The first Roman who
divorced
his
wife during the space of six hundred years.
wife during the space of six hundred years.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
) In this way
he was in some measure assimilated to another de-
ity, Sumci, whose Phoenician name recalls the Som
of Egypt. (Compare Bcllcrmann, iibcr Phoenic.
Jfin:. , 1, p. 25. ) A similar alliance existed at Rome
between Hercules and Mercury, both deities being
considered as the jedg of riches and abundance. Mel-
karth was, in fa;t, like the Grecian Hercules, the
same with the sui. The Tynans raised, in his temple
at Gades, an alar to the year (Eustath. ad Dionys.
Pcricg. , p. 45S}, and it is in a point of view directly
analogous, tha Nonnus calls Hercules the conductor
of the twelv, months. (Dionyt. , 40, 338. ) Every
year they kurlled at Carthage, as at Tyre, and probably
in all the Ptoenician colonies, a large pyre in honour
of Melkarth. whence an eagle was let loose, as a sym-
bol, like thf Egyptian phoenix, of the sun, and of time
renewing fsclf from its own ashes. This scene was
transferred by the Greeks to Mount CEta, where Her-
cules, in ibnsuming himself on the funeral pile, cele-
brates hif apotheosis after the accomplishment of his
twelve toours. (Dio Chrysostom. , Oral. , 33. --Vol.
2; P- 2? ed. ReUke. ) The worship of a Hercules,
distinctfrom the one of Thebes, was continued, even
*? 'he 1st periods of paganism, in Carthage and in all
? ? the Phtnician cities. --Omitting the mention of other
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CARTHAGO.
CARTHAGO.
however, were defeated at Himera by Gclon, king of
Syracuse, and obliged to sue for peace, and to abstain
from offering human sacrifices. In the war with
Hiero, the next king, the Carthaginians conquered the
cities Sclinus, Himera, and Agngentum. Dionysius
the elder obtained a temporary peace. But, after Ti-
moleon had delivered Syracuse and Sicily from the
yoke of tyranny, the Carthaginians were peculiarly
unfortunate. Contagious diseases and frequent muti-
nies reduced the strength of the city. When Sicily
suffered under the tyranny of Agathocles, Carthage
engaged in a war with him, and was soon attacked
and severely pressed by the usurper. After the death
cf Agathocles, Carthage once more took part in the
commerce of Sicily, when difficulties broke out there
with their auxiliaries the Mamertines. The Romans
took advantage of these troubles to expel the Cartha-
ginians from Sicily, although they had previously re-
ceived assistance from them in the war against Pyr-
rhus, king of Epirus, in Sicily and Lower Italy. Here
begins the third period of Carthaginian history, em-
bracing the thrice-repeated struggle for dominion be-
tween Rome and Carthage, in the interval between
264 and 146 B. C. The first Punic war continued 23
years. The fleets and armies of Carthage were van-
quished. By the peace (B. C. 241) the Carthaginians
lost all their possessions in Sicily. Upon this, the
mercenary forces, whose wages could not be paid by
the exhausted treasury of the ci'y, took up arms.
Hamilcar Barcas conquered them, and restored the
Carthaginian power in Africa. Notwithstanding. the
peace with Carthage, the Romans took possession of
Sardinia in 228, wacrc the mercenary troops of Car-
thage had revolted. Hamilcar, who was at the head
of the democratic party, now undertook the conquest
of Spain, whose rich mines tempted his countrymen.
For the success of this enterprise, within 17 years,
Carthage was indebted to the family of Barcas, which
could boast of the glorious names of Hamilcar, Has-
drubal, and Hannibal. To secure the possession of
this acquisition, Hasdrubal founded New Carthage
(Carthagena), the most powerful of all the Carthagin-
ian colonies. The second Punic war (from 218 to
201 B. C. ), notwithstanding the abilities of the gen-
eral, ended with the subjugation of Carthage. Han-
nibal, neglected by his countrymen, and waakened by
a victory that cost him so much blood, was obliged to
leave Italy, in order to hasten to the assistance of Car-
thage, which was threatened by the Romans. The bat-
tle of Zama resulted in favour of the Romans. Scipio
granted the city peace under the severest conditions.
Carthage ceded Spain, delivered up all her ships ex-
cept ten, paid 10,000 talents (about 810,000,000),
and promised to engage in no war without the con-
sent of the Romans. Besides this, Masinissa, the
ally of Rome and implacable enemy of Carthage, was
placed on the Numidian throne. This king, under the
protection of Rome, deprived the Carthaginians of the
best part of their possessions, and destroyed their trade
in the interior of Africa. The third war with the Ro-
mans was a desperate contest. The disarmed Car-
thaginians were obliged to demolish part of their own
walls. Then, taking up arms anew, they fought for
death or life. After three years, the younger Scipio
ended this war by the destruction of the city, B. C.
146. Only 5000 persons are said to have been found
within its walls. It was 23 milcB in circumference;
? ? and when it was set on fire by the Romans, it burned
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CARTHAGO.
