ascetic) life and conversa-
songht in the works above mentioned : others are tion, and for the wonderful strength of his memory.
songht in the works above mentioned : others are tion, and for the wonderful strength of his memory.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
The plan of extending the sold his whole property, hastened to Venice, and
dominions of the Osmanlis over Europe was formed released his father, who immediately returned to
by Soliman, the son of sultan Urkhan, the governor Constantinople (1370), although not without
of Cyzicus, while he was wandering in the silence serious apprehensions of vengeance from sultan
of a moonlight night through the ruins of that an- Mürad. In order to soothe him he sent his third
cient and once splendid town; and having crossed son, Theodore, as a hostage, to Adrianople; where-
the Bosporus with 10,000 horse, he soon conquered upon he deprived Andronicus of his supreme au-
an extensive district near the mouth of the llebrus. thority, and appointed the faithful Manuel co-
He died in 1358 ; but his brother Mürad, who emperor. Andronicus, a man full of ambition and
succeeded sultan Urkhan in 1359, took up and destitute of principles and honour, now sought for
realized his plans. Neither the arms nor the gold revenge ; and being acquainted with one of the
of Palaeologus could stop the victorious career of sons of Mürad, who governed the European pro-
Bultan Mürad : town after town fell into his hands; vinces during the sultan's absence in Asia, and
and in 1361 he took the noble city of Adrianople, who was a secret enemy of his father, he had an
which soon became the capital of the Turkish em- interview with this prince, and they mutually pro-
pire. Thence he directed his march upon Servia, Dised to murder their fathers, and then assist each
despising the forces of the emperor, who could have other in obtaining the supreme power. The name
fallen upon his rear and cut off his retreat to Asia, of the Turkish prince was Sauji
, but the Greek
but stood trembling within the closed gates of Con- historians call him Labout píos and Mớon Tpedeans
stantinople. With the fall of Adrianople the fate (Moses the gentleman), Chalcocondylas being the
of the Greek empire was sealed. Pope Urban V. only one who writes the name nearly correctly,
yielding to the entreaties of the Greek emperor, Eiáous. Mürad was soon informed of the con-
who promised to submit to his spiritual authority, spiracy. He summoned the emperor to appear at
entreated king Louis of Hungary to arm for the his court, and to justify himself, since it was be-
defence of both the Servian and Greek Christians, lieved that only Sauji
, not Andronicus, really
and from that time the protection of the remnants of intended the alleged crime, and that the whole was
the Greek empire depended entirely upon the fears but a plot of John Palaeologus : but the deep grief
or the courage of the kings of Hungary. A united of the emperor at hearing this terrible news soon
army of Serrians and Hungarians, commanded by convinced the sultan of his innocence. They now
king Louis, advanced upon Adrianopie, but at two resolved to unite their efforts in punishing the
days' distance from that town was stopped by traitors, who had meanwhile raised troops and
Murad, who obtained a decisive victory over them pitched their camp near A pricidium, in the neigh-
(1363). After this Mürad took up his permanent bourhood of Constantinople. In the dead of night
residence at Adrianople, and gradually conquered they were roused by the voice of the sultan, who
the greater part of the Thracian peninsula ; but was seen riding fearlessly through the tents of the
finding the Servians formidable adversaries, he rebels, summoning them to avoid certain death by
made peace with John Palaeologus, who paid him returning to their duty, and promising life and
a heavy annual tribute. A ware that his turn liberty to their royal leaders likewise, if they
would come as soon as the Servians should have would now surrender and implore his mercy. Most
been brought under the Turkish yoke, Palaeologus of the rebels, Turks as well as Greeks, immediately
resolved to implore the assistance of the Western availed themselves of the sultan's conditions, and
princes, and with that view made overtures to pope were pardoned, but the two princes fled. Sauji
Urban V. to adopt the Roman Catholic religion if was taken in the town of Didymoticum, blinded,
he would assist him in his plans. The negotiations and afterwards put to death: and Andronicus
being carried on too slowly for his fears and his baving likewise been made prisoner by the imperial
hopes, he went twice to Rome (1369 and 1370). troops, he and his son John were sentenced to be
Urban promised to put 15 galleys, 500 men in deprived of their sight, but the operation was un-
armour, and 1500 archers, at his disposal ; but this skilfully performed with boiling vinegar, and neither
succour never arrived at Constantinople, nor did father nor son was entirely blinded. The rebel-
the pope succeed in his endeavours to arm the lion of the sons of the two Eastern monarchs 18
Western princes for the defence of the city. The differently told by the Byzantine and Turkish
emperor, however, kept his promise to the pope, historians; but the narratives of the Greeks, Chal-
and in the presence of four cardinals solemnly pro- cocondylas, Phranza, and Ducas, deserve more
fessed himself a Roman Catholic, and acknowledged credit, because they agree even in details. Phranza
the pope as the spiritual head of the Greek church. indeed says that the rebellion took place previous
Disappointed in Rome, Palaeologus went to Venice; to the emperor's journeys to Rome in 1369 and
but there he not only failed in obtaining assistance, 1370, though it really happened in 1385 ; but
but being short of money, he incurred debts, and chronology is the weak side of Phranza, and here,
was arrested by some Venetian merchants. He as in many other cases, he makes an anachronism.
sent messengers to his son Andronicus, who, during Andronicus and his son were confined in the tower
his absence, governed the empire, which was then of Anemas, a sort of state prison, where forty years
reduced to the city of Constantinople, Thessalonica previously the admiral Apocauchus was murdered.
## p. 583 (#599) ############################################
JOANNES.
583
JOANNES.
Some time before this' an event took place wnich | Báyazid previous to this prince baving succeeded
showed the utter decay of the Greek power. his father in 1389 ? if this were the case, the
When prince Manuel was despot of Thessalonica, whole matter would be clear. Gibbon pays no
he waged 'war on his own account against the attention to the chronology of this period, and it
Turks, who were then engaged in serious contests cannot be denied that the account he gives of the
with the Servians in Europe, and some Turkoman last Greek en perors is very short and incomplete.
princes in Asia. His undertaking was rash, and The submission of Manuel to sultan Mürad, and
his forces inadequate. Khair-ed-dín Pasha advanced the generous pardon he obtained, are not even
upon Thessalonica, and despairing of defending alluded to by Gibbon, although he had undoubtedly
himself with success, Manuel left the town to its read it in Chalcocondylas and Phranza: the last
fate, and fled by sea to Constantinople. Trembling three volumes of Ameilhon's continnation of Le
for his own safety, his father refused to receive in Beau's - Histoire du Bas Empire ” were not
his palace a son who had incurred the anger of the published when Gibbon, in 1787, concluded the
sultan, and the unfortunate prince sailed to Lesbos, last volume of his " Decline and Fall. ". The
in hopes of finding protection at the court of Gas writer of this article bas endeavoured, but in
teluzzi, the Latin prince of that island, but there vain, to clear up the chronology of the events
also the gates were closed at his appearance. alluded to, by means of " Hammer's History of
Having no other altemative but voluntary exile the Turkish Empire ;” and the conjecture he has
or death, Manuel, with noble boldness, hastened offered seems to be the only means of solving the
to Bruso, appeared resolutely in presence of the difficulty.
