54, Arta- sertion of him in his
campaign
in Media After
vasdes was an ally of the Romans; but when Antony had conquered Armenia B.
vasdes was an ally of the Romans; but when Antony had conquered Armenia B.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
1.
SS 9, 34, vi.
3.
$ 31, vü.
5.
§ 48, viii.
3, battles.
Artaxerxes, bowever, succeeded in depriv.
$ 25, 4. SS 1, 12, 24. )
ing him of his Athenian and Boeotian allies,
2. A distinguished Persian, a son of Pharnaces, whereupon Artabazus was defeated by the king's
who lived in the reign of Xerxes. In the expedi- general, Autopbradates, and even taken
tion of this king to Greece, B. C. 480, Artabazus prisoner. The Rhodians, Mentor and Memnon,
commanded the Parthians and Choasmians. two brothers-in-law of Artabazus, who had like-
(Herod. vii. 66. ) When Xerxes quitted Greece, wise supported him, still continued to maintain
Artabazus accompanied him as far as the Helles- themselves, as they were aided by the Athenian
pont, and then returned with his forces to Pallene. Charidemus, and even succeeded in obtaining the
As Potidaea and the other towns of Pallene had liberation of Artabazus. After this, Artabazus
revolted from the king after the battle of Salamis, seems either to have continued his rebellious ope-
Artabazus determined to reduce them. He first rations, or at least to have commenced afterwards
laid siege to Olynthus, which he took ; he butch- a fresh revolt; but he was at last obliged, with
ered the inhabitants whom he bad compelled to Memnon and his whole family, to take refuge with
quit the town, and gave the place and the town to Philip of Macedonia. During the absence of Arta-
the Chalcidians. After this Artabazus began the bazus, Mentor, his brother-in-law, was of great
siege of Potidaea, and endeavoured to gain his end service to the king of Persia in his war against
by bribes ; but the treachers was discovered and Nectanebus of Egypt. After the close of this war,
his plans thwarted. The siege lasted for three in B. c. 319, Artaxerxes gave to Mentor the com-
months, and when at last the town seemed to be mand against the rebellious satraps of western
lost by the low waters of the sea, which enabled Asia. Mentor arailed himself of the opportunity
his troops to approach the walls from the sea-side, to induce the king to grant pardon to Artabazus and
an almost wonderful event saved it, for the return. Memnon, who accordingly obtained permission to
ing tide was higher than it had ever been before return to Persia. (Diod. xvi. 22, 34, 52 ; Dem. C.
The troops of Artabazus were partly overwhelmed Aristocr. p. 671, &c. ) In the reign of Dareius
by the waters and partly cut down by a sally of the Codomannus, Artabazus distinguished himself by
Potidaeans. He now withdrew with the remnants his great fidelity and attachment to his sovereign.
of his army to Thessaly, to join Mardonius. (viii. He took part in the battle of Arbela, and afier.
126-130. )
wards accompanied Dareius on his flight. After
Shortly before the battle of Plataeae, B. c. 479, the death of the latter, Alexander rewarded Arta
was
## p. 369 (#389) ############################################
ARTAPHERNES.
369
ARTAS.
bazus for his fidelity with the satrapy of Bactria. | war, B. c. 497, Artaphernes and Otanes began to
His daughter, Barsinc, became by Alexander the attack vigorously the towns of lonia and Aeolis.
mother of Heracles ; a second daughter, Artocama, Cumae and Clazomenae fell into the hands of the
was given in marriage to Ptolemy; and a third, Persians. Artaphemes was sharp enough to see
Artonis, to Eumenes. In B. c. 328, Artabazus, through the treacherous designs of Histiaeus, and
then a man of very advanced age, resigned his expressed his suspicions to him at Sardis. The
satrapy, which was given to Cleitus. (Arrian, fear of being discovered led Histiaeus to take to
Anab. iii. 23, 29, vii. 4; Curtius, ii. 13, v. 9, 12, flight. Some letters, which he afterwards addres-
vi. 5, vii. 3, 5, viii. l; Strab. xii. p. 578 ; comp. sed to some Persians at Sardis, who were concerned
Droysen, Gesch. Alex. des Gross. p. 497. ) [L. S. ] in his designs, were intercepted, and Artaphernes
ARTACAMA. (ARTABAZUS, No. 4. ] had all the guilty Persians put to death. From
ARTACHAEES ('Aptaxains), a distinguished this time Artaphernes disappears from history, and
Persian, and the tallest man in the nation, super- he seems to have died soon afterwards. (Herod.
intended the construction of the canal across the v. 25, 30-32, 100, 123, vi. 1, &c. ; comp. Hip-
isthmus of Athos. He died while Xerxes was PIAS, ARISTAGORAS, HISTia EUS. )
with his army at Athos ; and the king, who was 2. A son of the former. After the unsuccessful
deeply grieved at his loss, gave him a splendid enterprise of Mardonius against Greece in B. C.
