That iiEfchines, who, when
Ariftophon impeached Philonieus and through him accufed your
Adminiftration, joined in the Profecution, and was numbered
among your Enemies.
Ariftophon impeached Philonieus and through him accufed your
Adminiftration, joined in the Profecution, and was numbered
among your Enemies.
Demosthenes - Orations - v2
While Affiiirs proceeded in this Manner,
and Corruption grew powerful, although they now commanded
a thoufand Horfe, and their Numbers amounted to more than
ten thoufand; although all their Neighbours were their Con-
federates, and you fent them Succours of ten thoufand Merce-
naries and fifty Gallies, with a Body of four thoufand Citizens,
yet nothing was capable of preferving them, but before one Year
Vol. n. R of
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? 122 ORATIONSOF
of War had expired, thefe Traitors had delivered up all the
Cities in Chalcis, while Philip was unable to attend the Betray-
ers, nor could determine where he fhould firft take PoflefTion.
Yet what no other Mortal had ever done, he took five hundred
Horfe, betrayed, with all their Arms, even by their own
Commanders. Nor did they, who perpetrated thefe Florrors,
blufli to behold the Sun, that Mother-Earth, upon which they
flood, the Temples of the Gods, the Sepulchres of their Ancef-
tors, or the Infamy attending fuch Crimes. So fenfelefs, O
Men of Athens, fo ftupid does Corruption render Mankind,
You therefore, in whom the Conftitution is placed, ought to
to be greatly wife, nor fuffer fuch Evils, but punifli theni
with fome diftinguifhed Vengeance. For it were exceedingly
ftrange, after having publiflied fo many fevere Decrees again ft
the Betrayers of Olynthus, if you fliould appear carelefs of
punifhing your own proper Traitors. Read the Decree uppn
the Olynthians,
The Decree.
Thus did you appear both to Greeks and' Barbarians, to hav^
righteoufly and honourably decreed againft thefe Traitors, and'
Enemies of the Gods.
Since therefore fuch Offences are the conftant Attendants of
Corruption, and Mankind a6t in this Manner by its Influence,
whofoever, O Men of Athens, you are confcious receives Prefents,
be fure to conclude him a Traitor. But if one Man betrays
every
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? DEMOSTHENES. 123
every favourable Conjim6lure ; another the Bufinefs of the State ;
a third his Soldiers, and each of tliem deftroys whatever he
was appointed to preferve, then fhould all of them be equally
detefted. To you alone, of all Mankind, O Men of Athens,
it is given to make ufe of your own hiftorical Examples upon
thefe Occadons, and to imitate in your Adions thofe Aucef-
tors you fo juftly applaud. But if at prelent, in Time of Peace,
you cannot imitate the Battles, Expeditions, Dangers, in which
they were fplendidly glorious, yet imitate their Wifdom, for
which there is every where Occalion. Neither is Wifdom more
difficult to acquire, or more troubleforae to preferve, than
Folly. Whoever, therefore, while you are fitting here, will
take Cognizance of your Affairs, and form his Decrees upon
them as he ought, will ad: for the Advantage of the Republic,
and behave himfelf not unworthy of his Anceftors; otherwifc
he will ruin his Country, and be a Difhonour to his Ancef-
tors. (43) But what Opinion did they entertain of fuch Trai-
tors ? Here, Secretary, read this Infcriptlon ; for it is nc-
cefiary you fhould be convinced, that the Crimes, which you
treat with Indifference, they punifhed with Death. Read it.
An Inscription on a Column. (44)
R 2 You
(43) The PafTage Is not without Ob- cording to the Inte<<efls of the Common-
fturity. Although we cannot imitate, wealth.
in Time of Peace, the military Virtues (44) The Reader may find the Words
of our Anceftors, let us imitate tlieir po- of this Decree in tbe firll Volume, FsLg:
litical Wifdom, in attending the public 265.
Councils, and giving our Suffrages ac-
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? 124 ORATIONS OF
You hear, O Men of Athens, that this Infcription pro-
nounces Arthmius an Enemy to the Athenian People, and their
Confederates ; him and all his Generation. Why ? Becaufe he
brought Gold from the Barbarians into Greece. By this Inftance
you may perceive, that your Anceflors were anxious to prevent
even Foreigners from introducing the Mifchiefs of Gold into
any Part of Greece, while you with Indifference behold your
own Citizens importing it even into the Midft of the Republic.
But, in the Name of Jupiter! was this Column placed merely
as Chance diredled the Situation ? No ; by the Gods, Although
this whole Citadel be facred, and of a large Circumference,
yet it was placed upon the right Hand of our great bronze
Minerva, which the Republic confecrated in Remembrance of
the Victory gained over the Barbarians, and to the Expence of
which all the States of Greece contributed. So much was Juftice
at that Time revered, and. the Puniihment of fuch Offenders
held in Honour, that the Statue of the Goddefs, and the
Column, upon which were infcribed the PuniQiments of
Traitors, were deemed worthy of the fame Situation. But now,.
Laughter and Difhonour will be the Confequence of fuch.
Crimes, if you do not immediately reprefs this Audacioufnefs,
this immoderate Licentioufnefs.
Yet I (liould imagine, O Men of Athens, you will ad vi^ith.
Wifdom, if you imitate your Anceftors, not in this Inftanc^
alone, but in the whole Series of their Condud: afterwards.
When
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? DEMOSTHENES. 125
When Callias, for Inftance, was AmbafTador to Pcrfia, as I
am perfuaded you have heard, and had negotiated a Peace,
which was applauded by all the States of Greece, and by which
the Perfian Monarch could not defcend with any Body of
Forces nearer the Sea-Coafts, than the Diftance, that an Horfe
could run in a Day; nor approach by Sea to the Chalydonian,,
or Cyanean Iflands with any VelTel beyond a certain Bulk, yet
as he appeared to have accepted Prefents in his Embafly, our
Anceftors had very nearly ordered his Execution, and in pafling;
his Accounts fined him fifty Talents; though certainly the Re-
public never concluded, either before or afterwards, a Peace
more honourable. But this Circumftance they did not confider,
or they attributed it to their own Virtue, and the Authority
of the Commonwealth; but whether their Ambaflador was
influenced by Money, they imputed to his own Manners, vvhicli
they judged fhould be honeft and uncorrupted, when engaging
in the Adminiftration of public Affairs. So much did they
efteem Corruption an Enemy and pernicious to the State, as
not to fuffer it in any Negotiation, however glorious, or in any
Perfon, however eftimable. But you, O Men of Athens,,
although you behold the very fame Peace rafing to the Ground
thf Walls of your Confederates, and building the Houfes
of your Ambaffadors; taking away from the Republic her
PoffefTions, and giving to them what they never hoped for;
even in their Dreams, yet you do not order them to be put to.
Death, but want an Accufer, and profecute with Words thofe
Oftcnces,
8
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? 126 O R A T I O N S O F
Offences, which you have beheld in Deeds. Nor might ancient
Examples only be cited to animate you topunifli thefe Traitors,
but even within your own Time many have fuffered the
Punifliment they deferved. Other Criminals I fliall pafs over,
and oiiiy mention one or two, who were capitally convicted
for Mifcondudt in their Embaflies, though far lefs pernicious
to the Republic, than this of iEfchines. Read me this Decree.
The Decree.
According to this Decree, OMen of Athens, you capitally
condemned thefe Ambafladors, one of whom, Epicrates, as I
have been informed by our aged Citizens, was a valuable Man,
greatly ufeful to the Commonwealth, and one of the Leaders,
who brought home the People from the Pyrasum, and in other
Inftances extremely popular. Yet none of thefe Virtues availed
him; and with Reafon. Becaufe, whoever undertakes to
execute fuch an Employment fhould not be partially virtuous,
nor abufe the Credit he hath gained with you to the Commiffion
of greater Villainies, but in general fhould never be guilty of
any voluntary Offence.