sultan, confessed himself guilty, and implored his When John was once more established on his
enemy's mercy. After a silence of some minutes, throne, he sent his son Manuel, then co-emperor,
the sultan said to him, “ You have been wicked, and acknowledged by all parties as his future suc-
be better, and if you are good, the condition of the cessor, as a hostage to sultan Bayazid. Both of them
empire over which you are destined to rule will be were summoned by the sultan to assist him in re-
good too. Return to Constantinople I will give ducing the town of Philadelphia, now Allah Shehr,
orders to your father to receive you well. ” Not which was the last possession of the Greeks in
till then did the emperor dare to embrace his Asia Minor ; and so complete was their depend-
son. ' In 1389 sultan Mürad was assassinated by ence, that they followed the summons, and were
a Servian captive, Milosh Kobilovicz; and his suc- seen among the foremost of the Turks while the
cessor, the terrible Bayazid, soon manifested more town was stormed, thus compelling their own sub-
hostile intentions than his father. Availing him- jects to submit to the Turkish yoke (1390).
self of the dissensions in the imperial family, he Manuel, moved by fear, now secretly proposed to
carried on secret negotiations with Andronicus and his father to strengthen and increase the fortifica-
his son while they were imprisoned in the tower tions of Constantinople, but the emperor having
of Anemas, and with them and the leaders of the begun the work, and already constructed several
Genoese at Pera he concerted the plan of dethron- new walls and towers, a peremptory order came
ing John.
Andronicus having escaped from his from Báyazíd to pull down the new fortifications,
prison, with the aid of the Genoese, Bayazid sud- and leave every thing in its former state. The
denly surprised John and Manuel in one of their order was complied with; and it is said that the
palaces without the gates of Constantinople, and shame which the old emperor felt at being thus
gave them to the custody of Andronicus, who con- treated as an humble vassal of the Turks, hastened
fined them in the same prison whence he had his death, which took place in 1391. (Chalcocon-
escaped, and treated them with humanity, although dylas, i. 2, &c. ; Phranza, i. 16, &c. ; Ducas, C5
the sultan constantly urged him to put them to 15; Cantacuzenus, iii. 4, &c. ) (W. P. )
death. Andronicus was acknowledged as emperor
JOANNES VII. PALAÉOʻLOGUS, emperor
by Bayazid on condition of paying a heavy tribute; of Constantinople (A. D. 1425—1448), was born in
but the captive emperor having promised to pay 1390, and succeeded his father, the emperor Manuel
the same tribute, to take the oath of allegiance to 11. , in 1425, after having been made co-emperor in
the sultan, and to assist him in all his wars with 1419. In the year of his accession he concluded a
12,000 horse and foot, Báyazíd, after ascertaining new peace with sultan Mürad II. , and the Turks
that the Greeks preferred Manuel to Andronicus, being then engaged in war with Hungary, Servia,
ordered the latter to restore his father to liberty, Wallachia, Venice, and the Turkomans, in Asia
and to be satisfied with the conditions which he Minor, he enjoyed the quietude of a slave during
would make, in order to prevent any further dis- more than ten years. His empire consisted of the
Bensions between him and his father. These con- city of Constantinople and its immediate neigh-
ditions were, that John and Manuel should reign bourhood : the other Greek possessions in Greece,
over Constantinople and its environs as far as they on the Propontis and on the Black Sea, were go-
were subject to the imperial sceptre, and that verned with sovereign power by his six brothers,
Andronicus should hold, as a fief of the crown, the among whom was Constantine, the last emperor of
towns and districts of Selymbria, Heracleia, Rhae Constantinople. But the peace with Mürad did
destus or Rhodosto, Danias and Panidas, on the not include his brothers also, and several of them
Propontis, and the fine town of Thessalonica, which, were deprived by the sultan of their small prin-
during the time, had alternately been in the hands cipalities, and took refuge at Constantinople. Still,
of the Turks, the Venetians, and the Greeks. The hoping that the Greek empire could be restored,
chrouology of these events is far from being clear. through the western princes, he followed the line of
Bayazid succeeded in 1389, and John died in policy which had been adopted by so many of his
1391. Yet it is said that Jobn was imprisoned predecessors, and promised to unite the Greek
through the same sultan, remained in prison during church with the Roman, if the pope would rouse
two years, and afterwards reigned again during the kings of Europe for his defence. Pope Eu-
several years. Was John perhaps arrested by I gene IV. invited him to Rome, alleging that his
PP4
## p. 584 (#600) ############################################
584
JOANNES.
JOANNES.
presence there would do most in his favour. But | invasion of Italy, rather than by compassion for the
the imperial finances were exhausted, through the independence of the Greeks, roused king Ladislaus
heavy tribute paid to the Turks, and the emperor of Hungary to break the peace which he had con-
would bave been unable to accept the invitation cluded with sultan Miisad, and to invade Turkey.
but for a timely succour of eight papal gallies laden The dreadful rout of the Hungarians, in 1444, at
with provisions, and the still more acceptable pre- Varna, where king Ladislaus and the cardinal Ju-
Bent of a handsome sum of money, to defray the lian were slain, placed John and his capital in jeo-
expenses of his journey. John, accompanied by pardy, but the sultan was bent upon retiring from
his brother Demetrius, a host of prelates and the throne, and refrained from punishing the em-
priests, among whom was the learned Bessarion, peror. During the Hungarian campaign, the em-
set out from Constantinople in November, 1437, peror's brother, Constantine, bad enlarged his
and safely arrived at Venice, where he was received dominions in Greece so much, that in 1445 he
with all the honours due to his rank. After a short reigned over the whole Peloponnesus and a con-
stay at Venice, he proceeded to Ferrara, and there siderable part of northern Greece. Mürad marched
also was received with great state by the sovereign against him with the victors of Varna, stormed the
of that principality. It was at Ferrara that the Hexamilion, or the wall which, stretching across
council was to assemble. Pope Eugene IV. had the isthmus of Corinth, served as a barrier against
preceded him thither. Particular reasons induced an invasion from the north, took and destroyed
the pope to treat the Greek emperor with much Corinth and Patras, and was only induced through
more attention, and the Greek prelates with much a second invasion of the Hungarians, in 1447, to
less pride, than the mightier emperor of Germany, allow Constantine the further possession of the
or the arrognnt prelates of the West. The council Peloponnesus, on condition of paying an annual
of Ferrara was but a continuation of those of Pisa, tribute. The peace between Constantine and the
Constance, and Basel, in which the supremacy of sultan was concluded by the historian Phranza. In
the popes had met with severe checks, especially in the following year, 1448, John died, and was suc-
the latter, where the authority of the councils was ceeded by his brother Constantine, the last em-
declared to be superior to that of the popes ; and peror of Constantinople. John was thrice married,
Eugene fattered himself that, through the re-union 1. to Anna, a Russian princess ; 2. to Sophia of
of the widely-spread church of the Greeks with Montferrat ; and 3. to Maria Comnena, of the im-
that of Rome, he would secure for himself and his perial family of Trebizond ; but by none of them
successors that unlimited authority which was once did he leave any issue. (Phranza, lib. ii. ; Ducas,
possessed by pope Gregory VII. , and others of the c. 28—33 ; Syropulus, in the edition of Creighton
preceding centuries. In the following year the quoted above. )
(W. P. )
council was transferred to Florence, and there, JOANNES, commonly called Joannes of Cap-
after long negotiations, carried on with remarkable PADOCIA, because he was a native of that country,
