ff. ; influ enced by mathematics, 387 Locke's, 460 f. ; of Hume, 476; Schelling's metaphysical. 619.
Empirio-Criticism, 051.
Ir «al vor, 35, 600 cf. Pantheism. Encyclopaedists, 430, 442.
End, see Teleology.
/Wp>«ia, 140, 144.
Energy, specific of the sense organs,
66, 113; principle of conservation of energy, 656 see Conservation, and Mfq/mm.
Enfantin, 628.
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Index.
Engels, Fr. , 632, 665. Enlightenment, the
tive, 326 with formaliter. 325, 393 ft'. ; with nosse and velle. Augustine.
Greek, 66
philos. of, 437 ff. ; Its meaning, 506 t, 280 Campanella, 370.
dominated by natural science, 624 ; Essence, with Aristotle, 139, 141 and
cf. also 650. existence, 293 ff. , 393, 408. Ens realissimum, et perfectissimum, Essenes, Beet of, 213, 231.
292, 393, 408.
Entelechy, of Aristotle, 140 ff. ; revived
by Leibniz, 420.
Epicharmus, 66.
Epictetus, 213, 216, 230.
Epicurus and Epicureanism, 158 f. ; life
Eternal truths, see Vhiles.
Eternity, of the world, Aristotle, 144
Origen, 263 f. ; Plotinus, 249; and
time, 287.
Ethics, principle of, first propounded
by Heraclitus, 63 problems raised and writings, 162 ; ethics and theory by Sophists, 72 ff. intellectuals
of life, 165 170 f. ; theory of the state, 173 ff. , 686 (174), 328 view of Nature, 180, 182-186, 687 (204 note) indeterminism, 193 logic and theory of knowledge, 198, 202 205 cf. also 211 f. , 229, 252, 353, 369, 521.
and eudsemonistic of Socrates, 77
of Democritus, 115 of Plate. 123 ff. ; the basis of his idealism, 108 f. , 117 f. ; of Aristotle, 161 ff. ; ol the Stoics, 163 ff. ; of Epicureans, 165 ff. ; of Sceptics, 166 ff. of Augustine, 287; of Abelard, 308; of Thomas. 332 of Descartes and Spinoza, 414 individualistic of eighteenth cen tury, 600 ff. three main questions. 601 of Locke, 502 inlelleciii. il istic, of Clarke, etc. , 503 f. ; Leibnii
Epistemology, or theory of cognition,
origin of its problems, 58 of Greek
cosmologists, 58-65 treated psycho
logically by Protagoras, 91 ff. ; of
Aristippus, 93 f. ; of Socrates, 94 ff. ;
made basis of metaphysics, 101, and Wolff, 605 ff. aesthetic of Shaf
104 ff. of Democritus, 104 ff. , 110 ff. ;
of Plato, 104 ff. , 117 ff. ; the principle
of Aristotle's logic, 133 Stoic, 199,
207 . of Sceptics, 200-202, 206-207
of Epicureans, 204 of Augustine,
277-282 of Occam, 325 of Mysti 516 ff. ; of Smith, 617 f. ; of Kant. cism, 335 ff. of humanistic Renais 551-567 as chief philos. discipline,
sance, 370; of Descartes, 392-394,
403; of Spinoza, 396, 408 f. ; of
Malebranche, 417 made central in
philosophy of Enlightenment, 447
general character of modern to
emphasise inner experience, 466 of
Locke, 467-469 of Berkeley, 469 of
Collier, 471; of Hume, 472-477; Eubulides, 71, 89.
of Condillac and Ideologists, 478 ff.
of Reid, 482 f. ; of Leibniz, 483;
Wolff and his successors, 460 ff. ,
484 ff. ; of Kant's pre-critical period,
465 f. , 485 general character of
his critical, 633 exposition of the
same, 637-550 of Kant's successors, Eudemus, 161, 198.