If iEfchines therefore and his Colleagues have not committed
every Crime, for which thefe Men fuffered Death, then let mc
be condemned. For confider; *' Whereas they have a<Eled in
" their Embafly (thefe are the Words of the Decree) contrary
*' to their Inftrudlions, and our Decrees;" this wasthefirft
Offence,
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? DEMOSTHENES. 127
Offence, with which they were charged. But have not thefe
Ambaffadors aded in contradidlion to their Inflrudions? Docs
not your Decree exprefsly command, that the Peace {Tiould
extend to the Athenians, and the Confederates of the Athenians,
and have they not openly excluded the Phocaeans? Does it
not order, " that the Magiftrates of the feveral Cities fhould
** take the Oaths of Ratification," but have they ever tendered
thefe Oaths to the Magiftrates, who were fent by PhiHp ? Were
not your Ambaffadors forbidden ever to be alone with Philip,
and did they ever ceafe to enter inta private Conferences with
him? " Some of them were Gonvi6led before the Senate of
*' declaring Falfe hoods;" and are not your prefent Ambaffidors
eonvidled before the People ? But by what Evidence convicfled^
for this is an illuftrioiis Circumftance? By the Fads themfelves,
for every Event hath happened in dired: Contradidion to their
Declarations. " Neither have they (fo fpeaks the Decree)
'* written Truth in their Difpatches. " But did thefe Men write
Truth? " They eahimniated our Confederates and were cor-
" rupted. " Inftead of calumniating, they utterly deftroyed; a
Crime, far more atrocious than Calumny. But with regard to
their having been corrupted, if they denied, it would only re-
Efiain to conviift thenij but fince they themfelves confcfs, let
them be carried away to Execution,.
What then, O Men of Athens ? when Affairs are in fueh a
Situation, fhall you, the Defcendants of fuch Anceftors, and
fome
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? 12^ ORATIONSOF
fome of you alive, when thefe Tranfadions happened; fhall
you endure that Epicrates, the Benefadlor of the Athenians,
and one of the Leaders, whiO brought home the People from
the Pyrasum, fhould be deprived of his Rank as a Citizen, and
delivered over to Punifiiment ; again, that, fomc Time before,
Thrafybulus, the Son of Thrafybulus, that Favourite of the
People, whom he brought home from their Exile in Phyle,
fhould be fined ten Talents ; that a Defcendant of Harmodius
and Ariftogitoa, who had wrought the mofl important Services
for the Republic, and whom, in Remembrance of thofe Ser-
vices, you invited by a Law to partake of your Libations, and
the facred Cups, in rJl your Temples and Sacrifices; whom
you have ever celebrated and honoured equally with our Heroes
and Gods; that all thefe Perfons fhould fuffer the Punifliment
appointed by our Laws ; that neither Pardon, norCompalTion, nor
the weeping Children, who bore the Names of your. Benefadlors,
nor any other Influence could fupport them, and will you ac-
quit the Son of that Pedagogue Atrometus, and that Sorcerefs
Glaucothoe, who ufcd to dance before her Chorus of Bacchanali-
ans, and for whofe Myfferies another Prieftefs was put to Death j
will you acquit the Defcendant from fuch Anceflors, who never
were ufeful in any one Inftance to the Republic, neither himfelf,
his Father, or any of his Relations? For what Horfe, what
Galley, what Expedition, what Expence in Shows, what
mufical Entertainment, what public OfKce, what Contribution,
what Benevolence, what Danger, what fingle Service of any
Kind
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? DEMOSTHENES. ,29
Kind have they ever, through all Time, performed for the Re-
pubHc? But if they had really performed all thefe Services,
and yet were unable to add, that he had difcharged his Embafly
with Probity and Integrity, ^Efchines would ftill deferve to
fuffer Death. But if he can neither plead the Merits of his
Anceflors, nor his own Integrity, will you not punifh? Will
you not remember what he afierted, when he profecuted
Timarchus? " That there can be nothing valuable in that
" State, which hath not Strength fufficient to punifh Malefac-
" tors, or in that Conftitution, where perfonal AfFedion and
" Solicitations prevail over the Laws: that you fliould there-
" fore neither pity the Mother of Timarchus, an aged Woman>>
" nor his Children, nor any other Perfon, but confider only,
" that if you abandoned the Care of your Laws and the Confti-
" tution, you fhall never find any to Pity your own Misfortunes. "
The unhappy Timarchus therefore was branded with Intamy,
becaufe he faw the Villainies of ^fchines, and fhall . Efchines
himfelf be unpuniilied ? How is it poflible ? For if he thought
proper, that fuch an extraordinary Punilliment fhould be inflic-
ted upon thofe, who had offended only again ft their own
Perfons, what Vengeance may not you, who are fworn to
judge with Impartiality, pronounce upon thofe (among v/hom
^fchines appears convidled) who have offended the Republic in
an Affiir of fuch Importance? " Becaufe by that Trial your
" Youth, in the Name of Jupiter ! will become more virtuous. "
Yet by this Trial your Minifters, by whom the Common\\'ca]th
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? 130 ORATIONS OF
is brought into the greateft Dangers, will become more virtuous.
Of them alfo fome proper Care fhould be taken.
But to convince you, that he deftroyed Timarchus, not, by
the Gods, in his SoHcitude for your Children, and their Virtue
(for they are, O Men of Athens, already virtuous, and never
may fuch Infamy befall the Republic, that ever they fhould
want the Inftrudiions of Aphobetus and -ffifchines) but becauie
Timarchus propofed a Decree in the Senate, that whoever
(liould be dete6i:ed in conveying Arms, or any naval Stores to
Philip, fhould be punifhed with Death. In Proof of this Af-
ferCion, how long fince Timarchus firft harangued the People?
A very confiderable Time. But ^Efchines was all this Time in
Athens, yet never difcovered his Indignation ; never imagined
it fo terrible an Affair, that a Man of fuch Morals fhould fpeak
in your AfTemblies, (45) untill he went to Macedonia, and
had there fold himfelf to Philip. Take and read me the Decree
of Timarchus.
The Decree.
He, therefore, who for your Intereft: decreed it punifhable
with Death, to convey Arms to Philip during the War, was
ruined, and branded with Infamy ; while he, who traiteroufly
delivered
(4/;) It hath been already remarked, of giving Evidence in a Court of Juftice,
that a Pcrlbn condemned for the Impu- or of fpeaking before the People,
rity of his Life, was rendered incapable
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? DEMOSTHENES. 131
delivered up to him the Arms of your Confederates, accufcd
and profecuted Timarchus, O Earth and Heavens! for Lubri-
city of Manners, even in Prefence of his two Relations, whom
you would have been unable to behold without Exclamations of
Horrour, (46) the abominable Nicias, who let himfelf out for
Hire to Chabrias the ^Egyptian; and that execrable Cerybion,
who in our Feftivals played his Bacchanalian Charaders, even
without a Mafk. Yet why do I mention them? He pro-
fecuted Timarchus even in the Prefence of Aphobetus. But all
Remarks that Day upon Impudicity ran upwards, like Rivers
againft their Fountain- Head.
Into what Ignominy, what Diihonour his Improbity and
Falfehood have thrown the Republic, I fhall now declare,
pafling over all other Circumftances, in which you are already
well informed. Formerly, O Men of Athens, all the other
States of Greece were anxious to know your Decrees; but now
we wander about folicitouily inquiring, and liftening, like
Spies, to what is decreed by others ; what do the Arcadians ?
what do the Amphictyons determine? Whither is Philip
marching? Is he alive or dead? Do we not really adt in this
Manner? For myfelf, I am not alarmed, that Philip is alive,
S 2 but
(4. 6) Wolfius very well obferves, that thers according to the Scholiaft, wlio
the Judges, who fat upon the Trial of were then prefent, do not appear in this
Timarchus, are not the fame, who are Trial. If you had feen them, you muji
to pronounce Sentence in this of ^fchi- have exclaimed with Horrour.
nes. His Relations too, his Wife's Bro-
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? 132 ORATIONSOF
but that the Spirit of the RepubUc in detefting and punifhing
Traitors is dead. Nor does PhiHp terrify me, if your Affairs
are in Health; but if Impunity be granted to thofe, who are
willing to earn the Wages of Philip; if fome of your Citizens,
who have gained a Confidence amongft you, will become the
Patrons of Traitors ; if they, who had always conftantly refufed
to plead Philip's Caufe, fhall now afcend the Tribunal in his
Favour; thefe to me are indeed objedls of Terrour. For why,
Eubulus, when your Coufin- German, Hegefileus, and, fome
Time before, your Uncle Thrafybulus, were impeached, why
did you refufe to appear, when cited upon the firft colleding the
Suffrages on the Judgement of their being guilty, or on the
fecond Opinion, that was to determine their Punifliment ? (47)
why did you not fpeak in their Defence? Wherefore entreat
the Judges to have you excufed? Did you refufe to patronize
your Relations, Perfons allied to you by Blood, and will you
be an Advocate for ^Efchines?
