564)
study, and intended to publish his work ; bo did calls him a companion of Heracles who founded
Petrus Possinus also; but, for some reasons un- Cios on his return from Colchis.
study, and intended to publish his work ; bo did calls him a companion of Heracles who founded
Petrus Possinus also; but, for some reasons un- Cios on his return from Colchis.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
5; Plut.
Serl.
15.
) Caesar, marry whom he pleased and as many as he pleased,
his brother-in-law, wishing to make use of him in order to make sure of an heir. Plutarch likewise
against the party of the senate, procured his recall (Caes. 68) tells us that Cinna, a friend of Caesar,
from exile. "But his father had been proscribed by was torn to pieces under the supposition that he
Sulla, and young Cinna was by the laws of pro- was Cinna, one of the conspirators. None of the
scription unable to hold office, till Caesar, when above authorities take any notice of Cinna being
dictator, had them repealed. He was not elected a poet; but Plutarch, as if to supply the omission,
praetor till B. C. 44. By that time he had become when relating the circumstances over again in the
discontented with Caesar's government; and life of Brutus (c. 20), expressly describes the
though he would not join the conspirators, he ap- victim of this unhappy blunder as mointikÒS årúp
proved of their act. And so great was the rage of (Av Bé TuS Kívvas, TOINTIKòs amp - the reading
the mob against him, that notwithstanding he was TOAITIKÒS avúp being a conjectural emendation of
praetor, they nearly murdered him; nay, they Xylander). The chain of evidence thus appearing
did murder Helvius Cinna, tribune of the plebs, complete, scholars have, with few exceptions, con-
whom they mistook for the praetor, though he was cluded that Helvius Cinna, the tribune, who per-
at the time walking in Caesar's funeral procession. ished thus, was the same with Helvius Cinna the
(Plut. Brut. 18, Caes. 68 ; Suet. Caes. 52, 85, &c. ; poet; and the story of his dream, as narrated by
Val. Max. ix. 9. & 1. ) Cicero praises him for not Plutarch (Caes. l. c. ) has been embodied by Shak-
taking any province (Philipp. iii. 10); but it may speare in his Julius Caesar.
be doubted whether the conspirators gave him the Weichert, however, following in the track of
choice, for the praetor does not seem to have been Reiske and J. H. Voss, refuses to admit the iden-
a very disinterested person. He married a daugh-tity of these personages, on the ground that chro-
ter of Pompeius Magnus.
nological difficulties render the position untenable.
4. Cinna, probably brother of the last, served He builds almost entirely upon two lines in Virgil's
as quaestor under Dolabella against Brutus. (Plut. ninth eclogue, which is commonly assigned to B. C.
Brul. 25; Cic. Philipp. x. 6. )
40 or 41.
5. CN. CORNELIUS CINNA Magnus, son of No. Nam neque adhuc Vario videor, nec dicere Cinna
3, and therefore grandson of Pompey, whence he Digna, sed argutos inter strepere anser alores,
received the surname of Magnus. Though he sided
with Antony against Octavius, he was preferred arguing that, since Varius was alive at this epoch,
to a priesthood by the conqueror, and became con- Cinna must have been alive also ; that the Cinna
sul in a. D. 5. (Senec. de Clem. i. 9; Dion Cass. here celebrated can be no other than Helvius Cinna;
Iv. 14. 22. )
[H. G. L. ) and that inasmuch as Helvius Cinna was alive in
The name of Cinna occurs, in the form of Cina, B. C. 40, he could not have been murdered in B. C.
on asses, semisses, and trientes. A specimen of one | 44. But, although the conclusion is undeniable if
is given below: the obverse represents the head of we admit the premises, it will be at once seen that
Janus, the reverse the prow of a sbip.
these form a chain, each separate link of which is a
pure hypothesis. Allowing that the date of the pas-
toral has been correctly fixed, although this cannot
CINA be proved, we must bear in mind-1. That Varo
and not Vario is the reading in every MS. 2.
That even if Vario be adopted, the expression in
the above verses might have been used with per-
fect propriety in reference to any bard who had
been a contemporary of Virgil, although recently
dead. 3. That we have no right to assert dogma-
ROMA
tically that the Cinna of Virgil must be C. Helvius
Cinna, the friend of Catullus. Hence, although
CINNA, C. HE'LVIUS, a poet of considerable we may grant that it is not absolutely certain that
renown, was the contemporary, companion, and Helvius Činna the tribune and Helvius Cinna the
friend of Catullus. (Catull
. x. , xcv. , cxiii. ) The poet were one and the same, at all events this opi-
year of his birth is totally unknown, but the day nion rests upon much stronger evidence than the
of his death is generally supposed to be a matter other.
of common notoriety; for Suetonius (Caes. 85) in- The great work of C. Helvius Cinna was his
forms us, that immediately after the funeral of Smyrna; but neither Catullus, by whom it is
Julius Caesar the rabble rushed with fire-brands to highly extolled (xcv. ), nor any other ancient writer
the houses of Brutus and Cassius, but having been gives us a hint with regard to the subject, and
with difficulty driven back, chanced to encounter hence the various speculations in which critics
Helvius Cinna, and mistaking him, from the re- have indulged rest upon no basis whatsoever.