673 ff. ; Fichte, 679; Schleiermacher, 582; Herbart, 583 ff. ; Schopen hauer's, 588 f. ; Hamilton, 638; Lotze, 644 Comte, 650 Spencer, 667-659; Nietzsche, 679; see also Knowledge and Signs.
Erasmus, 360.
Eratosthenes, 162.
Erdmann, 631.
Eric of Aux. , 273.
Erigena, John Scotus, 271, 274, 289-
291, 336, 419, 689 (274). Eschenmayer, 616.
Esse, in intellectu and in re, 293, 393,
408 objective, contrasted with subjec
Eudorus, 216.
Eudoxus, 103, 147, 186. Euemerus, 70.
Euripides, 66.
Eusebius, 216.
Euthydemus, 89.
Evil (see also Theodicy) in the
tesbury and Hutcheson, 608 utili tarian, of Bentham, 51. 3, 622, 662- 664, 666 of J. S. Mill, 6<S6 ff. ; Butler and Paley, 514 egoistic, 615, utili tarian, separated from egoism, Hume.
Fichte, 695 Schiller's aesthetic. 600 ff. of genius. Romanticists, 60. 'i branch of aesthetics, Herbart, 603 evolutionary theory of, 659, 662, 667- 669; Green's, 669 individualist ice of Nietzsche, 679 see also Virtue. Virtues, Good.
Eucken, 633, 642.
Euclid, 70 f. , 89, 96, 102.
Eudaemonism, in Greek ethics, 79 ff. ,
87, 161 opposed by Kant, 662, 569 in Utilitarianism, 662 see Hedonism, Utilitarianism.
world, 196-197 negative with Plotinus and = matter, 247 Patristic doctrine of,
252 negative with Augustine, 280 reduced to metaphysical and due to finiteness, Leibniz, 491 "radical," Kant, 666.
Evolution, as opposed to emanation, 243 Comte on, 653 as principle
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Index. 707
recent thought, 666-660 ; two forms axagoras, 41 conservation of, 421, of, 659, 061 ; in ethics, 660, 662, 607- 666 = the absolute, 667, 659 to be 609; in H artman n, 674; see also De eliminated, 651 see also Con velopment, Natural selection, etc. servation.
Existence ; see Essence, and also God. Foreknowledge of God, aa argument of Experience, in opposition to thought, determinism, 103.
68 f. ; Deinocritus and Plato, 106 f. , de la Forge, 381, 416.
110, 114 f. ; inner and outer, 450 f. ; Form, essential nature of things, with inner more certain than outer, 276 ff . , Democritus, 107, 111 ff. with Plato,
346, 362 f. , 466 ff. ; as history of sal 107-109, 129 (see also Idea); con vation, 276 f. , :i0. '>; as sole basis of trasted with matter by Aristotle,
psychology, 6:15 ; as organised sys
tem of phenomena with Kant, 646 f.
;
its conditions not themselves capable
of being experienced, 677 ; cf. also 341 used by Bacon, 384 distin Empiricism. guished from content in ideas by
Experiment, with Bacon, 384 ; with Lambert. 461 by Kant, 466 pure
Galileo, 388.
Faculty, 461, 677, 634 Psychology.
Forms of sensibility, 465 f. , 639-642; of the understanding, 541 fur nished by the subject, Reinhold, 676 Maimon, 678 from without, Her-
637 see also
Faath, and reason (see Reason), priori bart, 58:1.
of Kant, 664 ff.
Jacobi's doctrine of, Fortlage, 632, 637, 646. Foucher, Sim. , 366.
139 ff. pure, 144 in psychology of Scholastics, 324 with vermes, 338 individual Forms with Scotus,
674.
Fearn, 628.
Kechner. 632, 644
Feder, 446.
Feeling, with Cyrenaics, 86; Victorines,
Fouillee, 663.
Fowler, 620.
Franck, A. , 627.
Franck, Seb. , 356, 365, 36& Francke, 445, 487, 683. Krancki, 031.