That iiEfchines, who, when
Ariftophon impeached Philonieus and through him accufed your
Adminiftration, joined in the Profecution, and was numbered
among your Enemies. Yet foon afterwards you alarmed the
People, and declared they muft either go down to the Pyrzeum
for fome immediate Expedition; they muft either bring in
their Contributions, and convert the theatrical Funds to the
Service
(47) The firft Part of the Day in any his Defence ; the third, for determining
eriminal Profecution was appointed for his Punifliment, if he was found guilty. ,
the Profecutor, the Laws, and for Li- Tiiefe Cuftoms will be more fully ex. *
berty ; the fecond, for the Criminal and prained hereafter.
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? DEMOSTHENES. 133
Service of the Soldiery, or ratify the Decree, which iEfchines
fupported, and that abominable Philocrates propofed, and by
which, inftead ot an honourable, this ignominious Peace had
been concluded. Have they by their Villainy totally ruined
our Affliirs, and are you now reconciled ? You, who mentioned
Philip with Execrations in an Aflembly of the People, and
fwore by your Children, that he muft certainly be ruined, if
the Athenians pleafed to ruin him, do you now fupport that
Philip? Why did you impeach Myrocles for having exadled
twenty Drachmas from every Citizen, who purchafed the
public Mines? Why did you indiA Cephifophon upon an
Adbion of Sacrilege, for having placed out feven Minas of the
facred Funds at Intereft three Days beyond the ftated Time, yet
thofe, who have in Pofleilion, who confefs, who are convided,
and taken in the Fa6t of committing thefe Crimes to the Def-
trudtion of our Confederates, thefe Traitors you never accufe,
but are urgent with us to acquit them?
That thefe are formidable Crimes, and requiring muchi
Prudence and Caution to guard againft their Effeds, while
thofe, of which you accufed Myrocles and Cephifophon were
abfolutely ridiculous, will eafily appear. Were there not in
Elis, fome Perfons, who plundered the public Treafury ? Ex-
? tremely probable. But were any of them concerned in ruining,
the Conftitution and Liberty of their Country? Not one.
Were there not in Olynthus, while that State was in Being,
htas
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? 134 ORATIONSOF
fome Citizens of this Charader? Certainly. What? Were
there not in Megara, who robbed, and plundered the Public ?
Undoubtedly ; and it appeared. Were any of them the Authors
of thofe Calamities, which befell that State ? Not one. Who
therefore, and what were they, who committed fuch flagrant
Crimes? They, who thought themfelves honoured in being
called the Guefts and the Friends of Philip; who deemed
themfelves worthy of commanding your Armies, and prefiding
in your Councils, and exerting a Superiority over the People.
Was not Perilaus lately impeached before the Senate of Me-
gara, becaufe he went to Macedonia; and did not Ptceodorus,
the principal Citizen of Megara in Riches, Birth and Reputa-
tion, appear in his Defence, folicit for his Pardon, and again
fend him back to Philip ? He returned afterwards with a Body
of mercenary Troops, while Ptceodorus had totally changed the
civil Conftitution of his Country. For there is nothing, cer-
tainly nothing, of which you fhould be more cautious, than the
fufrering anyone Angle Citizen to exert an Authority fuperiorto
that of the whole People. Let no Man ever be acquitted or
condemned by the meer Pleafure of another; let his own Adions
acquit him; on the contrary, let this iEfchines be condemned
by the Juftice of your Sentence; (48) for fuch Condudt is
democratical.
I Several
(48) This Manner of mentioning iEf- Reafoning before is general, but this A p-
chines, thus irregularly, thus feemingly plication gives it a particular Direflion.
without Defign, is of great Force. The It is now pointed at Alfchines alone.
The
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? DEMOSTHENES. 135
Several of your Citizens have indeed, upon particular Oc-
cafions, gained an Influence over you j Califtratus, Ariftophon,
Diophantus, and others formerly. But where did they exert
this Influence? In your Afiemblics only : for never, even to
this Day, did any of theni aflijme an Authority in your Courts
of Juftice: an Authority more powerful than you yourfelves;
than the Laws and your Oaths. Do not therefore fuffer Eubulus
to ufurp this Authority. But to convince you, it will be a
greater Proof of your Wifdom to preferve it yourfelves, than to
intrufl: it to others, I will read you the Oracles of the Gods,
who far more powerfully proted; the Republic, than they, who
govern it. Read.
The Oracles.
Do you hear, O Men of Athens, what the Gods declare ?
If in Time of War, therefore, they had made this Declaration,
they would have adviled you to guard with Caution againft
your Commanders, becaule in War your Commanders are your
Governors; if in Peace, to guard againfl: your Magifl:rates;
becaufe they are then your Governors; you obey them, and
are in Danger of being deceived by them. Befldes, the Oracle
declares, that the Republic fliould be united ; that her Citizens
fhould be unanimous in their Deciflons, and not give Pleafure
to their Enemies. Whether then do you imagine, O Men of
Athens,
The Reader is Indebted for this Re- {landing, to Doftor Taylor in his Notes
mark, certainly of much good Under- upon another Oration.
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? 136 ORATIONSOF
Athens, will the acquitting or condemning the Man, who
wrought fuch Mifchiefs, give Pleafure to PhiHp? In my
Judgement, his being acquitted. But the Oracle advifes you
always to a6t in fuch a Manner, that your Enemies may never
have Reafon to rejoice. Thus does Jupiter, Venus and all the
Gods command you with one Confent to punifli thofe, who
render any Services to your Enemies. But who are your Ene-
mies? The Aflailants without, and their Affiftants within.
The Office of thefe AlTailants is to give; that of their Affiftants
to receive, and to protedl others, who receive.
Besides, we may difcover by the Force of human Reafon
only, that of all things moft odious, and moft terrible, is a
Magiftrate's Familiarity with them, who have Sentiments and
Inclinations different from thofe of the People, whom they
govern. For confider, by what Arts Philip hatii become thus
univerfally powerful, and by what Inftruments he hath wrought
out his Succefs. By purchafing the Affiftance of whoever fold
their Abilities j by corrupting the Magiftrates in every free City,
and infpiring them with Infolence and Ambition, But thefe
Arts it is this Day in your Power to render ufelefs, if you de-
termine not to hear the Advocates of fuch Traitors j if you
demonftrate, that they have not an abfolute Authority over you
(for at prefent they declare themfelves your abfolute Mafters) if
you puniffi the Wretch, who hath fold himfelf to PhiHp, and
let the whole World behold his Pujiiffiment. For though you
may
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? DEMOSTHENES. 137
may with Juftice, O Men of Athens, flievv your Indignation
againfl: whoever commits fuch Villainies; whoever betrays your
Confederates, your Allies, and thofe Conjunctures, upon
which the Profperity or Mifery of every particular Citizen
depends, yet never can you (hew that Indignation witli crreater
Juftice, than againft this iEfchines. , For he, who numbered
himfelf amongft thofe, who were moft fufpicious of Philip; he,
who alone, and firft was confcious, that Philip was the com-
mon Enemy of Greece, yet deferted to that Enemy, betrayed
his Poft, and fuddenly became an Advocate for Philip, docs he
not merit a thoufand Deaths? That thefe Allegations are true,
he hath it not in his Power to deny. For who firft introduced
Ifchander to you, and afllired you he came hither from the
Friends of this Republic in Arcadia? Who was even clamo-
rous in declaring, that Philip was pillaging Greece and Pelopon-
nefus, and that you were afteep? Who repeated thole beauti-
ful, and long, and numerous Declamations, and read the
Decrees of Miltiades and Themiftocles, (49) and the Oath,
which is taken by our Youth in the Temple of Agraulus? (50)
Did not JEfch'mcs? Who perfuaded you to fend an Em bally
even to the red Sea, as if Greece were already invaded by Philip,
and that it was your Duty to provide for her Safety, and not
Vol. II. T abandon
(49) WhenthePfiTiansinvadedGreece, he gained a complete Vi<5tory. Thcfe
Miltiades determined to meet them at Examples /Efchincs produced to animate
Marathon with only the Forces of the the People againft Philip. Scholiast.