semblance of name, for Cornelius Cinna, who but Some believe that it contained a history of the
the day before had delivered a violent harangue adventures of Smyrna the Amazon, to whom the
against the late dictator, they killed him on the famous city of Ionia ascribed its origin; others
spot, and bore about his head stuck on a spear. that it was connected with the myth of Adonis
The same story is repeated almost in the same and with the legend of Myrrha, otherwise named
words by Valerius Maximus (ix. 9. & 1), by Ap- Smyrna, the incestuous daughter of Cinyras; at
pian (B. C. ii. 147), and by Dion Cassius (xliv. all events, it certainly was not a drama, as a com-
50), with this addition, that they all three call mentator upon Quintilian has dreamed; for the
Helvius Cinna a tribune of the 'plebeians, and fragments, short and unsatisfactory as they are,
Suetonius himself in a previous chapter (50) had suffice to demonstrate that it belonged to the epic
spoken of Helvius Cinna as a tribune, who was to style. These consist of two disjointed hexameters
3 c 2
a
## p. 756 (#776) ############################################
756
CINNAMUS.
CINNAMUS.
preserved by Priscian (vi. 16. $ 84, ed. Kreh]) Μανουήλ των Κομνηνό ποιηθείσα Ιωάννη βασιλικό
and the Scholiast on Juvenal (vi. 155), and two ypaumatik“ Kuvráuw. It is divided into six books,
consecutive lines given by Servius (ad Virg. Georg. or more correctly into seven, the seventh, however,
i. 288), which are not without merit in so far as being not finished : it is not known if the author
melodious versification is concerned.
wrote more than seven books; but as to the se-
Te matutinus flentem conspexit Eous
venth, which in the Paris edition forms the end of
Et flentem paulo vidit post Hesperus idem.
the sixth and last book, it is evidently mutilated,
as it ends abruptly in the account of the siege of
The circumstance that nine years were spent in Iconium by the emperor Manuel in 1176. As
the elaboration of this piece has been frequently Cinnamus was still alive when Manuel died (1180),
dwelt upon, may have suggested the well-known it is almost certain that he finished the history of
precept of Horace, and unquestionably secured the his whole reign; and the loss of the latter part of
suffrage of the grammarians. (Catull. xcv. ; Quin- his work is the more to be regretted, as it would
til. x. 4. § 4; Serv. and Philargyr. ad Virg. Ed. undoubtedly have thrown light on many circum-
ix. 35; Hor. 1. P. 387, and the comments of stances connected with the conduct of the Greek
Acro, Porphyr. , and the Schol. Cruq. ; Martial, aristocracy, and especially of Andronicus Comne-
Epigr. x. 21; Gell. xix. 9, 13; Sueton. de Illustr. nus, afterwards emperor, during the short reign of
Gramm. 18. )
the infant son and successor of Manuel, Alexis II.
Besides the Smyrna, he was the author of a In the first book Cinnamus gives a short and con-
work entitled Propempticon Pollionis, which Voss cise account of the reign of Calo-Joannes, and in
imagines to have been dedicated to Asinius Pollio the following he relates the reign of Manuel.
when setting forth in B. C. 40 on an expedition Possessed of great historical knowledge, Cin-
against the Parthini of Dalmatia, from which he namus records the events of his time as a man
returned in triumph the following year, and found accustomed to form an opinion of his own upon
ed the first public library ever opened at Rome important affairs; and, being himself a states-
from the profits of the spoils. This rests of course man who took part in the administration of the
upon the assumption that Cinna was not killed in einpire, and enjoyed the confidence of the em-
B. C. 44, and until that fact is decided, it is vain peror Manuel, he is always master of his sub-
to reason upon the subject, for the fragments, ject, and never sacrifices leading circumstances
which extend to six hexameter lines, of which four to amusing trifles. His knowledge was not con-
are consecutive, throw no light on the question. fined to the political state of the Greek empire ;
(Charis. Instit. Gramm. p. 99, ed. Putsch ; Isidor. he was equally well acquainted with the state of
Orig. xix. 2, 4. )
Italy, Germany, Hungary, and the adjoining bar-
Lastly, in Isidorus (vi. 12) we find four elegiac barous kingdoms, the Latin principalities in the
verses, while one hexameter in Suetonius (de 11- East, and the empires of the Persians and Turks.
lustr. Gramm. 11), one hexameter and two hende His view of the origin of the power of the popes,
casyllabics in Gellius (ix. 12, xix. 13), and two in the fifth book, is a fine instance of historical
scraps in Nonius Marcellus (s. vv. Clypeat. cummi), criticism, sound and true without being a tedious
are quoted from the “Poemata ” and “Epigram- and dry investigation, and producing the effect of
” of Cinna. The class to which some of a powerful speech. He is, however, often violent
these fugitive essays belonged may be inferred in his attacks on the papal power, and is justly
from the words of Ovid in his apology for the Ars reproached with being prejudiced against the Latin
Amatoria. (Trist. ii. 435. ) (Weichert, Poetar. princes, although he deserves that reproach much
Latin. Reliqu. )
(W. R. ] less than Nicetas and Anna Comnena. His praise
CI'NNAMUS, JOANNES ('Iwdvvns Kívva of the emperor Manuel is exaggerated, but he is
Mos), also called CI'NAMUS (Rivauos), and very far from making a romantic hero of him,
SI'NNAMUS (Zlvvapos), one of the most distin- as Anna Comnena did of the emperor Alexis.