funeral, and the whole army raised a mound. In 492, king Dareius placed Datis and his nephew
the time of Herodotus, the Acanthians, in pursuance Artaphernes at the head of the forces which were
of an oracle, sacrificed to Artachaees as a hero. to chastise Athens and Eretria. Artaphernes,
(Herod. vii. 22, 117. ) This mound appears to be though superior in rank, seems to bave been in-
the one described by Lieutenant Wolfe, who re- ferior in military skill to Datis, who was in reality
marks: “About 1 mile to the westward of the the commander of the Persian army. The troops
north end of the canal (of Xerxes) is the modern assembled in Cilicia, and here they were taken on
village of Erso (on the site of Acanthus), which board 600 ships. This fleet first sailed to Samos,
gives its name to the bay, situated on an eminence and thence to the Cyclades. Naxos was taken and
overhanging the beach : this is crowned by a re- laid in ashes, and all the islands submitted to the
markable mound, forming a small natural citadel. ” Persians. In Eubcea, Carystus and Eretria also
(Classical Museum, No. I. p. 83, Lond. 1843. ) fell into their hands. After this the Persian army
ARTANES('Aprávns), a son of Hystaspes and landed at Marathon. Here the Persians were de-
brother of Dareius Hystaspis, had given his only feated in the memorable battle of Marathon, B. C.
daughter and all his property to Dareius, and was 490, whereupon Datis and Artaphernes sailed
afterwards one of the distinguished Persians who back to Asia. When Xerxes invaded Greece,
fought and fell in the battle of Thermopylae. B. C. 480, Artaphernes commanded the Lydians
(Herod. vii. 224. )
[L. S. ] and Mysians. (Herod. vi. 94, 116, vii. 10. § 2,
ARTAPANUS or ARTAPANES. [ARTA- 74 ; Aeschyl. Pers. 21. )
BANUS. )
3. A Persian, who was sent by king Artaxerxes
ARTAPHERNES ('Aptapépons)1. A son 1. , in B. C. 425, with a letter to Sparta. While
of Hystaspes and brother of Dareius Hystaspis, he passed through Eion on the Strymon, he was
who was appointed satrap of Sardis. In the year arrested by Aristeides, the son of Archippus, and
B. c. 505, when the Athenians sought the protec- carried to Athens, where the letter of his king was
tion of Persia against Sparta, they sent an embassy opened and translated. It contained a complaint
to Artaphiernes. The satrap answered, that the of the king, that owing to the many and discrepant
desired alliance with Persia could be granted only messages they had sent to him, he did not know
on condition of their recognizing the supremacy of what they wanted ; and he therefore requested them
king Dareius. When Hippias, the son of Peisis- to send a fresh embassy back with Artaphernes,
tratus, had taken refuge in Asia, he endearoured and to explain clearly what they wished. The
to induce Artaphernes to support his cause, and Athenians thought this a favourable opportunity
the Athenians, on being informed of his machina- for forming connexions themselves with Persia,
tions, again sent an embassy to Artaphernes, re- and accordingly sent Artaphernes in a galley, ac-
questing him not to interfere between them and companied by Athenian ambassadors, to Ephesus.
Hippias. The reply of Artaphernes, that they On their arrival there they received intelligence of
should suffer no harm if they would recall their the death of king Artaxerxes, and the Athenians
tyrant, shewed the Athenians that they had to returned home. (Thuc. iv. 50. ) (L. S. )
hope nothing from Persia. In B. C. 501, Arta- ARTAS or ARTUS ("Apras, Thuc. ; Aptos,
phernes was induced by the brilliant hopes which Demetr. and Suidas), a prince of the Messapians in
Aristagoras of Miletus held out to him, to place, the time of the Peloponnesian war. Thucydides
with the king's consent, 200 ships and a Persian (vii. 33) relates that Demosthenes in his passage
force at the command of Aristagoras, for the pur- to Sicily (B. C. 413) obtained from him a force of 150
pose of restoring the Naxian exiles to their coun- dartmen, and renewed with him an old-existing
try. But the undertaking failed, and Aristagoras, friendly connexion. This connexion with Athens is
unable to realise his promises, was driven by fear explained by the long enmity, wbich, shortly before,
to cause the insurrection of the Ionians against was at its height, between the Messapians and the
Persia. When in B. C. 499 Aristagoras and his Lacedaemonian Tarentum. (Comp. Niebuhr, i.
Athenian allies marched against Sardis, Artapher- p. 148. ) The visit of Demosthenes is, probably,
nes, not expecting such an attack, withdrew to the what the comic poet Demetrius alluded to in the
citadel, and the town of Sardis fell into the hands lines quoted froin his “ Sicily" by Athenaeus
of the Greeks and was burnt. But the Greeks re- (ii. p. 108), who tells us further, that Polemon
turned, fearing lest they should be overwhelmed wrote a book about him. Possibly, however, as
by a Persian army, which might come to the relief Polemon and Demetrius both filourished about 300
of Artaphernes. In the second year of the Ionian B. C. , this may be a second Artas. The name is
2 B
## p. 370 (#390) ############################################
370
ARTAVASDES.
