) condemns his style as
frivolous
and
tria in Euboea.
tria in Euboea.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
This Alcibiades was the 20.
)
[L. S. )
contemporary of Cleisthenes [CLEISTHENES, No. 2), CLEINO'MACHUS (Klevóuaxos), a Megaric
## p. 783 (#803) ############################################
CLEISTHENES.
783
CLEISTHENES.
philosopher of Thurium, is said by Diogenes Laër- ment of the Peisistratidae, and was indeed 6118
tius (ii. 112) to have been the first who composed pected of having tampered with the Delphic oracle,
treatises on the fundamental principles of dialectics and urged it to require from Sparta the expulsion
(tepi áfrwudtw kal katnyopquátwv). We learn of Hippias. Finding, however, that he could not
from Suidas (s. v. Núpswv), that Pyrrhon, who cope with his political rival Isagoras except through
Aourished about 330 B. C. , attended the instruc- the aid of the commons, he set himself to increase
tions of Bryso, and that the latter was a disciple the power of the latter, and to remove most of the
of Cleinomachus. We may therefore set the date safeguards against democracy which Solon had
of Cleinomachus towards the commencement of the established or preserved. There is therefore less
same century.
[E. E. ]
truth than rhetoric in the assertion of Isocrates
CLEIO. [MUSAE. )
(Areiopag. p. 143, a), that Cleisthenes merely re-
CLEI'STHENES (KAEcodévns). 1. Son of stored the constitution of Solon. The principal
Aristonymus and tyrant of Sicyon. He was des change which he introduced, and out of which
cended from Orthagoras, who founded the dynasty most of his other alterations grew, was the aboli-
about 100 years before his time, and succeeded his tion of the four ancient tribes, and the establish-
grandfather Myron in the tyranny, though proha- ment of ten new ones in their stcad. These last
bly not without some opposition. (Herod. vi. 126 ; were purely local, and the object as well as the
Aristot. Polit. v. 12, еd Bekk. ; Paus. ii. 8; Mül effect of the arrangement was, to give permanence
ler, Dor. i. 8. & 2. ) In B. C. 595, he aided the to democratic ascendency by the destruction of
Amphictyons in the sacred war against Cirrha, the old aristocratic associations of clanship. (Comp.
which ended, after ten years, in the destruction of Arist. Polit. vi. 4, ed. Bekk. ; Thrige, Kes Cyren.
the guilty city, and in which Solon too is said to $ 48. ) The increase in the number of the Bouin
have assisted with his counsel the avengers of the and of the vaux paplai was a consequence of the
god. (Paus. x. 37; Aesch. c. Ctes. $ 107, &c. ; above measure. The opatpiai were indeed allowed
Clinton, F. 11. sub anno, 595. ) We find Cieis- to remain as before, but, as they were no longer
thenes also engaged in war with Argos, his enmity connected with the tribes (the oñuoi constituting
to which is said by Herodotus to have been so the new subdivision), they ceased to be of any
great, that he prohibited the recitation at Sicyon political importance. According to Aelian (V. H.
of Homer's poems, because Argos was celebrated xiii. 24) Cleisthenes was also the first who insti-
in them, and restored to the worship of Dionysus tuted ostracism, by which he is said, on the same
what the historian calls, by a prolepsis, the tragic authority, to have been the first sufferer ; and this
choruses in which Adrastus, the Argive hero, was is partly borne out by Diodorus (xi. 55), who says,
commemorated. (Herod. v. 67; see Nitzsch, Mele- that ostracism was introduced after the banishment
tem. i. p. 153, &c. ) Müller (1. c. ) connects this of the Peisistratidae (but see Plut Nic. 11; Har-
hostility of Cleisthenes towards Argos, the chief pocrat. s. r. "Innapxos). We learn, moreover, from
Dorian city of the district, with his systematic en- Aristotle (Polit. iii. 2, еd Bekk. ) that he admitted
deavour to depress and dishonour the Dorian tribes into the tribes a number of persons who were not
at Sicyon. The old names of these he altered, of Athenian blood; but this appears to have been
calling them by new ones derived from the sow, only intended to serve his purposes at the time, not
the ass, and the pig ("Tatal, 'Oveâtai, Xocpeatas), to be a precedent for the future. By some again he
while to his own tribe he gave the title of 'Apxénai is supposed to have remodelled the Ephetae, add-
(lords of the people). The explanation of his mo- ing a fifth court to the four old ones, and altering
tive for this given by Müller (Dor. iii. 4. & 3) the number of the judges from 80 to 51, i. e. five
