No More Learning

lilian laws were brought forward with the appro- 7, 13–15; comp. Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol.
bation of the senate, which was opposed to the in. p. 224, &c. , who points out various improba-
narrow-mindedness of the great body of the patri. bilities in Livy's account. )
cians. According to Livy (viii. 12) there were In B. C. 315 Philo was consul a fourth time, with
three Publilian laws. The first is said to have L. Papirius Cursor (Fast. Capit. ; Diod. xix. 66).
enacted" that plebiscita should bind all Quirites" The consuls of this year are not mentioned by
(ut plebiscita omnes Quirites tenerent), which is to Livy, who simply says (ix. 22) that the new con-
the same purpose as the subsequent lex Hortensia. suls remained at Rome, and that the war was con-
Niebuhr, however, supposes that the effect of the ducted by the dictator Q. Fabius.
lex Publilia was to render a senatusconsultum a PHILO, VETU'RIUS. 1. L. VETURIUS L.
sufficient confirmation of a plebiscitum, and to make F. Post. n. Philo, was consul B. c. 220, with Co
the confirmation of the curiae unnecessary; and Lutatius Catulus, two years before the commence-
that the effect of the Ler Hortensia was to render un- ment of the second Punic war. The two consuls
necessary even the confirmation of the senate, and to are stated to have advanced as far as the Alps, and
give to the tributa comitia complete legislative force to have gained many people for the Romans with
(comp. Dict. of Ant. s. v. Plebiscitum). The second out fighting ; but we have no particulars of their
law enacted, “ ut legum, quae comitiis centuriatis expedition. In the second year of the Punic war,
ferrentur, ante initum suffragium patres auctores B. C. 217, Philo was appointed dictator for the pur-
fierent. ” By patres Livy here means the curiae, pose of holding the comitia, and in B. c. 210 he was
that is, the assembly of the patriciana ; and accord- censor with P. Licinius Crassus Dires, and died
ingly this law enacted that the curiae should con- while he held this office. (Zonar. viii. 20, p. 405,
firm (auctores fieri ; comp. Dict. of Ant. s. v. Auctor) a. ; Liv. xxii. 33, xxvii. 6).
the results of the votes respecting all laws brought 2. L. VETURIUS L. f. L. N. Puilo, was curule
before the comitia centuriata previous to the com- aedile B. c. 210, and praetor B. C. 209, when he
mencement of the voting : in other words, the veto obtained the jurisdictio peregrina, and likewise
of the curiae in the enactment of laws by the cen-Cisalpine Gaul as his province. He remained
turiae, was abolished. The third law enacted that in Gaul as propraetor during the following year,
one of the two censors should necessarily be a B. C. 208, and next year, B. C. 207, he served
plebeian ; and Niebuhr conjectures that there was under Claudius Nero and Livius Salinator, and
also a fourth law, which applied the Licinian law was sent to Rome along with Q. Caecilius Me
to the praetorship as well as the consulship, and tellus to convey the joyful news of the defeat
which provided that in each alternate year the and death of Hasdrubal. It was mainly owing
praetor should be a plebeian. (Comp. Niebuhr, to his services in this war that he was elected
list. of Rome, vol. iii. pp. 146, &c. , 154, 418, consul in B. C. 207, with Q. Caecilius Metellus,
&c. ; Arnold, Hist. of Rome, vol. ii. p. 154, &c. ) who had shared with him in the glories of the
In B. c. 337 Philo was the first plebeian praetor ; campaign. The two consuls received Bruttii as
in B. c. 335 he was magister equitum to the dictator their province, in order to prosecute the war
1. . Aemilius Mamercinus ; and in B. c. 332 he was against Hannibal ; but their year of office passed by
censor with Sp. Postumius Albinus : during this without any important occurrence, and Philo re-
censorship the Maecian and Scaptian tribes were turned to Rome to hold the comitia, while his col-
added, and the Roman franchise was given to the league remained in Bruttii. In B. c. 205 Philo was
Acerrani. (Liv. viii. 15—-17 ; Vell. Pat. i. 14. ) magister equitum to his former colleague Metellus,
In B. c. 327 Philo was consul a second time, who was nominated dictator for the purpose of
with L. Cornelius Lentulus. He was sent against holding the comitia. Finally he accompanied Scipio
Palaepolis in southern Italy, to which he laid siege ; to Africa, and after the battle of Zama, B. c. 202,
but as he was unable to take the town before the was sent to Rome to announce the glorious news of
expiration of his year of office, his imperium was the defeat of Hannibal. (Liv. xxvii. 6, 7, 22,
prolonged, with the title of proconsul, by means of xxviii. 9-11, 38, xxix. 11, xx. 38, 40 ; Cia
a senatusconsultum and a plebiscitum : this is the Brut. 14. )
0
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## p. 299 (#315) ############################################

PHILOCHORUS.