ARTAVASDES.
found also in Hesychius, who quotes from the loss, Artavasdes had a serious quarrel with the
lines of Demetrius, and in Suidas, who refers to Parthian king, Phraates, about the booty which
Polemon.
(A. H. C. ] had been taken from the Romans. In consequence
ARTASI'RES. [ARSACIDAE, p. 364, b. ) of this dispute, and also of his desire to be re-
ARTAVASDES ('Apraovaoons or 'Apraldoons), venged upon the king of Armenia, Artavasdes
ARTAUASDES ('Apraovdoons), orARTABAZES offered peace and alliance to Antony, through
('Aptabášns), called by the Armenian historians, means of Polemon, king of Pontus. This offer
Artawazt. 1. King of the Greater Armenia, suc- was gladly accepted by Antony, as he too wished
ceeded his father Tigranes I(II). In the expedition to punish the Armenian king on acconnt of his de
of Crassus against the Parthians, B. c.
54, Arta- sertion of him in his campaign in Media After
vasdes was an ally of the Romans; but when Antony had conquered Armenia B. C. 34,
Orodes, the king of Parthia, invaded Media, and alliance between him and Artavasdes was rendered
Artnvasdes was unable to obtain assistance from still closer by the latter giving his daughter, lotape,
the Romans, he concluded a peace with the Par- in marriage to Alexander, the son of Antony.
thian king, and gave his sister or daughter in mar- Artavasdes further engaged to assist Antony with
ringe to Pacorus, the son of Orodes. When Pa- troops against Octavianus, and Antony on his part
corus subsequently invaded Syria, in B. c. 51, promised the Median king help against the Par-
Artarasdes threatened a descent upon Cappadocia; thians. With the assistance of the Roman troops,
and Cicero, who was then governor of Cilicia, made Artavasdes was for a time enabled to carry on the
preparations to meet him; but the defeat of Pacorus war with success against the Parthians and Ar-
put a stop to his designs. (Plut. Crass. 19, 21, 22, taxias 11. , the exiled king of Armenia ; but when
33; Dion Cass. xl. 16; Cic. ad Att. v. 20, 21, ad Antony recalled his forces in order to oppose Octa-
Fum. xv. 2, 3. )
rianus, Artarasdes was defeated by Artaxias, and
We next hear of Artavasdes in Antony's cam- taken prisoner. Artavasdes recovered his liberty
paign against the Parthians in B. c. 36. Artavasdes shortly afterwards. Plutarch (Ant. 61) mentions
joined the Romans, as he wished to injure his Median troops at the battle of Actium ; but these
namesake Artavasdes, king of Media, with whom might have been sent by Artavasdes before his
he was at enmity. He accordingly persuaded captivity. After the battle of Actium, Octavianus
Antony to invade Media, but then treacherously restored to Artavasdes his daughter Totape, who
deserted him, and returned with all his forces to had married Antony's son. Artavasdes died
Armenia. (Dion Cass. xlix. 25, 3); Plut. Ant. 39, shortly before B. c. 20. (Dion Cass. xlix. 25, 33,
50; Strab. xi. p. 524. ) The desertion of the Ar- 40, 41, l. 1, li. 16, liv. 9; Plut. Ant. 38, 52. )
menian king was one of the main causes of the ARTAVASDES or ARTABASDUS ('Aprá-
failure of the Roman expedition (see p. 216, a. ); faodos), emperor of Constantinople, was probably
and Antony accordingly determined to be revenged descended from a noble Armenian family. During
upon Artarasdes. After deferring his invasion of the reign of Constantine V. Copronymus (A. D. 741
Armenia for a year, he entered the country in B. c. -775), he was appointed Curopalatus, and mar-
34, and contrived to entice Artavasdes into his ried Anna, a daughter of this emperor. Constan-
camp, where he was immediately seized. The tine, as his nick-name Caballinus indicates, would
Armenians thereupon set upon the throne his son have made an excellent groom, but was a bad
Artaxias [ARTAXias II. ] ; but Artavasdes him emperor; excited by fanaticism, he was active in
self, with his wife and the rest of his family, was the destruction of images in the churches, and thus
carried to Alexandria, and led in triumph in golden acquired the name of the new Mohammed. Arta-
chains. He remained in captivity till B. c. 30, vasdes, an adherent of the worship of images, pro-
when Cleopatra had him killed, after the battle of fited from the discontent of the people against Con-
Actium, and sent his head to his old enemy, Arta- stantine, and during a campaign of the emperor
vasdes of Media, in hopes of obtaining assistance against the Arabs, prepared a revolt in Phrygia.
from him in return. (Dion Cass. xlix. 33, 39, 40, Constantine, doubtful of his fidelity, demanded the
1. 1, li. 5; Plut. Ant. 50; Liv. Epit. 131; Vell. sons of Artavasdes as hostages for the good conduct
Pat. ii. 82; Tac. Ann. ii. 3; Strab. xi. p. 532; of their father, who refused to give them up, and
Joseph. Ant. xv. 4. $ 3, B. J. i. 18. $ 5. )
suddenly surprised his master at the head of an
This Artarasdes was well acquainted with army. Constantine was defeated, and fied into
Greek literature, and wrote tragedies, speeches, Phrygia Pacotiana, where he assembled his troops.