seems even less satisfactory than the one of Hero- from each tribe and a president. (Wachsmuth,
dotus which he sets aside; and the historian's vol. i. p. 360, Eng. transl. ; but see Müller, Eu-
statement, that Cleisthenes of Athens imitated his trenid. Ø 64, &c. ) The changes of Cleisthenes
grandfather in his political changes, may justify bad the intended effect of gaining political supe-
the inference, that the measures adopted at Sicyon riority for himself and his party, and Isagoras was
with respect to the tribes extended to more than a reduced to apply for the aid of the Spartans under
mere alteration of their names. (Herod. v. 67, 68. ) Cleomenes I. Heralds accordingly were sent from
From Aristotle (Pol. v. 12) we learn, that Cleis- Lacedaemon to Athens, who demanded and ob-
thenes maintained his power partly through the tained the banishment of Cleisthenes and the rest
respect inspired by his military exploits, and partly of the Alcmaeonidae, as the accursed family (éva-
by the popular and moderate course which he geis), on whom rested the pollution of Cylon's
adopted in his general government. His adminis- murder. [Cylon. ] Cleisthenes haring withdrawn,
tration also appears to have been characterized by Cleomenes proceeded to expel 700 families pointed
much magnificence, and Pausanias mentions à out by Isagoras, and endeavoured to abolish the
colonnade (otod KAELO éveus) which he built with Council of 500, and to place the government in the
the spoils taken in the sacred war. (Paus. ii. 9. ) hands of 300 oligarchs. But the Council resisted
We have no means of ascertaining the exact date the attempt, and the people supported them, and
of the death of Cleisthenes, or the conclusion of besieged Cleomenes and I sagoras in the Acropolis,
his tyranny, but we know that it cannot be placed of which they had taken possession. On the third
earlier than B. c. 582, in which year he won the day the besieged capitulated, and the Lacedaemo-
victory in the chariot-race at the Pythian games. nians and Isagoras were allowed to depart from
(See Clinton and Müller on the year. ) His daugh- Attica. The rest were put to death, and Cleis-
ter Agarista, whom so many suitors sought, was
thenes and the 700 banished families were re-
given in marriage to Megacles the Alcmaeonid. called. (Herod. v. 63, 66, 69–73, vi. 131; comp.
(AGARISTA. )
Dict. of Ant. pp. 156, 235, 323, &c. , 633, 755,
2. An Athenian, son of Megacles and Agarista, 990—993. )
and grandson of the tyrant of Sicyon, appears as
3. An Athenian, whose foppery and effeminate
the head of the Alcmaeonid clan on the banish- profligacy brought him more than once under the
.
## p. 784 (#804) ############################################
784
CLEITARCIIUS.
CLEITOMACHUS.
lash of Aristophanes. Thus the Clouds are said | Ctes. SS 85—103; Dem. de Cor. p. 252, &c. ;
to like the form of women when they see him | Diod. xvi. 74; Plut. Dem. 17. ) (E. E. )
(Nuls. 354); and in the Thesmophoriuzusuc (574, CLEITARCIIUS (Keltapxos), son of the liis
&c. ) he brings information to the women, is being torian Deinon (Plin. II. N. x. 49), accompanied
a particular friend of theirs, that Euripides hus Alexander the Great in his Asiatic expedition,
smuggled in Mnesilochus among them as a spy and wrote a history of it. This work has been
In spite of his character he appcars to have been erroncously supposed by some to have formed the
appointed on one occasion to the sacred office of basis of that of Curtius, who is thought to have
Dewpós. (l'esp. 1187. ) The Scholiast on Ach. closely followed, even if he did not translate
118 and Eq. 1371 says, that, in order to preserve it. We find Curtius, however, in one passage
the appearance of youth, he wore no bcard, rc- (ix. 5. $ 21) differing from Cleitarchus, and even
moving the hair by an application of pitch. (Comp. censuring liim for his inaccuracy. Cicero also (de
Elmsl. ad Ach. 118. )
[E. E. ] Leg. i. 2) speaks very slightingly of the production
CLEITA'GORA (Keltagyópa), a lyric poetess, in question (tà nepi 'Adéfavopov), and mentions
mentioned by Aristophanes in his Wasps (v. 1245), him again (Brut. 1l) as one who, in his account of
and in his lost play, the Danaids. She is vari- the death of Themistocles, cked out history with
ously represented as a Lacedaemonian, a Thessalian, a little dash of romance. Quintilian says (Inst.
and a Lesbian. (Schol. in Aristoph. l'esp. 1239, Or. x. l), that his ability was greater than his
1245, Lysistr. 1237 ; Suid. Hesych. s. v. ) (P. S. ] veracity; and Longinus (de Sublim. $ 3; comp.
