) He was pro-
war in Sicily, though he is said by that author to bably sent as ambassador to deprecate the wrath
have been the son of Mago.
war in Sicily, though he is said by that author to bably sent as ambassador to deprecate the wrath
have been the son of Mago.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
)
Peloponnesus, conveyed it, and with it the in- HAʼLIA ('Alla). 1. One of the Nereides
fection of the plague to the lines of Potidaca. After (Hom. Il. xvii. 42'; Apollod. i. 2. $ 6); but the
losing by its ravages 1500 out of 4000 men, Hag- plural, Haliae, is used as a name for marine nymphs
non returned. (Thuc. ii. 58. ) We hear of him in general. (Soph. Philoct. 1470 ; Callim. Hymn. in
again in the same quarter, as accompanying Odryses Dian. 13. )
in his great invasion. (Thuc. ii. 95. )
2. A sister of the Telchines in Rhodes, by whom
It may be a question whether or not it is the Poseidon had six sons and one daughter, Rhodos
same Hagnon again, who is named as the father of or Rhode, from whom the island of Rhodes re-
Theramenes. (Thuc. viii. 68. ) According to Ly-ceived its name. Halia, after leaping into the sea,
sias (p. 426 Reiske), he was one of the apóbovao received the name of Leucothea, and was wor-
chosen from the elder citizens, after the news of shipped as a divine being by the Rhodians. (Diod.
the Sicilian defeat, to form a sort of executive coun- v. 55 ; comp. RHODOS. )
(LS. )
cil. (Thuc. viii. l. ) Lysias accuses him of having HALIACMON ('Ahid kuwv), a son of Oceanus
in this capacity paved the way for the revolution and Thetys, was a river god of Macedonia (Hes.
of the 400. Xenophon, in the mouth of Critias Theog. 341; Strab. vii. p. 330. )
(LS. )
(Hellen, ü. 3. S 30), speaks of Theramenes as HALIARTUS ('Anlaptus), a son of Thersan-
having at first received respect for the sake of his der, and grandson of Sisyphus, was believed to
father Hagnon, whom he thus seems to imply was have founded the town of Haliartus in Boeotia.
a man of note. The Scholia on the Frogs of Aris- He is further said to have been adopted with
tophanes (II. 546 and 1002) say that Hagnon only Coronus by Athamas, a brother of Sisyphus. (Paus.
adopted him, and refer in the latter place to Eu- ix. 34. & 5; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 268. ) (LS. )
polis for confirmation. Of the founder of Amphi- HALIMEDE ('Alunan), one of the Nereides.
polis, Polyaenus relates & story. In accordance (Hes. Theog. 255 ; Apollod. i. 2. $ 6. ) (L. S. )
with an oracle, he dug up from the plain of Troy HALIRRHOʻTHIUS ('Aleppolos), a son of
the bones of Rhesus, took them, and buried them Poseidon and Euryte. He attempted by violence
on the site of his new settlement. He made a to seduce Alcippe, the daughter of Ares and Agrau-
truce of three days with the opposing Thracians ; los, but he was taken by surprise by Ares, who
and, using an equivocation parallel to that of Pa- killed him. (Apollod. iii. 14. & 2; Eurip. Elect.
ches (Thuc. iii. 34), laboured hard at his fortifica- 1261 ; Pind. Ol. xi. 73. )
[L. S. ]
tions during the three nights, and on the return of HALITHERSES ('Archépons), a son of Mastor
the enemy was strong enough to maintain himself. of Ithaca. He was a soothsayer, and during the
(Polyaen. vi. 53. )
[A. H. C. ] absence of Odysseus he remained behind in Ithaca
HALCY'ONÉ. (ALCYONE. )
and assisted Telemachus against the suitors of
HALCYONEUS ('Alavoveús), a son of An- Penelope. (Hom. Od. ii. 157, 253, xxiv. 451. )
tigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia. We know Another mythical personage this name is men-
nothing of the time of his birth, but we find him tioned by Pausanias. (vii. 4. & 1. )
(LS. )
already grown up to manhood in B. c. 272, when HA’LIOS ("Allos), the name of two mythical
Antigonus advanced into the Peloponnesus to oppose personages, one a Lycian, who was slain by Odys-
the schemes of Pyrrhus, and he accompanied his seus (Hom. N. v. 678), and the other a son of Al-
father on that expedition. During the night attack cinous and Arete. (od. viii. 119. ) (LS. )
on Argos, by which Pyrrhus attempted to force his HALMUS ("Amos), a son of Sisyphus, and
way into the city, Halcyoneus was dispatched by father of Chryse and Chrysogeneia. He was re-
Antigonus with a body of troops to oppose him, garded as the founder of the Boeotian town of
and a vehement combat took place in the streets. Halmones. (Paus. ix. 34. & 5, ii. 4. $ 3. ) [L. S. )
In the midst of the confusion, word was brought to HALOSYDNE ('Alcoúdun), that is “tbe sea-
Halcyoneus that Pyrrhus was slain ; he hastened fed," or the sea-born goddess, occurs as a surname
to the spot, and arrived just as Zopyrus had cut off of Amphitrite and Thetys. (Hom. Od. iv. 404, n.