299
PHILOCHORUS.
19
p. 261. )
PHILO'CHARES, a distinguished painter, as his native city. We are not, however, left to mere
is evident from the way in which he is mentioned probability, in order to refute Suidas ; for Philo-
by Pliny, who says that Augustus fixed in the chorus himself relates that he held the office of
walls of bis Curia two pictures, the one an en-iepookóros at Athens in B. C. 306, in which year
caustic by Nicias, the other a painting by Philo he interpreted a portent that appeared in the Acro-
chares, representing a father and his youthful son, polis (Dionys. Deinarch. c. 3); and he must con-
in so admirable a manner, that the family likeness sequently liave been of mature age as early as that
was perfectly preserved, though the difference of year. It would therefore appear that Suidas, with
age was clearly marked ; over the heads of the his visual carelessness, reversed the respective ages
figures was an eagle, with a serpent in its claws. of Philochorus and Eratosthenes. The latter part
The picture bore an inscription by the artist him of the account of Suidas, namely that Philochorus
self, declaring that it was his painting: at least, was put to death by Antigonus, there is no reason
80 we understand the words, “ Philochares hoc to question. Suidas says that the Althis of Philo-
suum opus esse testatus est. ” The figures also seem chorus came down to Antiochus Theos, who began
to have had their names inscribed near them: for to reign B. c. 261. Now it was about this time
Pliny remarks on this example of the wondrous that Antigonus Gonatas took possession of Athens,
power of art, that Glaucion and his son Aristippus, which had been abetted in its opposition to the
persons otherwise utterly obscure, should be gazed Macedonian king by Ptolemy Philadelphus ; and it
upon for so many ages by the Roman senate and would, therefore, appear that Philochorus, who had
people. It is worthy of notice that the other been in favour of Philadelphus, was killed shortly
picture in the Curia was also inscribed with the afterwards, at the instigation of Gonatas. We may
artist's name - “ Nicius scripsit se inussisse. ” accordingly safely place the active life of Philo.
(Plin. H. N. xxxv. 4. s. 10. )
chorus from B. C. 306 to B. C. 260.
The modern writers on art suppose that this These few facts are all that we know of the life
Philochares was the same person as the brother of of Philochorus, but they are sufficient to show that
Aeschines, of whose artistic performances Demos he was a person of some importance at Athens.
thenes speaks contemptuously, but whom Ulpian He seems to have been anxious to maintain the in-
ranks with the most distinguished painters. If so, dependence of Athens against the Macedonian
he was alive in B. c. 313, at the time when Demo- kings, but fell a victim in the attempt. The fol-
sthenes refers to bim. (Demosth. de Fals. Legat. p. lowing is a list of his numerous works, many of
329, e. S 237, Bekker ; Ulpian, ad Demosth. which are mentioned only by Suidas.
386. c. ; Sillig. s. v. ; Hirt, Gesch. d. bild. Künste, 1. 'Atels, also called 'Aroides and 'lotopíai, con-
[P. S. ] sisted of seventeen books, and related the history
PHILOCHA'RIDAS (Puloxapídas), a Lace- of Attica, from the earliest times to the reign of
daemonian of distinction, the son of Eryxidaidas. Antiochus Theos. The first two books treated of
He was one of the delegates who ratified the years the mythical period, and gave a very minute
truce between the hostile confederacies of the account of all matters relating to the worship of the
Athenians and Peloponnesians in B. C. 423. In gods. The real history of the country is given in
B. C. 421 he was again one of the Peloponnesians the last fifteen books, of which the first four (iii. -
who took the oaths to the general peace, and was vi. ) comprised the period down to his own time,
one of the ambassadors sent to the countries on while the remaining eleven (vii. -xvii.