and historical works, some of which were extant | Meantime, the rebel had won over the patrician
in Plutarch's time. (Plut. Crass. 33. )
Theophanes Monotes and Anastasius, the patriarch
ARTAVASDES II. , perhaps the son of Artaxias II. , of Constantinople, to his cause. Both these men
was placed upon the Armenian throne by Augustus bad great influence among the people, whom they
after the death of Tigranes II. He was however persuaded that Constantine was dead; and thus
deposed by the Armenians; and C. Caesar, who was Artavasdes was proclaimed emperor. He and Con-
sent into Armenia to settle the affairs of the coun- stantine both tried to obtain the aid of the Arabs :
try, made Ariobarzanes, a Mede, king. (Tac. Ann. but they assisted neither, and shewed hostility
ii. 3, 4. )
to both. Artavasdes re-established the worship of
There was another king of the name of Arta- images. He conferred the title of emperor upon
vasdes in the later history of Armenia, respecting his eldest son, Nicephorus; and he sent his second
whom see ARSACIDAE, p. 363, b.
son, Nicetas, with an army into Armenia. Con-
ARTAVASDES, king of Media Atropatene, stantine found assistance among the warlike inha-
and an enemy of Arta vasdes I. , king of Armenia. bitants of Isauria, and early in 743 opened a cam-
Antony invaded his country in B. c. 36, at the in-paign against Artavasdes, which terminated in the
stigation of the Armenian king, and laid siege to fall of the usurper. In May, 743, Artavasdes was
his capital, Phraaspa. After Antony, however, defeated near Sardis ; and in August, 743, his son
had been obliged to retreat from Media with great | Nicetas was routed at Comopolis in Bithynia: in
## p. 371 (#391) ############################################
ARTAXERXES.
371
ARTAXERXES.
this battle fell Tigranes, a noble Armenian, the have commanded his generals to conclude peace
cousin of Artnrasdes. The usurper fled to Con- with the Greeks on any terms. The conditions on
stantinople, where he was besieged by the imperial which this peace is siid to have been concluded
furces; and while this ciły was exposed to the hor- are as follows:- that the Greek towns in Asia
rors of famine, Nicetas was taken prisoner near should be restored to perfect independence ; that no
Nicomedeia. On the 2nd of November, 743, the Persian satrap should approach the western coast
besiegers took Constantinople by storm. Arta- of Asia nearer than the distance of a three days'
vasdes, bis sons, and his principal adherents, had journey ; and that no Persian ship should sail
their eyes put out, were conducted through the through the Bosporus, or pass the town of Phaselis
city on asses, with the tails in their hands, and or the Chelidonian islands on the coast of Lycia.
were afterwards all put to death. Artavasdes was (Diod. xii. 4; comp. Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, iii.
recognized as emperor by pope Zacharias. (Cedre p. 37, &c. ) Thucydides knows nothing of this
nus, i. pp. 796-8, ed. Bonn. ; Zonaras, ii. pp. 107, humiliating peace, and it seems in fact to have
108, ed. Paris; Procopius, de Bell. Pers. i. 2, &c. ; been fabricated in the age subsequent to the events
Theophanes, pp. 347–50, ed. Paris. ) (W. P. ] to which it relates. Soon after these occurrences
ARTAXERXES or ARTOXERXES ('Apta- Megabyzus revolted in Syria, because Artaxerxes
dép&ms or 'Aprofépens) is the name of three Per- had put Inarus to death contrary to the promise
sian kings, and signifies, according to Herodotus which Megabyzus had made to inarus, when he
(vi. 98), “ the great warrior" (o méyas áprios). made him his prisoner. Subsequently, however,
The word is compounded of Arta, which means Megabyzus became reconciled to his master.
“ honoured” (see p. 281, a. ), and Xerxes, which (Ctesias, ap. Phot. Bibl. p. 50, &c. ; comp. MEGA-
is probably the same as the Zend, ksathra, and BYZUS, INARUS. ) Artaxerxes appears to have
the Sanscrit, kshatra, “a king :" consequently passed the latter years of his reign in peace. On
Artaxerxes would mean “ the honoured king. " his death in B. C. 425, he was succeeded by his
ARTAXERXES I. , surnamed Longimanus (Ma- son Xerxes II. (Clinton, Fast. Hell. ii. , sub anno,
Kpóxeup) from the circumstance of his right hand | 455, and p. 380. )
being longer than his left (Plut. Artar. l), was ARTAXERXES II. , surnamed Mnemon (Mvhuw)
king of Persia for forty years, from B. C. 465 to from his good memory, succeeded his father, Da-
B. C. 425. (Diod. xi. 69, xii. 64 ; Thuc. iv. 50. ) reius II. , as king of Persia, and reigned from B. C.
He ascended the throne after his father, Xerxes 405 to B. c. 362. (Diod. xiii. 104, 108.