the head of the fallen monarch, which Halcyoneus xx. 207. )
[L. S. ]
carried in triumph to his father. Antigonus up- HAMADRYAS. (NYMPRAR. )
braided him for his barbarity, and drove him an- HAMARTO'LUS, GEO'RGIUS. (GEORGIUS,
grily from his presence. Taught by this lesson, literary, No. 27. )
when he soon after fell in with Helenus, the son of HAMILCAR ('Aulakas and 'Aulaxap, the latter
Pyrrhus, he treated him with respect, and con- form occurs in Appian only). The two last sylla-
ducted him in safety to Antigonus. (Plut. Pyrrh. bles of this name are considered by Gesenius (Lin-
34. ) It appears from an anecdote told by Aelian guae Phoeniciae Monumenta, pp. 399, 407) to be
(V. H. iii. 5) and Plutarch (De Consolat. 33) that the same with Melcarth, the tutelary deity of the
Halcyoneus was killed in battle during the lifetime Tyrians, called by the Greeks Hercules, and that the
of Antigonus, but on what occasion we are not in- signification of the name is "the gift of Melcarth. "
formed.
(E. H. B. ) The name appears to have been one of common
HALE'SUS, a chief of the Auruncans and occurrence at Carthage, but, from the absence of
Oscans. He was the son of a soothsayer, and family names, and even in most cases of patrony.
was allied with Turnus, but was slain by Evander. mics, among the Carthaginians, it is often im-
(Virg. Aen. vii. 723, . 411, &c. ) He is described | possible to discriminate or identify with certainty
Y 3
## p. 326 (#342) ############################################
326
HAMILCAR
HAMILCAR
the different persons that bore it, many of whom I ing at the tyranny, and put to death. There is,
are only incidentally mentioned by the Greek or however, much reason to suspect Polyaenus of some
Roman historians.
mistake in this matter.
1. The commander of the great Carthaginian 3. One of the commanders of the great Car-
expedition to Sicily B. C. 480. He is called by thaginian army, which was defeated by Timoleon
llerodotus (vii. 165) the son of Hanno, by a Syra- at the passage of the Crimissus, B. c. 339. (Plut.
cusan mother : the same historian styles him king Timol. 25. ) The face of the generals in that action
(Baoileús) of the Carthaginians, a title by which (for the particulars of which see TIMOLEON) is not
the Greeks in general designate the two chief ma- mentioned ; but it seems probable, from the terms
gistrates at Carthage, who are more properly styled in which Plutarch shortly after speaks of the ap-
suffetes or judges. There can be little doubt that pointment of Gisco to the command (Ibid. 30), that
this Hamilcar is the same as the person of that they both perished.
name mentioned by Justin (xix. 1, 2) as having 4. Surnamed Rhodanus, was sent by the Car
served with great distinction both in Sardinia and thaginians to the court of Alexander after the full
Africa, and having been subsequently killed in the of Tyre, B. C. 332. (Justin. xxi. 6.
) He was pro-
war in Sicily, though he is said by that author to bably sent as ambassador to deprecate the wrath
have been the son of Mago. If this be so, it is of the king for the assistance given to the Tyrians,
probably to his exploits in those countries that He or to ascertain the disposition of Alexander towards
rodotus refers, when he says that Hamilcar had Carthage, in the same manner as we again find a
attained the dignity of king, as a reward for his Carthaginian embassy at his court just before his
warlike valour ; and the same services may have death. °(Diod. xvii. 113. ) Justin, however, ne
caused him to be selected for the command of an presents Hamilcar as having no public capacity, but
expedition, undoubtedly the greatest which the as worming himself into the king's favour, and then
Carthaginians bad yet undertaken, although we secretly reporting his designs to Carthage. Yet,
cannot hut suspect some exaggeration in the state according to the same author, when he returned
ment of Herodotus and Diodorus, that the army of home, after the death of Alexander, he was put to
Hamilcar amounted to 300,000 men. He lost se death by the Carthaginians for having betrayed
veral ships on the passage by a storm, but arrived their interests. (Justin. xxi. 6 ; Orosius, iv. 6. )
with the greater part of the armament in safety at 5. Carthaginian governor in Sicily at the time
Panormus. From thence, after a few days' repose, that Agathocles was first rising into power. The
he marched at once upon Himera, and laid siege to latter, having been driven into exile from Syracuse,
that city, which was defended by Theron of Agri- had assembled a mercenary force at Morgantia, with
gentum, who shut himself up within the walls, and which he carried on hostilities against the Syra-