guished Byzantine historians, and the best Euro- Cinnamus is partial and jealous of his enemies,
pean historian of his time, lived in the twelfth rivals, or such as are above him; he is impar-
century of the Christian aera. He was one of the tial and just where he deals with his equals, or
“Grammatici” or “Notarii” of the emperor Manuel | those below him, or such persons and events as
Comnenus, who reigned from a. D. 1143 till 1180. are indifferent to him personally. In short, Cin-
The functions of the imperial notaries, the first of namus shews that he was a Byzantine Greek.
whom was the proto-notarius, were nearly those of His style is concise and clear, except in some in-
private secretaries appointed for both private and stances, where he embodies his thoughts in rheto-
state affairs, and they had a considerable influence rical figures or poetical ornaments of more show
upon the administration of the empire. Cinnamus than beauty. This defect also is common to his
was attached to the person of Manuel at a youthful countrymen ; and if somebody would undertake
age, and probably as early as the year of his ac- to trace the origin of the deviation of the writers,
cession, and he accompanied that great emperor in poets, and artists among the later Greeks from the
his numerous wars in Asia as well as in Europe. classical models left them by their forefathers, he
Favoured by such circumstances, be undertook to would find it in the supernatural tendency of minds
write the history of the reign of Manuel, and that imbued with Christianism being in perpetual con-
of his predecessor and father, the emperor Calo- tact with the sensualism of the Mohammedan faith
Joannes; and so well did he accomplish his task, and the showy materialism of Eastern imagination.
that there is no history written at that period which Xenophon, Thucydides, and Procopius were the
can be compared with his work. The full title of models of Cinnamus; and though he cannot be
this work is 'ETITOMT) TW Katopowuátwv tự naka-compared with the two former, still he may be
ρίτη βασιλεί και πορφυρογεννήτη κυρία Ιωάννη το ranked with Procopius, and he was not unworthy
Κομνηνή, και αφήγησις των πραχθέντων τα αοιδίμα to be the disciple of such masters. His work will
υίφ αυτου τη βασιλεί και πορφυρογεννήτη κυρία | ever be of interest to the scholar and the historian.
mata
## p. 757 (#777) ############################################
CIOS.
757
CISPIUS.
siya
Leo Allatius made Cinnamus an object of deep | ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 1177. ) Strabo (xii. p.
564)
study, and intended to publish his work ; bo did calls him a companion of Heracles who founded
Petrus Possinus also; but, for some reasons un- Cios on his return from Colchis. (L. S. )
known, they renounced their design. The first CI'PIUS, a person who gave rise to the pro-
edition is that of Cornelius Tollius, with a Latin | verb " non omnibus dormio," was called Para-
translation and some notes of no great consequence, renchon (napapéyxwv), because he pretended to be
Utrecht, 1652, 4to. Tollius dedicated this edi- asleep, in order to give facility to his wife's adul-
tion, which he divided into four books, to the states tery. (Festus, s. v. Non omnibus dormio ; Cic.
of Utrecht, and in his preface gives a brilliant de- ad Fam. vii. 24. ) There are two coins extant
scription of the literary merits of Cinnamus. The
second edition is that in the Paris collection of the
Byzantines by Du Cange, published at Paris, 1670,
fol. , together with the description of the church of
St. Sophia at Constantinople, by Paulus Silentia-
rius, and the editor's notes to Nicephorus Bryen-
nius and Anna Comnena. It is divided into six
books. Du Cange corrected the text, added a new
Latin translation, such of the notes of Tollius as
were of some importance, and an excellent philo with the name M. Cipi. M. F. upon them, but it
logico-historical commentary of his own; he dedi- is not impossible that they may belong to the
cated his edition to the minister Colbert, one of Cispia gens, as the omission of a letter in a name
the principal protectors of the French editors of is by no means of uncommon occurrence on Roman
the Byzantines. This edition has been reprinted coins.
in the Venice collection, 1729, fol. Cinnamus has CIPUS or CIPPUS, GENU'CIUS, a Roman
lately been published at Bonn, 1836, 8vo. , together praetor, to whom an extraordinary prodigy is said
with Nicephorus Bryennius, by Augustus Meineke; to have happened. For, as he was going out of the
the work is divided into seven books. The editor gates of the city, clad in the paludamentum, horns
gives the Latin translation of Du Cange revised in suddenly grew out of his head, and it was said by
several instances, and the prefaces, dedications, the haruspices that if he returned to the city, he
and commentaries of Tollius and Du Cange. (Han- would be king : but lest this should happen, he
kius, De Script. Byzant. Graec. p. 516, &c. ; Fa- imposed voluntary exile upon himself. (Val. Max.
bric. Bibl. Graec. vii. p. 733, &c. ; the Prefaces v. 6. § 3; Ov. Met. xv. 565, &c. ; Plin. H. N. xi.
and Dedications of Tollius and Du Cange ; Leo 37. s. 45. )
Allatius, De Psellis, p. 24, &c. ) (W. P. ] CIRCE (Klpan), a mythical sorceress, whom
CI'NYRAS (Kıvúpas), a famous Cyprian hero. Homer calls a fair-locked goddess, a daughter of
According to the common tradition, he was a son Helios by the oceanid Perse, and a sister of Aeëtes.