CLEITARCHUS (Keltapxos), tyrant of Ere- Toup. ad loc.
) condemns his style as frivolous and
tria in Euboea. After Plutarchus had been ex- inflated, applying to it the expression of Sophocles,
pelled from the tyranny of Eretria by Pliocion, σμικρές μεν αυλίσκοις, φορδειας δ' άτερ. He is
B. c. 350, popular government was at first esta- quoted also by Plutarch (Them. 27, Aler. 46), and
blished ; but strong party struggles ensued, in several times by Pliny, Athenaeus, and Strabo.
which the adherents of Athens were at length The Cleitarchus, whose treatise on foreign words
overpowered by those of Macedonia, and Philip (onwooai) is frequently referred to by Athenaeus,
then sent Hipponicus, one of his gencrals, to des- was a different person from the historian. (Fabric.
troy the walls of Porthmus, the harbour of Eretria, Bibl. Graec. iii. p. 38; Voss, de Hist. Graec. p. 90,
and to set up Hipparchus, Automedon, and Clei- ed. Westermann. )
[E. E. )
tarchus as tyrants. (Plut. Phoc. 13; Dem. de Cor. CLEITE (Klein), a daughter of king Merops,
§ 86, Philipp. iii. SS 68, 69. ) This was subse- and wife of Cyzicus. After the murder of her
quent to the peace between Athens and Philip in husband by the Argonauts she hung herself, and
B. c. 346, since Demosthenes adduces it as one of the tears of the nymphs, who lamented her death,
the proofs of a breach of the peace on the part of were changed into the well of the name of Cleite.
Macedon. (Philipp. iii. & 23. ) The tyrants, how- (Apollon. Rhod. i. 967, 1063, &c. ) [L. S. ]
were not suffered to retain their power CLEITODE MUS. [CLEIDEMUS. ]
quietly, for Demosthenes (Philip. iii. S 69) men- CLEITO'MACHUS (Kectóua xos), a Cartha-
tions iwo armaments sent by Philip for their sup- ginian by birth, and called Hasdrubal in his own
port, at different times, under Eurylochus and language, came to Athens in the 40th year of his age,
Parmenion respectively. Soon after, we find previously at least to the year 146 B. C. He there
Cleitarchus in sole possession of the government; became connected with the founder of the New
but he does not seem to have been at open hosti- Academy, the philosopher Carneades, under whose
lity with Athens, though he held Eretria for Phi- guidance he rose to be one of the most distinguished
lip, for we hear of the Athenians sending ambas- disciples of this school; but he also studied at the
sadors to request his consent to the arrangement same time the philosophy of the Stoics and Peri-
for uniting Euboea under one federative government, patetics. Diogenes Laertius, to whom we are in-
having its congress at Chalcis, to which Athens debted for these notices of the life of Cleitomachus,
was also to transfer the annual contributions from relates also (iv. 67), that he succeeded Carneades
Oreus and Eretria. Aeschines says, that a talent as the head of the Academy on the death of the
from Cleitarchus was part of the bribe which he latter, B. c. 129. (Comp. Steph. Byz. s. v. Kapxn-
alleges that Demosthenes received for procuring wv. ) He continued to teach at Athens till as late
the decree in question. Cleitarchus appears there- as B. c. lll, at all events, as Crassus heard him in
fore to have come into the above project of Demos- that year. (Cic. de Orat. i. 11. )
thenes and Callias, to whom he would naturally of his works, which amounted to 400 books
be opposed; but he thougbt it perhaps a point (Bibnía, Diog. Laërt. l. c. ), only a few titles are
gained if he could get rid of the remnant of Athe- preserved. His main object in writing them was
nian influence in Eretria. For the possible mo- to make known the philosophy of his master Car-
tives of Demosthenes, see p. 568, a. The plan, neades, from whose views he never dissented.
however, seems to have fallen to the ground, and Cleitomachus continued to reside at Athens till
Deinosthenes in B. C. 341 carried a decree for an the end of his life; but he continued to cherish a
expedition to Euboea with the view of putting strong affection for his native country, and when
down the Macedonian interest in the island. On Carthage was taken in B. c. 146, he wrote a work
this, Cleitarchus and Philistides, the tyrant of to console his unfortunate countrymen. This
Oreus, sent anı bassadors to Athens to prerent, if work, which Cicero says he had read, was taken
possible, the threatened invasion; and Aeschines, from a discourse of Carneades, and was intended
at whose house the envoys were entertained, ap to exhibit the consolation which philosophy sup-
pears to have supported their cause in the assem- plies even under the greatest calamities. (Cic.