did not venture to face the Carthaginians in the cusans. Hamilcar was at first induced to espouse
field. Gelon, however, who soon arrived to the the cause of the latter, and defend them against
assistance of his father-in-law, with a considerable Agathocles ; but was afterwards prevailed on to
army, was bolder, and quickly brought on a general take up the interests of the exiles, and brought
engagement, in which the Carthaginians, not with about a treaty, by which Agathocles was restored
standing their great superiority of numbers, were to his country, and, with the assistance of the Car-
utterly defeated, and their vast army annihilated, thaginians, quickly made himself undisputed master
those who made their escape from the field of battle of the city, B. C. 317. (Justin, xxii. 2, compared
falling as prisoners into the hands of the Sicilians. with Diod. xix. 5—9. ) Hamilcar appears to have
(Herod. vii. 165–167; Diod. xi. 20—22 ; Po reckoned on the devotion of the tyrant whom be
lyaen. j. 27. & 2. ) Various accounts are given of had assisted in establishing, and who had sworn to
the fate of Hamilcar himself, though all agree that be faithful to the interests of Carthage ; and we
he perished on this disastrous day. A story, in find him soon after interposing as mediator, to ter-
itself not very probable, is told by Diodorus, and, minate the war which the Agrigentines, in con-
with some variation, by Polyaenus, that he was junction with the Geloans and Messenians, had
killed at the beginning of the action by a body of commenced against Agathocles. (Diod. xix. 71. )
horsemen whom Gelon had contrived by stratagem The Carthaginian allies even complained against
to introduce into his camp. Herodotus, on the him, as sacrificing their interests to those of the
other hand, states that his body could not be found, Syracusan tyrant; and the senate of Carthage de-
and that the Carthaginians accounted for this cir- termined upon his recal, but he died before his
cumstance by saying, that he had thrown himself, successor could arrive in Sicily. (Justin. xxii.
in despair, into a fire at which he was sacri- 3, 7. )
ficing, when he beheld the total rout of his army. 6. Son of Gisco (Gisco, No. 2), was appointed to
A remarkable circumstance is added by the same succeed the preceding in the command of the Car-
historian (vii. 167), that the Carthaginians, after thaginian province in Sicily. (Justin, xxii. 3. ) The
his death, used to sacrifice to him as a hero, and government of Carthage having resolved to engage
erected monuments to his memory not only at seriously in war with A gathocles, committed the con-
Carthage, but in all their colonial cities. Such ho- duct of it to Hamilcar, who was at that time, according
nours, singular enough in any case as paid to an to Diodorus, the most eminent among all their gene-
unsuccessful general, seem strangely at variance rals. The same writer else where styles him king,
with the statement of Diodorus (xiii. 43), that his that is, of course, suffete. (Diod. xix. 106, xx. 33. )
son Gisco was driven into exile on account of his Having assembled a large fleet and army, Hamilcar
father's defeat. According to Justin (xix. 2), Ha- sailed for Sicily (B. C. 311); and thongh he lost
milcar left three sons, Himilco, Hanno, and Gisco. sixty triremes and many transports on the passage,
2. Brother of Gisco (Gisco, No. 2), is men- soon again restored his forces with fresh recruits,
tioned only by Polyaenus (v. 11), who states that, and advanced as far as the river Himera. Here he
after having distinguished himself greatly in the was met by Agathocles, and, after a short interval,
sonduct of wars in Africa, he was accused of aim- | a decisive action ensued, in which the Syracusaus
:
## p. 327 (#343) ############################################
HAMILCAR.
HAMILCAR.
327
were totally defented with great slaughter. Agn- gulus and L. Manlius Vulso. The two fleets met
thocles took refuge in Gela ; but Hamilcar, instead off Ecnomus, on the sonth coast of Sicily: that of
of besieging him there, employed himself in gaining the Carthaginians consisted of 350 quinqueremes,
over or reducing the other cities of Sicily, most of while the Romans had 330 ships of war, besides
which gladly forsook the alliance of the Syracusan transports. In the battle that ensued, Hamileli,
tyrant and joined the Carthaginians. (Diod. xix. who commanded the left wing of the Carthaginian
106-110; Justin. xxii. 3. ) It was now that fleet, at first obtained some advantage, but the
Agathocles adopted the daring resolution of trans Romans ultimately gained a complete victory.