of Apollo by Paphos, king of Cyprus, and priest (Od. x. 135. ) She lived in the island of Aeaea;
of the Paphian Aphrodite, which latter office re- and when Odysseus on his wanderings came to
mained hereditary in his family, the Cinyradae. her island, Circe, after having changed several of
(Pind. Pyth. ii. 26, &c. ; Tac. Hist. ii. 3 ; Schol. his companions into pigs, became so much attached
ad Theocrit. i. 109. ) Tacitus describes him as hav- to the unfortunate hero, that he was induced to
ing come to Cyprus from Cilicia, from whence he remain a whole year with her. At length, when
introduced the worship of Aphrodite ; and Apollo he wished to leave her, she prevailed upon him to
dorus (iii. 14. § 3) too calls him a son of Sandacus, descend into the lower world to consult the seer
who had emigrated from Syria to Cilicia. Cinyras, Teiresias. After bis return from thence, she ex-
after his arrival in Cyprus, founded the town of plained to him the dangers which he would yet
Paphos. He was married to Methamne, the daugh- have to encounter, and then dismissed him. (od.
ter of the Cyprian king, Pygmalion, by whom he lib. x. -xii. ; comp. Hygin. Fab. 125. ) Her des-
had several children. One of them was Adonis, cent is differently described by the poets, for some
whom, according to some traditions, he begot un- call her a daughter of Hyperion and Aërope (Orph.
wittingly in an incestuous intercourse with his Argon. 1215), and others a daughter of Aeëtes and
own daughter, Smyma. He afterwards killed Hecate. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. iii. 200. ) Ac-
himself on discovering this crime, into which he cording to Hesiod (Theog. 1011) she became by
had been led by the anger of Aphrodite. (Hygin. Odysseus the mother of Agrius. The Latin poets
Fab. 58, 242; Antonin. Lib. 34; Ov. Met. x. too inake great use of the story of Circe, the sor-
310, &c. ) According to other traditions, he had ceress, who metamorphosed Scylla and Picus, king
promised to assist Agamemnon and the Greeks in of the Ausonians. (Ov. Met. xiv. 9, &c. ) [L. S. ]
their war against Troy; but, as he did not keep CIRRHA (Rippa), a nymph from whom the
his word, he was cursed by Agamemnon, and town of Cirrha in Phocis was believed to have de-
Apollo took vengeance upon him by entering into rived its name. (Paus. x. 37. § 4. ) (L. S. )
a contest with him, in which he was defeated and CI'SPIA GENS, plebeian, which came origin-
slain. (Hom. ll. xi. 20, with the note of Eustath. ) ally froin Anagnia, a town of the Hernici. An
His daughters, fifty in number, leaped into the ancient tradition related that Cispius Laevus, of
sea, and were metamorphosed into alcyones. He Anagnia, came to Rome to protect the city, while
is also described as the founder of the town of Tullus Hostilius was engaged in the siege of Veii,
Cinyreia in Cyprus. (Plin. H. N. v. 31 ; Nonn. and that he occupied with his forces one of the
Dionys. xiii. 451. )
[L. S. )
two hills of the Esquiline, which was called after
cios (Kios), a son of Olympus, from whom him the Cispius mons, in the same way as Oppius
Cios (Prusa) on the Propontis derived its name, as of Tusculum did the other, which was likewise
he was beliered to have led thither a band of colo-called after him the Oppius mons. (Festus, s. vrt
nists from Miletus. (Schol. ad Theocrit. xiii. 30; Sprimontio, Cispis mons ; Vair. L L. v. 50, ed.
## p. 758 (#778) ############################################
768
CITIIA ERON.
CIVILIS.
Müller, where the name is also written Cespeus | Boeotia, from whom mount Cithacron was believed
and Cispius. )
to have derived its name. Once when Hera was
No persons of this name, however, occur till angry with Zeus, Cithaeron advised the latter to
the very end of the republic. The only cognomen take into his chariot a wooden statue and dress it
of the gens is LAEVUS: for those whose surname up so as to make it resemble Plataea, the daughter
is not mentioned, see Cisrius.
of Asopus. Zeus followed his counsel, and as he
CI'SPIUS. 1. M. Cispius, tribune of the was riding along with his pretended bride, Hera,
plebs, B. C. 57, the year in which Cicero was re- overcome by her jealousy, ran up to him, tore the
called from banishment, took an active part in Ci- covering from the suspected bride, and on discover-
cero's favour. The father and brother of Cispius ing that it was a statue, became reconciled to
also exerted themselves to obtain Cicero's recall, Zeus. (Paus. ix. l. Ø 2, 3. § 1. ) Respecting
although he had had in former times a law-suit the festival of the Daedala, celebrated to com-
with the fainily. On one occasion the life of Cis memorate this event, see Dic. of Ant. s. o. [L. S. ]
pius was in danger through his support of Cicero; CI'VICA CEREA'LIS. [CEREALIS. ]
he was attacked by the mob of Clodius, and driven CIVILIS, CLAU'DIUS, was the leader of the
out of the forum. In return for these services Batavi in their revolt from Rome, A. D. 69-70.