Repubhc. Themiftocles perfuaded the (50) The military Oath, taken at tlic
Athenians to forfake their City, and to Time of enliftino-.
venture the Sea-fight at Salamis, where
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? 138 ORATIONSOF
abandon her States? Did not Eubulus write the Decree, and
i^fchines go AmbafTador to Peloponnefus ? How he negotiated,
and how he harangued, when he arrived there, he may himfelf
know; but what he declared here, I am confident you all re-
member; that he often called Philip a Barbarian and the Pert
of Greece; that he declared the Arcadians would be exceedingly
rejoiced, if the Republic of Athens would give fome Attention
to her Affairs, and awake from her Slumbers. But what beyond
every other Circumftance, he faid, provoked his Indignation,
in his Return he happened to meet Atreftidas returning on his
Journey from Philip, and travelling with fome thirty Women
and Children ; that he afked with Aftonifhment, who the Man
was, and what the Croud of People with him. But when he
heard, that Atreftidas, on his leaving Philip, had received thefe
Oiynthian Prifoners as a Prefent, the Sight appeared to him
moft deplorable; he burft into Tears, and lamented the Fate
of Greece, fo unhappily fituated, as not to regard fuch Calami-
ties. He then advifed you to fend Ambaffadors to Arcadia to
accufe the Faftion, who fupported Philip, for he had been in-
formed by his Friends, that if the Republic would ad with Seri-
oufnefs in the Affair, and fend an Embafly, the Traitors would
bejuftly punifhed.
Such were his Harangues at that Time, O Men of Athens,
honourable and worthy of the Commonwealth. But when he
arrived in Macedonia, and beheld this Philip, both his own, and
I the
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? DEMOSTHENES. 139
tlie common Enemy of Greece, did his Harangues afterwards
bear any Refemblance to thofe he had fpoken before; was
there any Affinity between them ? Far otherwife. He then
declared, we ought no longer to remember our Anceftors, nor
talk of their Triumphs, nor fend Succours to any of the States
of Greece. Then did he profefs his Wonder at thofe, who
advifed you to confult the Grecians in general upon concluding
a Peace with Philip, as if it were neceffary to afk the Confent
of others in Matters of your own peculiar Concernment. He af-
firmed, that Philip himfelf, O Hercules ! of all Mankind was bed
affected to Greece, the greateft Orator of his Age, and fond of
Athens to Excefs, but that fome of her Citizens were fo perv^erfe,
fo implacable, as not to be afhamed of pouring forth their
Inve<5lives againft him, and calling him a Barbarian.
Is it poffible, that the very fame Man, who had made thefe
firft Declarations, fhould ever dare, unlefs he were corrupted,
to utter thefe fecond Sentiments? What? He, who looked
upon Atreftidas with Horrour, on account of thofe Olynthian
Women and Children, could he endure to adl in Conjundion
with Philocrates, who brought the free-born Women of Olyn-
thus hither for Proftitution ? A Wretch, fo notorioufly infamous
for the Impurity of his Life, that it were unneceffary to fny any
thing reproachful, or fevere of him. Let me only allert, Phi-
locrates brought Women hither, and my whole Audience is
fully informed for what Purpofes, and will pity, I am well
T 2 aJTurcd,
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? HO O R A T I O N S O F
afiured, thcfe ill-fated, miferable Creatures, whom ^fchincs
never pitied. Neither did he lament with Tears the Fate of
Greece, apparent in the Miferies of the Women, who were
infulted and outraged by our Ambaffadors, even in thePrefence
of our Confederates. Yet he will now lament himfelf, and the
Errors of his Embafly, with Tears and Cries; perhaps will
bring his Children, and appear with them on the Tribunal,
With regard to his Children, confider, O Men of Athens,
that the Children of many of your Confederates, and Allies, are
at this Moment Vagabonds and Beggars, after having fuffered
by his Crimes the extremeft Wretchednefs. It were far more
worthy of your Clemency to pity them, than the Children of
fuch a Traitor ; for he and his Colleagues, by adding thefe
Words, " and to his Pofterity," to the Articles of Peace, have
deprived your Children of all future Hopes. With regard to
his Tears, remember you have now before you the Man, wha
advifed you to fend an Embafly to Arcadia to accufe the Fadlion.
of Philip.
But it is now no longer neceflary to fend Ambafladors to
Peloponnefus, to travel a long Journey, nor expend immenfe
Sums on the Road, but to come forward each of you to the
Tribunal, and give a jufl: and holy Suffrage in Favour of your
Country againft this MaQ, O Earth and Heaven! who having
declaimed at firft, as 1 have related, of Marathon and Salamis,
5 ^^
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? DEMOSTHENES. i+i
of Battles and Trophies, on a fiidden, as foon as he had landed
in Macedonia, fpoke in dired; Contradi(5lion to his former Ha-
rangues; that we rhould no longer remember our Anceftors,
nor talk of their Trophies, nor fend Succours, nor enter into
Council with the other States of Greece, and only not rafe her
Cities ourfelves. Expreflions, fo full of Turpitude, were
never uttered in your Afiemblies. For among either Greeks
or Barbarians is there fo perverfe, fo ftupid, fo virulent an
Enemy to the Republic, that if he were afked; *' tell me, is
" there any Part of Greece,, fuch as it now appears, and inha-
" bited as it is at prefent, that could have either preferved its
" Name, or been inhabited by Grecians, if our Anceftors had
" not given fuch fignal Proofs of their Virtue at Marathon and
" Salamis? " No one, I am perfuaded, would ailert it could;
but on the contrary, that the whole Country mufl have been
fubdued by the Barbarians. Thofe Honours therefore, thofe
Praifes, of which even your Enemies would not deprive you,
j^fchines, that he may receive his Penfion, will not fuffer you,
the Defcendants of thofe Anceftors, even to mention. Of all
other Bleffings the Dead cannot participate, but Praife for the
glorious Adlions, which they died in performing, is their pecu-
liar Property, nor after Death does Envy itfelf oppofe their
Pofle/Tion. He therefore, who defpoils them of thefe Honours^
may juftly be deprived of his own Dignity, Vvhiie your Juftice
will appear in thus revenging your Anceftors.
By
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? 142 ORATIONS OF
By fuch Expreflionsj thou execrable Wretch, didfl thou at
once phinder the Adlions, and lacerate the Fame of our Ancef-
tors, and ruin all our Affairs. From thence you have purchafed
Land; from thence become a Man of Importance. Before
he had wrought thefe numberlefs Misfortunes to the Republic,
he acknowledged himfelf a Notary; he profefled his Gratitude
to you for appointing him to that Office, and behaved him-
felf with tolerable Modefty. But after he had wrought a
thoufand Mifchiefs to the State, he grew arrogant and fupercili-
ous; if any one calls him -^fchines, the Notary, he inftantly
declares himfelf his Enemy, and complains he is abufed; he
now ftalks through the Forum with his Robe flowing down to
his Heels, taking long Strides with Pythocles, (51) and puffing
up his Cheeks; he now becomes one of Philip's Guefts and
Friends, who determine to quit the Party of the People,
and call the prefent State of Affairs ConfuGon and Madnefs;
altliough he ftill continues to reverence the wretched Cell, in
which he was educated. (52)
I WILL now fummarily repeat the political Artifices, by which
Philip impofed upon you, and in which he was affifted by thefe
Enemies
(51) Pythocles, according to the Scho- (52) The Paflage is of acknowledged
liafl:, was very tall, and i^fchines a very Obfcurity. It probably means, that lEU
little Man. From thence our Author chines, with all his Infoience and Vanity,
laughs at the whimfical Affedation of his ftill preferves the Meannefs of his ori-^
walking with Pythocles, as if by thefe ginal Manners and Education, A Ch^'
large Strides he could meafure Height rafler not uncommon,
^vith him.