$ 25, 4. SS 1, 12, 24. )
ing him of his Athenian and Boeotian allies,
2. A distinguished Persian, a son of Pharnaces, whereupon Artabazus was defeated by the king's
who lived in the reign of Xerxes. In the expedi- general, Autopbradates, and even taken
tion of this king to Greece, B. C. 480, Artabazus prisoner. The Rhodians, Mentor and Memnon,
commanded the Parthians and Choasmians. two brothers-in-law of Artabazus, who had like-
(Herod. vii. 66. ) When Xerxes quitted Greece, wise supported him, still continued to maintain
Artabazus accompanied him as far as the Helles- themselves, as they were aided by the Athenian
pont, and then returned with his forces to Pallene. Charidemus, and even succeeded in obtaining the
As Potidaea and the other towns of Pallene had liberation of Artabazus. After this, Artabazus
revolted from the king after the battle of Salamis, seems either to have continued his rebellious ope-
Artabazus determined to reduce them. He first rations, or at least to have commenced afterwards
laid siege to Olynthus, which he took ; he butch- a fresh revolt; but he was at last obliged, with
ered the inhabitants whom he bad compelled to Memnon and his whole family, to take refuge with
quit the town, and gave the place and the town to Philip of Macedonia. During the absence of Arta-
the Chalcidians. After this Artabazus began the bazus, Mentor, his brother-in-law, was of great
siege of Potidaea, and endeavoured to gain his end service to the king of Persia in his war against
by bribes ; but the treachers was discovered and Nectanebus of Egypt. After the close of this war,
his plans thwarted. The siege lasted for three in B. c. 319, Artaxerxes gave to Mentor the com-
months, and when at last the town seemed to be mand against the rebellious satraps of western
lost by the low waters of the sea, which enabled Asia. Mentor arailed himself of the opportunity
his troops to approach the walls from the sea-side, to induce the king to grant pardon to Artabazus and
an almost wonderful event saved it, for the return. Memnon, who accordingly obtained permission to
ing tide was higher than it had ever been before return to Persia. (Diod. xvi. 22, 34, 52 ; Dem. C.
The troops of Artabazus were partly overwhelmed Aristocr. p. 671, &c. ) In the reign of Dareius
by the waters and partly cut down by a sally of the Codomannus, Artabazus distinguished himself by
Potidaeans. He now withdrew with the remnants his great fidelity and attachment to his sovereign.
of his army to Thessaly, to join Mardonius. (viii. He took part in the battle of Arbela, and afier.
126-130. )
wards accompanied Dareius on his flight. After
Shortly before the battle of Plataeae, B. c. 479, the death of the latter, Alexander rewarded Arta
was
## p. 369 (#389) ############################################
ARTAPHERNES.
369
ARTAS.
bazus for his fidelity with the satrapy of Bactria. | war, B. c. 497, Artaphernes and Otanes began to
His daughter, Barsinc, became by Alexander the attack vigorously the towns of lonia and Aeolis.
mother of Heracles ; a second daughter, Artocama, Cumae and Clazomenae fell into the hands of the
was given in marriage to Ptolemy; and a third, Persians. Artaphemes was sharp enough to see
Artonis, to Eumenes. In B. c. 328, Artabazus, through the treacherous designs of Histiaeus, and
then a man of very advanced age, resigned his expressed his suspicions to him at Sardis. The
satrapy, which was given to Cleitus. (Arrian, fear of being discovered led Histiaeus to take to
Anab. iii. 23, 29, vii. 4; Curtius, ii. 13, v. 9, 12, flight. Some letters, which he afterwards addres-
vi. 5, vii. 3, 5, viii. l; Strab. xii. p. 578 ; comp. sed to some Persians at Sardis, who were concerned
Droysen, Gesch. Alex. des Gross. p. 497. ) [L. S. ] in his designs, were intercepted, and Artaphernes
ARTACAMA. (ARTABAZUS, No. 4. ] had all the guilty Persians put to death. From
ARTACHAEES ('Aptaxains), a distinguished this time Artaphernes disappears from history, and
Persian, and the tallest man in the nation, super- he seems to have died soon afterwards. (Herod.
intended the construction of the canal across the v. 25, 30-32, 100, 123, vi. 1, &c. ; comp. Hip-
isthmus of Athos. He died while Xerxes was PIAS, ARISTAGORAS, HISTia EUS. )
with his army at Athos ; and the king, who was 2. A son of the former. After the unsuccessful
deeply grieved at his loss, gave him a splendid enterprise of Mardonius against Greece in B. C.