), gave a
the borders of Thrace, to see after the fulfilment minute account of the times in which he lived
of the terms of the treaty. A little later he was (B. C. 319-261). Böckh conjectures, with much
one of those who took the oaths to the separate probability, that the first six books originally formed
treaty between the Lacedaemonians and Athenians, a distinct work, and appeared before the remaining
and in B. C. 420 was one of the ambassadors who eleven. Philochorus seems to have been a diligent
were sent to Athens to counteract the negotiations and accurate writer, and is frequently referred to
of the Argives, and were tricked by Alcibiades. by the scholiasts, lexicographers, as well as other
(Thuc. iv. 119, . 19, 21, 24, 44. ), [C. P. M. ] later authors. The industry of modern scholars
PHILO'CHORUS (Pinóxopos), a celebrated has collected from these sources one hundred and
Athenian writer, chiefly known by his Atthis, or fifty-five distinct fragments of his work, many of
work on the legends, antiquities, and history of them of considerable length, and supplying sufficient
Artica. According to Suidas (s. v. ) Philochorus information to enable us to make out with tolerable
was an Athenian, the son of Cycnus, a seer and a certainty the subjects contained in each book.
diviner (uártis xal iepoo kóros); his wife was Ar- | These fragments are given in the works referred to
chestrate ; he was a contemporary of Eratosthenes, at the cluse of this article. Philochorus paid par-
but the latter was an old man, when Philochorus ticular attention to chronology. From the time
was still young ; he was put to death at the insti- that archons succeeded to kings at Athens, he com-
gation of Antigonus, because he was accused of menced the history of every year with the name
being favourable to Prolemy. But this statement of of the archon, and then narrated the events of that
Suidas is not correct, so far as it relates to the date of year, so that his work was in the form of annals.
Philochorus, as has been shown by several modern It appears from those passages in which his own
writers. Antigonus Doson died B. c. 220; while words are preserved, that his style was clear and
Eratosthenes, who died about B. c. 196 at the age of simple.
eighty, was only fifty-six at the death of the above 2. 'Επιτομή της ιδίας Ατθίδος. We likewise
mentioned king: it therefore follows, if we place learn from Suidas that an epitome of the larger
credit in Suidas, that Philochorus must have been work was also made by Asinius Pollio Trallianus,
put to death, when he was still a young man, a a contemporary of Pompeius Magnus (Suid. s. o.
fact which is excessively improbable, as well on nwilw). Vossius has conjectured (De Histor.
account of the very numerous works which he com- Graecis, p. 197, ed. Westermann), with some
posed, as of the important office which he held in probability, that the epitome which Philochorus


## p. 300 (#316) ############################################

300
PIILOCHORUS.
PHILOCLES.
1
was said to have made, was really the work of! 19. Depl Espiridov, gave an account of the life
Pollio, as we can hardly imagine that the latter of Euripides, vindicated him from the attacks
would have drawn up an abridgement, when one which had been made against him, and explained
was already in existence, compiled by the author the principles on which his tragedies were con-
himself ; but to this it has been replied that Pollio's structed. (Suidas, s. o. Espinions ; Diog. Laërt.
epitome was intended for the Romans, while the ii. 44, ix. 55 ; Gell. xv. 20. )
one made by Philochorus himself was, of course, 20. Συναγωγή ηρωίδων, ήτοι Πυθαγορείων γυ-
designed for the Greeks.
raikwv, probably gave an account of the lives of
3. npòs triv Anuwvos 'Atoida or of apds of the illustrious Pythagorean women, such as Theano,
uwva dvtrypaor (comp. Harpocrat. 8. o. 'Hetiwvia). Melissa, &c.
It is stated by Vossius (ibid. p. 155), and repeated 21. Η πρός "Αλυτον επιστολή, seems to there
by subsequent writers, that Philochorus wrote his related to some points connected with the worship
Atthis against Demon's ; but this is hardly war of the gods. (Phot. Lex. s. r. Tpornaís. )
rinted by the words either of Suidas or Harpo- 22. Επιτομή της Διονυσίου πραγματείας περί
cration. It would appear only that Philochorus lepár. It is uncertain who this Dionysius was.
wrote a separate treatise, under the title given 23. Σαλαμίνος κτίσις.
above, to point out the errors of Demon.