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? DEMOSTHENES. 143
Enemies of the Gods, becaufe it much concerns you to examine
and behold the whole Progrefs of his Delulions. At firft, when
his Dominions were laid wafte by Robbers, and his Ports fliut
up in fuch a Manner, as deprived him of all Advantages of
Commerce, he ardently wifhed for Peace, and fent hither
Neoptolemus, Ariftodemus, and Ctefiphon, who made, in
his Name, very equitable Propofals. But when we went
Ambafladors to him, he inftantly hired this i^fchines to defend
and fupport the polluted Philocrates, and to gain a Superiority
over us, who were determined to preferve our Integrity.
and Corruption grew powerful, although they now commanded
a thoufand Horfe, and their Numbers amounted to more than
ten thoufand; although all their Neighbours were their Con-
federates, and you fent them Succours of ten thoufand Merce-
naries and fifty Gallies, with a Body of four thoufand Citizens,
yet nothing was capable of preferving them, but before one Year
Vol. n. R of
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? 122 ORATIONSOF
of War had expired, thefe Traitors had delivered up all the
Cities in Chalcis, while Philip was unable to attend the Betray-
ers, nor could determine where he fhould firft take PoflefTion.
Yet what no other Mortal had ever done, he took five hundred
Horfe, betrayed, with all their Arms, even by their own
Commanders. Nor did they, who perpetrated thefe Florrors,
blufli to behold the Sun, that Mother-Earth, upon which they
flood, the Temples of the Gods, the Sepulchres of their Ancef-
tors, or the Infamy attending fuch Crimes. So fenfelefs, O
Men of Athens, fo ftupid does Corruption render Mankind,
You therefore, in whom the Conftitution is placed, ought to
to be greatly wife, nor fuffer fuch Evils, but punifli theni
with fome diftinguifhed Vengeance. For it were exceedingly
ftrange, after having publiflied fo many fevere Decrees again ft
the Betrayers of Olynthus, if you fliould appear carelefs of
punifhing your own proper Traitors. Read the Decree uppn
the Olynthians,
The Decree.
Thus did you appear both to Greeks and' Barbarians, to hav^
righteoufly and honourably decreed againft thefe Traitors, and'
Enemies of the Gods.
Since therefore fuch Offences are the conftant Attendants of
Corruption, and Mankind a6t in this Manner by its Influence,
whofoever, O Men of Athens, you are confcious receives Prefents,
be fure to conclude him a Traitor. But if one Man betrays
every
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? DEMOSTHENES. 123
every favourable Conjim6lure ; another the Bufinefs of the State ;
a third his Soldiers, and each of tliem deftroys whatever he
was appointed to preferve, then fhould all of them be equally
detefted. To you alone, of all Mankind, O Men of Athens,
it is given to make ufe of your own hiftorical Examples upon
thefe Occadons, and to imitate in your Adions thofe Aucef-
tors you fo juftly applaud. But if at prelent, in Time of Peace,
you cannot imitate the Battles, Expeditions, Dangers, in which
they were fplendidly glorious, yet imitate their Wifdom, for
which there is every where Occalion. Neither is Wifdom more
difficult to acquire, or more troubleforae to preferve, than
Folly. Whoever, therefore, while you are fitting here, will
take Cognizance of your Affairs, and form his Decrees upon
them as he ought, will ad: for the Advantage of the Republic,
and behave himfelf not unworthy of his Anceftors; otherwifc
he will ruin his Country, and be a Difhonour to his Ancef-
tors. (43) But what Opinion did they entertain of fuch Trai-
tors ? Here, Secretary, read this Infcriptlon ; for it is nc-
cefiary you fhould be convinced, that the Crimes, which you
treat with Indifference, they punifhed with Death. Read it.
An Inscription on a Column. (44)
R 2 You
(43) The PafTage Is not without Ob- cording to the Inte<<efls of the Common-
fturity. Although we cannot imitate, wealth.
in Time of Peace, the military Virtues (44) The Reader may find the Words
of our Anceftors, let us imitate tlieir po- of this Decree in tbe firll Volume, FsLg:
litical Wifdom, in attending the public 265.
Councils, and giving our Suffrages ac-
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? 124 ORATIONS OF
You hear, O Men of Athens, that this Infcription pro-
nounces Arthmius an Enemy to the Athenian People, and their
Confederates ; him and all his Generation. Why ? Becaufe he
brought Gold from the Barbarians into Greece. By this Inftance
you may perceive, that your Anceflors were anxious to prevent
even Foreigners from introducing the Mifchiefs of Gold into
any Part of Greece, while you with Indifference behold your
own Citizens importing it even into the Midft of the Republic.
But, in the Name of Jupiter! was this Column placed merely
as Chance diredled the Situation ? No ; by the Gods, Although
this whole Citadel be facred, and of a large Circumference,
yet it was placed upon the right Hand of our great bronze
Minerva, which the Republic confecrated in Remembrance of
the Victory gained over the Barbarians, and to the Expence of
which all the States of Greece contributed. So much was Juftice
at that Time revered, and. the Puniihment of fuch Offenders
held in Honour, that the Statue of the Goddefs, and the
Column, upon which were infcribed the PuniQiments of
Traitors, were deemed worthy of the fame Situation. But now,.
Laughter and Difhonour will be the Confequence of fuch.
Crimes, if you do not immediately reprefs this Audacioufnefs,
this immoderate Licentioufnefs.
Yet I (liould imagine, O Men of Athens, you will ad vi^ith.
Wifdom, if you imitate your Anceftors, not in this Inftanc^
alone, but in the whole Series of their Condud: afterwards.
When
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? DEMOSTHENES. 125
When Callias, for Inftance, was AmbafTador to Pcrfia, as I
am perfuaded you have heard, and had negotiated a Peace,
which was applauded by all the States of Greece, and by which
the Perfian Monarch could not defcend with any Body of
Forces nearer the Sea-Coafts, than the Diftance, that an Horfe
could run in a Day; nor approach by Sea to the Chalydonian,,
or Cyanean Iflands with any VelTel beyond a certain Bulk, yet
as he appeared to have accepted Prefents in his Embafly, our
Anceftors had very nearly ordered his Execution, and in pafling;
his Accounts fined him fifty Talents; though certainly the Re-
public never concluded, either before or afterwards, a Peace
more honourable. But this Circumftance they did not confider,
or they attributed it to their own Virtue, and the Authority
of the Commonwealth; but whether their Ambaflador was
influenced by Money, they imputed to his own Manners, vvhicli
they judged fhould be honeft and uncorrupted, when engaging
in the Adminiftration of public Affairs. So much did they
efteem Corruption an Enemy and pernicious to the State, as
not to fuffer it in any Negotiation, however glorious, or in any
Perfon, however eftimable. But you, O Men of Athens,,
although you behold the very fame Peace rafing to the Ground
thf Walls of your Confederates, and building the Houfes
of your Ambaffadors; taking away from the Republic her
PoffefTions, and giving to them what they never hoped for;
even in their Dreams, yet you do not order them to be put to.
Death, but want an Accufer, and profecute with Words thofe
Oftcnces,
8
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? 126 O R A T I O N S O F
Offences, which you have beheld in Deeds. Nor might ancient
Examples only be cited to animate you topunifli thefe Traitors,
but even within your own Time many have fuffered the
Punifliment they deferved. Other Criminals I fliall pafs over,
and oiiiy mention one or two, who were capitally convicted
for Mifcondudt in their Embaflies, though far lefs pernicious
to the Republic, than this of iEfchines. Read me this Decree.
The Decree.
According to this Decree, OMen of Athens, you capitally
condemned thefe Ambafladors, one of whom, Epicrates, as I
have been informed by our aged Citizens, was a valuable Man,
greatly ufeful to the Commonwealth, and one of the Leaders,
who brought home the People from the Pyrasum, and in other
Inftances extremely popular. Yet none of thefe Virtues availed
him; and with Reafon. Becaufe, whoever undertakes to
execute fuch an Employment fhould not be partially virtuous,
nor abufe the Credit he hath gained with you to the Commiffion
of greater Villainies, but in general fhould never be guilty of
any voluntary Offence.