ability and learning by Bessarion and bishop one of the principal ministers of the emperor Jus-
Marcus, of Ephesus, on the part of the Greeks, the tinian I. , was appointed praefectus praetorio of the
re-union of the two churches was concluded in July, East in A. D. 530. His services, however, were
1439. The Greek Syropulus has written the his- more in the cabinet than in the field ; and in the
tory of the councils of Ferrara and Florence; and to administration of the provinces subject to his au-
his work, of which Robert Creighton published a thority he evinced a degree of rapacity and fiscal op-
Latin translation at the Hague, 1660, fol. , we pression that filled his own and the emperor's purse,
refer the reader for particulars. The emperor and but rendered him odious to the people. Nor had
his suite returned to Constantinople early in 1440, he fewer enemies among the great, for he was con-
rather disappointed that the western princes had stantly busy in ruining his rivals, or other persons
declined giving any direct promise of restoring the of eminence, through all sorts of slander and in-
Greek empire to its ancient splendour, and his dis- trigues. Proud of Justinian's confidence, who, in
appointment was still greater when he went on his turn, was too fond of money not to like a ser-
shore in his capital. The Greek people considered vant of John's description, the praetorian praefect
their spiritual union with Rome as the prelude to a continued his system of peculation and oppression
second Latin empire in the East ; the orthodox during thirteen years. John opposed sending an
and the bigotted thought their souls in danger ; the expedition against the Vandals in Africa, because
learned were shocked at the idea that by submit- he would be unable to appropriate so much of the
ting to the infallible decision of the pope they inperial revenues ; but Justinian would not take
would henceforth be deprived of all the honours the advice of his favourite, and in 533. Belisarius
and advantages they derived from either remov- set out for the conquest of Carthage. When he
ing or creating religious difficulties ; and bishop arrived off Methone, now Modon, in Greece, where
Marcus of Ephesus, who had constantly opposed he put some troops on shore, a disease decimated
& reunion on conditions dictated by the pope, the men, and it was discovered to be the effect of a
raised the standard of Greek orthodoxy, and con- sultry climate combined with bad food : their bread
fined the doctrine of the united church within the was not fit to eat ; John, who was at the head of
palace of the emperor, and the narrow cells of his the provision department at Constantinople, having
chaplains.
given secret orders to bake the bread at the same
The journeys of several of the Greek emperors fires which heated the public baths, whence it be-
to Rome were of great importance in the revival of came not only very bad, but also increased both in
classical learning in Italy, and that of John VII. bulk and weight. In this way John robbed the
forms an epoch in the history of literature, the con- treasury. Belisarius soon remedied the evil, and
sequences of which we can trace down to the present was much praised by Justinian, but John was not
day. After his return to Constantinople, John was punished. The arrogance of this rapacious man
engaged for some time in secret negotiations with became daily more insupportable, and at last he
the pope, who, moved by the dangers of a Turkish undertook to ruin the empress Theodora in the er
:
## p. 585 (#601) ############################################
JOANNES.
. 385
JOANNES.
timation of her husband. ' Upon this, Theodora and it might guide us in determining the time when the
Antonina, the wife of Belisarius, concerted one of writer lived. 2. A work which Photius describes
those petty plots through which women often suc- as Κατά της αγίας τετάρτης συνόδου, Adversus
ceed in ruining men : they surrounded him with Quurtam Sunclam Synodum. This must be Pho-
false flatterers, who pointed out to him the pos- tius's description, not the original title of the work;
sibility of seizing the crown from Justinian, and for a writer against the authority of the council of
Antonina, having feigned hostile intentions towards Chalcedon would hardly have described it as "the
the emperor, persuaded John to an interview with fourth sacred council. ” Photius commends the
her. Their conversation was heard by spies placed style in which the work was written. Fabricius
there by Antonina and the empress, and Justi- identifies John of Aegae with the Joannes ó 8ca-
nian having been informed of it, deprived him of Kpovbuevos, i. e. " the dissenter," cited by the anony-
his office, confiscated his property, and forced him mous writer of the Alaoráceis cúvtouo Xpovikal
,
to take the habit of a monk. Soon afterwards, Breves Demonstrationes Chronographicae, given by
however, he gave him most of his estates back, and Combéfis in his Originum CPolitinarum Munipulus
John lived in splendour at Cyzicus (541). Four (pp. 24, 33); but Conbéfis hinself (Ibid. p. 59)
years afterwards he was accused by Theodora of identifies this Joannes d Alakpwóuevos with Još
having contrived the death of Eusebius, bishop annes Malalas. The epithet Aiaxpivóuevos was
of Cyzicus, who was slain in a riot, and he was applied to one who rejected the authority of the
now exiled to Egypt, where he lived in the council of Chalcedon. Whether John of Aegae is
greatest misery, till after the death of Theodora the Joannes Ó PÁTwp," the Rhetorician," cited by
he was allowed to return to Constantinople. Evagrius Scholasticus (H. E. i. 16, ii. 12, iii. 10,
There he led the life of a mendicant monk, and&c. ), is doubtful. Le Quien (Opera S. Jounnis
died in obscurity. (JUSTINIANUS, I. ) (Procop. Damasceni, vol. i. p. 368, note) identifies them,
Bell. Pers. i. 24, 25, i. 30, Bell
. Vand. i. 13, but Fabricius thinks they were different persons.
Anecdot. c. 2, 17, 22 ; Theophanes, p. 160, ed. (See below, No. 105. )
Paris. )
W. P. )
JOANNES ('Iwávens), Literary and Ecclesia de The period at which John of Aegae lived is not
determined : Vossius places him under Zeno; Cave
tical The index to the Bibliotheca Graeca of thinks he was later. "(Photius, Bibl. cod. 41, 55;
Fabricius contains a list of about two hundred Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. vii. p. 419 ; Cave, Hist. Lit.
persons by whom this name was borne ; and vol. i. p. 456, ed. Oxford, 1740-43. )
many more are recorded by the Byzantine histori- 3. A EGYPTIUS, or of Egypt (1). A Christian
ans, or noticed in the Bibliotheca Orientalis of As-martyr, who suffered in Palestine in the persecution
semani, the Historia Litteraria of Cave, and the ca- generally known as that of Diocletian. Eusebius
talogues of MSS. by Montfaucon and others. Many speaks of him as the most illustrious of the sufferers
of these persons are too obscure to require notice in Palestine, and especially worthy of admiration
here, and information respecting them must be for his philosophic (i. e.
ascetic) life and conversa-
songht in the works above mentioned : others are tion, and for the wonderful strength of his memory.
better known by their surnames, as Joannes Chry- He suffered the loss of his eyesight, either in the
sostomus, Joannes Damascenus, Joannes Xiphilinus, earlier part of Diocletian's persecution, or at some
and Joannes Zonaras, and are given elsewhere. earlier period ; but afterwards acted as Ana-
(CHRYSOSTOMUS, DAMASCENUS, &c. ] The re- gnostes or reader in the church, supplying the want
mainder we give here, with the references to those of sight by his extraordinary power of memory.
who are treated of under their surnames :-
He could recite correctly, as Eusebius testifies from
1. ACTUARIUS. (Actuarius. ]
personal observation, whole books of Scripture,
2. AEGEATES (Š Aizeátns), a presbyter of whether from the prophets, the gospels, or the apo
Aegae (Aiyal), apparently the town so called in stolic epistles. In the seventh year of the perse-
* Cilicia, between Mopsuestia and Issus. Photius cution ( a. D. 310) he was treated with great cruelty
calls him (cod. 55) a Nestorian ; but Fabricius, one foot was burnt off, and fire was applied to his
with reason, supposes that this is a slip of the pen, sightless eyeballs, for the mere purpose of torture.