ferring the seat of war to Africa, whither he pro-Above 30 of the Carthaginian ships were sunk or
ceeded in person, leaving his brother Antander to destroyed, and 64 taken. (Polyb. i. 25—28 ;
withstand Hamilcar in Sicily. The latter does not Zonar. viii. 12; Eutrop. ii. 21 ; Oros. iv. 8. ) Hn-
appear to have laid siege to Syracuse itself, con- milcar escnped with his remaining ships to He-
tenting himself with blockading it by sea, while he mclea Minoa, where he soon after received orders
himself was engaged in reducing other parts of to repair immediately to Carthage, now threatened
Sicily. On receiving intelligence from Carthage by the Roman army, which had effected its land-
of the destruction of the fleet of Agathocles, he ing in Africa. On his arrival, he was associated
made an attempt to terrify the Syracusans into with Hasdrubal and Bostar in the command of
submission ; but having been frustrated in this as the army, which was opposed to Regulus, and
well as in the attempt to carry the walls by sur- must consequently share with those generals the
prise, he again withdrew from before the city. blame of the want of skill and judgment so con-
(Diod. xx. 15, 16. ) At length, having made spicuous in the conduct of the campaign. [BOSTAR;
himself master of almost all the rest of Sicily (B. C. XANTHIPPUs. ] This incapacity on their part led
309), he determined to direct his efforts in earnest to the defeat of the Carthaginian army at Adis:
against Syracuse ; but being misled by an am- we are not told by Polybius what became of the
biguous prophecy, he was induced to attempt to generals after this battle, but his expressions would
surprise the city by a night attack, in which his seem to imply that they still retained their com-
troops were thrown into disorder and repulsed. mand; it appears at least probable that the Ha-
He himself, in the confusion, fell into the hands of milcar mentioned by Orosius (iv. 1) as being sent
the enemy, by whom he was put to death in the immediately after the defeat of Regulus to subdue
most ignominious manner, and his head sent to the revolted Numidians was the one of whom we
Agathocles in Africa as a token of their victory are now treating. On the other hand, it is
(Diod. xx. 29, 30; Justin. xxii. 7; Cic. de Dio. i. vaguely asserted by Florus (i. 2) that the Cartha-
44; Val. Max. i. 7, ezt. $ 8. )
ginian generals were either slain or taken prison-
7. A general of the Carthaginians in the first ers; and it may perhaps be this Hamilcar of whom
Punic War. We know nothing of his family or Diodorus relates (Exc. Vales. xxiv. ) that he was
connections, but he must be carefully distinguished given up, together with Bostar, to the kindred of
from the great Hamilcar Barca [No. 8], with whom Regulus, and tortured by them in a cruel manner,
he has been confounded by Zonaras (viii. 10), as in revenge for the fate of their kinsman. It is not,
well as by some modern writers. It was in the however, clear whether in this story, which is at
third year of the war (B. C. 262) that he was ap best but a doubtful one, Hamilcar and Bostar were
pointed to succeed Hanno in the command, when represented as captives or as hostages. (See Nie-
that general had failed in averting the fall of Agri- buhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. iii. p. 300 ; Polyb. i. 30,
gentum. (Diod. xxiii. Exc. Hoeschel. 9. p. 503 ; 31; Eutrop. ii
. 21 ; Oros. iv. 8 ; Florus, ii. 1. )
Zonar. l. c. See HANNO, No. 5. ) His first oper- 8. Surnamed BARCA, an epithet supposed to be
ations were very successful ; and notwithstanding related to the Hebrew Barak, and to signify
the great defeat of the Carthaginian fleet off Mylae " lightning. ” (Gesenius, Ling. Phoenic. Monum.
by Duilius (B. C. 260), Hamilcar for a time main- p. 403. ) It was merely a personal appellation,
tained the superiority by land. Learning that the and is not to be regarded as a family name,
Roman allies were encamped near Therma, apart though from the great distinction that he obtained,
from the legionary troops, he fell suddenly upon we often find the name of Barcine applied either to
them, surprised their camp, and put 4000 of them his family or his party in the state. (Niebuhr,
to the sword. (Polyb. i. 24. ) After this he ap Lect. on Rom. Hist. vol. i. p. 134, not. ) We know
pears to have traversed the island with his vic- nothing of him previous to his appointment to the
torious army, as we find him making himself command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily, in
master of Enna and Camarina, both of which were the eighteenth year of the first Punic War, B. C.
betrayed to him by the inhabitants. He at the 247. He was at this time quite a young man
same time fortified the stronghold of Drepanum, (adınodum adolescentulus, Corn. Nep. Hamilc. 1),
which became in the latter part of the war one of but had already given proofs of his abilities in war,
the most important fortresses of the Carthaginians. which led to his being named as the successor
(Diod. xxiii. p. 503 ; Zonar, viii. 11. ) In the of Carthalo. His first operations fully justified
year 257 he commanded the Punic fleet on the the choice, and were characterised by the same
north coast of Sicily, and fought a naval action energy and daring as distinguished the whole of
with the Roman consul C. Atilius, in which, ac- his subsequent career. At the time that he
cording to Polybius, the victory was undecided, arrived in Sicily the Romans were masters of the
though the Roman commander was honoured with whole island, with the exception of the two for-
a triumph. (Polyb. i. 25, 27 ; Zonar. viii. 12; tresses of Drepanum and Lily baeum, both of which
Fast. Capitol. ) In the following year (256), we were blockaded by them on the land side, and the
find him associated with Hanno in the command Carthaginians had for some time past contented
of the great Carthaginian fleet, which was de-themselves with defending these two strongholds,
signed to prevent the passage of the Roman expe- and keeping open their communication with them
dition to Africa under the consuls M. Atilius Roby sea.