pirt(, like Athens, Corinth, and other large cities of
Greece. Sicily was much frequented by the Punic
merchants; and tho rich emporium of Syracuse, in
times of peace, saw its port crowded with African
vessels. Oil and ? wine were imported from Sicily;
both of these articles were produced in Africa, but it
is probable that the supply was insufficient. Strabo
(S36) speaks of a contraband trade carried on by Car-
thage with the Cy renseans, through the port of Charax;
the Punic merchant brought wine, and received in ex-
change the precious silphium. The treaties with Rome
preserved in Polybius, and the remarks of Aristotle in
his PoUtica, prove the active commerce of-the Car-
thaginians and their jealousy of foreign rivals. The
Etrurians, who had built towns in Campania, were
probably rather pirates than merchants: they procured
the wares which they had to exchange for other com-
modities by robbing vessels on the sea, or the towns
of the coast. The Carthaginians, as has already been
remarked, had commercial treaties with the Etrurians,
who, from the nature of their profession, could furnish
them with most of the articles that the Mediterranean
produced. In return, their African friends gave them
slaves, precious stones, ivorv, and gold, the produce
of the vast continent behind their city. Malta, and
the small adjoining island of Gaulus (Gozo), were Car-
thaginian possessions: cloth for wearing apparel was
manufactured in Malta, and probably from a native
cotton. The wax of Corsica was also an article of
commerce: the natives of the island were prized for
making excellent servants. (DM. Sic, 5,13. ) The
little island of -Ethalia or Ilva, now Elba, has fur-
nished iron ore from the remotest historical period; the
foreign trader and the merchant of Carthage purcha-
sed the ore when it was smelted, and deposited it in
the hands of their countrymen for farther improve-
ment. Majorca and Minorca exchanged mules and
fruit for wine and female slaves; the latter article
these rude islanders were always ready to purchase.
The precious metals of Spain have been frequently
alluded to; some of the mines appear to have been
public property, while in other cases the merchant pro-
cared gold-dust from the natives by an exchange of
commodities. There is no impossibility involved in
supposing that the Phoenicians or the Carthaginians
visited the northern shores of Europe; but, as direct
evidence is wanting, it is not necessary to assume
that the tin and the amber which they sold to the
world were brought by their own ships from the Scilly
islands (Cassitendes) or the coast of the Baltic. The
trading towns established on the shores of Mauritania
seem to have been intended to form a commercial
connexion with central Africa: the carriers of the des-
ert, would bring the products of Soudan to the small
island of Ceme, the most southern of the colonies es-
tablished by Hanno. The Carthaginians supplied
them from the stores in Ceme with earthen vessels,
trinkets, and ornaments of various kinds. There was
also a fishery on this coast, according to the book of
wonders ascribed to Aristotle (c. 148). The fish was
salted and carried to Carthage, where it commanded a
higb price. As regards the discovery-voyage of Han-
no, we feel some curiosity to know whether it was use-
ful in establishing a trade on the gold coast of Africa;
and our admiration of the extensive knowledge of He-
rodotus is increased, by finding in his history the only
extant information on this obscure subject. In the
fourth book (c. 146), he tells us, on the authority of
? ? come Carthaginians, that merchants from that renown-
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CARTHAGO.
two'great historians of antiquity. The command of
the fleet was usually separated from that of the land
force, but we find instances in which a single person
possessed the direction of both. The military force
of Carthage consisted principally of hired troops, col-
lected from all the nations with which the state had
commercial connexions. Only a small part of the cit-
izens of Carthage could be employed in military ser-
vice. The mercantile occupations of the majority
would not allow them to neglect their business for
foreign conquests, or the defence of remote posses-
sions. It was found to be a more economical plan,
to make a bargain with nations who had nothing to
dispose of but their bodies, and with this saleable com-
modity to provide for the defence of their colonies or
to acquire new possessions. But the distinguished
families of Carthage served in the armies of the state,
and from this class all the commanders were chosen.
In times of danger, all the citizens would necessarily
arm themselves to repel an attack on the metropolis;
but we are now speaking of the ordinary constitution
of a Carthaginian army, and this neither admitted nor
required a large number of Carthaginian citizens. A
Punic army was like a congregation of nations: the
half-naked savage of Gaul stood by the side of the wild
Iberian; the cunning Ligurian, from the Alpine or Ap-
ennine mountains, met with the Lotophagi of Libya ,
and the Nasamones, the explorers and guides in the
Ct desert, half-bred Greeks, runaways, and slaves,
d themselves mingled in this strange assembly.
Troops of Carthaginian and Liby-Phcenician origin
were in the centre of the army: on the flank the nu-
merous Nomadic tribes of western Africa wheeled
about on unsaddled horses guided by a bridle of rush-
es. The Balearic stingers formed the vanguard, and
the elephants of . Ethiopia, with their black aonductors,
were the moveable castles that protected the front
fines. According to Polybius (1, 6), it was consid-
ered politic to form an army of such materials, that
difference of language might prevent union between
several nations, and remove all danger of a general
conspiracy: but there are disadvantages also, which
arise from the want of a medium of communication,
and these were developed in the later periods of the
republic. When Xerxes led the nations of Asia
against the Greeks of the land of Hellas, a Carthagin-
ian armament was despatched to subjugate the west-
ern colonies in Sicily. The muster-roll of the Asiat-
ic force (Herodot. , 7, 61, teqq. ) contained the names
of all the nations in his extensive empire, and even
some beyond it, who served for money. The Punic
army was composed of the tribes of the western
world and of the African desert, and' the two armies
combined would have exhibited specimens of nearly
all the tribes of men that were then known. We be-
come intimately acquainted with the nature of a Car-
thaginian army from the extant narrative of Polybius.
In the opinion of this soldier and historian, the caval-
ry of Numidia formed the strongest part of the army,
and to their quick evolutions, their sudden retreat, and
their rapid return to the charge, he attributes the suc-
cess of Hannibal in his great victories. (Polyb. , 3,
12. ) Another cause may be assigned for the losses
of the Romans, without at all impeachingthe opinion
of Polybius on the Numidian cavalry. The Romans
frequently had two consuls at the head of their armies,
and when both happened to be together in the field,
they commanded alternately, day by day. At the fatal
? ? battle of Cannae, the ignorance and presumption of
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CAR
lions of Central Africa, we do not mean to say that it
? *33 a direct commerce, though it is possible it might
lw so in some degree. The tribes between the two
Syites travelled to Garama, and, as every great rest-
ing-place might be a depot for commodities, they could
procure from this town the products of remote lands
which the Carthaginians desired to possess. The
towns on the coast of Byzacium would be the market
for the caravans of Garama, and places of the greatest
importance for the commerce of Carthage. It docs
not appear that the wares and products of Central Af-
rica were carried by the caravans any farther than the
. towns near the Syrtes, on the edge of the desert;
thus the connexion of Carthage with the nations of the
interior appears to have attracted little attention.