and that he was an Eutychian. He wrote, 1. 'EK- As he was unable to undergo the toil of the mines
κλησιαστική ιστορία, Historia Ecclesiastica, in ten or the public works, he and several others (among
books. Photius had read five of these, which whom was Silvanus of Gaza), whom age or infir-
contained the bistory of the church from the demity had disabled from labour, were confined in a
position of Nestorius at the council of Ephesus, (the place by themselves. In the eighth year of the
third general council, A. D. 431,) to the deposition persecution, A. D. 311, the whole party, thirty-
of Petrus Fullo (A. D. 477), who had usurped the nine in number, were decapitated in one day, by
see of Antioch, in the reign of the emperor Zeno. order of Maximin Daza, who then governed the
As the council of Ephesus is the point at which the Eastern provinces. (Euseb. de Martyrib. Palaes-
ecclesiastical bistory of Socrates leaves off, it is tinae, sometimes subjoined to the eighth book of
probable that the history of John of Aegae com- his Hist. Eccles. c. 13. )
menced, like that of Evagrius (EVAGRIUS, No. 3), 4. AEGYPTIUS (2). (See No. 16. ]
at that point, and consequently that the five books 5. AEGYPTIUS (3). A monk of the Thebaid,
which had been read by Photius were the first five. celebrated for his supposed power of foretelling
Photius describes his style as perspicuous and florid ; future events. The emperor Theodosius the Great,
and says that he was a great admirer of Dioscorus of when preparing for his expedition against Eugenius
Alexandria, the successor of Cyril, and extolled the (4. D. 393 or 394), sent the eunuch Eutropius to
synod of Ephesus (A. D. 449), generally branded fetch Joannes to court, that the emperor might
with the epithet of anotpiah, “the synod of rob- learn from him what would be the result of the
bers" (FLAVIANUS, No. 3), while he attacked the expedition. Joannes refused to go with the eu-
council of Chalcedon. To how late a period the nuch; but sent word to the emperor that he would
history came down cannot be determined; if known, gain the victory, but would soon after die in Italy,
e.
Kautsaimniekiem
## p. 586 (#602) ############################################
886
-* JOANNES.
JOANNES.
(Sozomen. ' H. E. vii. 22 ; Theodoret. H. E. v. nacious, succeeded in bringing over the other Eastem
24. ) :-.
bishops to do the same in provincial councils held
6. Of ALEXANDRIA. " [Sce No. 115. ]
at Antioch (A. D. 432), Anazarbus (A. D. 433),
1:7. ANAGNOST 88 (1). [See No. 3. ]
and Tarsus (A. D. 434). The unhappy Nestorius
. :- 8. ANAGNOSTES (2). (ANAGNOSTES) was banished to the Egyptian Oasis, and it is said
bi 9. ANTIOCHENUS, or of Antioch (1). Patriarch (Evagr. H. E. i. 7) to have been at John's insti-
of that city in the first half of the fifth century. gation that the emperor made his banishment per-
Cave, we know not on what authority, describes petual ; which statement, if true, shows that either
him as having, early in life, studied in the monas- John had become exasperated against his former
tery of St. Euprepius, in the suburbs of Antioch, friend, or was anxious by the manifestation of zeal
where Nestorius and Theodoret were bis fellow- to regain the lost favour of his opponents. In a
disciples. He succeeded Theodotus as patriarch of council held A. D. 438, John refused to condemn
Antioch A. D. 427 according to Cave, or 428 or 429 the writings and opinions of Theodore of Mopsu-
according to Tillemont. In the then rising con- estia, and dictated, according to Liberatus, three
troversy between Cyril and Nestorius, John of letters in defence of him, one to Theodosius the
Antioch, with the Eastern bishops, were disposed emperor, one to Cyril of Alexandria, and one to
to favour Nestorius ; and John induced Theodoret, Proclus, who bad succeeded Nestorius in the see of
bishop of Cyrus, and Andreas of Samosata, to Constantinople. John died in A. D. 441 or 442.
charge with the Apollinarian heresy the twelve John of Antioch wrote, 1. ʼETITON al, Epistolae,
capitula,” condemnatory of the doctrines of Nes- and 'Avapopal, Relationes, respecting the Nestorian
torius, which had been issued by a synod held at controversy and the council of Ephesus, of which
Alexandria A. D. 429, under the auspices of Cyril. several are contained in the various editions of the
When the council of Ephesus (the third general Concilia. 2. 'Qunia Homilia, the homily or ex-
council) was called (a. D. 431), John of Antioch hortation already referred to as delivered at Chal-
was desirous of having no addition made to the cedon, just after the council of Ephesus ; a fragment
confession of Nice, so that the doctrines of Nes- of which is contained in the Concilia. 3. Tepl
torius might not be condemned ; but as John was twv Meoallavitav, De Messalianis, a letter ad-
long on the road, he did not reach Ephesus till five dressed to Nestorius, and enumerated by Photius
days after the commencement of the council, when (Bibl. cod. 32) among the episcopal and synodical
he found that the vehement Cyril had already pro- papers against that heretical body, contained in the
cured the condemnation of Nestorius, and his de history or acta of the council of Side, held A. D.
position from the patriarchal see of Constantinople. 383. 4. Contra eos qui una tantum substantia asse-
With more zeal than discretion, John assembled runt adorandum Christum. We have no account
the prelates of his party at his own lodging, and with of the work except from Gennadius, and cannot
them issued a retaliatory anathema and deposition give the title in Greek. It is probably from this
against Cyril, for the heretical views embodied in work that the passages are cited which are given
his
capitula," and against Memnon, bishop of by Eulogius (Phot. Bibl. cod. 230, p. 269, ed.
Ephesus, for supporting Cyril. John also (accord- Bekker). Theodoret dedicated his commentary on
ing to Cave, who does not cite his authority) took the Song of Solomon to John of Antioch. Gennadius
an oath never to be reconciled to Cyril, even if speaks of John's power of extemporaneous speak-
Cyril should consent to the condemnation of his ing (“ dicitur extempore declamare ") as something
capitula” The council being over, John worthy of notice. (Socrates, H. E. vü. 34 ; Eva-
hastened to the emperor Theodosius the younger, grius, H. E. i. 3—7. ; Gennadius, de Viris Illus-
to engage him in his cause, and at Chalcedon de tribus, c. 93; Liberatus Diaconus, Breviarium, c. 5
livered an exhortation to the people of Constanti
-—8, apud Galland. Bill. Patrum, vol. xii. ; Theo
nople who resorted to hear him, animating them phanes, Chronographia, pp. 73–82, ed. Paris, pp.
to continue steadfast in adhering to the old con- 58—66, ed. Venice, pp. 131–148, ed. Bonn. ;
fession of Nice. He then hastened homeward, and Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. i. p. 412 ; Tillemont, Mé-
assembling councils of the prelates of his patriarchate moires, vol. xiv. ; Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. 1. p. 349,
at Tarsus (A. D. 431) and Antioch (A. D. 43l or vol. xii. p. 392; Mansi, Concilia, vols. iv. .