If iEfchines therefore and his Colleagues have not committed
every Crime, for which thefe Men fuffered Death, then let mc
be condemned. For confider; *' Whereas they have a<Eled in
" their Embafly (thefe are the Words of the Decree) contrary
*' to their Inftrudlions, and our Decrees;" this wasthefirft
Offence,
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? DEMOSTHENES. 127
Offence, with which they were charged. But have not thefe
Ambaffadors aded in contradidlion to their Inflrudions? Docs
not your Decree exprefsly command, that the Peace {Tiould
extend to the Athenians, and the Confederates of the Athenians,
and have they not openly excluded the Phocaeans? Does it
not order, " that the Magiftrates of the feveral Cities fhould
** take the Oaths of Ratification," but have they ever tendered
thefe Oaths to the Magiftrates, who were fent by PhiHp ? Were
not your Ambaffadors forbidden ever to be alone with Philip,
and did they ever ceafe to enter inta private Conferences with
him? " Some of them were Gonvi6led before the Senate of
*' declaring Falfe hoods;" and are not your prefent Ambaffidors
eonvidled before the People ? But by what Evidence convicfled^
for this is an illuftrioiis Circumftance? By the Fads themfelves,
for every Event hath happened in dired: Contradidion to their
Declarations. " Neither have they (fo fpeaks the Decree)
'* written Truth in their Difpatches. " But did thefe Men write
Truth? " They eahimniated our Confederates and were cor-
" rupted. " Inftead of calumniating, they utterly deftroyed; a
Crime, far more atrocious than Calumny. But with regard to
their having been corrupted, if they denied, it would only re-
Efiain to conviift thenij but fince they themfelves confcfs, let
them be carried away to Execution,.
What then, O Men of Athens ? when Affairs are in fueh a
Situation, fhall you, the Defcendants of fuch Anceftors, and
fome
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? 12^ ORATIONSOF
fome of you alive, when thefe Tranfadions happened; fhall
you endure that Epicrates, the Benefadlor of the Athenians,
and one of the Leaders, whiO brought home the People from
the Pyrasum, fhould be deprived of his Rank as a Citizen, and
delivered over to Punifiiment ; again, that, fomc Time before,
Thrafybulus, the Son of Thrafybulus, that Favourite of the
People, whom he brought home from their Exile in Phyle,
fhould be fined ten Talents ; that a Defcendant of Harmodius
and Ariftogitoa, who had wrought the mofl important Services
for the Republic, and whom, in Remembrance of thofe Ser-
vices, you invited by a Law to partake of your Libations, and
the facred Cups, in rJl your Temples and Sacrifices; whom
you have ever celebrated and honoured equally with our Heroes
and Gods; that all thefe Perfons fhould fuffer the Punifliment
appointed by our Laws ; that neither Pardon, norCompalTion, nor
the weeping Children, who bore the Names of your. Benefadlors,
nor any other Influence could fupport them, and will you ac-
quit the Son of that Pedagogue Atrometus, and that Sorcerefs
Glaucothoe, who ufcd to dance before her Chorus of Bacchanali-
ans, and for whofe Myfferies another Prieftefs was put to Death j
will you acquit the Defcendant from fuch Anceflors, who never
were ufeful in any one Inftance to the Republic, neither himfelf,
his Father, or any of his Relations? For what Horfe, what
Galley, what Expedition, what Expence in Shows, what
mufical Entertainment, what public OfKce, what Contribution,
what Benevolence, what Danger, what fingle Service of any
Kind
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? DEMOSTHENES. ,29
Kind have they ever, through all Time, performed for the Re-
pubHc? But if they had really performed all thefe Services,
and yet were unable to add, that he had difcharged his Embafly
with Probity and Integrity, ^Efchines would ftill deferve to
fuffer Death. But if he can neither plead the Merits of his
Anceflors, nor his own Integrity, will you not punifh? Will
you not remember what he afierted, when he profecuted
Timarchus? " That there can be nothing valuable in that
" State, which hath not Strength fufficient to punifh Malefac-
" tors, or in that Conftitution, where perfonal AfFedion and
" Solicitations prevail over the Laws: that you fliould there-
" fore neither pity the Mother of Timarchus, an aged Woman>>
" nor his Children, nor any other Perfon, but confider only,
" that if you abandoned the Care of your Laws and the Confti-
" tution, you fhall never find any to Pity your own Misfortunes. "
The unhappy Timarchus therefore was branded with Intamy,
becaufe he faw the Villainies of ^fchines, and fhall . Efchines
himfelf be unpuniilied ? How is it poflible ? For if he thought
proper, that fuch an extraordinary Punilliment fhould be inflic-
ted upon thofe, who had offended only again ft their own
Perfons, what Vengeance may not you, who are fworn to
judge with Impartiality, pronounce upon thofe (among v/hom
^fchines appears convidled) who have offended the Republic in
an Affiir of fuch Importance? " Becaufe by that Trial your
" Youth, in the Name of Jupiter ! will become more virtuous. "
Yet by this Trial your Minifters, by whom the Common\\'ca]th
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? 130 ORATIONS OF
is brought into the greateft Dangers, will become more virtuous.
Of them alfo fome proper Care fhould be taken.
But to convince you, that he deftroyed Timarchus, not, by
the Gods, in his SoHcitude for your Children, and their Virtue
(for they are, O Men of Athens, already virtuous, and never
may fuch Infamy befall the Republic, that ever they fhould
want the Inftrudiions of Aphobetus and -ffifchines) but becauie
Timarchus propofed a Decree in the Senate, that whoever
(liould be dete6i:ed in conveying Arms, or any naval Stores to
Philip, fhould be punifhed with Death. In Proof of this Af-
ferCion, how long fince Timarchus firft harangued the People?
A very confiderable Time. But ^Efchines was all this Time in
Athens, yet never difcovered his Indignation ; never imagined
it fo terrible an Affair, that a Man of fuch Morals fhould fpeak
in your AfTemblies, (45) untill he went to Macedonia, and
had there fold himfelf to Philip. Take and read me the Decree
of Timarchus.
The Decree.
He, therefore, who for your Intereft: decreed it punifhable
with Death, to convey Arms to Philip during the War, was
ruined, and branded with Infamy ; while he, who traiteroufly
delivered
(4/;) It hath been already remarked, of giving Evidence in a Court of Juftice,
that a Pcrlbn condemned for the Impu- or of fpeaking before the People,
rity of his Life, was rendered incapable
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? DEMOSTHENES. 131
delivered up to him the Arms of your Confederates, accufcd
and profecuted Timarchus, O Earth and Heavens! for Lubri-
city of Manners, even in Prefence of his two Relations, whom
you would have been unable to behold without Exclamations of
Horrour, (46) the abominable Nicias, who let himfelf out for
Hire to Chabrias the ^Egyptian; and that execrable Cerybion,
who in our Feftivals played his Bacchanalian Charaders, even
without a Mafk. Yet why do I mention them? He pro-
fecuted Timarchus even in the Prefence of Aphobetus. But all
Remarks that Day upon Impudicity ran upwards, like Rivers
againft their Fountain- Head.
Into what Ignominy, what Diihonour his Improbity and
Falfehood have thrown the Republic, I fhall now declare,
pafling over all other Circumftances, in which you are already
well informed. Formerly, O Men of Athens, all the other
States of Greece were anxious to know your Decrees; but now
we wander about folicitouily inquiring, and liftening, like
Spies, to what is decreed by others ; what do the Arcadians ?
what do the Amphictyons determine? Whither is Philip
marching? Is he alive or dead? Do we not really adt in this
Manner? For myfelf, I am not alarmed, that Philip is alive,
S 2 but
(4. 6) Wolfius very well obferves, that thers according to the Scholiaft, wlio
the Judges, who fat upon the Trial of were then prefent, do not appear in this
Timarchus, are not the fame, who are Trial. If you had feen them, you muji
to pronounce Sentence in this of ^fchi- have exclaimed with Horrour.
nes. His Relations too, his Wife's Bro-
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? 132 ORATIONSOF
but that the Spirit of the RepubUc in detefting and punifhing
Traitors is dead. Nor does PhiHp terrify me, if your Affairs
are in Health; but if Impunity be granted to thofe, who are
willing to earn the Wages of Philip; if fome of your Citizens,
who have gained a Confidence amongft you, will become the
Patrons of Traitors ; if they, who had always conftantly refufed
to plead Philip's Caufe, fhall now afcend the Tribunal in his
Favour; thefe to me are indeed objedls of Terrour. For why,
Eubulus, when your Coufin- German, Hegefileus, and, fome
Time before, your Uncle Thrafybulus, were impeached, why
did you refufe to appear, when cited upon the firft colleding the
Suffrages on the Judgement of their being guilty, or on the
fecond Opinion, that was to determine their Punifliment ? (47)
why did you not fpeak in their Defence? Wherefore entreat
the Judges to have you excufed? Did you refufe to patronize
your Relations, Perfons allied to you by Blood, and will you
be an Advocate for ^Efchines?