Peloponnesus, conveyed it, and with it the in- HAʼLIA ('Alla). 1. One of the Nereides
fection of the plague to the lines of Potidaca. After (Hom. Il. xvii. 42'; Apollod. i. 2. $ 6); but the
losing by its ravages 1500 out of 4000 men, Hag- plural, Haliae, is used as a name for marine nymphs
non returned. (Thuc. ii. 58. ) We hear of him in general. (Soph. Philoct. 1470 ; Callim. Hymn. in
again in the same quarter, as accompanying Odryses Dian. 13. )
in his great invasion. (Thuc. ii. 95. )
2. A sister of the Telchines in Rhodes, by whom
It may be a question whether or not it is the Poseidon had six sons and one daughter, Rhodos
same Hagnon again, who is named as the father of or Rhode, from whom the island of Rhodes re-
Theramenes. (Thuc. viii. 68. ) According to Ly-ceived its name. Halia, after leaping into the sea,
sias (p. 426 Reiske), he was one of the apóbovao received the name of Leucothea, and was wor-
chosen from the elder citizens, after the news of shipped as a divine being by the Rhodians. (Diod.
the Sicilian defeat, to form a sort of executive coun- v. 55 ; comp. RHODOS. )
(LS. )
cil. (Thuc. viii. l. ) Lysias accuses him of having HALIACMON ('Ahid kuwv), a son of Oceanus
in this capacity paved the way for the revolution and Thetys, was a river god of Macedonia (Hes.
of the 400. Xenophon, in the mouth of Critias Theog. 341; Strab. vii. p. 330. )
(LS. )
(Hellen, ü. 3. S 30), speaks of Theramenes as HALIARTUS ('Anlaptus), a son of Thersan-
having at first received respect for the sake of his der, and grandson of Sisyphus, was believed to
father Hagnon, whom he thus seems to imply was have founded the town of Haliartus in Boeotia.
a man of note. The Scholia on the Frogs of Aris- He is further said to have been adopted with
tophanes (II. 546 and 1002) say that Hagnon only Coronus by Athamas, a brother of Sisyphus. (Paus.
adopted him, and refer in the latter place to Eu- ix. 34. & 5; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 268. ) (LS. )
polis for confirmation. Of the founder of Amphi- HALIMEDE ('Alunan), one of the Nereides.
polis, Polyaenus relates & story. In accordance (Hes. Theog. 255 ; Apollod. i. 2. $ 6. ) (L. S. )
with an oracle, he dug up from the plain of Troy HALIRRHOʻTHIUS ('Aleppolos), a son of
the bones of Rhesus, took them, and buried them Poseidon and Euryte. He attempted by violence
on the site of his new settlement. He made a to seduce Alcippe, the daughter of Ares and Agrau-
truce of three days with the opposing Thracians ; los, but he was taken by surprise by Ares, who
and, using an equivocation parallel to that of Pa- killed him. (Apollod. iii. 14. & 2; Eurip. Elect.
ches (Thuc. iii. 34), laboured hard at his fortifica- 1261 ; Pind. Ol. xi. 73. )
[L. S. ]
tions during the three nights, and on the return of HALITHERSES ('Archépons), a son of Mastor
the enemy was strong enough to maintain himself. of Ithaca. He was a soothsayer, and during the
(Polyaen. vi. 53. )
[A. H. C. ] absence of Odysseus he remained behind in Ithaca
HALCY'ONÉ. (ALCYONE. )
and assisted Telemachus against the suitors of
HALCYONEUS ('Alavoveús), a son of An- Penelope. (Hom. Od. ii. 157, 253, xxiv. 451. )
tigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia. We know Another mythical personage this name is men-
nothing of the time of his birth, but we find him tioned by Pausanias. (vii. 4. & 1. )
(LS. )
already grown up to manhood in B. c. 272, when HA’LIOS ("Allos), the name of two mythical
Antigonus advanced into the Peloponnesus to oppose personages, one a Lycian, who was slain by Odys-
the schemes of Pyrrhus, and he accompanied his seus (Hom. N. v. 678), and the other a son of Al-
father on that expedition. During the night attack cinous and Arete. (od. viii. 119. ) (LS. )
on Argos, by which Pyrrhus attempted to force his HALMUS ("Amos), a son of Sisyphus, and
way into the city, Halcyoneus was dispatched by father of Chryse and Chrysogeneia. He was re-
Antigonus with a body of troops to oppose him, garded as the founder of the Boeotian town of
and a vehement combat took place in the streets. Halmones. (Paus. ix. 34. & 5, ii. 4. $ 3. ) [L. S. )
In the midst of the confusion, word was brought to HALOSYDNE ('Alcoúdun), that is “tbe sea-
Halcyoneus that Pyrrhus was slain ; he hastened fed," or the sea-born goddess, occurs as a surname
to the spot, and arrived just as Zopyrus had cut off of Amphitrite and Thetys. (Hom. Od. iv. 404, n.