Cicero defended Cispius when he was accused of The Batavi were a people of Germanic origin, who
bribery (ambitus), but was unable to obtain a ver- had left the nation of the Catti, of which they
dict in his favour. (Cic. pro. Planc. 31, post red. were a part, and had settled in and about the island
in Sen. 8, pro Sext. 35. )
which is formed by the mouths of the Rhenus
2. L. Cispius, one of Caesar's officers in the (Rhine) and Mosa (Maas). The important posi-
African war, commanded part of the fleet. (Hirt. tion which they occupied led the Romans to culti-
B.
his brother-in-law, wishing to make use of him in order to make sure of an heir. Plutarch likewise
against the party of the senate, procured his recall (Caes. 68) tells us that Cinna, a friend of Caesar,
from exile. "But his father had been proscribed by was torn to pieces under the supposition that he
Sulla, and young Cinna was by the laws of pro- was Cinna, one of the conspirators. None of the
scription unable to hold office, till Caesar, when above authorities take any notice of Cinna being
dictator, had them repealed. He was not elected a poet; but Plutarch, as if to supply the omission,
praetor till B. C. 44. By that time he had become when relating the circumstances over again in the
discontented with Caesar's government; and life of Brutus (c. 20), expressly describes the
though he would not join the conspirators, he ap- victim of this unhappy blunder as mointikÒS årúp
proved of their act. And so great was the rage of (Av Bé TuS Kívvas, TOINTIKòs amp - the reading
the mob against him, that notwithstanding he was TOAITIKÒS avúp being a conjectural emendation of
praetor, they nearly murdered him; nay, they Xylander). The chain of evidence thus appearing
did murder Helvius Cinna, tribune of the plebs, complete, scholars have, with few exceptions, con-
whom they mistook for the praetor, though he was cluded that Helvius Cinna, the tribune, who per-
at the time walking in Caesar's funeral procession. ished thus, was the same with Helvius Cinna the
(Plut. Brut. 18, Caes. 68 ; Suet. Caes. 52, 85, &c. ; poet; and the story of his dream, as narrated by
Val. Max. ix. 9. & 1. ) Cicero praises him for not Plutarch (Caes. l. c. ) has been embodied by Shak-
taking any province (Philipp. iii. 10); but it may speare in his Julius Caesar.
be doubted whether the conspirators gave him the Weichert, however, following in the track of
choice, for the praetor does not seem to have been Reiske and J. H. Voss, refuses to admit the iden-
a very disinterested person. He married a daugh-tity of these personages, on the ground that chro-
ter of Pompeius Magnus.
nological difficulties render the position untenable.
4. Cinna, probably brother of the last, served He builds almost entirely upon two lines in Virgil's
as quaestor under Dolabella against Brutus. (Plut. ninth eclogue, which is commonly assigned to B. C.
Brul. 25; Cic. Philipp. x. 6. )
40 or 41.
5. CN. CORNELIUS CINNA Magnus, son of No. Nam neque adhuc Vario videor, nec dicere Cinna
3, and therefore grandson of Pompey, whence he Digna, sed argutos inter strepere anser alores,
received the surname of Magnus. Though he sided
with Antony against Octavius, he was preferred arguing that, since Varius was alive at this epoch,
to a priesthood by the conqueror, and became con- Cinna must have been alive also ; that the Cinna
sul in a. D. 5. (Senec. de Clem. i. 9; Dion Cass. here celebrated can be no other than Helvius Cinna;
Iv. 14. 22. )
[H. G. L. ) and that inasmuch as Helvius Cinna was alive in
The name of Cinna occurs, in the form of Cina, B. C. 40, he could not have been murdered in B. C.
on asses, semisses, and trientes. A specimen of one | 44. But, although the conclusion is undeniable if
is given below: the obverse represents the head of we admit the premises, it will be at once seen that
Janus, the reverse the prow of a sbip.
these form a chain, each separate link of which is a
pure hypothesis. Allowing that the date of the pas-
toral has been correctly fixed, although this cannot
CINA be proved, we must bear in mind-1. That Varo
and not Vario is the reading in every MS. 2.
That even if Vario be adopted, the expression in
the above verses might have been used with per-
fect propriety in reference to any bard who had
been a contemporary of Virgil, although recently
dead. 3. That we have no right to assert dogma-
ROMA
tically that the Cinna of Virgil must be C. Helvius
Cinna, the friend of Catullus. Hence, although
CINNA, C. HE'LVIUS, a poet of considerable we may grant that it is not absolutely certain that
renown, was the contemporary, companion, and Helvius Činna the tribune and Helvius Cinna the
friend of Catullus. (Catull
. x. , xcv. , cxiii. ) The poet were one and the same, at all events this opi-
year of his birth is totally unknown, but the day nion rests upon much stronger evidence than the
of his death is generally supposed to be a matter other.
of common notoriety; for Suetonius (Caes. 85) in- The great work of C. Helvius Cinna was his
forms us, that immediately after the funeral of Smyrna; but neither Catullus, by whom it is
Julius Caesar the rabble rushed with fire-brands to highly extolled (xcv. ), nor any other ancient writer
the houses of Brutus and Cassius, but having been gives us a hint with regard to the subject, and
with difficulty driven back, chanced to encounter hence the various speculations in which critics
Helvius Cinna, and mistaking him, from the re- have indulged rest upon no basis whatsoever.
semblance of name, for Cornelius Cinna, who but Some believe that it contained a history of the
the day before had delivered a violent harangue adventures of Smyrna the Amazon, to whom the
against the late dictator, they killed him on the famous city of Ionia ascribed its origin; others
spot, and bore about his head stuck on a spear. that it was connected with the myth of Adonis
The same story is repeated almost in the same and with the legend of Myrrha, otherwise named
words by Valerius Maximus (ix. 9. & 1), by Ap- Smyrna, the incestuous daughter of Cinyras; at
pian (B. C. ii. 147), and by Dion Cassius (xliv. all events, it certainly was not a drama, as a com-
50), with this addition, that they all three call mentator upon Quintilian has dreamed; for the
Helvius Cinna a tribune of the 'plebeians, and fragments, short and unsatisfactory as they are,
Suetonius himself in a previous chapter (50) had suffice to demonstrate that it belonged to the epic
spoken of Helvius Cinna as a tribune, who was to style. These consist of two disjointed hexameters
3 c 2
a
## p. 756 (#776) ############################################
756
CINNAMUS.