bly. But the decree was carried into effect, and Tusc. iii. 22. ) Cicero seems indeed to have paid
the command of the armament was given to Pho- a good deal of attention to the works of Cleitoma-
cion, by whom Cleitarchus and Philistides were chus, and speaks in high terms of his industry,
expelled from their respective cities. (Aesch. c. penetration, and philosophical talent. (Acad. ii. 6,
ever,
>
## p. 785 (#805) ############################################
CLEITUS.
785
CLEITUS.
31. ) He sometimes translates from the works of tirely in the strong positions they were enabled to
Cicitomachus, as for instance from the “ De susti- take up among their hills, compelled him to fice
nendis Offensionibue,” which was in four books. from his doininions and take refuge in those of
(Acad. ii. 31. )
Glaucias. Arrian mentions a dreadful sacrifice of
Cleitomachus appears to have been well known three boys, three girls, and three black rams, of
to his contemporaries at Rome, for two of his fered by the Illyrians before their first battle with
works were dedicated to illustrious Romans; one Alexander's troops. (Arr. Anab. i. 5, 6; Plut.
to the poet C. Lucilius, and the other to L. Censo- | Aler. 11; Diod. xvii. 8. )
rinus, consul in B. c. 149. (Cic. Acad. ij. 32. ) 2. A Macedonian, surnamed Ménas, son of
Cleitomachus probably treated of the history of | Dropides, and brother to Lanice or Hellarice,
philosophy in his work on the philosophical sects nurse of Alexander the Great. He saved Alex-
(repl aidéoewv). (Diog. Laërt. ii. 92. )
ander's life at the battle of Granicus, B. c. 334,
(Fabric. Bibl. Graec. iii. p. 168 ; Brucker, llist. cutting off with a blow of his sword the arm of
Phil
. i. p. 771; Orelli, Onom. Tull. ii. pp. 159, 160; Spithridates which was raised to slay the king.
Suid. s. Ο. Κλειτόμαχος. )
[A. S. ) At the battle of Arbela, B. C. 331, he commanded,
CLEITOʻMACHUS (Klectbuaxos), a Theban in the right wing, the body of cavalry called
athlete, whose exploits are recorded by Pausanias Aynua (see Polyb. v. 65, xxxi. 3); and when, in
(vi. 15; comp. Suid. s. v. Kleitó uaxos). He won B. C. 330, the guards (étaipoi) were separated into
the prize at Olympia in the pancratium in Ol. 141. two divisions, it being considered expedient not to
(B. c. 216. ) Aelian mentions (V. H. iji. 30) his entrust the sole command to any one man, Hepha-
great temperance, and the care he took to keep estion and Cleitus were appointed to lend respec-
himself in good condition.
[E. E. ) tively the two bodies. In B. C. 328, Artabazus
CLEITO'NYMUS(KAELTÁVUMOS), an historian resigned his satrapy of Bactria, and the king gave
of uncertain date. A work of his on Italy and it to Cleitus. On the eve of the day on which he
another on Sybaris are quoted by Plutarch. (Parall
. was to set out to take possession of his government,
Min. 10, 21. ) His Tragica, also quoted by Plu- Alexander, then at Maracanda in Sogdiana, cele-
tarch (de Fluv. 3), Vossius supposes to have been brated a festival in honour of the Dioscuri, though
a collection of the legends which formed the ordi- the day was in fact sacred to Dionysus—a circum-
nary subjects of ancient tragedy; but it has been stance which afterwards supplied his friends with
proposed to substitute Opakowv for Tpayıkõv in a topic of consolation to him in his remorse for the
the passage in question. (Voss. de Hist. Graec. p. murder of Cleitus, the soothsayers declaring, that
418, ed. Westermann. )
[E. E. ) his frenzy had been caused by the god's wrath at
CLEI'TOPHON (KAELTopwv), a Rhodian au- the neglect of his festival. At the banquet an
thor of uncertain date, to whom we find the fol- angry dispute arose, the particulars of which are
lowing works ascribed : 1. Fanatiká, a history of variously reported by different authors. They
the Gauls, from which Plutarch (Parallel. Min. 15) agree, however, in stating, that Cleitus became
gives a story, parallel to that of Tarpeia in Livy, exasperated at a comparison which was instituted
of a woman of Ephesus, who betrayed the town to between Alexander and Philip, much to the dis-
Brennus.