(Harm, Idccn. , vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 185,seqq. --Long's Anc.
Geogr. , p: 104, itqq. )
CARTHAGO NOVA, a well-known city of Hispania
Tairaconensis, situate on the coast, a little distance
abore the boundary line between Tarraconensis and
Bztira. It was founded by Hasdrubal, the Carthagin-
ian, who succeeded B areas, the father of Hannibal,
B. C. 242. (Polyb. , 2, 3. --Mela, 2, 6. -- Slrab. , 158. )
It was taken by Scipio Afridanus during the second
Panic war, and, on falling into the hands of the Ro-
mans, it became a colony, under the title of Colonia
Ytctrix Julia Nova Carthago. (Florez, Med. de Esp. ,
TO! . 1, p. 316. ) The situation of this place was very
favourable for commerce, since it lay almost in the
middle of the southern coast of Spain, which had
hardly anv good harbours besides this along its whole
extent. (Polyb-, 10, 10. -- Id. , 3, 39. -- Strab. , 156. )
In Strabo's time it was a very important place, and
carried on an extensive commerce, and in the mount-
ains not far to the north of it were the richest silver
? nines of all Spain. The governor of the province of
farraconensis spent the winter either in this city or
Tarraco. (Strab. , 167. ) The modern Carlhagcna
occupies the site of the ancient city. (Ukcrt, Gcogr. ,
vol. 2, p. 400, seqq. )
CARVILIDS, I. one of the' four kings of Cantium
(Kent), who, at the command of Cassivelaunus, made
an attack on Caesar's naval camp, in which they were
repulsed, and lost a great number of men. (Cats. ,
B. G,, 5, 22. )--II.
The first Roman who divorced his
wife during the space of six hundred years. This was
for barrenness, B. C. 231. (Vol. Max. , 2,1, 4. )--III. A
grammarian of this name, according to Plutarch (de
juast. Rom. , n. 54), first introduced the G into the
Roman alphabet, C having been previously used for it.
This was nearly 500 years after the building of the city.
(Compare Quintilian, 1, 7, 23. -- Terenl. Maur. , p.
2402. --Id. , p. 2410. --Mar. Viet. , p. 2469. --Diom. , p.
417. --Sen. ad Virg. , Gcorg. , 1, 194. --Schneider, L.
G. , vol. l,p. 233, teyq. )
CARDS, a Roman emperor, who succeeded Probus.
He was first appointed, by the latter, Praetorian prefect,
anJ after his death was chosen by the army to be his
successor, A. D. 282. Cams created his two sons,
Carinus and Numerianus, Cfesars, as soon as he was
elevated to the empire, and, some time after, gave them
each the title of Augustus. On the news of the death
of Probus, the barbarians put themselves in motion,
and Cams, sending his son Carinus into Gaul, depart-
ed with Xumerianus for Illyricum, in order to op-
pose the Sarmatse, who threatened Thrace and Ita-
ly. He slew 16,000, and made 20,000 prisoners.
Proceeding after this against the Persians, he made
? ? himself master of Mesopotamia, and of the cities of
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CAS
time after, speaks of it as. being reduced to the lowest
state of insignificance. (Phn. , 3, 5. ) It is, however,
mentioned by Ptolemy (p. 66). The modern Capua
is generally supposed to occupy the site of Casilinum.
(Pratilli, Via Appia, 2, 12, p. 257. -- Cramer's Anc.
Italy, vol. 2, p. 199. )
Casincm, the last town of Latium on the Latin
Way, according to Strabo (238). It was a large and
populous place, and its site is now partly occupied by
the modem town of San Germane According to
Varro, its name was derived from Cascum, an Oscan
word, answering to the Latin Vctus. The same wri-
ter informs us, that Casinum originally belonged to the
Samnites, from whom it was conquered by the Ro-
mans. (Varr. , L. L. , 6. )
Cask's, I. a mountain on the coast of Africa, near
the PalOs Scrbonis (Herodot. , 2, 6), and, according to
Strabo (758), three hundred stadia from Pclusium.
The Ilin. Antonin. , however, makes the distance be-
tween it and the latter place 320 stadia. (Compare
Larchcr, Hist. d'Hcrodotc,Table Gcographique, vol. 8, p.
101. ) On this mountain reposed the remains of Pom-
pey, and here also Jupiter, sumamed Casius, had a tem-
ple. (Compare remarks under the article Asi. ) Mount
Casius forms a promontory called at the present day
Cape El-Cas. --II. Another in Syria, below Antiochia.
It is a very lofty mountain. Plinv, in a style of ex-
aggeration, asserts, that at the fourth watch (three
o'clock A. M. ), the rising sun could be seen from its
top, while the base was enveloped in darkness. (Plin. ,
5, 22. ) The African appears to have been named af-
ter the Syrian mountain. (Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 10,
p. 493. ) As regards the etymology of the name Ca-
sius, consult Bitter, Vorhalle, p. 465, and compare re-
marks under the article Asi.
CaspijH Pokt. i: or Pyl. *, the Caspian gates or pass,
a name belonging properly to a defile near Teheran,
in ancient Media. Moricr (Second Journey through
Persia, &c, chap. 23) names it the pass of Charrar.
(Compare Sainte-Croiz, Ezamen des Hist, a"Alex. , p.
688, seqq. , and 862, ed. 2d. ) It is vaguely applied by
Tacitus and some other ancient writers to different
passes of Mount Caucasus. (Malte-Brun, Geogr. ,
vol. 2, p. 13, Brussels ed. ) For the Caucasian and Al-
banian gates, rid. Caucasus.