:UM> Ideologists, 457 emphasized by Rousseau, 458 made basis of be lief in external world and in causality
682 Comte on, 653; esthetic, 483 f. ,
609
Ferguson, 441, 510.
Ferrari, 631.
Ferri, 631.
Feuerbach. 632, 640 f. , 610 f. , 676, 678. Fichte, J. G. , life and writings, 570
Francis of Mayro, 316, 343. Franciscans, 313 f. , 341. Fraser, 630.
Frayssinons, 028.
by Hume, 475-477 Herder, 465
basis of morality with Protagoras,
74 Shaftesbury, 500 and others,
610 recognized as distinct faculty
by Tetens and Kant, 512 priori,
560 immediate knowing. Jacobi, Frederick II. of Prussia. 446, 616. 674; as communion with the infinite,
Fredegisus, 274.
Frederick II. of Sicily, 319.
his character, 606 (570) concep to God by Patristic thought. 262 used
to explain origin of evil, 252 both maintained and denied by Augustine, 282-285 maintained as determinism by Thomism, 329 f. ; as indetermin ism by Scotus' and Occam, 310 f. ; a* ethical, Buridan, 331, 600 (331); as source of error, Descartes, 304 with Malebranche, 407 denied by Hobbes and Spinoza, 413 as postulate, Kant, 554
Free thought, 448, 486 ff. Fries, 673, 676.
Fulbert, 302.
Fischer, K. , 13, 631, 642, 660.
Fludd, 367.
Fontenelle, 410.
Force, moving, Empedoclea, 40 An- Gale. Thomas, 382.
tion of philosophy and starting-point, 579 dialectical method, 600 system, 503-500 philosophy of his tory, 605 latest doctrine, 610 cf. also 432, 635-637, 640, 660, 661 note, «T5, 680
Fichte, H. . 632. 640. Ficino, 364, 358. Figulua, 216.
Final causes; see Cause. Fiorentino, 631.
Fire, aa first principle, Heracliuu, 36, 60.
Freedom, ethical, maintained by Socra tes, 191 distinguished from freedom of choice by Plato, 191 Aristotle's conception of freedom, 102 Stoics' deterministic views, 193 metaphysi cal freedom as indeterminism of Epi curus, 194 central conception with Church Fathers. 68» (234); applied
Gabler, 640.
Gale, Theophiliu, 382
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Index.
priori faith, 656 as identity at thought and Being, Scbleiermacher, 682 as moral world-order, Fichte. 596 as the Infinite, Schelling. 609 as Idea, Hegel, 611 personality of, in Hegelian School, 639 as general consciousness, Fechner. 645.
Goethe, 366, 630, 697 ff. , 699, 698 (5991, 602,656.
Godwin, 622.
Goring, 633, 651.
Good, the, Socrates leaves undefined.
79 virtue with Antisthenes, 83 pleasure with Aristippus, 85 Idea of, with Plato, 122 f. , 126 happiness or well-being with Aristotle, 161 pleasure with Epicurus, 165 f. . 170; virtue with Stoics, 168 absorption in the deity with Neo-Platonists, 250 contemplation with Augustine, 286 and Thomas, 333 love with Scotus. 334 intellectual love of God with
Spinoza, 436 recognized by God's wisdom, ace. to Thomas, 332 result of God's will, Scotus, 332 high est good = perfection with Leibniz. 605 Kant's doctrine of, 656 hedo nistic view of, 662 Carlyle's, 665 Mill's, 667; Green's, 670
good and bad," 678 Gorgias, 30,69, 71, 89 Goschel, 640.