funeral, and the whole army raised a mound. In 492, king Dareius placed Datis and his nephew
the time of Herodotus, the Acanthians, in pursuance Artaphernes at the head of the forces which were
of an oracle, sacrificed to Artachaees as a hero. to chastise Athens and Eretria. Artaphernes,
(Herod. vii. 22, 117. ) This mound appears to be though superior in rank, seems to bave been in-
the one described by Lieutenant Wolfe, who re- ferior in military skill to Datis, who was in reality
marks: “About 1 mile to the westward of the the commander of the Persian army. The troops
north end of the canal (of Xerxes) is the modern assembled in Cilicia, and here they were taken on
village of Erso (on the site of Acanthus), which board 600 ships. This fleet first sailed to Samos,
gives its name to the bay, situated on an eminence and thence to the Cyclades. Naxos was taken and
overhanging the beach : this is crowned by a re- laid in ashes, and all the islands submitted to the
markable mound, forming a small natural citadel. ” Persians. In Eubcea, Carystus and Eretria also
(Classical Museum, No. I. p. 83, Lond. 1843. ) fell into their hands. After this the Persian army
ARTANES('Aprávns), a son of Hystaspes and landed at Marathon. Here the Persians were de-
brother of Dareius Hystaspis, had given his only feated in the memorable battle of Marathon, B. C.
daughter and all his property to Dareius, and was 490, whereupon Datis and Artaphernes sailed
afterwards one of the distinguished Persians who back to Asia. When Xerxes invaded Greece,
fought and fell in the battle of Thermopylae. B. C. 480, Artaphernes commanded the Lydians
(Herod. vii. 224. )
[L. S. ] and Mysians. (Herod. vi. 94, 116, vii. 10. § 2,
ARTAPANUS or ARTAPANES. [ARTA- 74 ; Aeschyl. Pers. 21. )
BANUS. )
3. A Persian, who was sent by king Artaxerxes
ARTAPHERNES ('Aptapépons)1. A son 1. , in B. C. 425, with a letter to Sparta. While
of Hystaspes and brother of Dareius Hystaspis, he passed through Eion on the Strymon, he was
who was appointed satrap of Sardis. In the year arrested by Aristeides, the son of Archippus, and
B. c. 505, when the Athenians sought the protec- carried to Athens, where the letter of his king was
tion of Persia against Sparta, they sent an embassy opened and translated. It contained a complaint
to Artaphiernes. The satrap answered, that the of the king, that owing to the many and discrepant
desired alliance with Persia could be granted only messages they had sent to him, he did not know
on condition of their recognizing the supremacy of what they wanted ; and he therefore requested them
king Dareius. When Hippias, the son of Peisis- to send a fresh embassy back with Artaphernes,
tratus, had taken refuge in Asia, he endearoured and to explain clearly what they wished. The
to induce Artaphernes to support his cause, and Athenians thought this a favourable opportunity
the Athenians, on being informed of his machina- for forming connexions themselves with Persia,
tions, again sent an embassy to Artaphernes, re- and accordingly sent Artaphernes in a galley, ac-
questing him not to interfere between them and companied by Athenian ambassadors, to Ephesus.
Hippias. The reply of Artaphernes, that they On their arrival there they received intelligence of
should suffer no harm if they would recall their the death of king Artaxerxes, and the Athenians
tyrant, shewed the Athenians that they had to returned home. (Thuc. iv. 50. ) (L. S. )
hope nothing from Persia. In B. C. 501, Arta- ARTAS or ARTUS ("Apras, Thuc. ; Aptos,
phernes was induced by the brilliant hopes which Demetr. and Suidas), a prince of the Messapians in
Aristagoras of Miletus held out to him, to place, the time of the Peloponnesian war. Thucydides
with the king's consent, 200 ships and a Persian (vii. 33) relates that Demosthenes in his passage
force at the command of Aristagoras, for the pur- to Sicily (B. C. 413) obtained from him a force of 150
pose of restoring the Naxian exiles to their coun- dartmen, and renewed with him an old-existing
try. But the undertaking failed, and Aristagoras, friendly connexion. This connexion with Athens is
unable to realise his promises, was driven by fear explained by the long enmity, wbich, shortly before,
to cause the insurrection of the Ionians against was at its height, between the Messapians and the
Persia. When in B. C. 499 Aristagoras and his Lacedaemonian Tarentum. (Comp. Niebuhr, i.
Athenian allies marched against Sardis, Artapher- p. 148. ) The visit of Demosthenes is, probably,
nes, not expecting such an attack, withdrew to the what the comic poet Demetrius alluded to in the
citadel, and the town of Sardis fell into the hands lines quoted froin his “ Sicily" by Athenaeus
of the Greeks and was burnt. But the Greeks re- (ii. p. 108), who tells us further, that Polemon
turned, fearing lest they should be overwhelmed wrote a book about him. Possibly, however, as
by a Persian army, which might come to the relief Polemon and Demetrius both filourished about 300
of Artaphernes. In the second year of the Ionian B. C. , this may be a second Artas. The name is
2 B
## p. 370 (#390) ############################################
370
ARTAVASDES.
ARTAVASDES.
found also in Hesychius, who quotes from the loss, Artavasdes had a serious quarrel with the
lines of Demetrius, and in Suidas, who refers to Parthian king, Phraates, about the booty which
Polemon.