Caspii, a nation dwelling along the southern borders
of the Caspian Sea, and giving name to it, according to
Rittcr. (Erdkunde, vol. 2, p. 899, seqq. ) They appear
to have been at one time a powerful commercial peo-
ple, and to have occupied, in the time of the Persian
dominion, the country answering to Ghilan and Der-
bend. Their name is supposed to have been derived
from the term Casp, signifying " a mountain. " (Ritter,
I. e. ) Gattcrer is wrong in placing them between the
Sea of Aral and the northeastern shore of the Caspian,
from which quarter, according to him, they advanced
into the country of the Sarmatro, and afterward, in the
first century of our era, emigrated into Europe. (Con-
sult Bdhr, ad Herod. , 3, 95, and compare Ptoi, 7, 1. --
Mela, 8, 5. )
Caspium mare, a celebrated inland sea of Upper
Asia, deriving its name either from the Caspii along
its southern shores (vid. Caspii), or from Casp, "a
mountain," in allusion to its vicinity to Caucasus.
According to the latest astronomical observations and
local measurements, it extends from north to south, in
a longitudinal direction, nearly all of equal width, ex-
cepting a contraction which occurs at the encroach-
? ? ment made by the peninsula of Apsheron. The nor-
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CAS
CASSANDER.
acid, which is obtained from it in anion with soda, that
is, in the state of Glauber's salt. (Gmclin, Voyage,
to). 3, p. 267. ) The northwest winds are said to di-
minish the saltness, and to increase the bitterness of
the water. The powerful phosphorescence of the thick,
muddy waters of the Caspian Sea is remarked by
Pallas. The black colour which they assume at a
great distance from the shore is nothing more than
the effect of the depth, and owing to the same optical
cause which makes the ocean appear comparatively
dark and blue instead of light green, in deep places
where the colour of the bottom does not intermix
itself with the natural colour of the water. It would
serve little purpose to enumerate all the names which
have been given to this sea. The "Caspian" is one
of the most ancient. This name is not only common
to the Greek and Latin languages, but enters into the
Georgian, the Armenian, and the Syriac. (Wakl,
Alien, vol. 1, p. 679, seqq. ) The Jewish Rabbis and
Peritsol call it the Dead Sea. The Turkish denom-
ination for it. Khoosghoon Denghizi, is variously trans-
lated, but no probable etymology is assigned. The
Byzantine and Arabian writers call it the sea of Kho-
zares, after a powerful nation; and the Russian an-
nalists knew it in the tenth century under the name of
Gmdenskoi or Shwalenskoi-More, after the Shawlis a
Slavonian people, not much known, that lived on the
Wolga. The name given to this sea in the Zenda-
Vesta is, however, worthy of remark. That apocry-
phal work, which is full of old traditions, calls this sea
TcJukact Daiti, or "the great water of the judgment. " i
Perhaps Noah's Bood, as described in some of the
Eastern traditions, might have a connection with a
sinking of the earth, which had destroyed the inhabit-
ants of an extensive country, and converted it into this
remarkable sea. (Malte-Brun, Geogr. , vol. 2, p. 130,
Brussels (J. )
Cassander, son of Antipater. A short time before
the death of Alexander, he crossed over into Asia for
the purpose of defending his father against the accusa-
tions of Olympias ; and when, after the decease of the
Macedonian monarch, Antipater was appointed regent,
his son received from him the command of the Asiatic
horse. The ambitious views, however, of the young
Cassander, induced his parent to bequeath to him no
share in the government, and Cassander, therefore,
wishing to annul the arrangements which his father I
had made at his death, gave Nicanor the command of
the garrison in the Munychia at Athens, by means of
secret orders, before the news of his father's death
could reach that city, and thus secured for himself an
important stronghold. He then crossed over into
A<ia, in order to secure the co-operation of Ptolemy
and Antigonus. During his absence, Polysperchon
sent an army into Attica, and issued a decree for the
re-establishment of democracy in all the Grecian cities,
in place of the aristocratic forms of government which
had been brought in by Alexander. This edict had
all the effect which Polysperchon intended, and the
cities of Greece drove out, for the most part, those in-
dividuals who were at the head of their affairs. The
Athenians, likewise, put many persons to death, in the
number of whom was the celebrated Phocion, but could
not dislodge the garrison from the Munychia. Cas-
sander, having returned with troops and vessels, which
lie had obtained from Antigonus, seized upon the I'i-
neus, and compelled the Athenians to submit once
? ? more to an aristocratic rule, at the head of which he
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CAS
CAS
der, favoured, as he thought, the interests of his broth-
er Alexander. The latter, with the aid of Demetrius,
son of Antigonus, made war upon him for this; but,
when about to become reconciled to him, was treach-
erously slain by Demetrius, his own ally; and Antipa-
ter was afterward put to death by his own father-in-
law Lysimachus. (Justin, 13, 4, 18. --Id. , 14, 6, 12.
--Id. , 15, 2, 3. -- Id. , 16, 2, 1, &c. -- Diod. Sic, 18,
3, seqq. --ld. , 18, 54, &c. )
Cassandra, daughter of Priam and Hecnba. She
was beloved by Apollo, and promised to listen to his
addresses, provided he would grant her the knowledge
of futurity. This knowledge she obtained; but she
was regardless of her promise; and Apollo, in re-
venge, determined that no credit should ever be at-
tached to her predictions. Hence her warnings re-
specting the downfall of Troy, and the subsequent
misfortunes of the race, were disregarded by her coun-
trymen. When Troy was taken, she fled for shelter
to the temple of Minerva, but was exposed there to the
brutality of Ajax, the son of Oileus. In the division
of the spoils she fell to the share of Agamemnon, and
was assassinated with him on his return to Mycenae.