Gottfried of Fontaine, 330. Gottsched, 444.
philos. conception of, as matter,
Anaximander, 34 as tr mil Tar,
Xenophanes, 34 his relation to
the world in Hellenistic thought,
236 ff. ; exalted above all mind or
matter, 237 (see "Negative Theol
ogy"); personality of, in Christian
ity, 238, 261 personality of, rejected
by Greek and Neo-Platonic thought,
238 implicit and explicit, 290, 346,
619; source of truth for Augustine, Grotius, 382, 427, 431 f. , 526. 278 Anselm's argument for exist
Galen, 216, 816, 687 (216). 7aX7jrur/i4t, 166 ; cf. 116.
Galileo, 378 f. , 388 f. , 398 f. , 400, 402
410, 641, 691 (379). Gall, 627, 634, 663. Galuppi, 631, 636 note. Garat, 443, 622.
morals, 602
Gennadius, 369.
Gentilis, 382, 431.
Geometry and geometrical method (see
Mathematics) made supreme by Car tesians, 396-399 in philos. of law, 432; opposed by Rudiger, Crusius, and Kant, 484 .
Georgius of Trebizond, 364, 369. Gerbert, 272, 276, 302.
Gerson, 316, 323.
Gersonides, 318.
Geulincx, 379, 381, 396, 410, 416, 417,
692 (381). Gibieuf, 381, 416.
Gilbert, 276, 336.
Gioberti. 631, 661 note.
Gioja, 631.
Glanvil, 474.
Glogau, 633.
Gnostics, 214, 217, 222, 224, 237, 239,
Garve, 446.
Gassendi, 366, 391.
Gaunilo, 293.
Gaza, Theod. , 364.
■>«Wn, with Plato, 106, 120. Genius, defined by Kant, 664
Schelling, 607 as the end of history, 679 in
243, 267.
679
Grace, realm of, opposed to nature, 318 ff. irresistible with Augustine, God (see also Deity, Theology), first 282, 284 supported by Thomas, de
Descartes, 406 as " raison univer- seWe" with Malebranche, 407 as " causa $ui," Spinoza, 408 as " na- tura naturant," 335 f. , 368, 409; as central monad, Leibniz, 424 his existence demonstratively certain, Locke, 469 arguments for, criticised by Kant, 649 f. ; as postulate of
nied by Scotus, 334.
Grammar, blended with logic with the
Sophists, 88, 96 Terminista, 342
Humanists, 360.
Gratry, 661.
Gravitation, 388, 402. Green, T. H. , 630, 663, 669 Gregory of Nyssa, 264, 261. Grimm, 443.
Grote, 71.
Gundling, 620.
Gunther, 633, 661 note. Guyau, 628, 670.
ence of, 292 486; distinguished
from deity by Gilbert, 335 the final,
formal, and efficient cause of universe
with Bruno, 367 self-generation of,
with Boehme, 376 Descartes' proofs
for, 392 f. ; as sole substance with Hamann, 610, 669. 676, 693.
Hamilton, 624, 629, 638
Hansen, 444.
Hardenberg, see Novalis.
Harmony, of the world, according tp
Heraclitus, 36, 49 and spheres. Pythagoreans, 45 Bruno, 367 Shaftesbury, 489 pre-established ac cording to Leibniz, 416 note AM.
Haeckel, 632. Hall, 630.
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cised by Coleridge and Carlyle, 664 f. ; by Green, 670 ; transcended by Mill, 666 f. ; of Spencer, 667 f. ; see also Cyrenaics, Egoism, Epicureanism, Ethics, Utilitarianism and Eudie- moniam.
Hierocles, 218.
Hildebert of Lavardin, 276.
Hinrichs, 640.
Ilippasus, 67.
Hippius, 69, 71, 73 88.
Hippo, 70.
Hippodamus, 66, 74.
Hippocrates, 67, 316.
Hippolytus, 214, 217.
History, philosophy of, 19 its worth
Index. 709
view of history, 627 f. , 694 (627); in literature, 630 influence on Kant, 669 criticises Kant, 676 influenced by Spinoza, 698.
Heredity, 666
Herennius (Pseudo. ), 277.
64 ; Pythagoreans, 67 ; Aristotle, Hermippus, 161.
147.