the head of the fallen monarch, which Halcyoneus xx. 207. )
[L. S. ]
carried in triumph to his father. Antigonus up- HAMADRYAS. (NYMPRAR. )
braided him for his barbarity, and drove him an- HAMARTO'LUS, GEO'RGIUS. (GEORGIUS,
grily from his presence. Taught by this lesson, literary, No. 27. )
when he soon after fell in with Helenus, the son of HAMILCAR ('Aulakas and 'Aulaxap, the latter
Pyrrhus, he treated him with respect, and con- form occurs in Appian only). The two last sylla-
ducted him in safety to Antigonus. (Plut. Pyrrh. bles of this name are considered by Gesenius (Lin-
34. ) It appears from an anecdote told by Aelian guae Phoeniciae Monumenta, pp. 399, 407) to be
(V. H. iii. 5) and Plutarch (De Consolat. 33) that the same with Melcarth, the tutelary deity of the
Halcyoneus was killed in battle during the lifetime Tyrians, called by the Greeks Hercules, and that the
of Antigonus, but on what occasion we are not in- signification of the name is "the gift of Melcarth. "
formed.
(E. H. B. ) The name appears to have been one of common
HALE'SUS, a chief of the Auruncans and occurrence at Carthage, but, from the absence of
Oscans. He was the son of a soothsayer, and family names, and even in most cases of patrony.
was allied with Turnus, but was slain by Evander. mics, among the Carthaginians, it is often im-
(Virg. Aen. vii. 723, . 411, &c. ) He is described | possible to discriminate or identify with certainty
Y 3
## p. 326 (#342) ############################################
326
HAMILCAR
HAMILCAR
the different persons that bore it, many of whom I ing at the tyranny, and put to death. There is,
are only incidentally mentioned by the Greek or however, much reason to suspect Polyaenus of some
Roman historians.
mistake in this matter.
1. The commander of the great Carthaginian 3. One of the commanders of the great Car-
expedition to Sicily B. C. 480. He is called by thaginian army, which was defeated by Timoleon
llerodotus (vii. 165) the son of Hanno, by a Syra- at the passage of the Crimissus, B. c. 339. (Plut.
cusan mother : the same historian styles him king Timol. 25. ) The face of the generals in that action
(Baoileús) of the Carthaginians, a title by which (for the particulars of which see TIMOLEON) is not
the Greeks in general designate the two chief ma- mentioned ; but it seems probable, from the terms
gistrates at Carthage, who are more properly styled in which Plutarch shortly after speaks of the ap-
suffetes or judges. There can be little doubt that pointment of Gisco to the command (Ibid. 30), that
this Hamilcar is the same as the person of that they both perished.
name mentioned by Justin (xix. 1, 2) as having 4. Surnamed Rhodanus, was sent by the Car
served with great distinction both in Sardinia and thaginians to the court of Alexander after the full
Africa, and having been subsequently killed in the of Tyre, B. C. 332. (Justin. xxi. 6.
) He was pro-
war in Sicily, though he is said by that author to bably sent as ambassador to deprecate the wrath
have been the son of Mago. If this be so, it is of the king for the assistance given to the Tyrians,
probably to his exploits in those countries that He or to ascertain the disposition of Alexander towards
rodotus refers, when he says that Hamilcar had Carthage, in the same manner as we again find a
attained the dignity of king, as a reward for his Carthaginian embassy at his court just before his
warlike valour ; and the same services may have death. °(Diod. xvii. 113. ) Justin, however, ne
caused him to be selected for the command of an presents Hamilcar as having no public capacity, but
expedition, undoubtedly the greatest which the as worming himself into the king's favour, and then
Carthaginians bad yet undertaken, although we secretly reporting his designs to Carthage. Yet,
cannot hut suspect some exaggeration in the state according to the same author, when he returned
ment of Herodotus and Diodorus, that the army of home, after the death of Alexander, he was put to
Hamilcar amounted to 300,000 men. He lost se death by the Carthaginians for having betrayed
veral ships on the passage by a storm, but arrived their interests. (Justin. xxi. 6 ; Orosius, iv. 6. )
with the greater part of the armament in safety at 5. Carthaginian governor in Sicily at the time
Panormus. From thence, after a few days' repose, that Agathocles was first rising into power. The
he marched at once upon Himera, and laid siege to latter, having been driven into exile from Syracuse,
that city, which was defended by Theron of Agri- had assembled a mercenary force at Morgantia, with
gentum, who shut himself up within the walls, and which he carried on hostilities against the Syra-