[L. S. )
contemporary of Cleisthenes [CLEISTHENES, No. 2), CLEINO'MACHUS (Klevóuaxos), a Megaric
## p. 783 (#803) ############################################
CLEISTHENES.
783
CLEISTHENES.
philosopher of Thurium, is said by Diogenes Laër- ment of the Peisistratidae, and was indeed 6118
tius (ii. 112) to have been the first who composed pected of having tampered with the Delphic oracle,
treatises on the fundamental principles of dialectics and urged it to require from Sparta the expulsion
(tepi áfrwudtw kal katnyopquátwv). We learn of Hippias. Finding, however, that he could not
from Suidas (s. v. Núpswv), that Pyrrhon, who cope with his political rival Isagoras except through
Aourished about 330 B. C. , attended the instruc- the aid of the commons, he set himself to increase
tions of Bryso, and that the latter was a disciple the power of the latter, and to remove most of the
of Cleinomachus. We may therefore set the date safeguards against democracy which Solon had
of Cleinomachus towards the commencement of the established or preserved. There is therefore less
same century.
[E. E. ]
truth than rhetoric in the assertion of Isocrates
CLEIO. [MUSAE. )
(Areiopag. p. 143, a), that Cleisthenes merely re-
CLEI'STHENES (KAEcodévns). 1. Son of stored the constitution of Solon. The principal
Aristonymus and tyrant of Sicyon. He was des change which he introduced, and out of which
cended from Orthagoras, who founded the dynasty most of his other alterations grew, was the aboli-
about 100 years before his time, and succeeded his tion of the four ancient tribes, and the establish-
grandfather Myron in the tyranny, though proha- ment of ten new ones in their stcad. These last
bly not without some opposition. (Herod. vi. 126 ; were purely local, and the object as well as the
Aristot. Polit. v. 12, еd Bekk. ; Paus. ii. 8; Mül effect of the arrangement was, to give permanence
ler, Dor. i. 8. & 2. ) In B. C. 595, he aided the to democratic ascendency by the destruction of
Amphictyons in the sacred war against Cirrha, the old aristocratic associations of clanship. (Comp.
which ended, after ten years, in the destruction of Arist. Polit. vi. 4, ed. Bekk. ; Thrige, Kes Cyren.
the guilty city, and in which Solon too is said to $ 48. ) The increase in the number of the Bouin
have assisted with his counsel the avengers of the and of the vaux paplai was a consequence of the
god. (Paus. x. 37; Aesch. c. Ctes. $ 107, &c. ; above measure. The opatpiai were indeed allowed
Clinton, F. 11. sub anno, 595. ) We find Cieis- to remain as before, but, as they were no longer
thenes also engaged in war with Argos, his enmity connected with the tribes (the oñuoi constituting
to which is said by Herodotus to have been so the new subdivision), they ceased to be of any
great, that he prohibited the recitation at Sicyon political importance. According to Aelian (V. H.
of Homer's poems, because Argos was celebrated xiii. 24) Cleisthenes was also the first who insti-
in them, and restored to the worship of Dionysus tuted ostracism, by which he is said, on the same
what the historian calls, by a prolepsis, the tragic authority, to have been the first sufferer ; and this
choruses in which Adrastus, the Argive hero, was is partly borne out by Diodorus (xi. 55), who says,
commemorated. (Herod. v. 67; see Nitzsch, Mele- that ostracism was introduced after the banishment
tem. i. p. 153, &c. ) Müller (1. c. ) connects this of the Peisistratidae (but see Plut Nic. 11; Har-
hostility of Cleisthenes towards Argos, the chief pocrat. s. r. "Innapxos). We learn, moreover, from
Dorian city of the district, with his systematic en- Aristotle (Polit. iii. 2, еd Bekk. ) that he admitted
deavour to depress and dishonour the Dorian tribes into the tribes a number of persons who were not
at Sicyon. The old names of these he altered, of Athenian blood; but this appears to have been
calling them by new ones derived from the sow, only intended to serve his purposes at the time, not
the ass, and the pig ("Tatal, 'Oveâtai, Xocpeatas), to be a precedent for the future. By some again he
while to his own tribe he gave the title of 'Apxénai is supposed to have remodelled the Ephetae, add-
(lords of the people). The explanation of his mo- ing a fifth court to the four old ones, and altering
tive for this given by Müller (Dor. iii. 4. & 3) the number of the judges from 80 to 51, i. e. five
seems even less satisfactory than the one of Hero- from each tribe and a president. (Wachsmuth,