(Philochori Atheniensis Librorum Fragmenta a
4. Περί των 'Αθήνησι αρξάντων από Σωκρατί- Lenzio collecta, ed. Siebelis Lips. 1811; Fur-
δου μέχρι 'Απολλοδώρου. Socratides was archon menta Historicorum Graecorum, ed. Car, et Theod.
B. C. 374 ; there are two archons of the name of Müller, Paris, 1841, pp. Ixxxiv. &c. lxxxviii. &c.
Apollodorus, one B. C. 350, the other B. c. 319 ; of | 384, &c. )
these the latter is probably the one intended, be- PHI'LOCLES (Dioklas), historical. J. An
cause, from the year 1. c. 319 began the contem- Athenian, who, together with Adeimantus, was
porary portion of his history. This work appears joined with Conon in the command of the fieet on
to have been intended to remove difficulties in the the deposition of the generals who had conquered
way of the chronology of that period, and was thus at Arginusae (B. C. 406). Philocles was the author
preparatory to his history.
of the proposal for the mutilation of all the prisoners
5. 'Onvutidões ev Bibiious 8. Philochorus, in who should be taken in the sea-fight which the
hvis Atthis, did not use the Olympiads as a reckon- | Athenians contemplated; but it seems doubtful
ing of time ; but, as he paid particular attention whether the decree in question was passed in an
to chronology, he drew up this work, probably in assembly at Athens, or in one held at Aegospotami
Huenced by the example of Timaeus.
before the battle ; also whether it determined on
6. Iepl tñs Tetparólews, that is, the towns of the amputation of the right thumb, according to
Oenoe, Marathon, Probalinthus, and Tricorythus. Plutarch, or the right hand, as Xenophon tells us.
(Athen. vi. p. 235, d. ; Suid. s. v. Tiravida nu; The same spirit of cruelty was exhibited by Phi-
Schol. ad Soph. Oed. Col. 1102. )
Jocles on the capture of a Corinthian and Andrian
7. 'Enypáumata ATTIKÁ, that is, a collection of trireme, the crews of which he ordered to be
Attic inscriptions, and no doubt chiefly such as thrown down a precipice. In retribution for these
Berved to elucidate the history of Attica. (Comp. deeds he was slain at Lampsacus by Losander,
Böckh, Corp. Inscr. vol. i. p. viii. )
into whose hands he had fallen at the battle of
8. 'HTELPwTind, omitted by Suidas in his list of Aegospotami in B. C. 405 (Xen. Hell. i. 7. $ 1,
the works of Philochorus, but mentioned by the ii. 1. $S 30—32 ; Diod. xiii. 104-106; Plut.
lexicographer in another passage (s. v. Boúxeta ; Lys. 9, 13 ; comp. Cic. de Off. iii. ll ; Ael. P. H.
comp. Strab. vii. p. 379).
ü. 9; Thirlwall's Greece, vol. iv. pp. 148, &c. )
9. Annaká, Biblía B. (Clem. Alex. Admon. 2. An officer and friend of Philip V. of Macedon.
ad Gent. pp. 18, d. 30, d. ed. Sylb. )
In B. c. 200, when Philip was compelled by At-
10. Nepi Twv 'Aonvoi dywvwv Bibula 18. (Comp. talus I. and the Rhodians to winter in Caria,
Krause, Olympia, p. xi. )
Philocles was with him, and formed a plan, which
U. Tepléoptov, omitted by Suidas, but quoted did not, however, succeed, for gaining possession of
by Harpocration (s. το. Αλώα, Χύτροι).
the town of Mylasa. In the same year he was
12. llepi muepôv, also omitted by Suidas. It sent by Philip into Attica to ravage the country,
gave an account of the sacred days, and explained and made an unsuccessful attempt on Elevsis, and
the reason of their sanctity. (Proclus, ad lles. Op. also afterwards, in conjunction with Philip, on
770. )
Athens and the Peiraeeus. In B.