did not venture to face the Carthaginians in the cusans. Hamilcar was at first induced to espouse
field. Gelon, however, who soon arrived to the the cause of the latter, and defend them against
assistance of his father-in-law, with a considerable Agathocles ; but was afterwards prevailed on to
army, was bolder, and quickly brought on a general take up the interests of the exiles, and brought
engagement, in which the Carthaginians, not with about a treaty, by which Agathocles was restored
standing their great superiority of numbers, were to his country, and, with the assistance of the Car-
utterly defeated, and their vast army annihilated, thaginians, quickly made himself undisputed master
those who made their escape from the field of battle of the city, B. C. 317. (Justin, xxii. 2, compared
falling as prisoners into the hands of the Sicilians. with Diod. xix. 5—9. ) Hamilcar appears to have
(Herod. vii. 165–167; Diod. xi. 20—22 ; Po reckoned on the devotion of the tyrant whom be
lyaen. j. 27. & 2. ) Various accounts are given of had assisted in establishing, and who had sworn to
the fate of Hamilcar himself, though all agree that be faithful to the interests of Carthage ; and we
he perished on this disastrous day. A story, in find him soon after interposing as mediator, to ter-
itself not very probable, is told by Diodorus, and, minate the war which the Agrigentines, in con-
with some variation, by Polyaenus, that he was junction with the Geloans and Messenians, had
killed at the beginning of the action by a body of commenced against Agathocles. (Diod. xix. 71. )
horsemen whom Gelon had contrived by stratagem The Carthaginian allies even complained against
to introduce into his camp. Herodotus, on the him, as sacrificing their interests to those of the
other hand, states that his body could not be found, Syracusan tyrant; and the senate of Carthage de-
and that the Carthaginians accounted for this cir- termined upon his recal, but he died before his
cumstance by saying, that he had thrown himself, successor could arrive in Sicily. (Justin. xxii.
in despair, into a fire at which he was sacri- 3, 7. )
ficing, when he beheld the total rout of his army. 6. Son of Gisco (Gisco, No. 2), was appointed to
A remarkable circumstance is added by the same succeed the preceding in the command of the Car-
historian (vii. 167), that the Carthaginians, after thaginian province in Sicily. (Justin, xxii. 3. ) The
his death, used to sacrifice to him as a hero, and government of Carthage having resolved to engage
erected monuments to his memory not only at seriously in war with A gathocles, committed the con-
Carthage, but in all their colonial cities. Such ho- duct of it to Hamilcar, who was at that time, according
nours, singular enough in any case as paid to an to Diodorus, the most eminent among all their gene-
unsuccessful general, seem strangely at variance rals. The same writer else where styles him king,
with the statement of Diodorus (xiii. 43), that his that is, of course, suffete. (Diod. xix. 106, xx. 33. )
son Gisco was driven into exile on account of his Having assembled a large fleet and army, Hamilcar
father's defeat. According to Justin (xix. 2), Ha- sailed for Sicily (B. C. 311); and thongh he lost
milcar left three sons, Himilco, Hanno, and Gisco. sixty triremes and many transports on the passage,
2. Brother of Gisco (Gisco, No. 2), is men- soon again restored his forces with fresh recruits,
tioned only by Polyaenus (v. 11), who states that, and advanced as far as the river Himera. Here he
after having distinguished himself greatly in the was met by Agathocles, and, after a short interval,
sonduct of wars in Africa, he was accused of aim- | a decisive action ensued, in which the Syracusaus
:
## p. 327 (#343) ############################################
HAMILCAR.
HAMILCAR.
327
were totally defented with great slaughter. Agn- gulus and L. Manlius Vulso. The two fleets met
thocles took refuge in Gela ; but Hamilcar, instead off Ecnomus, on the sonth coast of Sicily: that of
of besieging him there, employed himself in gaining the Carthaginians consisted of 350 quinqueremes,
over or reducing the other cities of Sicily, most of while the Romans had 330 ships of war, besides
which gladly forsook the alliance of the Syracusan transports. In the battle that ensued, Hamileli,
tyrant and joined the Carthaginians. (Diod. xix. who commanded the left wing of the Carthaginian
106-110; Justin. xxii. 3. ) It was now that fleet, at first obtained some advantage, but the
Agathocles adopted the daring resolution of trans Romans ultimately gained a complete victory.