CINNAMUS.
preserved by Priscian (vi. 16. $ 84, ed. Kreh]) Μανουήλ των Κομνηνό ποιηθείσα Ιωάννη βασιλικό
and the Scholiast on Juvenal (vi. 155), and two ypaumatik“ Kuvráuw. It is divided into six books,
consecutive lines given by Servius (ad Virg. Georg. or more correctly into seven, the seventh, however,
i. 288), which are not without merit in so far as being not finished : it is not known if the author
melodious versification is concerned.
wrote more than seven books; but as to the se-
Te matutinus flentem conspexit Eous
venth, which in the Paris edition forms the end of
Et flentem paulo vidit post Hesperus idem.
the sixth and last book, it is evidently mutilated,
as it ends abruptly in the account of the siege of
The circumstance that nine years were spent in Iconium by the emperor Manuel in 1176. As
the elaboration of this piece has been frequently Cinnamus was still alive when Manuel died (1180),
dwelt upon, may have suggested the well-known it is almost certain that he finished the history of
precept of Horace, and unquestionably secured the his whole reign; and the loss of the latter part of
suffrage of the grammarians. (Catull. xcv. ; Quin- his work is the more to be regretted, as it would
til. x. 4. § 4; Serv. and Philargyr. ad Virg. Ed. undoubtedly have thrown light on many circum-
ix. 35; Hor. 1. P. 387, and the comments of stances connected with the conduct of the Greek
Acro, Porphyr. , and the Schol. Cruq. ; Martial, aristocracy, and especially of Andronicus Comne-
Epigr. x. 21; Gell. xix. 9, 13; Sueton. de Illustr. nus, afterwards emperor, during the short reign of
Gramm. 18. )
the infant son and successor of Manuel, Alexis II.
Besides the Smyrna, he was the author of a In the first book Cinnamus gives a short and con-
work entitled Propempticon Pollionis, which Voss cise account of the reign of Calo-Joannes, and in
imagines to have been dedicated to Asinius Pollio the following he relates the reign of Manuel.
when setting forth in B. C. 40 on an expedition Possessed of great historical knowledge, Cin-
against the Parthini of Dalmatia, from which he namus records the events of his time as a man
returned in triumph the following year, and found accustomed to form an opinion of his own upon
ed the first public library ever opened at Rome important affairs; and, being himself a states-
from the profits of the spoils. This rests of course man who took part in the administration of the
upon the assumption that Cinna was not killed in einpire, and enjoyed the confidence of the em-
B. C. 44, and until that fact is decided, it is vain peror Manuel, he is always master of his sub-
to reason upon the subject, for the fragments, ject, and never sacrifices leading circumstances
which extend to six hexameter lines, of which four to amusing trifles. His knowledge was not con-
are consecutive, throw no light on the question. fined to the political state of the Greek empire ;
(Charis. Instit. Gramm. p. 99, ed. Putsch ; Isidor. he was equally well acquainted with the state of
Orig. xix. 2, 4. )
Italy, Germany, Hungary, and the adjoining bar-
Lastly, in Isidorus (vi. 12) we find four elegiac barous kingdoms, the Latin principalities in the
verses, while one hexameter in Suetonius (de 11- East, and the empires of the Persians and Turks.
lustr. Gramm. 11), one hexameter and two hende His view of the origin of the power of the popes,
casyllabics in Gellius (ix. 12, xix. 13), and two in the fifth book, is a fine instance of historical
scraps in Nonius Marcellus (s. vv. Clypeat. cummi), criticism, sound and true without being a tedious
are quoted from the “Poemata ” and “Epigram- and dry investigation, and producing the effect of
” of Cinna. The class to which some of a powerful speech. He is, however, often violent
these fugitive essays belonged may be inferred in his attacks on the papal power, and is justly
from the words of Ovid in his apology for the Ars reproached with being prejudiced against the Latin
Amatoria. (Trist. ii. 435. ) (Weichert, Poetar. princes, although he deserves that reproach much
Latin. Reliqu. )
(W. R. ] less than Nicetas and Anna Comnena. His praise
CI'NNAMUS, JOANNES ('Iwdvvns Kívva of the emperor Manuel is exaggerated, but he is
Mos), also called CI'NAMUS (Rivauos), and very far from making a romantic hero of him,
SI'NNAMUS (Zlvvapos), one of the most distin- as Anna Comnena did of the emperor Alexis.