dotus which he sets aside; and the historian's vol. i. p. 360, Eng. transl. ; but see Müller, Eu-
statement, that Cleisthenes of Athens imitated his trenid. Ø 64, &c. ) The changes of Cleisthenes
grandfather in his political changes, may justify bad the intended effect of gaining political supe-
the inference, that the measures adopted at Sicyon riority for himself and his party, and Isagoras was
with respect to the tribes extended to more than a reduced to apply for the aid of the Spartans under
mere alteration of their names. (Herod. v. 67, 68. ) Cleomenes I. Heralds accordingly were sent from
From Aristotle (Pol. v. 12) we learn, that Cleis- Lacedaemon to Athens, who demanded and ob-
thenes maintained his power partly through the tained the banishment of Cleisthenes and the rest
respect inspired by his military exploits, and partly of the Alcmaeonidae, as the accursed family (éva-
by the popular and moderate course which he geis), on whom rested the pollution of Cylon's
adopted in his general government. His adminis- murder. [Cylon. ] Cleisthenes haring withdrawn,
tration also appears to have been characterized by Cleomenes proceeded to expel 700 families pointed
much magnificence, and Pausanias mentions à out by Isagoras, and endeavoured to abolish the
colonnade (otod KAELO éveus) which he built with Council of 500, and to place the government in the
the spoils taken in the sacred war. (Paus. ii. 9. ) hands of 300 oligarchs. But the Council resisted
We have no means of ascertaining the exact date the attempt, and the people supported them, and
of the death of Cleisthenes, or the conclusion of besieged Cleomenes and I sagoras in the Acropolis,
his tyranny, but we know that it cannot be placed of which they had taken possession. On the third
earlier than B. c. 582, in which year he won the day the besieged capitulated, and the Lacedaemo-
victory in the chariot-race at the Pythian games. nians and Isagoras were allowed to depart from
(See Clinton and Müller on the year. ) His daugh- Attica. The rest were put to death, and Cleis-
ter Agarista, whom so many suitors sought, was
thenes and the 700 banished families were re-
given in marriage to Megacles the Alcmaeonid. called. (Herod. v. 63, 66, 69–73, vi. 131; comp.
(AGARISTA. )
Dict. of Ant. pp. 156, 235, 323, &c. , 633, 755,
2. An Athenian, son of Megacles and Agarista, 990—993. )
and grandson of the tyrant of Sicyon, appears as
3. An Athenian, whose foppery and effeminate
the head of the Alcmaeonid clan on the banish- profligacy brought him more than once under the
.
## p. 784 (#804) ############################################
784
CLEITARCIIUS.
CLEITOMACHUS.
lash of Aristophanes. Thus the Clouds are said | Ctes. SS 85—103; Dem. de Cor. p. 252, &c. ;
to like the form of women when they see him | Diod. xvi. 74; Plut. Dem. 17. ) (E. E. )
(Nuls. 354); and in the Thesmophoriuzusuc (574, CLEITARCIIUS (Keltapxos), son of the liis
&c. ) he brings information to the women, is being torian Deinon (Plin. II. N. x. 49), accompanied
a particular friend of theirs, that Euripides hus Alexander the Great in his Asiatic expedition,
smuggled in Mnesilochus among them as a spy and wrote a history of it. This work has been
In spite of his character he appcars to have been erroncously supposed by some to have formed the
appointed on one occasion to the sacred office of basis of that of Curtius, who is thought to have
Dewpós. (l'esp. 1187. ) The Scholiast on Ach. closely followed, even if he did not translate
118 and Eq. 1371 says, that, in order to preserve it. We find Curtius, however, in one passage
the appearance of youth, he wore no bcard, rc- (ix. 5. $ 21) differing from Cleitarchus, and even
moving the hair by an application of pitch. (Comp. censuring liim for his inaccuracy. Cicero also (de
Elmsl. ad Ach. 118. )
[E. E. ] Leg. i. 2) speaks very slightingly of the production
CLEITA'GORA (Keltagyópa), a lyric poetess, in question (tà nepi 'Adéfavopov), and mentions
mentioned by Aristophanes in his Wasps (v. 1245), him again (Brut. 1l) as one who, in his account of
and in his lost play, the Danaids. She is vari- the death of Themistocles, cked out history with
ously represented as a Lacedaemonian, a Thessalian, a little dash of romance. Quintilian says (Inst.
and a Lesbian. (Schol. in Aristoph. l'esp. 1239, Or. x. l), that his ability was greater than his
1245, Lysistr. 1237 ; Suid. Hesych. s. v. ) (P. S. ] veracity; and Longinus (de Sublim. $ 3; comp.