ferring the seat of war to Africa, whither he pro-Above 30 of the Carthaginian ships were sunk or
ceeded in person, leaving his brother Antander to destroyed, and 64 taken. (Polyb. i. 25—28 ;
withstand Hamilcar in Sicily. The latter does not Zonar. viii. 12; Eutrop. ii. 21 ; Oros. iv. 8. ) Hn-
appear to have laid siege to Syracuse itself, con- milcar escnped with his remaining ships to He-
tenting himself with blockading it by sea, while he mclea Minoa, where he soon after received orders
himself was engaged in reducing other parts of to repair immediately to Carthage, now threatened
Sicily. On receiving intelligence from Carthage by the Roman army, which had effected its land-
of the destruction of the fleet of Agathocles, he ing in Africa. On his arrival, he was associated
made an attempt to terrify the Syracusans into with Hasdrubal and Bostar in the command of
submission ; but having been frustrated in this as the army, which was opposed to Regulus, and
well as in the attempt to carry the walls by sur- must consequently share with those generals the
prise, he again withdrew from before the city. blame of the want of skill and judgment so con-
(Diod. xx. 15, 16. ) At length, having made spicuous in the conduct of the campaign. [BOSTAR;
himself master of almost all the rest of Sicily (B. C. XANTHIPPUs. ] This incapacity on their part led
309), he determined to direct his efforts in earnest to the defeat of the Carthaginian army at Adis:
against Syracuse ; but being misled by an am- we are not told by Polybius what became of the
biguous prophecy, he was induced to attempt to generals after this battle, but his expressions would
surprise the city by a night attack, in which his seem to imply that they still retained their com-
troops were thrown into disorder and repulsed. mand; it appears at least probable that the Ha-
He himself, in the confusion, fell into the hands of milcar mentioned by Orosius (iv. 1) as being sent
the enemy, by whom he was put to death in the immediately after the defeat of Regulus to subdue
most ignominious manner, and his head sent to the revolted Numidians was the one of whom we
Agathocles in Africa as a token of their victory are now treating. On the other hand, it is
(Diod. xx. 29, 30; Justin. xxii. 7; Cic. de Dio. i. vaguely asserted by Florus (i. 2) that the Cartha-
44; Val. Max. i. 7, ezt. $ 8. )
ginian generals were either slain or taken prison-
7. A general of the Carthaginians in the first ers; and it may perhaps be this Hamilcar of whom
Punic War. We know nothing of his family or Diodorus relates (Exc. Vales. xxiv. ) that he was
connections, but he must be carefully distinguished given up, together with Bostar, to the kindred of
from the great Hamilcar Barca [No. 8], with whom Regulus, and tortured by them in a cruel manner,
he has been confounded by Zonaras (viii. 10), as in revenge for the fate of their kinsman. It is not,
well as by some modern writers. It was in the however, clear whether in this story, which is at
third year of the war (B. C. 262) that he was ap best but a doubtful one, Hamilcar and Bostar were
pointed to succeed Hanno in the command, when represented as captives or as hostages. (See Nie-
that general had failed in averting the fall of Agri- buhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. iii. p. 300 ; Polyb. i. 30,
gentum. (Diod. xxiii. Exc. Hoeschel. 9. p. 503 ; 31; Eutrop. ii
. 21 ; Oros. iv. 8 ; Florus, ii. 1. )
Zonar. l. c. See HANNO, No. 5. ) His first oper- 8. Surnamed BARCA, an epithet supposed to be
ations were very successful ; and notwithstanding related to the Hebrew Barak, and to signify
the great defeat of the Carthaginian fleet off Mylae " lightning. ” (Gesenius, Ling. Phoenic. Monum.
by Duilius (B. C. 260), Hamilcar for a time main- p. 403. ) It was merely a personal appellation,
tained the superiority by land. Learning that the and is not to be regarded as a family name,
Roman allies were encamped near Therma, apart though from the great distinction that he obtained,
from the legionary troops, he fell suddenly upon we often find the name of Barcine applied either to
them, surprised their camp, and put 4000 of them his family or his party in the state. (Niebuhr,
to the sword. (Polyb. i. 24. ) After this he ap Lect. on Rom. Hist. vol. i. p. 134, not. ) We know
pears to have traversed the island with his vic- nothing of him previous to his appointment to the
torious army, as we find him making himself command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily, in
master of Enna and Camarina, both of which were the eighteenth year of the first Punic War, B. C.
betrayed to him by the inhabitants. He at the 247. He was at this time quite a young man
same time fortified the stronghold of Drepanum, (adınodum adolescentulus, Corn. Nep. Hamilc. 1),
which became in the latter part of the war one of but had already given proofs of his abilities in war,
the most important fortresses of the Carthaginians. which led to his being named as the successor
(Diod. xxiii. p. 503 ; Zonar, viii. 11. ) In the of Carthalo. His first operations fully justified
year 257 he commanded the Punic fleet on the the choice, and were characterised by the same
north coast of Sicily, and fought a naval action energy and daring as distinguished the whole of
with the Roman consul C. Atilius, in which, ac- his subsequent career. At the time that he
cording to Polybius, the victory was undecided, arrived in Sicily the Romans were masters of the
though the Roman commander was honoured with whole island, with the exception of the two for-
a triumph. (Polyb. i. 25, 27 ; Zonar. viii. 12; tresses of Drepanum and Lily baeum, both of which
Fast. Capitol. ) In the following year (256), we were blockaded by them on the land side, and the
find him associated with Hanno in the command Carthaginians had for some time past contented
of the great Carthaginian fleet, which was de-themselves with defending these two strongholds,
signed to prevent the passage of the Roman expe- and keeping open their communication with them
dition to Africa under the consuls M. Atilius Roby sea.