(Vid. Agamemnon.
he was in some measure assimilated to another de-
ity, Sumci, whose Phoenician name recalls the Som
of Egypt. (Compare Bcllcrmann, iibcr Phoenic.
Jfin:. , 1, p. 25. ) A similar alliance existed at Rome
between Hercules and Mercury, both deities being
considered as the jedg of riches and abundance. Mel-
karth was, in fa;t, like the Grecian Hercules, the
same with the sui. The Tynans raised, in his temple
at Gades, an alar to the year (Eustath. ad Dionys.
Pcricg. , p. 45S}, and it is in a point of view directly
analogous, tha Nonnus calls Hercules the conductor
of the twelv, months. (Dionyt. , 40, 338. ) Every
year they kurlled at Carthage, as at Tyre, and probably
in all the Ptoenician colonies, a large pyre in honour
of Melkarth. whence an eagle was let loose, as a sym-
bol, like thf Egyptian phoenix, of the sun, and of time
renewing fsclf from its own ashes. This scene was
transferred by the Greeks to Mount CEta, where Her-
cules, in ibnsuming himself on the funeral pile, cele-
brates hif apotheosis after the accomplishment of his
twelve toours. (Dio Chrysostom. , Oral. , 33. --Vol.
2; P- 2? ed. ReUke. ) The worship of a Hercules,
distinctfrom the one of Thebes, was continued, even
*? 'he 1st periods of paganism, in Carthage and in all
? ? the Phtnician cities. --Omitting the mention of other
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CARTHAGO.
CARTHAGO.
however, were defeated at Himera by Gclon, king of
Syracuse, and obliged to sue for peace, and to abstain
from offering human sacrifices. In the war with
Hiero, the next king, the Carthaginians conquered the
cities Sclinus, Himera, and Agngentum. Dionysius
the elder obtained a temporary peace. But, after Ti-
moleon had delivered Syracuse and Sicily from the
yoke of tyranny, the Carthaginians were peculiarly
unfortunate. Contagious diseases and frequent muti-
nies reduced the strength of the city. When Sicily
suffered under the tyranny of Agathocles, Carthage
engaged in a war with him, and was soon attacked
and severely pressed by the usurper. After the death
cf Agathocles, Carthage once more took part in the
commerce of Sicily, when difficulties broke out there
with their auxiliaries the Mamertines. The Romans
took advantage of these troubles to expel the Cartha-
ginians from Sicily, although they had previously re-
ceived assistance from them in the war against Pyr-
rhus, king of Epirus, in Sicily and Lower Italy. Here
begins the third period of Carthaginian history, em-
bracing the thrice-repeated struggle for dominion be-
tween Rome and Carthage, in the interval between
264 and 146 B. C. The first Punic war continued 23
years. The fleets and armies of Carthage were van-
quished. By the peace (B. C. 241) the Carthaginians
lost all their possessions in Sicily. Upon this, the
mercenary forces, whose wages could not be paid by
the exhausted treasury of the ci'y, took up arms.
Hamilcar Barcas conquered them, and restored the
Carthaginian power in Africa. Notwithstanding. the
peace with Carthage, the Romans took possession of
Sardinia in 228, wacrc the mercenary troops of Car-
thage had revolted. Hamilcar, who was at the head
of the democratic party, now undertook the conquest
of Spain, whose rich mines tempted his countrymen.
For the success of this enterprise, within 17 years,
Carthage was indebted to the family of Barcas, which
could boast of the glorious names of Hamilcar, Has-
drubal, and Hannibal. To secure the possession of
this acquisition, Hasdrubal founded New Carthage
(Carthagena), the most powerful of all the Carthagin-
ian colonies. The second Punic war (from 218 to
201 B. C. ), notwithstanding the abilities of the gen-
eral, ended with the subjugation of Carthage. Han-
nibal, neglected by his countrymen, and waakened by
a victory that cost him so much blood, was obliged to
leave Italy, in order to hasten to the assistance of Car-
thage, which was threatened by the Romans. The bat-
tle of Zama resulted in favour of the Romans. Scipio
granted the city peace under the severest conditions.
Carthage ceded Spain, delivered up all her ships ex-
cept ten, paid 10,000 talents (about 810,000,000),
and promised to engage in no war without the con-
sent of the Romans. Besides this, Masinissa, the
ally of Rome and implacable enemy of Carthage, was
placed on the Numidian throne. This king, under the
protection of Rome, deprived the Carthaginians of the
best part of their possessions, and destroyed their trade
in the interior of Africa. The third war with the Ro-
mans was a desperate contest. The disarmed Car-
thaginians were obliged to demolish part of their own
walls. Then, taking up arms anew, they fought for
death or life. After three years, the younger Scipio
ended this war by the destruction of the city, B. C.
146. Only 5000 persons are said to have been found
within its walls. It was 23 milcB in circumference;
? ? and when it was set on fire by the Romans, it burned
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CARTHAGO.