432), repeated the declaration of the deposition of passim. )
Cyril. The emperor, however, supported the de 10. ANTIOCHEN US (2). On the deposition of
cision of the council of Ephesus; and Nestorius did Petrus Gnapheus or Fullo (the Fuller) from the
not recover his see, though he was allowed to re patriarchate of Antioch, A. D. 477, the vacant see
side in the monastery of St. Euprepius, where he was occupied by Joannes, surnamed Codonatus
was treated with kindness and respect. Theodosius (Kwówvátos), who had been previously bishop of
was anxious to heal the schism, and his inter- Apameia : but after holding the patriarchate three
position (and, according to Liberatus, his threats months, he was deposed by a synod of Eastern
of exile in case of contumacy) softened the stub- bishops, and succeeded by Stephen. Theophanes
bornness of John, and some explanation by Cyril of incorrectly places the appointment of Joannes after
his obnoxious " capitula” prepared the way for a Stephen's death. Both Joannes and his predecessor
reconciliation. After the schism had continued for Petrus had been, at the instigation of Acacius of
about a year, John accepted the conditions of an Constantinople, excommunicated by the pope ; yet,
amicable arrangement offered by Cyril, and (A. D. after the deposition of Joannes, the same Acacius
432) sent Paul of Emesa, one of his bishops, to procured his elevation to the bishopric of Tyre.
Alexandria to complete the arrangement. Cyril Theophanes incorrectly ascribes this last appoint-
received Paul with great respect, and pronounced ment to Calendion of Antioch. (Theophanes,
in public the highest eulogium on John. John now Chronog. p. 110, &c. ed. Paris, p. 88, &c. ed. Venice,
joined in the condemnation of Nestorius; and after p. 199, &c. ed. Bonn. ; Valesius, Not. ad Eragri
niuch trouble and opposition, which he vanquished, H.
dominions of the Osmanlis over Europe was formed released his father, who immediately returned to
by Soliman, the son of sultan Urkhan, the governor Constantinople (1370), although not without
of Cyzicus, while he was wandering in the silence serious apprehensions of vengeance from sultan
of a moonlight night through the ruins of that an- Mürad. In order to soothe him he sent his third
cient and once splendid town; and having crossed son, Theodore, as a hostage, to Adrianople; where-
the Bosporus with 10,000 horse, he soon conquered upon he deprived Andronicus of his supreme au-
an extensive district near the mouth of the llebrus. thority, and appointed the faithful Manuel co-
He died in 1358 ; but his brother Mürad, who emperor. Andronicus, a man full of ambition and
succeeded sultan Urkhan in 1359, took up and destitute of principles and honour, now sought for
realized his plans. Neither the arms nor the gold revenge ; and being acquainted with one of the
of Palaeologus could stop the victorious career of sons of Mürad, who governed the European pro-
Bultan Mürad : town after town fell into his hands; vinces during the sultan's absence in Asia, and
and in 1361 he took the noble city of Adrianople, who was a secret enemy of his father, he had an
which soon became the capital of the Turkish em- interview with this prince, and they mutually pro-
pire. Thence he directed his march upon Servia, Dised to murder their fathers, and then assist each
despising the forces of the emperor, who could have other in obtaining the supreme power. The name
fallen upon his rear and cut off his retreat to Asia, of the Turkish prince was Sauji
, but the Greek
but stood trembling within the closed gates of Con- historians call him Labout píos and Mớon Tpedeans
stantinople. With the fall of Adrianople the fate (Moses the gentleman), Chalcocondylas being the
of the Greek empire was sealed. Pope Urban V. only one who writes the name nearly correctly,
yielding to the entreaties of the Greek emperor, Eiáous. Mürad was soon informed of the con-
who promised to submit to his spiritual authority, spiracy. He summoned the emperor to appear at
entreated king Louis of Hungary to arm for the his court, and to justify himself, since it was be-
defence of both the Servian and Greek Christians, lieved that only Sauji
, not Andronicus, really
and from that time the protection of the remnants of intended the alleged crime, and that the whole was
the Greek empire depended entirely upon the fears but a plot of John Palaeologus : but the deep grief
or the courage of the kings of Hungary. A united of the emperor at hearing this terrible news soon
army of Serrians and Hungarians, commanded by convinced the sultan of his innocence. They now
king Louis, advanced upon Adrianopie, but at two resolved to unite their efforts in punishing the
days' distance from that town was stopped by traitors, who had meanwhile raised troops and
Murad, who obtained a decisive victory over them pitched their camp near A pricidium, in the neigh-
(1363). After this Mürad took up his permanent bourhood of Constantinople. In the dead of night
residence at Adrianople, and gradually conquered they were roused by the voice of the sultan, who
the greater part of the Thracian peninsula ; but was seen riding fearlessly through the tents of the
finding the Servians formidable adversaries, he rebels, summoning them to avoid certain death by
made peace with John Palaeologus, who paid him returning to their duty, and promising life and
a heavy annual tribute. A ware that his turn liberty to their royal leaders likewise, if they
would come as soon as the Servians should have would now surrender and implore his mercy. Most
been brought under the Turkish yoke, Palaeologus of the rebels, Turks as well as Greeks, immediately
resolved to implore the assistance of the Western availed themselves of the sultan's conditions, and
princes, and with that view made overtures to pope were pardoned, but the two princes fled. Sauji
Urban V. to adopt the Roman Catholic religion if was taken in the town of Didymoticum, blinded,
he would assist him in his plans. The negotiations and afterwards put to death: and Andronicus
being carried on too slowly for his fears and his baving likewise been made prisoner by the imperial
hopes, he went twice to Rome (1369 and 1370). troops, he and his son John were sentenced to be
Urban promised to put 15 galleys, 500 men in deprived of their sight, but the operation was un-
armour, and 1500 archers, at his disposal ; but this skilfully performed with boiling vinegar, and neither
succour never arrived at Constantinople, nor did father nor son was entirely blinded. The rebel-
the pope succeed in his endeavours to arm the lion of the sons of the two Eastern monarchs 18
Western princes for the defence of the city. The differently told by the Byzantine and Turkish
emperor, however, kept his promise to the pope, historians; but the narratives of the Greeks, Chal-
and in the presence of four cardinals solemnly pro- cocondylas, Phranza, and Ducas, deserve more
fessed himself a Roman Catholic, and acknowledged credit, because they agree even in details. Phranza
the pope as the spiritual head of the Greek church. indeed says that the rebellion took place previous
Disappointed in Rome, Palaeologus went to Venice; to the emperor's journeys to Rome in 1369 and
but there he not only failed in obtaining assistance, 1370, though it really happened in 1385 ; but
but being short of money, he incurred debts, and chronology is the weak side of Phranza, and here,
was arrested by some Venetian merchants. He as in many other cases, he makes an anachronism.
sent messengers to his son Andronicus, who, during Andronicus and his son were confined in the tower
his absence, governed the empire, which was then of Anemas, a sort of state prison, where forty years
reduced to the city of Constantinople, Thessalonica previously the admiral Apocauchus was murdered.
## p. 583 (#599) ############################################
JOANNES.
583
JOANNES.