CLEITARCHUS (Keltapxos), tyrant of Ere- Toup. ad loc.
) condemns his style as frivolous and
tria in Euboea. After Plutarchus had been ex- inflated, applying to it the expression of Sophocles,
pelled from the tyranny of Eretria by Pliocion, σμικρές μεν αυλίσκοις, φορδειας δ' άτερ. He is
B. c. 350, popular government was at first esta- quoted also by Plutarch (Them. 27, Aler. 46), and
blished ; but strong party struggles ensued, in several times by Pliny, Athenaeus, and Strabo.
which the adherents of Athens were at length The Cleitarchus, whose treatise on foreign words
overpowered by those of Macedonia, and Philip (onwooai) is frequently referred to by Athenaeus,
then sent Hipponicus, one of his gencrals, to des- was a different person from the historian. (Fabric.
troy the walls of Porthmus, the harbour of Eretria, Bibl. Graec. iii. p. 38; Voss, de Hist. Graec. p. 90,
and to set up Hipparchus, Automedon, and Clei- ed. Westermann. )
[E. E. )
tarchus as tyrants. (Plut. Phoc. 13; Dem. de Cor. CLEITE (Klein), a daughter of king Merops,
§ 86, Philipp. iii. SS 68, 69. ) This was subse- and wife of Cyzicus. After the murder of her
quent to the peace between Athens and Philip in husband by the Argonauts she hung herself, and
B. c. 346, since Demosthenes adduces it as one of the tears of the nymphs, who lamented her death,
the proofs of a breach of the peace on the part of were changed into the well of the name of Cleite.
Macedon. (Philipp. iii. & 23. ) The tyrants, how- (Apollon. Rhod. i. 967, 1063, &c. ) [L. S. ]
were not suffered to retain their power CLEITODE MUS. [CLEIDEMUS. ]
quietly, for Demosthenes (Philip. iii. S 69) men- CLEITO'MACHUS (Kectóua xos), a Cartha-
tions iwo armaments sent by Philip for their sup- ginian by birth, and called Hasdrubal in his own
port, at different times, under Eurylochus and language, came to Athens in the 40th year of his age,
Parmenion respectively. Soon after, we find previously at least to the year 146 B. C. He there
Cleitarchus in sole possession of the government; became connected with the founder of the New
but he does not seem to have been at open hosti- Academy, the philosopher Carneades, under whose
lity with Athens, though he held Eretria for Phi- guidance he rose to be one of the most distinguished
lip, for we hear of the Athenians sending ambas- disciples of this school; but he also studied at the
sadors to request his consent to the arrangement same time the philosophy of the Stoics and Peri-
for uniting Euboea under one federative government, patetics. Diogenes Laertius, to whom we are in-
having its congress at Chalcis, to which Athens debted for these notices of the life of Cleitomachus,
was also to transfer the annual contributions from relates also (iv. 67), that he succeeded Carneades
Oreus and Eretria. Aeschines says, that a talent as the head of the Academy on the death of the
from Cleitarchus was part of the bribe which he latter, B. c. 129. (Comp. Steph. Byz. s. v. Kapxn-
alleges that Demosthenes received for procuring wv. ) He continued to teach at Athens till as late
the decree in question. Cleitarchus appears there- as B. c. lll, at all events, as Crassus heard him in
fore to have come into the above project of Demos- that year. (Cic. de Orat. i. 11. )
thenes and Callias, to whom he would naturally of his works, which amounted to 400 books
be opposed; but he thougbt it perhaps a point (Bibnía, Diog. Laërt. l. c. ), only a few titles are
gained if he could get rid of the remnant of Athe- preserved. His main object in writing them was
nian influence in Eretria. For the possible mo- to make known the philosophy of his master Car-
tives of Demosthenes, see p. 568, a. The plan, neades, from whose views he never dissented.
however, seems to have fallen to the ground, and Cleitomachus continued to reside at Athens till
Deinosthenes in B. C. 341 carried a decree for an the end of his life; but he continued to cherish a
expedition to Euboea with the view of putting strong affection for his native country, and when
down the Macedonian interest in the island. On Carthage was taken in B. c. 146, he wrote a work
this, Cleitarchus and Philistides, the tyrant of to console his unfortunate countrymen. This
Oreus, sent anı bassadors to Athens to prerent, if work, which Cicero says he had read, was taken
possible, the threatened invasion; and Aeschines, from a discourse of Carneades, and was intended
at whose house the envoys were entertained, ap to exhibit the consolation which philosophy sup-
pears to have supported their cause in the assem- plies even under the greatest calamities. (Cic.
bly. But the decree was carried into effect, and Tusc. iii. 22. ) Cicero seems indeed to have paid
the command of the armament was given to Pho- a good deal of attention to the works of Cleitoma-
cion, by whom Cleitarchus and Philistides were chus, and speaks in high terms of his industry,
expelled from their respective cities. (Aesch. c. penetration, and philosophical talent. (Acad. ii. 6,
ever,
>
## p. 785 (#805) ############################################
CLEITUS.