pirt(, like Athens, Corinth, and other large cities of
Greece. Sicily was much frequented by the Punic
merchants; and tho rich emporium of Syracuse, in
times of peace, saw its port crowded with African
vessels. Oil and ? wine were imported from Sicily;
both of these articles were produced in Africa, but it
is probable that the supply was insufficient. Strabo
(S36) speaks of a contraband trade carried on by Car-
thage with the Cy renseans, through the port of Charax;
the Punic merchant brought wine, and received in ex-
change the precious silphium. The treaties with Rome
preserved in Polybius, and the remarks of Aristotle in
his PoUtica, prove the active commerce of-the Car-
thaginians and their jealousy of foreign rivals. The
Etrurians, who had built towns in Campania, were
probably rather pirates than merchants: they procured
the wares which they had to exchange for other com-
modities by robbing vessels on the sea, or the towns
of the coast. The Carthaginians, as has already been
remarked, had commercial treaties with the Etrurians,
who, from the nature of their profession, could furnish
them with most of the articles that the Mediterranean
produced. In return, their African friends gave them
slaves, precious stones, ivorv, and gold, the produce
of the vast continent behind their city. Malta, and
the small adjoining island of Gaulus (Gozo), were Car-
thaginian possessions: cloth for wearing apparel was
manufactured in Malta, and probably from a native
cotton. The wax of Corsica was also an article of
commerce: the natives of the island were prized for
making excellent servants. (DM. Sic, 5,13. ) The
little island of -Ethalia or Ilva, now Elba, has fur-
nished iron ore from the remotest historical period; the
foreign trader and the merchant of Carthage purcha-
sed the ore when it was smelted, and deposited it in
the hands of their countrymen for farther improve-
ment. Majorca and Minorca exchanged mules and
fruit for wine and female slaves; the latter article
these rude islanders were always ready to purchase.
The precious metals of Spain have been frequently
alluded to; some of the mines appear to have been
public property, while in other cases the merchant pro-
cared gold-dust from the natives by an exchange of
commodities. There is no impossibility involved in
supposing that the Phoenicians or the Carthaginians
visited the northern shores of Europe; but, as direct
evidence is wanting, it is not necessary to assume
that the tin and the amber which they sold to the
world were brought by their own ships from the Scilly
islands (Cassitendes) or the coast of the Baltic. The
trading towns established on the shores of Mauritania
seem to have been intended to form a commercial
connexion with central Africa: the carriers of the des-
ert, would bring the products of Soudan to the small
island of Ceme, the most southern of the colonies es-
tablished by Hanno. The Carthaginians supplied
them from the stores in Ceme with earthen vessels,
trinkets, and ornaments of various kinds. There was
also a fishery on this coast, according to the book of
wonders ascribed to Aristotle (c. 148). The fish was
salted and carried to Carthage, where it commanded a
higb price. As regards the discovery-voyage of Han-
no, we feel some curiosity to know whether it was use-
ful in establishing a trade on the gold coast of Africa;
and our admiration of the extensive knowledge of He-
rodotus is increased, by finding in his history the only
extant information on this obscure subject. In the
fourth book (c. 146), he tells us, on the authority of
? ? come Carthaginians, that merchants from that renown-
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CARTHAGO.
two'great historians of antiquity. The command of
the fleet was usually separated from that of the land
force, but we find instances in which a single person
possessed the direction of both. The military force
of Carthage consisted principally of hired troops, col-
lected from all the nations with which the state had
commercial connexions. Only a small part of the cit-
izens of Carthage could be employed in military ser-
vice. The mercantile occupations of the majority
would not allow them to neglect their business for
foreign conquests, or the defence of remote posses-
sions. It was found to be a more economical plan,
to make a bargain with nations who had nothing to
dispose of but their bodies, and with this saleable com-
modity to provide for the defence of their colonies or
to acquire new possessions. But the distinguished
families of Carthage served in the armies of the state,
and from this class all the commanders were chosen.
In times of danger, all the citizens would necessarily
arm themselves to repel an attack on the metropolis;
but we are now speaking of the ordinary constitution
of a Carthaginian army, and this neither admitted nor
required a large number of Carthaginian citizens. A
Punic army was like a congregation of nations: the
half-naked savage of Gaul stood by the side of the wild
Iberian; the cunning Ligurian, from the Alpine or Ap-
ennine mountains, met with the Lotophagi of Libya ,
and the Nasamones, the explorers and guides in the
Ct desert, half-bred Greeks, runaways, and slaves,
d themselves mingled in this strange assembly.
Troops of Carthaginian and Liby-Phcenician origin
were in the centre of the army: on the flank the nu-
merous Nomadic tribes of western Africa wheeled
about on unsaddled horses guided by a bridle of rush-
es. The Balearic stingers formed the vanguard, and
the elephants of . Ethiopia, with their black aonductors,
were the moveable castles that protected the front
fines. According to Polybius (1, 6), it was consid-
ered politic to form an army of such materials, that
difference of language might prevent union between
several nations, and remove all danger of a general
conspiracy: but there are disadvantages also, which
arise from the want of a medium of communication,
and these were developed in the later periods of the
republic. When Xerxes led the nations of Asia
against the Greeks of the land of Hellas, a Carthagin-
ian armament was despatched to subjugate the west-
ern colonies in Sicily. The muster-roll of the Asiat-
ic force (Herodot. , 7, 61, teqq. ) contained the names
of all the nations in his extensive empire, and even
some beyond it, who served for money. The Punic
army was composed of the tribes of the western
world and of the African desert, and' the two armies
combined would have exhibited specimens of nearly
all the tribes of men that were then known. We be-
come intimately acquainted with the nature of a Car-
thaginian army from the extant narrative of Polybius.
In the opinion of this soldier and historian, the caval-
ry of Numidia formed the strongest part of the army,
and to their quick evolutions, their sudden retreat, and
their rapid return to the charge, he attributes the suc-
cess of Hannibal in his great victories. (Polyb. , 3,
12. ) Another cause may be assigned for the losses
of the Romans, without at all impeachingthe opinion
of Polybius on the Numidian cavalry. The Romans
frequently had two consuls at the head of their armies,
and when both happened to be together in the field,
they commanded alternately, day by day. At the fatal
? ? battle of Cannae, the ignorance and presumption of
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CAR
lions of Central Africa, we do not mean to say that it
? *33 a direct commerce, though it is possible it might
lw so in some degree. The tribes between the two
Syites travelled to Garama, and, as every great rest-
ing-place might be a depot for commodities, they could
procure from this town the products of remote lands
which the Carthaginians desired to possess. The
towns on the coast of Byzacium would be the market
for the caravans of Garama, and places of the greatest
importance for the commerce of Carthage. It docs
not appear that the wares and products of Central Af-
rica were carried by the caravans any farther than the
. towns near the Syrtes, on the edge of the desert;
thus the connexion of Carthage with the nations of the
interior appears to have attracted little attention.