guished Byzantine historians, and the best Euro- Cinnamus is partial and jealous of his enemies,
pean historian of his time, lived in the twelfth rivals, or such as are above him; he is impar-
century of the Christian aera. He was one of the tial and just where he deals with his equals, or
“Grammatici” or “Notarii” of the emperor Manuel | those below him, or such persons and events as
Comnenus, who reigned from a. D. 1143 till 1180. are indifferent to him personally. In short, Cin-
The functions of the imperial notaries, the first of namus shews that he was a Byzantine Greek.
whom was the proto-notarius, were nearly those of His style is concise and clear, except in some in-
private secretaries appointed for both private and stances, where he embodies his thoughts in rheto-
state affairs, and they had a considerable influence rical figures or poetical ornaments of more show
upon the administration of the empire. Cinnamus than beauty. This defect also is common to his
was attached to the person of Manuel at a youthful countrymen ; and if somebody would undertake
age, and probably as early as the year of his ac- to trace the origin of the deviation of the writers,
cession, and he accompanied that great emperor in poets, and artists among the later Greeks from the
his numerous wars in Asia as well as in Europe. classical models left them by their forefathers, he
Favoured by such circumstances, be undertook to would find it in the supernatural tendency of minds
write the history of the reign of Manuel, and that imbued with Christianism being in perpetual con-
of his predecessor and father, the emperor Calo- tact with the sensualism of the Mohammedan faith
Joannes; and so well did he accomplish his task, and the showy materialism of Eastern imagination.
that there is no history written at that period which Xenophon, Thucydides, and Procopius were the
can be compared with his work. The full title of models of Cinnamus; and though he cannot be
this work is 'ETITOMT) TW Katopowuátwv tự naka-compared with the two former, still he may be
ρίτη βασιλεί και πορφυρογεννήτη κυρία Ιωάννη το ranked with Procopius, and he was not unworthy
Κομνηνή, και αφήγησις των πραχθέντων τα αοιδίμα to be the disciple of such masters. His work will
υίφ αυτου τη βασιλεί και πορφυρογεννήτη κυρία | ever be of interest to the scholar and the historian.
mata
## p. 757 (#777) ############################################
CIOS.
757
CISPIUS.
siya
Leo Allatius made Cinnamus an object of deep | ad Apollon. Rhod. i. 1177. ) Strabo (xii. p.
564)
study, and intended to publish his work ; bo did calls him a companion of Heracles who founded
Petrus Possinus also; but, for some reasons un- Cios on his return from Colchis. (L. S. )
known, they renounced their design. The first CI'PIUS, a person who gave rise to the pro-
edition is that of Cornelius Tollius, with a Latin | verb " non omnibus dormio," was called Para-
translation and some notes of no great consequence, renchon (napapéyxwv), because he pretended to be
Utrecht, 1652, 4to. Tollius dedicated this edi- asleep, in order to give facility to his wife's adul-
tion, which he divided into four books, to the states tery. (Festus, s. v. Non omnibus dormio ; Cic.
of Utrecht, and in his preface gives a brilliant de- ad Fam. vii. 24. ) There are two coins extant
scription of the literary merits of Cinnamus. The
second edition is that in the Paris collection of the
Byzantines by Du Cange, published at Paris, 1670,
fol. , together with the description of the church of
St. Sophia at Constantinople, by Paulus Silentia-
rius, and the editor's notes to Nicephorus Bryen-
nius and Anna Comnena. It is divided into six
books. Du Cange corrected the text, added a new
Latin translation, such of the notes of Tollius as
were of some importance, and an excellent philo with the name M. Cipi. M. F. upon them, but it
logico-historical commentary of his own; he dedi- is not impossible that they may belong to the
cated his edition to the minister Colbert, one of Cispia gens, as the omission of a letter in a name
the principal protectors of the French editors of is by no means of uncommon occurrence on Roman
the Byzantines. This edition has been reprinted coins.
in the Venice collection, 1729, fol. Cinnamus has CIPUS or CIPPUS, GENU'CIUS, a Roman
lately been published at Bonn, 1836, 8vo. , together praetor, to whom an extraordinary prodigy is said
with Nicephorus Bryennius, by Augustus Meineke; to have happened. For, as he was going out of the
the work is divided into seven books. The editor gates of the city, clad in the paludamentum, horns
gives the Latin translation of Du Cange revised in suddenly grew out of his head, and it was said by
several instances, and the prefaces, dedications, the haruspices that if he returned to the city, he
and commentaries of Tollius and Du Cange. (Han- would be king : but lest this should happen, he
kius, De Script. Byzant. Graec. p. 516, &c. ; Fa- imposed voluntary exile upon himself. (Val. Max.
bric. Bibl. Graec. vii. p. 733, &c. ; the Prefaces v. 6. § 3; Ov. Met. xv. 565, &c. ; Plin. H. N. xi.
and Dedications of Tollius and Du Cange ; Leo 37. s. 45. )
Allatius, De Psellis, p. 24, &c. ) (W. P. ] CIRCE (Klpan), a mythical sorceress, whom
CI'NYRAS (Kıvúpas), a famous Cyprian hero. Homer calls a fair-locked goddess, a daughter of
According to the common tradition, he was a son Helios by the oceanid Perse, and a sister of Aeëtes.