785
CLEITUS.
31. ) He sometimes translates from the works of tirely in the strong positions they were enabled to
Cicitomachus, as for instance from the “ De susti- take up among their hills, compelled him to fice
nendis Offensionibue,” which was in four books. from his doininions and take refuge in those of
(Acad. ii. 31. )
Glaucias. Arrian mentions a dreadful sacrifice of
Cleitomachus appears to have been well known three boys, three girls, and three black rams, of
to his contemporaries at Rome, for two of his fered by the Illyrians before their first battle with
works were dedicated to illustrious Romans; one Alexander's troops. (Arr. Anab. i. 5, 6; Plut.
to the poet C. Lucilius, and the other to L. Censo- | Aler. 11; Diod. xvii. 8. )
rinus, consul in B. c. 149. (Cic. Acad. ij. 32. ) 2. A Macedonian, surnamed Ménas, son of
Cleitomachus probably treated of the history of | Dropides, and brother to Lanice or Hellarice,
philosophy in his work on the philosophical sects nurse of Alexander the Great. He saved Alex-
(repl aidéoewv). (Diog. Laërt. ii. 92. )
ander's life at the battle of Granicus, B. c. 334,
(Fabric. Bibl. Graec. iii. p. 168 ; Brucker, llist. cutting off with a blow of his sword the arm of
Phil
. i. p. 771; Orelli, Onom. Tull. ii. pp. 159, 160; Spithridates which was raised to slay the king.
Suid. s. Ο. Κλειτόμαχος. )
[A. S. ) At the battle of Arbela, B. C. 331, he commanded,
CLEITOʻMACHUS (Klectbuaxos), a Theban in the right wing, the body of cavalry called
athlete, whose exploits are recorded by Pausanias Aynua (see Polyb. v. 65, xxxi. 3); and when, in
(vi. 15; comp. Suid. s. v. Kleitó uaxos). He won B. C. 330, the guards (étaipoi) were separated into
the prize at Olympia in the pancratium in Ol. 141. two divisions, it being considered expedient not to
(B. c. 216. ) Aelian mentions (V. H. iji. 30) his entrust the sole command to any one man, Hepha-
great temperance, and the care he took to keep estion and Cleitus were appointed to lend respec-
himself in good condition.
[E. E. ) tively the two bodies. In B. C. 328, Artabazus
CLEITO'NYMUS(KAELTÁVUMOS), an historian resigned his satrapy of Bactria, and the king gave
of uncertain date. A work of his on Italy and it to Cleitus. On the eve of the day on which he
another on Sybaris are quoted by Plutarch. (Parall
. was to set out to take possession of his government,
Min. 10, 21. ) His Tragica, also quoted by Plu- Alexander, then at Maracanda in Sogdiana, cele-
tarch (de Fluv. 3), Vossius supposes to have been brated a festival in honour of the Dioscuri, though
a collection of the legends which formed the ordi- the day was in fact sacred to Dionysus—a circum-
nary subjects of ancient tragedy; but it has been stance which afterwards supplied his friends with
proposed to substitute Opakowv for Tpayıkõv in a topic of consolation to him in his remorse for the
the passage in question. (Voss. de Hist. Graec. p. murder of Cleitus, the soothsayers declaring, that
418, ed. Westermann. )
[E. E. ) his frenzy had been caused by the god's wrath at
CLEI'TOPHON (KAELTopwv), a Rhodian au- the neglect of his festival. At the banquet an
thor of uncertain date, to whom we find the fol- angry dispute arose, the particulars of which are
lowing works ascribed : 1. Fanatiká, a history of variously reported by different authors. They
the Gauls, from which Plutarch (Parallel. Min. 15) agree, however, in stating, that Cleitus became
gives a story, parallel to that of Tarpeia in Livy, exasperated at a comparison which was instituted
of a woman of Ephesus, who betrayed the town to between Alexander and Philip, much to the dis-
Brennus.