Some time before this' an event took place wnich | Báyazid previous to this prince baving succeeded
showed the utter decay of the Greek power. his father in 1389 ? if this were the case, the
When prince Manuel was despot of Thessalonica, whole matter would be clear. Gibbon pays no
he waged 'war on his own account against the attention to the chronology of this period, and it
Turks, who were then engaged in serious contests cannot be denied that the account he gives of the
with the Servians in Europe, and some Turkoman last Greek en perors is very short and incomplete.
princes in Asia. His undertaking was rash, and The submission of Manuel to sultan Mürad, and
his forces inadequate. Khair-ed-dín Pasha advanced the generous pardon he obtained, are not even
upon Thessalonica, and despairing of defending alluded to by Gibbon, although he had undoubtedly
himself with success, Manuel left the town to its read it in Chalcocondylas and Phranza: the last
fate, and fled by sea to Constantinople. Trembling three volumes of Ameilhon's continnation of Le
for his own safety, his father refused to receive in Beau's - Histoire du Bas Empire ” were not
his palace a son who had incurred the anger of the published when Gibbon, in 1787, concluded the
sultan, and the unfortunate prince sailed to Lesbos, last volume of his " Decline and Fall. ". The
in hopes of finding protection at the court of Gas writer of this article bas endeavoured, but in
teluzzi, the Latin prince of that island, but there vain, to clear up the chronology of the events
also the gates were closed at his appearance. alluded to, by means of " Hammer's History of
Having no other altemative but voluntary exile the Turkish Empire ;” and the conjecture he has
or death, Manuel, with noble boldness, hastened offered seems to be the only means of solving the
to Bruso, appeared resolutely in presence of the difficulty.
sultan, confessed himself guilty, and implored his When John was once more established on his
enemy's mercy. After a silence of some minutes, throne, he sent his son Manuel, then co-emperor,
the sultan said to him, “ You have been wicked, and acknowledged by all parties as his future suc-
be better, and if you are good, the condition of the cessor, as a hostage to sultan Bayazid. Both of them
empire over which you are destined to rule will be were summoned by the sultan to assist him in re-
good too. Return to Constantinople I will give ducing the town of Philadelphia, now Allah Shehr,
orders to your father to receive you well. ” Not which was the last possession of the Greeks in
till then did the emperor dare to embrace his Asia Minor ; and so complete was their depend-
son. ' In 1389 sultan Mürad was assassinated by ence, that they followed the summons, and were
a Servian captive, Milosh Kobilovicz; and his suc- seen among the foremost of the Turks while the
cessor, the terrible Bayazid, soon manifested more town was stormed, thus compelling their own sub-
hostile intentions than his father. Availing him- jects to submit to the Turkish yoke (1390).
self of the dissensions in the imperial family, he Manuel, moved by fear, now secretly proposed to
carried on secret negotiations with Andronicus and his father to strengthen and increase the fortifica-
his son while they were imprisoned in the tower tions of Constantinople, but the emperor having
of Anemas, and with them and the leaders of the begun the work, and already constructed several
Genoese at Pera he concerted the plan of dethron- new walls and towers, a peremptory order came
ing John.
Andronicus having escaped from his from Báyazíd to pull down the new fortifications,
prison, with the aid of the Genoese, Bayazid sud- and leave every thing in its former state. The
denly surprised John and Manuel in one of their order was complied with; and it is said that the
palaces without the gates of Constantinople, and shame which the old emperor felt at being thus
gave them to the custody of Andronicus, who con- treated as an humble vassal of the Turks, hastened
fined them in the same prison whence he had his death, which took place in 1391. (Chalcocon-
escaped, and treated them with humanity, although dylas, i. 2, &c. ; Phranza, i. 16, &c. ; Ducas, C5
the sultan constantly urged him to put them to 15; Cantacuzenus, iii. 4, &c. ) (W. P. )
death. Andronicus was acknowledged as emperor
JOANNES VII. PALAÉOʻLOGUS, emperor
by Bayazid on condition of paying a heavy tribute; of Constantinople (A. D. 1425—1448), was born in
but the captive emperor having promised to pay 1390, and succeeded his father, the emperor Manuel
the same tribute, to take the oath of allegiance to 11. , in 1425, after having been made co-emperor in
the sultan, and to assist him in all his wars with 1419. In the year of his accession he concluded a
12,000 horse and foot, Báyazíd, after ascertaining new peace with sultan Mürad II. , and the Turks
that the Greeks preferred Manuel to Andronicus, being then engaged in war with Hungary, Servia,
ordered the latter to restore his father to liberty, Wallachia, Venice, and the Turkomans, in Asia
and to be satisfied with the conditions which he Minor, he enjoyed the quietude of a slave during
would make, in order to prevent any further dis- more than ten years. His empire consisted of the
Bensions between him and his father. These con- city of Constantinople and its immediate neigh-
ditions were, that John and Manuel should reign bourhood : the other Greek possessions in Greece,
over Constantinople and its environs as far as they on the Propontis and on the Black Sea, were go-
were subject to the imperial sceptre, and that verned with sovereign power by his six brothers,
Andronicus should hold, as a fief of the crown, the among whom was Constantine, the last emperor of
towns and districts of Selymbria, Heracleia, Rhae Constantinople. But the peace with Mürad did
destus or Rhodosto, Danias and Panidas, on the not include his brothers also, and several of them
Propontis, and the fine town of Thessalonica, which, were deprived by the sultan of their small prin-
during the time, had alternately been in the hands cipalities, and took refuge at Constantinople. Still,
of the Turks, the Venetians, and the Greeks. The hoping that the Greek empire could be restored,
chrouology of these events is far from being clear. through the western princes, he followed the line of
Bayazid succeeded in 1389, and John died in policy which had been adopted by so many of his
1391. Yet it is said that Jobn was imprisoned predecessors, and promised to unite the Greek
through the same sultan, remained in prison during church with the Roman, if the pope would rouse
two years, and afterwards reigned again during the kings of Europe for his defence. Pope Eu-
several years. Was John perhaps arrested by I gene IV. invited him to Rome, alleging that his
PP4
## p. 584 (#600) ############################################
584
JOANNES.
JOANNES.
presence there would do most in his favour. But | invasion of Italy, rather than by compassion for the
the imperial finances were exhausted, through the independence of the Greeks, roused king Ladislaus
heavy tribute paid to the Turks, and the emperor of Hungary to break the peace which he had con-
would bave been unable to accept the invitation cluded with sultan Miisad, and to invade Turkey.