That iiEfchines, who, when
Ariftophon impeached Philonieus and through him accufed your
Adminiftration, joined in the Profecution, and was numbered
among your Enemies. Yet foon afterwards you alarmed the
People, and declared they muft either go down to the Pyrzeum
for fome immediate Expedition; they muft either bring in
their Contributions, and convert the theatrical Funds to the
Service
(47) The firft Part of the Day in any his Defence ; the third, for determining
eriminal Profecution was appointed for his Punifliment, if he was found guilty. ,
the Profecutor, the Laws, and for Li- Tiiefe Cuftoms will be more fully ex. *
berty ; the fecond, for the Criminal and prained hereafter.
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? DEMOSTHENES. 133
Service of the Soldiery, or ratify the Decree, which iEfchines
fupported, and that abominable Philocrates propofed, and by
which, inftead ot an honourable, this ignominious Peace had
been concluded. Have they by their Villainy totally ruined
our Affliirs, and are you now reconciled ? You, who mentioned
Philip with Execrations in an Aflembly of the People, and
fwore by your Children, that he muft certainly be ruined, if
the Athenians pleafed to ruin him, do you now fupport that
Philip? Why did you impeach Myrocles for having exadled
twenty Drachmas from every Citizen, who purchafed the
public Mines? Why did you indiA Cephifophon upon an
Adbion of Sacrilege, for having placed out feven Minas of the
facred Funds at Intereft three Days beyond the ftated Time, yet
thofe, who have in Pofleilion, who confefs, who are convided,
and taken in the Fa6t of committing thefe Crimes to the Def-
trudtion of our Confederates, thefe Traitors you never accufe,
but are urgent with us to acquit them?
That thefe are formidable Crimes, and requiring muchi
Prudence and Caution to guard againft their Effeds, while
thofe, of which you accufed Myrocles and Cephifophon were
abfolutely ridiculous, will eafily appear. Were there not in
Elis, fome Perfons, who plundered the public Treafury ? Ex-
? tremely probable. But were any of them concerned in ruining,
the Conftitution and Liberty of their Country? Not one.
Were there not in Olynthus, while that State was in Being,
htas
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? 134 ORATIONSOF
fome Citizens of this Charader? Certainly. What? Were
there not in Megara, who robbed, and plundered the Public ?
Undoubtedly ; and it appeared. Were any of them the Authors
of thofe Calamities, which befell that State ? Not one. Who
therefore, and what were they, who committed fuch flagrant
Crimes? They, who thought themfelves honoured in being
called the Guefts and the Friends of Philip; who deemed
themfelves worthy of commanding your Armies, and prefiding
in your Councils, and exerting a Superiority over the People.
Was not Perilaus lately impeached before the Senate of Me-
gara, becaufe he went to Macedonia; and did not Ptceodorus,
the principal Citizen of Megara in Riches, Birth and Reputa-
tion, appear in his Defence, folicit for his Pardon, and again
fend him back to Philip ? He returned afterwards with a Body
of mercenary Troops, while Ptceodorus had totally changed the
civil Conftitution of his Country. For there is nothing, cer-
tainly nothing, of which you fhould be more cautious, than the
fufrering anyone Angle Citizen to exert an Authority fuperiorto
that of the whole People. Let no Man ever be acquitted or
condemned by the meer Pleafure of another; let his own Adions
acquit him; on the contrary, let this iEfchines be condemned
by the Juftice of your Sentence; (48) for fuch Condudt is
democratical.
I Several
(48) This Manner of mentioning iEf- Reafoning before is general, but this A p-
chines, thus irregularly, thus feemingly plication gives it a particular Direflion.
without Defign, is of great Force. The It is now pointed at Alfchines alone.
The
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? DEMOSTHENES. 135
Several of your Citizens have indeed, upon particular Oc-
cafions, gained an Influence over you j Califtratus, Ariftophon,
Diophantus, and others formerly. But where did they exert
this Influence? In your Afiemblics only : for never, even to
this Day, did any of theni aflijme an Authority in your Courts
of Juftice: an Authority more powerful than you yourfelves;
than the Laws and your Oaths. Do not therefore fuffer Eubulus
to ufurp this Authority. But to convince you, it will be a
greater Proof of your Wifdom to preferve it yourfelves, than to
intrufl: it to others, I will read you the Oracles of the Gods,
who far more powerfully proted; the Republic, than they, who
govern it. Read.
The Oracles.
Do you hear, O Men of Athens, what the Gods declare ?
If in Time of War, therefore, they had made this Declaration,
they would have adviled you to guard with Caution againft
your Commanders, becaule in War your Commanders are your
Governors; if in Peace, to guard againfl: your Magifl:rates;
becaufe they are then your Governors; you obey them, and
are in Danger of being deceived by them. Befldes, the Oracle
declares, that the Republic fliould be united ; that her Citizens
fhould be unanimous in their Deciflons, and not give Pleafure
to their Enemies. Whether then do you imagine, O Men of
Athens,
The Reader is Indebted for this Re- {landing, to Doftor Taylor in his Notes
mark, certainly of much good Under- upon another Oration.
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? 136 ORATIONSOF
Athens, will the acquitting or condemning the Man, who
wrought fuch Mifchiefs, give Pleafure to PhiHp? In my
Judgement, his being acquitted. But the Oracle advifes you
always to a6t in fuch a Manner, that your Enemies may never
have Reafon to rejoice. Thus does Jupiter, Venus and all the
Gods command you with one Confent to punifli thofe, who
render any Services to your Enemies. But who are your Ene-
mies? The Aflailants without, and their Affiftants within.
The Office of thefe AlTailants is to give; that of their Affiftants
to receive, and to protedl others, who receive.
Besides, we may difcover by the Force of human Reafon
only, that of all things moft odious, and moft terrible, is a
Magiftrate's Familiarity with them, who have Sentiments and
Inclinations different from thofe of the People, whom they
govern. For confider, by what Arts Philip hatii become thus
univerfally powerful, and by what Inftruments he hath wrought
out his Succefs. By purchafing the Affiftance of whoever fold
their Abilities j by corrupting the Magiftrates in every free City,
and infpiring them with Infolence and Ambition, But thefe
Arts it is this Day in your Power to render ufelefs, if you de-
termine not to hear the Advocates of fuch Traitors j if you
demonftrate, that they have not an abfolute Authority over you
(for at prefent they declare themfelves your abfolute Mafters) if
you puniffi the Wretch, who hath fold himfelf to PhiHp, and
let the whole World behold his Pujiiffiment. For though you
may
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? DEMOSTHENES. 137
may with Juftice, O Men of Athens, flievv your Indignation
againfl: whoever commits fuch Villainies; whoever betrays your
Confederates, your Allies, and thofe Conjunctures, upon
which the Profperity or Mifery of every particular Citizen
depends, yet never can you (hew that Indignation witli crreater
Juftice, than againft this iEfchines. , For he, who numbered
himfelf amongft thofe, who were moft fufpicious of Philip; he,
who alone, and firft was confcious, that Philip was the com-
mon Enemy of Greece, yet deferted to that Enemy, betrayed
his Poft, and fuddenly became an Advocate for Philip, docs he
not merit a thoufand Deaths? That thefe Allegations are true,
he hath it not in his Power to deny. For who firft introduced
Ifchander to you, and afllired you he came hither from the
Friends of this Republic in Arcadia? Who was even clamo-
rous in declaring, that Philip was pillaging Greece and Pelopon-
nefus, and that you were afteep? Who repeated thole beauti-
ful, and long, and numerous Declamations, and read the
Decrees of Miltiades and Themiftocles, (49) and the Oath,
which is taken by our Youth in the Temple of Agraulus? (50)
Did not JEfch'mcs? Who perfuaded you to fend an Em bally
even to the red Sea, as if Greece were already invaded by Philip,
and that it was your Duty to provide for her Safety, and not
Vol. II. T abandon
(49) WhenthePfiTiansinvadedGreece, he gained a complete Vi<5tory. Thcfe
Miltiades determined to meet them at Examples /Efchincs produced to animate
Marathon with only the Forces of the the People againft Philip. Scholiast.