(A. H. C. ] had been taken from the Romans. In consequence
ARTASI'RES. [ARSACIDAE, p. 364, b. ) of this dispute, and also of his desire to be re-
ARTAVASDES ('Apraovaoons or 'Apraldoons), venged upon the king of Armenia, Artavasdes
ARTAUASDES ('Apraovdoons), orARTABAZES offered peace and alliance to Antony, through
('Aptabášns), called by the Armenian historians, means of Polemon, king of Pontus. This offer
Artawazt. 1. King of the Greater Armenia, suc- was gladly accepted by Antony, as he too wished
ceeded his father Tigranes I(II). In the expedition to punish the Armenian king on acconnt of his de
of Crassus against the Parthians, B. c.
54, Arta- sertion of him in his campaign in Media After
vasdes was an ally of the Romans; but when Antony had conquered Armenia B. C. 34,
Orodes, the king of Parthia, invaded Media, and alliance between him and Artavasdes was rendered
Artnvasdes was unable to obtain assistance from still closer by the latter giving his daughter, lotape,
the Romans, he concluded a peace with the Par- in marriage to Alexander, the son of Antony.
thian king, and gave his sister or daughter in mar- Artavasdes further engaged to assist Antony with
ringe to Pacorus, the son of Orodes. When Pa- troops against Octavianus, and Antony on his part
corus subsequently invaded Syria, in B. c. 51, promised the Median king help against the Par-
Artarasdes threatened a descent upon Cappadocia; thians. With the assistance of the Roman troops,
and Cicero, who was then governor of Cilicia, made Artavasdes was for a time enabled to carry on the
preparations to meet him; but the defeat of Pacorus war with success against the Parthians and Ar-
put a stop to his designs. (Plut. Crass. 19, 21, 22, taxias 11. , the exiled king of Armenia ; but when
33; Dion Cass. xl. 16; Cic. ad Att. v. 20, 21, ad Antony recalled his forces in order to oppose Octa-
Fum. xv. 2, 3. )
rianus, Artarasdes was defeated by Artaxias, and
We next hear of Artavasdes in Antony's cam- taken prisoner. Artavasdes recovered his liberty
paign against the Parthians in B. c. 36. Artavasdes shortly afterwards. Plutarch (Ant. 61) mentions
joined the Romans, as he wished to injure his Median troops at the battle of Actium ; but these
namesake Artavasdes, king of Media, with whom might have been sent by Artavasdes before his
he was at enmity. He accordingly persuaded captivity. After the battle of Actium, Octavianus
Antony to invade Media, but then treacherously restored to Artavasdes his daughter Totape, who
deserted him, and returned with all his forces to had married Antony's son. Artavasdes died
Armenia. (Dion Cass. xlix. 25, 3); Plut. Ant. 39, shortly before B. c. 20. (Dion Cass. xlix. 25, 33,
50; Strab. xi. p. 524. ) The desertion of the Ar- 40, 41, l. 1, li. 16, liv. 9; Plut. Ant. 38, 52. )
menian king was one of the main causes of the ARTAVASDES or ARTABASDUS ('Aprá-
failure of the Roman expedition (see p. 216, a. ); faodos), emperor of Constantinople, was probably
and Antony accordingly determined to be revenged descended from a noble Armenian family. During
upon Artarasdes. After deferring his invasion of the reign of Constantine V. Copronymus (A. D. 741
Armenia for a year, he entered the country in B. c. -775), he was appointed Curopalatus, and mar-
34, and contrived to entice Artavasdes into his ried Anna, a daughter of this emperor. Constan-
camp, where he was immediately seized. The tine, as his nick-name Caballinus indicates, would
Armenians thereupon set upon the throne his son have made an excellent groom, but was a bad
Artaxias [ARTAXias II. ] ; but Artavasdes him emperor; excited by fanaticism, he was active in
self, with his wife and the rest of his family, was the destruction of images in the churches, and thus
carried to Alexandria, and led in triumph in golden acquired the name of the new Mohammed. Arta-
chains. He remained in captivity till B. c. 30, vasdes, an adherent of the worship of images, pro-
when Cleopatra had him killed, after the battle of fited from the discontent of the people against Con-
Actium, and sent his head to his old enemy, Arta- stantine, and during a campaign of the emperor
vasdes of Media, in hopes of obtaining assistance against the Arabs, prepared a revolt in Phrygia.
from him in return. (Dion Cass. xlix. 33, 39, 40, Constantine, doubtful of his fidelity, demanded the
1. 1, li. 5; Plut. Ant. 50; Liv. Epit. 131; Vell. sons of Artavasdes as hostages for the good conduct
Pat. ii. 82; Tac. Ann. ii. 3; Strab. xi. p. 532; of their father, who refused to give them up, and
Joseph. Ant. xv. 4. $ 3, B. J. i. 18. $ 5. )
suddenly surprised his master at the head of an
This Artarasdes was well acquainted with army. Constantine was defeated, and fied into
Greek literature, and wrote tragedies, speeches, Phrygia Pacotiana, where he assembled his troops.