(Harm, Idccn. , vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 185,seqq. --Long's Anc.
Geogr. , p: 104, itqq. )
CARTHAGO NOVA, a well-known city of Hispania
Tairaconensis, situate on the coast, a little distance
abore the boundary line between Tarraconensis and
Bztira. It was founded by Hasdrubal, the Carthagin-
ian, who succeeded B areas, the father of Hannibal,
B. C. 242. (Polyb. , 2, 3. --Mela, 2, 6. -- Slrab. , 158. )
It was taken by Scipio Afridanus during the second
Panic war, and, on falling into the hands of the Ro-
mans, it became a colony, under the title of Colonia
Ytctrix Julia Nova Carthago. (Florez, Med. de Esp. ,
TO! . 1, p. 316. ) The situation of this place was very
favourable for commerce, since it lay almost in the
middle of the southern coast of Spain, which had
hardly anv good harbours besides this along its whole
extent. (Polyb-, 10, 10. -- Id. , 3, 39. -- Strab. , 156. )
In Strabo's time it was a very important place, and
carried on an extensive commerce, and in the mount-
ains not far to the north of it were the richest silver
? nines of all Spain. The governor of the province of
farraconensis spent the winter either in this city or
Tarraco. (Strab. , 167. ) The modern Carlhagcna
occupies the site of the ancient city. (Ukcrt, Gcogr. ,
vol. 2, p. 400, seqq. )
CARVILIDS, I. one of the' four kings of Cantium
(Kent), who, at the command of Cassivelaunus, made
an attack on Caesar's naval camp, in which they were
repulsed, and lost a great number of men. (Cats. ,
B. G,, 5, 22. )--II.
The first Roman who divorced his
wife during the space of six hundred years. This was
for barrenness, B. C. 231. (Vol. Max. , 2,1, 4. )--III. A
grammarian of this name, according to Plutarch (de
juast. Rom. , n. 54), first introduced the G into the
Roman alphabet, C having been previously used for it.
This was nearly 500 years after the building of the city.
(Compare Quintilian, 1, 7, 23. -- Terenl. Maur. , p.
2402. --Id. , p. 2410. --Mar. Viet. , p. 2469. --Diom. , p.
417. --Sen. ad Virg. , Gcorg. , 1, 194. --Schneider, L.
G. , vol. l,p. 233, teyq. )
CARDS, a Roman emperor, who succeeded Probus.
He was first appointed, by the latter, Praetorian prefect,
anJ after his death was chosen by the army to be his
successor, A. D. 282. Cams created his two sons,
Carinus and Numerianus, Cfesars, as soon as he was
elevated to the empire, and, some time after, gave them
each the title of Augustus. On the news of the death
of Probus, the barbarians put themselves in motion,
and Cams, sending his son Carinus into Gaul, depart-
ed with Xumerianus for Illyricum, in order to op-
pose the Sarmatse, who threatened Thrace and Ita-
ly. He slew 16,000, and made 20,000 prisoners.
Proceeding after this against the Persians, he made
? ? himself master of Mesopotamia, and of the cities of
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CAS
time after, speaks of it as. being reduced to the lowest
state of insignificance. (Phn. , 3, 5. ) It is, however,
mentioned by Ptolemy (p. 66). The modern Capua
is generally supposed to occupy the site of Casilinum.
(Pratilli, Via Appia, 2, 12, p. 257. -- Cramer's Anc.
Italy, vol. 2, p. 199. )
Casincm, the last town of Latium on the Latin
Way, according to Strabo (238). It was a large and
populous place, and its site is now partly occupied by
the modem town of San Germane According to
Varro, its name was derived from Cascum, an Oscan
word, answering to the Latin Vctus. The same wri-
ter informs us, that Casinum originally belonged to the
Samnites, from whom it was conquered by the Ro-
mans. (Varr. , L. L. , 6. )
Cask's, I. a mountain on the coast of Africa, near
the PalOs Scrbonis (Herodot. , 2, 6), and, according to
Strabo (758), three hundred stadia from Pclusium.
The Ilin. Antonin. , however, makes the distance be-
tween it and the latter place 320 stadia. (Compare
Larchcr, Hist. d'Hcrodotc,Table Gcographique, vol. 8, p.
101. ) On this mountain reposed the remains of Pom-
pey, and here also Jupiter, sumamed Casius, had a tem-
ple. (Compare remarks under the article Asi. ) Mount
Casius forms a promontory called at the present day
Cape El-Cas. --II. Another in Syria, below Antiochia.
It is a very lofty mountain. Plinv, in a style of ex-
aggeration, asserts, that at the fourth watch (three
o'clock A. M. ), the rising sun could be seen from its
top, while the base was enveloped in darkness. (Plin. ,
5, 22. ) The African appears to have been named af-
ter the Syrian mountain. (Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 10,
p. 493. ) As regards the etymology of the name Ca-
sius, consult Bitter, Vorhalle, p. 465, and compare re-
marks under the article Asi.
CaspijH Pokt. i: or Pyl. *, the Caspian gates or pass,
a name belonging properly to a defile near Teheran,
in ancient Media. Moricr (Second Journey through
Persia, &c, chap. 23) names it the pass of Charrar.
(Compare Sainte-Croiz, Ezamen des Hist, a"Alex. , p.
688, seqq. , and 862, ed. 2d. ) It is vaguely applied by
Tacitus and some other ancient writers to different
passes of Mount Caucasus. (Malte-Brun, Geogr. ,
vol. 2, p. 13, Brussels ed. ) For the Caucasian and Al-
banian gates, rid. Caucasus.