Repubhc. Themiftocles perfuaded the (50) The military Oath, taken at tlic
Athenians to forfake their City, and to Time of enliftino-.
venture the Sea-fight at Salamis, where
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? 138 ORATIONSOF
abandon her States? Did not Eubulus write the Decree, and
i^fchines go AmbafTador to Peloponnefus ? How he negotiated,
and how he harangued, when he arrived there, he may himfelf
know; but what he declared here, I am confident you all re-
member; that he often called Philip a Barbarian and the Pert
of Greece; that he declared the Arcadians would be exceedingly
rejoiced, if the Republic of Athens would give fome Attention
to her Affairs, and awake from her Slumbers. But what beyond
every other Circumftance, he faid, provoked his Indignation,
in his Return he happened to meet Atreftidas returning on his
Journey from Philip, and travelling with fome thirty Women
and Children ; that he afked with Aftonifhment, who the Man
was, and what the Croud of People with him. But when he
heard, that Atreftidas, on his leaving Philip, had received thefe
Oiynthian Prifoners as a Prefent, the Sight appeared to him
moft deplorable; he burft into Tears, and lamented the Fate
of Greece, fo unhappily fituated, as not to regard fuch Calami-
ties. He then advifed you to fend Ambaffadors to Arcadia to
accufe the Faftion, who fupported Philip, for he had been in-
formed by his Friends, that if the Republic would ad with Seri-
oufnefs in the Affair, and fend an Embafly, the Traitors would
bejuftly punifhed.
Such were his Harangues at that Time, O Men of Athens,
honourable and worthy of the Commonwealth. But when he
arrived in Macedonia, and beheld this Philip, both his own, and
I the
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? DEMOSTHENES. 139
tlie common Enemy of Greece, did his Harangues afterwards
bear any Refemblance to thofe he had fpoken before; was
there any Affinity between them ? Far otherwife. He then
declared, we ought no longer to remember our Anceftors, nor
talk of their Triumphs, nor fend Succours to any of the States
of Greece. Then did he profefs his Wonder at thofe, who
advifed you to confult the Grecians in general upon concluding
a Peace with Philip, as if it were neceffary to afk the Confent
of others in Matters of your own peculiar Concernment. He af-
firmed, that Philip himfelf, O Hercules ! of all Mankind was bed
affected to Greece, the greateft Orator of his Age, and fond of
Athens to Excefs, but that fome of her Citizens were fo perv^erfe,
fo implacable, as not to be afhamed of pouring forth their
Inve<5lives againft him, and calling him a Barbarian.
Is it poffible, that the very fame Man, who had made thefe
firft Declarations, fhould ever dare, unlefs he were corrupted,
to utter thefe fecond Sentiments? What? He, who looked
upon Atreftidas with Horrour, on account of thofe Olynthian
Women and Children, could he endure to adl in Conjundion
with Philocrates, who brought the free-born Women of Olyn-
thus hither for Proftitution ? A Wretch, fo notorioufly infamous
for the Impurity of his Life, that it were unneceffary to fny any
thing reproachful, or fevere of him. Let me only allert, Phi-
locrates brought Women hither, and my whole Audience is
fully informed for what Purpofes, and will pity, I am well
T 2 aJTurcd,
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? HO O R A T I O N S O F
afiured, thcfe ill-fated, miferable Creatures, whom ^fchincs
never pitied. Neither did he lament with Tears the Fate of
Greece, apparent in the Miferies of the Women, who were
infulted and outraged by our Ambaffadors, even in thePrefence
of our Confederates. Yet he will now lament himfelf, and the
Errors of his Embafly, with Tears and Cries; perhaps will
bring his Children, and appear with them on the Tribunal,
With regard to his Children, confider, O Men of Athens,
that the Children of many of your Confederates, and Allies, are
at this Moment Vagabonds and Beggars, after having fuffered
by his Crimes the extremeft Wretchednefs. It were far more
worthy of your Clemency to pity them, than the Children of
fuch a Traitor ; for he and his Colleagues, by adding thefe
Words, " and to his Pofterity," to the Articles of Peace, have
deprived your Children of all future Hopes. With regard to
his Tears, remember you have now before you the Man, wha
advifed you to fend an Embafly to Arcadia to accufe the Fadlion.
of Philip.
But it is now no longer neceflary to fend Ambafladors to
Peloponnefus, to travel a long Journey, nor expend immenfe
Sums on the Road, but to come forward each of you to the
Tribunal, and give a jufl: and holy Suffrage in Favour of your
Country againft this MaQ, O Earth and Heaven! who having
declaimed at firft, as 1 have related, of Marathon and Salamis,
5 ^^
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? DEMOSTHENES. i+i
of Battles and Trophies, on a fiidden, as foon as he had landed
in Macedonia, fpoke in dired; Contradi(5lion to his former Ha-
rangues; that we rhould no longer remember our Anceftors,
nor talk of their Trophies, nor fend Succours, nor enter into
Council with the other States of Greece, and only not rafe her
Cities ourfelves. Expreflions, fo full of Turpitude, were
never uttered in your Afiemblies. For among either Greeks
or Barbarians is there fo perverfe, fo ftupid, fo virulent an
Enemy to the Republic, that if he were afked; *' tell me, is
" there any Part of Greece,, fuch as it now appears, and inha-
" bited as it is at prefent, that could have either preferved its
" Name, or been inhabited by Grecians, if our Anceftors had
" not given fuch fignal Proofs of their Virtue at Marathon and
" Salamis? " No one, I am perfuaded, would ailert it could;
but on the contrary, that the whole Country mufl have been
fubdued by the Barbarians. Thofe Honours therefore, thofe
Praifes, of which even your Enemies would not deprive you,
j^fchines, that he may receive his Penfion, will not fuffer you,
the Defcendants of thofe Anceftors, even to mention. Of all
other Bleffings the Dead cannot participate, but Praife for the
glorious Adlions, which they died in performing, is their pecu-
liar Property, nor after Death does Envy itfelf oppofe their
Pofle/Tion. He therefore, who defpoils them of thefe Honours^
may juftly be deprived of his own Dignity, Vvhiie your Juftice
will appear in thus revenging your Anceftors.
By
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? 142 ORATIONS OF
By fuch Expreflionsj thou execrable Wretch, didfl thou at
once phinder the Adlions, and lacerate the Fame of our Ancef-
tors, and ruin all our Affairs. From thence you have purchafed
Land; from thence become a Man of Importance. Before
he had wrought thefe numberlefs Misfortunes to the Republic,
he acknowledged himfelf a Notary; he profefled his Gratitude
to you for appointing him to that Office, and behaved him-
felf with tolerable Modefty. But after he had wrought a
thoufand Mifchiefs to the State, he grew arrogant and fupercili-
ous; if any one calls him -^fchines, the Notary, he inftantly
declares himfelf his Enemy, and complains he is abufed; he
now ftalks through the Forum with his Robe flowing down to
his Heels, taking long Strides with Pythocles, (51) and puffing
up his Cheeks; he now becomes one of Philip's Guefts and
Friends, who determine to quit the Party of the People,
and call the prefent State of Affairs ConfuGon and Madnefs;
altliough he ftill continues to reverence the wretched Cell, in
which he was educated. (52)
I WILL now fummarily repeat the political Artifices, by which
Philip impofed upon you, and in which he was affifted by thefe
Enemies
(51) Pythocles, according to the Scho- (52) The Paflage is of acknowledged
liafl:, was very tall, and i^fchines a very Obfcurity. It probably means, that lEU
little Man. From thence our Author chines, with all his Infoience and Vanity,
laughs at the whimfical Affedation of his ftill preferves the Meannefs of his ori-^
walking with Pythocles, as if by thefe ginal Manners and Education, A Ch^'
large Strides he could meafure Height rafler not uncommon,
^vith him.
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? DEMOSTHENES. 143
Enemies of the Gods, becaufe it much concerns you to examine
and behold the whole Progrefs of his Delulions. At firft, when
his Dominions were laid wafte by Robbers, and his Ports fliut
up in fuch a Manner, as deprived him of all Advantages of
Commerce, he ardently wifhed for Peace, and fent hither
Neoptolemus, Ariftodemus, and Ctefiphon, who made, in
his Name, very equitable Propofals. But when we went
Ambafladors to him, he inftantly hired this i^fchines to defend
and fupport the polluted Philocrates, and to gain a Superiority
over us, who were determined to preferve our Integrity.