but for a timely succour of eight papal gallies laden The dreadful rout of the Hungarians, in 1444, at
with provisions, and the still more acceptable pre- Varna, where king Ladislaus and the cardinal Ju-
Bent of a handsome sum of money, to defray the lian were slain, placed John and his capital in jeo-
expenses of his journey. John, accompanied by pardy, but the sultan was bent upon retiring from
his brother Demetrius, a host of prelates and the throne, and refrained from punishing the em-
priests, among whom was the learned Bessarion, peror. During the Hungarian campaign, the em-
set out from Constantinople in November, 1437, peror's brother, Constantine, bad enlarged his
and safely arrived at Venice, where he was received dominions in Greece so much, that in 1445 he
with all the honours due to his rank. After a short reigned over the whole Peloponnesus and a con-
stay at Venice, he proceeded to Ferrara, and there siderable part of northern Greece. Mürad marched
also was received with great state by the sovereign against him with the victors of Varna, stormed the
of that principality. It was at Ferrara that the Hexamilion, or the wall which, stretching across
council was to assemble. Pope Eugene IV. had the isthmus of Corinth, served as a barrier against
preceded him thither. Particular reasons induced an invasion from the north, took and destroyed
the pope to treat the Greek emperor with much Corinth and Patras, and was only induced through
more attention, and the Greek prelates with much a second invasion of the Hungarians, in 1447, to
less pride, than the mightier emperor of Germany, allow Constantine the further possession of the
or the arrognnt prelates of the West. The council Peloponnesus, on condition of paying an annual
of Ferrara was but a continuation of those of Pisa, tribute. The peace between Constantine and the
Constance, and Basel, in which the supremacy of sultan was concluded by the historian Phranza. In
the popes had met with severe checks, especially in the following year, 1448, John died, and was suc-
the latter, where the authority of the councils was ceeded by his brother Constantine, the last em-
declared to be superior to that of the popes ; and peror of Constantinople. John was thrice married,
Eugene fattered himself that, through the re-union 1. to Anna, a Russian princess ; 2. to Sophia of
of the widely-spread church of the Greeks with Montferrat ; and 3. to Maria Comnena, of the im-
that of Rome, he would secure for himself and his perial family of Trebizond ; but by none of them
successors that unlimited authority which was once did he leave any issue. (Phranza, lib. ii. ; Ducas,
possessed by pope Gregory VII. , and others of the c. 28—33 ; Syropulus, in the edition of Creighton
preceding centuries. In the following year the quoted above. )
(W. P. )
council was transferred to Florence, and there, JOANNES, commonly called Joannes of Cap-
after long negotiations, carried on with remarkable PADOCIA, because he was a native of that country,
ability and learning by Bessarion and bishop one of the principal ministers of the emperor Jus-
Marcus, of Ephesus, on the part of the Greeks, the tinian I. , was appointed praefectus praetorio of the
re-union of the two churches was concluded in July, East in A. D. 530. His services, however, were
1439. The Greek Syropulus has written the his- more in the cabinet than in the field ; and in the
tory of the councils of Ferrara and Florence; and to administration of the provinces subject to his au-
his work, of which Robert Creighton published a thority he evinced a degree of rapacity and fiscal op-
Latin translation at the Hague, 1660, fol. , we pression that filled his own and the emperor's purse,
refer the reader for particulars. The emperor and but rendered him odious to the people. Nor had
his suite returned to Constantinople early in 1440, he fewer enemies among the great, for he was con-
rather disappointed that the western princes had stantly busy in ruining his rivals, or other persons
declined giving any direct promise of restoring the of eminence, through all sorts of slander and in-
Greek empire to its ancient splendour, and his dis- trigues. Proud of Justinian's confidence, who, in
appointment was still greater when he went on his turn, was too fond of money not to like a ser-
shore in his capital. The Greek people considered vant of John's description, the praetorian praefect
their spiritual union with Rome as the prelude to a continued his system of peculation and oppression
second Latin empire in the East ; the orthodox during thirteen years. John opposed sending an
and the bigotted thought their souls in danger ; the expedition against the Vandals in Africa, because
learned were shocked at the idea that by submit- he would be unable to appropriate so much of the
ting to the infallible decision of the pope they inperial revenues ; but Justinian would not take
would henceforth be deprived of all the honours the advice of his favourite, and in 533. Belisarius
and advantages they derived from either remov- set out for the conquest of Carthage. When he
ing or creating religious difficulties ; and bishop arrived off Methone, now Modon, in Greece, where
Marcus of Ephesus, who had constantly opposed he put some troops on shore, a disease decimated
& reunion on conditions dictated by the pope, the men, and it was discovered to be the effect of a
raised the standard of Greek orthodoxy, and con- sultry climate combined with bad food : their bread
fined the doctrine of the united church within the was not fit to eat ; John, who was at the head of
palace of the emperor, and the narrow cells of his the provision department at Constantinople, having
chaplains.
given secret orders to bake the bread at the same
The journeys of several of the Greek emperors fires which heated the public baths, whence it be-
to Rome were of great importance in the revival of came not only very bad, but also increased both in
classical learning in Italy, and that of John VII. bulk and weight. In this way John robbed the
forms an epoch in the history of literature, the con- treasury. Belisarius soon remedied the evil, and
sequences of which we can trace down to the present was much praised by Justinian, but John was not
day. After his return to Constantinople, John was punished. The arrogance of this rapacious man
engaged for some time in secret negotiations with became daily more insupportable, and at last he
the pope, who, moved by the dangers of a Turkish undertook to ruin the empress Theodora in the er
:
## p. 585 (#601) ############################################
JOANNES.
. 385
JOANNES.
timation of her husband. ' Upon this, Theodora and it might guide us in determining the time when the
Antonina, the wife of Belisarius, concerted one of writer lived. 2. A work which Photius describes
those petty plots through which women often suc- as Κατά της αγίας τετάρτης συνόδου, Adversus
ceed in ruining men : they surrounded him with Quurtam Sunclam Synodum. This must be Pho-
false flatterers, who pointed out to him the pos- tius's description, not the original title of the work;
sibility of seizing the crown from Justinian, and for a writer against the authority of the council of
Antonina, having feigned hostile intentions towards Chalcedon would hardly have described it as "the
the emperor, persuaded John to an interview with fourth sacred council. ” Photius commends the
her. Their conversation was heard by spies placed style in which the work was written. Fabricius
there by Antonina and the empress, and Justi- identifies John of Aegae with the Joannes ó 8ca-
nian having been informed of it, deprived him of Kpovbuevos, i. e. " the dissenter," cited by the anony-
his office, confiscated his property, and forced him mous writer of the Alaoráceis cúvtouo Xpovikal
,
to take the habit of a monk. Soon afterwards, Breves Demonstrationes Chronographicae, given by
however, he gave him most of his estates back, and Combéfis in his Originum CPolitinarum Munipulus
John lived in splendour at Cyzicus (541). Four (pp. 24, 33); but Conbéfis hinself (Ibid. p. 59)
years afterwards he was accused by Theodora of identifies this Joannes d Alakpwóuevos with Još
having contrived the death of Eusebius, bishop annes Malalas. The epithet Aiaxpivóuevos was
of Cyzicus, who was slain in a riot, and he was applied to one who rejected the authority of the
now exiled to Egypt, where he lived in the council of Chalcedon. Whether John of Aegae is
greatest misery, till after the death of Theodora the Joannes Ó PÁTwp," the Rhetorician," cited by
he was allowed to return to Constantinople. Evagrius Scholasticus (H. E. i. 16, ii. 12, iii. 10,
There he led the life of a mendicant monk, and&c. ), is doubtful. Le Quien (Opera S. Jounnis
died in obscurity. (JUSTINIANUS, I. ) (Procop. Damasceni, vol. i. p. 368, note) identifies them,
Bell. Pers. i. 24, 25, i. 30, Bell
. Vand. i. 13, but Fabricius thinks they were different persons.