Caspii, a nation dwelling along the southern borders
of the Caspian Sea, and giving name to it, according to
Rittcr. (Erdkunde, vol. 2, p. 899, seqq. ) They appear
to have been at one time a powerful commercial peo-
ple, and to have occupied, in the time of the Persian
dominion, the country answering to Ghilan and Der-
bend. Their name is supposed to have been derived
from the term Casp, signifying " a mountain. " (Ritter,
I. e. ) Gattcrer is wrong in placing them between the
Sea of Aral and the northeastern shore of the Caspian,
from which quarter, according to him, they advanced
into the country of the Sarmatro, and afterward, in the
first century of our era, emigrated into Europe. (Con-
sult Bdhr, ad Herod. , 3, 95, and compare Ptoi, 7, 1. --
Mela, 8, 5. )
Caspium mare, a celebrated inland sea of Upper
Asia, deriving its name either from the Caspii along
its southern shores (vid. Caspii), or from Casp, "a
mountain," in allusion to its vicinity to Caucasus.
According to the latest astronomical observations and
local measurements, it extends from north to south, in
a longitudinal direction, nearly all of equal width, ex-
cepting a contraction which occurs at the encroach-
? ? ment made by the peninsula of Apsheron. The nor-
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CAS
CASSANDER.
acid, which is obtained from it in anion with soda, that
is, in the state of Glauber's salt. (Gmclin, Voyage,
to). 3, p. 267. ) The northwest winds are said to di-
minish the saltness, and to increase the bitterness of
the water. The powerful phosphorescence of the thick,
muddy waters of the Caspian Sea is remarked by
Pallas. The black colour which they assume at a
great distance from the shore is nothing more than
the effect of the depth, and owing to the same optical
cause which makes the ocean appear comparatively
dark and blue instead of light green, in deep places
where the colour of the bottom does not intermix
itself with the natural colour of the water. It would
serve little purpose to enumerate all the names which
have been given to this sea. The "Caspian" is one
of the most ancient. This name is not only common
to the Greek and Latin languages, but enters into the
Georgian, the Armenian, and the Syriac. (Wakl,
Alien, vol. 1, p. 679, seqq. ) The Jewish Rabbis and
Peritsol call it the Dead Sea. The Turkish denom-
ination for it. Khoosghoon Denghizi, is variously trans-
lated, but no probable etymology is assigned. The
Byzantine and Arabian writers call it the sea of Kho-
zares, after a powerful nation; and the Russian an-
nalists knew it in the tenth century under the name of
Gmdenskoi or Shwalenskoi-More, after the Shawlis a
Slavonian people, not much known, that lived on the
Wolga. The name given to this sea in the Zenda-
Vesta is, however, worthy of remark. That apocry-
phal work, which is full of old traditions, calls this sea
TcJukact Daiti, or "the great water of the judgment. " i
Perhaps Noah's Bood, as described in some of the
Eastern traditions, might have a connection with a
sinking of the earth, which had destroyed the inhabit-
ants of an extensive country, and converted it into this
remarkable sea. (Malte-Brun, Geogr. , vol. 2, p. 130,
Brussels (J. )
Cassander, son of Antipater. A short time before
the death of Alexander, he crossed over into Asia for
the purpose of defending his father against the accusa-
tions of Olympias ; and when, after the decease of the
Macedonian monarch, Antipater was appointed regent,
his son received from him the command of the Asiatic
horse. The ambitious views, however, of the young
Cassander, induced his parent to bequeath to him no
share in the government, and Cassander, therefore,
wishing to annul the arrangements which his father I
had made at his death, gave Nicanor the command of
the garrison in the Munychia at Athens, by means of
secret orders, before the news of his father's death
could reach that city, and thus secured for himself an
important stronghold. He then crossed over into
A<ia, in order to secure the co-operation of Ptolemy
and Antigonus. During his absence, Polysperchon
sent an army into Attica, and issued a decree for the
re-establishment of democracy in all the Grecian cities,
in place of the aristocratic forms of government which
had been brought in by Alexander. This edict had
all the effect which Polysperchon intended, and the
cities of Greece drove out, for the most part, those in-
dividuals who were at the head of their affairs. The
Athenians, likewise, put many persons to death, in the
number of whom was the celebrated Phocion, but could
not dislodge the garrison from the Munychia. Cas-
sander, having returned with troops and vessels, which
lie had obtained from Antigonus, seized upon the I'i-
neus, and compelled the Athenians to submit once
? ? more to an aristocratic rule, at the head of which he
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 09:07 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uva. x001045523 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? CAS
CAS
der, favoured, as he thought, the interests of his broth-
er Alexander. The latter, with the aid of Demetrius,
son of Antigonus, made war upon him for this; but,
when about to become reconciled to him, was treach-
erously slain by Demetrius, his own ally; and Antipa-
ter was afterward put to death by his own father-in-
law Lysimachus. (Justin, 13, 4, 18. --Id. , 14, 6, 12.
--Id. , 15, 2, 3. -- Id. , 16, 2, 1, &c. -- Diod. Sic, 18,
3, seqq. --ld. , 18, 54, &c. )
Cassandra, daughter of Priam and Hecnba. She
was beloved by Apollo, and promised to listen to his
addresses, provided he would grant her the knowledge
of futurity. This knowledge she obtained; but she
was regardless of her promise; and Apollo, in re-
venge, determined that no credit should ever be at-
tached to her predictions. Hence her warnings re-
specting the downfall of Troy, and the subsequent
misfortunes of the race, were disregarded by her coun-
trymen. When Troy was taken, she fled for shelter
to the temple of Minerva, but was exposed there to the
brutality of Ajax, the son of Oileus. In the division
of the spoils she fell to the share of Agamemnon, and
was assassinated with him on his return to Mycenae.
(Vid. Agamemnon.