and historical works, some of which were extant | Meantime, the rebel had won over the patrician
in Plutarch's time. (Plut. Crass. 33. )
Theophanes Monotes and Anastasius, the patriarch
ARTAVASDES II. , perhaps the son of Artaxias II. , of Constantinople, to his cause. Both these men
was placed upon the Armenian throne by Augustus bad great influence among the people, whom they
after the death of Tigranes II. He was however persuaded that Constantine was dead; and thus
deposed by the Armenians; and C. Caesar, who was Artavasdes was proclaimed emperor. He and Con-
sent into Armenia to settle the affairs of the coun- stantine both tried to obtain the aid of the Arabs :
try, made Ariobarzanes, a Mede, king. (Tac. Ann. but they assisted neither, and shewed hostility
ii. 3, 4. )
to both. Artavasdes re-established the worship of
There was another king of the name of Arta- images. He conferred the title of emperor upon
vasdes in the later history of Armenia, respecting his eldest son, Nicephorus; and he sent his second
whom see ARSACIDAE, p. 363, b.
son, Nicetas, with an army into Armenia. Con-
ARTAVASDES, king of Media Atropatene, stantine found assistance among the warlike inha-
and an enemy of Arta vasdes I. , king of Armenia. bitants of Isauria, and early in 743 opened a cam-
Antony invaded his country in B. c. 36, at the in-paign against Artavasdes, which terminated in the
stigation of the Armenian king, and laid siege to fall of the usurper. In May, 743, Artavasdes was
his capital, Phraaspa. After Antony, however, defeated near Sardis ; and in August, 743, his son
had been obliged to retreat from Media with great | Nicetas was routed at Comopolis in Bithynia: in
## p. 371 (#391) ############################################
ARTAXERXES.
371
ARTAXERXES.
this battle fell Tigranes, a noble Armenian, the have commanded his generals to conclude peace
cousin of Artnrasdes. The usurper fled to Con- with the Greeks on any terms. The conditions on
stantinople, where he was besieged by the imperial which this peace is siid to have been concluded
furces; and while this ciły was exposed to the hor- are as follows:- that the Greek towns in Asia
rors of famine, Nicetas was taken prisoner near should be restored to perfect independence ; that no
Nicomedeia. On the 2nd of November, 743, the Persian satrap should approach the western coast
besiegers took Constantinople by storm. Arta- of Asia nearer than the distance of a three days'
vasdes, bis sons, and his principal adherents, had journey ; and that no Persian ship should sail
their eyes put out, were conducted through the through the Bosporus, or pass the town of Phaselis
city on asses, with the tails in their hands, and or the Chelidonian islands on the coast of Lycia.
were afterwards all put to death. Artavasdes was (Diod. xii. 4; comp. Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, iii.
recognized as emperor by pope Zacharias. (Cedre p. 37, &c. ) Thucydides knows nothing of this
nus, i. pp. 796-8, ed. Bonn. ; Zonaras, ii. pp. 107, humiliating peace, and it seems in fact to have
108, ed. Paris; Procopius, de Bell. Pers. i. 2, &c. ; been fabricated in the age subsequent to the events
Theophanes, pp. 347–50, ed. Paris. ) (W. P. ] to which it relates. Soon after these occurrences
ARTAXERXES or ARTOXERXES ('Apta- Megabyzus revolted in Syria, because Artaxerxes
dép&ms or 'Aprofépens) is the name of three Per- had put Inarus to death contrary to the promise
sian kings, and signifies, according to Herodotus which Megabyzus had made to inarus, when he
(vi. 98), “ the great warrior" (o méyas áprios). made him his prisoner. Subsequently, however,
The word is compounded of Arta, which means Megabyzus became reconciled to his master.
“ honoured” (see p. 281, a. ), and Xerxes, which (Ctesias, ap. Phot. Bibl. p. 50, &c. ; comp. MEGA-
is probably the same as the Zend, ksathra, and BYZUS, INARUS. ) Artaxerxes appears to have
the Sanscrit, kshatra, “a king :" consequently passed the latter years of his reign in peace. On
Artaxerxes would mean “ the honoured king. " his death in B. C. 425, he was succeeded by his
ARTAXERXES I. , surnamed Longimanus (Ma- son Xerxes II. (Clinton, Fast. Hell. ii. , sub anno,
Kpóxeup) from the circumstance of his right hand | 455, and p. 380. )
being longer than his left (Plut. Artar. l), was ARTAXERXES II. , surnamed Mnemon (Mvhuw)
king of Persia for forty years, from B. C. 465 to from his good memory, succeeded his father, Da-
B. C. 425. (Diod. xi. 69, xii. 64 ; Thuc. iv. 50. ) reius II. , as king of Persia, and reigned from B. C.
He ascended the throne after his father, Xerxes 405 to B. c. 362. (Diod. xiii. 104, 108.