of Apollo by Paphos, king of Cyprus, and priest (Od. x. 135. ) She lived in the island of Aeaea;
of the Paphian Aphrodite, which latter office re- and when Odysseus on his wanderings came to
mained hereditary in his family, the Cinyradae. her island, Circe, after having changed several of
(Pind. Pyth. ii. 26, &c. ; Tac. Hist. ii. 3 ; Schol. his companions into pigs, became so much attached
ad Theocrit. i. 109. ) Tacitus describes him as hav- to the unfortunate hero, that he was induced to
ing come to Cyprus from Cilicia, from whence he remain a whole year with her. At length, when
introduced the worship of Aphrodite ; and Apollo he wished to leave her, she prevailed upon him to
dorus (iii. 14. § 3) too calls him a son of Sandacus, descend into the lower world to consult the seer
who had emigrated from Syria to Cilicia. Cinyras, Teiresias. After bis return from thence, she ex-
after his arrival in Cyprus, founded the town of plained to him the dangers which he would yet
Paphos. He was married to Methamne, the daugh- have to encounter, and then dismissed him. (od.
ter of the Cyprian king, Pygmalion, by whom he lib. x. -xii. ; comp. Hygin. Fab. 125. ) Her des-
had several children. One of them was Adonis, cent is differently described by the poets, for some
whom, according to some traditions, he begot un- call her a daughter of Hyperion and Aërope (Orph.
wittingly in an incestuous intercourse with his Argon. 1215), and others a daughter of Aeëtes and
own daughter, Smyma. He afterwards killed Hecate. (Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. iii. 200. ) Ac-
himself on discovering this crime, into which he cording to Hesiod (Theog. 1011) she became by
had been led by the anger of Aphrodite. (Hygin. Odysseus the mother of Agrius. The Latin poets
Fab. 58, 242; Antonin. Lib. 34; Ov. Met. x. too inake great use of the story of Circe, the sor-
310, &c. ) According to other traditions, he had ceress, who metamorphosed Scylla and Picus, king
promised to assist Agamemnon and the Greeks in of the Ausonians. (Ov. Met. xiv. 9, &c. ) [L. S. ]
their war against Troy; but, as he did not keep CIRRHA (Rippa), a nymph from whom the
his word, he was cursed by Agamemnon, and town of Cirrha in Phocis was believed to have de-
Apollo took vengeance upon him by entering into rived its name. (Paus. x. 37. § 4. ) (L. S. )
a contest with him, in which he was defeated and CI'SPIA GENS, plebeian, which came origin-
slain. (Hom. ll. xi. 20, with the note of Eustath. ) ally froin Anagnia, a town of the Hernici. An
His daughters, fifty in number, leaped into the ancient tradition related that Cispius Laevus, of
sea, and were metamorphosed into alcyones. He Anagnia, came to Rome to protect the city, while
is also described as the founder of the town of Tullus Hostilius was engaged in the siege of Veii,
Cinyreia in Cyprus. (Plin. H. N. v. 31 ; Nonn. and that he occupied with his forces one of the
Dionys. xiii. 451. )
[L. S. )
two hills of the Esquiline, which was called after
cios (Kios), a son of Olympus, from whom him the Cispius mons, in the same way as Oppius
Cios (Prusa) on the Propontis derived its name, as of Tusculum did the other, which was likewise
he was beliered to have led thither a band of colo-called after him the Oppius mons. (Festus, s. vrt
nists from Miletus. (Schol. ad Theocrit. xiii. 30; Sprimontio, Cispis mons ; Vair. L L. v. 50, ed.
## p. 758 (#778) ############################################
768
CITIIA ERON.
CIVILIS.
Müller, where the name is also written Cespeus | Boeotia, from whom mount Cithacron was believed
and Cispius. )
to have derived its name. Once when Hera was
No persons of this name, however, occur till angry with Zeus, Cithaeron advised the latter to
the very end of the republic. The only cognomen take into his chariot a wooden statue and dress it
of the gens is LAEVUS: for those whose surname up so as to make it resemble Plataea, the daughter
is not mentioned, see Cisrius.
of Asopus. Zeus followed his counsel, and as he
CI'SPIUS. 1. M. Cispius, tribune of the was riding along with his pretended bride, Hera,
plebs, B. C. 57, the year in which Cicero was re- overcome by her jealousy, ran up to him, tore the
called from banishment, took an active part in Ci- covering from the suspected bride, and on discover-
cero's favour. The father and brother of Cispius ing that it was a statue, became reconciled to
also exerted themselves to obtain Cicero's recall, Zeus. (Paus. ix. l. Ø 2, 3. § 1. ) Respecting
although he had had in former times a law-suit the festival of the Daedala, celebrated to com-
with the fainily. On one occasion the life of Cis memorate this event, see Dic. of Ant. s. o. [L. S. ]
pius was in danger through his support of Cicero; CI'VICA CEREA'LIS. [CEREALIS. ]
he was attacked by the mob of Clodius, and driven CIVILIS, CLAU'DIUS, was the leader of the
out of the forum. In return for these services Batavi in their revolt from Rome, A. D. 69-70.
Cicero defended Cispius when he was accused of The Batavi were a people of Germanic origin, who
bribery (ambitus), but was unable to obtain a ver- had left the nation of the Catti, of which they
dict in his favour. (Cic. pro. Planc. 31, post red. were a part, and had settled in and about the island
in Sen. 8, pro Sext. 35. )
which is formed by the mouths of the Rhenus
2. L. Cispius, one of Caesar's officers in the (Rhine) and Mosa (Maas). The important posi-
African war, commanded part of the fleet. (Hirt. tion which they occupied led the Romans to culti-
B.