Anecdot. c. 2, 17, 22 ; Theophanes, p. 160, ed. (See below, No. 105. )
Paris. )
W. P. )
JOANNES ('Iwávens), Literary and Ecclesia de The period at which John of Aegae lived is not
determined : Vossius places him under Zeno; Cave
tical The index to the Bibliotheca Graeca of thinks he was later. "(Photius, Bibl. cod. 41, 55;
Fabricius contains a list of about two hundred Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. vii. p. 419 ; Cave, Hist. Lit.
persons by whom this name was borne ; and vol. i. p. 456, ed. Oxford, 1740-43. )
many more are recorded by the Byzantine histori- 3. A EGYPTIUS, or of Egypt (1). A Christian
ans, or noticed in the Bibliotheca Orientalis of As-martyr, who suffered in Palestine in the persecution
semani, the Historia Litteraria of Cave, and the ca- generally known as that of Diocletian. Eusebius
talogues of MSS. by Montfaucon and others. Many speaks of him as the most illustrious of the sufferers
of these persons are too obscure to require notice in Palestine, and especially worthy of admiration
here, and information respecting them must be for his philosophic (i. e.
ascetic) life and conversa-
songht in the works above mentioned : others are tion, and for the wonderful strength of his memory.
better known by their surnames, as Joannes Chry- He suffered the loss of his eyesight, either in the
sostomus, Joannes Damascenus, Joannes Xiphilinus, earlier part of Diocletian's persecution, or at some
and Joannes Zonaras, and are given elsewhere. earlier period ; but afterwards acted as Ana-
(CHRYSOSTOMUS, DAMASCENUS, &c. ] The re- gnostes or reader in the church, supplying the want
mainder we give here, with the references to those of sight by his extraordinary power of memory.
who are treated of under their surnames :-
He could recite correctly, as Eusebius testifies from
1. ACTUARIUS. (Actuarius. ]
personal observation, whole books of Scripture,
2. AEGEATES (Š Aizeátns), a presbyter of whether from the prophets, the gospels, or the apo
Aegae (Aiyal), apparently the town so called in stolic epistles. In the seventh year of the perse-
* Cilicia, between Mopsuestia and Issus. Photius cution ( a. D. 310) he was treated with great cruelty
calls him (cod. 55) a Nestorian ; but Fabricius, one foot was burnt off, and fire was applied to his
with reason, supposes that this is a slip of the pen, sightless eyeballs, for the mere purpose of torture.
and that he was an Eutychian. He wrote, 1. 'EK- As he was unable to undergo the toil of the mines
κλησιαστική ιστορία, Historia Ecclesiastica, in ten or the public works, he and several others (among
books. Photius had read five of these, which whom was Silvanus of Gaza), whom age or infir-
contained the bistory of the church from the demity had disabled from labour, were confined in a
position of Nestorius at the council of Ephesus, (the place by themselves. In the eighth year of the
third general council, A. D. 431,) to the deposition persecution, A. D. 311, the whole party, thirty-
of Petrus Fullo (A. D. 477), who had usurped the nine in number, were decapitated in one day, by
see of Antioch, in the reign of the emperor Zeno. order of Maximin Daza, who then governed the
As the council of Ephesus is the point at which the Eastern provinces. (Euseb. de Martyrib. Palaes-
ecclesiastical bistory of Socrates leaves off, it is tinae, sometimes subjoined to the eighth book of
probable that the history of John of Aegae com- his Hist. Eccles. c. 13. )
menced, like that of Evagrius (EVAGRIUS, No. 3), 4. AEGYPTIUS (2). (See No. 16. ]
at that point, and consequently that the five books 5. AEGYPTIUS (3). A monk of the Thebaid,
which had been read by Photius were the first five. celebrated for his supposed power of foretelling
Photius describes his style as perspicuous and florid ; future events. The emperor Theodosius the Great,
and says that he was a great admirer of Dioscorus of when preparing for his expedition against Eugenius
Alexandria, the successor of Cyril, and extolled the (4. D. 393 or 394), sent the eunuch Eutropius to
synod of Ephesus (A. D. 449), generally branded fetch Joannes to court, that the emperor might
with the epithet of anotpiah, “the synod of rob- learn from him what would be the result of the
bers" (FLAVIANUS, No. 3), while he attacked the expedition. Joannes refused to go with the eu-
council of Chalcedon. To how late a period the nuch; but sent word to the emperor that he would
history came down cannot be determined; if known, gain the victory, but would soon after die in Italy,
e.
Kautsaimniekiem
## p. 586 (#602) ############################################
886
-* JOANNES.
JOANNES.
(Sozomen. ' H. E. vii. 22 ; Theodoret. H. E. v. nacious, succeeded in bringing over the other Eastem
24. ) :-.
bishops to do the same in provincial councils held
6. Of ALEXANDRIA. " [Sce No. 115. ]
at Antioch (A. D. 432), Anazarbus (A. D. 433),
1:7. ANAGNOST 88 (1). [See No. 3. ]
and Tarsus (A. D. 434). The unhappy Nestorius
. :- 8. ANAGNOSTES (2). (ANAGNOSTES) was banished to the Egyptian Oasis, and it is said
bi 9. ANTIOCHENUS, or of Antioch (1). Patriarch (Evagr. H. E. i. 7) to have been at John's insti-
of that city in the first half of the fifth century. gation that the emperor made his banishment per-
Cave, we know not on what authority, describes petual ; which statement, if true, shows that either
him as having, early in life, studied in the monas- John had become exasperated against his former
tery of St. Euprepius, in the suburbs of Antioch, friend, or was anxious by the manifestation of zeal
where Nestorius and Theodoret were bis fellow- to regain the lost favour of his opponents. In a
disciples. He succeeded Theodotus as patriarch of council held A. D. 438, John refused to condemn
Antioch A. D. 427 according to Cave, or 428 or 429 the writings and opinions of Theodore of Mopsu-
according to Tillemont. In the then rising con- estia, and dictated, according to Liberatus, three
troversy between Cyril and Nestorius, John of letters in defence of him, one to Theodosius the
Antioch, with the Eastern bishops, were disposed emperor, one to Cyril of Alexandria, and one to
to favour Nestorius ; and John induced Theodoret, Proclus, who bad succeeded Nestorius in the see of
bishop of Cyrus, and Andreas of Samosata, to Constantinople. John died in A. D. 441 or 442.
charge with the Apollinarian heresy the twelve John of Antioch wrote, 1. ʼETITON al, Epistolae,
capitula,” condemnatory of the doctrines of Nes- and 'Avapopal, Relationes, respecting the Nestorian
torius, which had been issued by a synod held at controversy and the council of Ephesus, of which
Alexandria A. D. 429, under the auspices of Cyril. several are contained in the various editions of the
When the council of Ephesus (the third general Concilia. 2. 'Qunia Homilia, the homily or ex-
council) was called (a. D. 431), John of Antioch hortation already referred to as delivered at Chal-
was desirous of having no addition made to the cedon, just after the council of Ephesus ; a fragment
confession of Nice, so that the doctrines of Nes- of which is contained in the Concilia. 3. Tepl
torius might not be condemned ; but as John was twv Meoallavitav, De Messalianis, a letter ad-
long on the road, he did not reach Ephesus till five dressed to Nestorius, and enumerated by Photius
days after the commencement of the council, when (Bibl. cod. 32) among the episcopal and synodical
he found that the vehement Cyril had already pro- papers against that heretical body, contained in the
cured the condemnation of Nestorius, and his de history or acta of the council of Side, held A. D.
position from the patriarchal see of Constantinople. 383. 4. Contra eos qui una tantum substantia asse-
With more zeal than discretion, John assembled runt adorandum Christum. We have no account
the prelates of his party at his own lodging, and with of the work except from Gennadius, and cannot
them issued a retaliatory anathema and deposition give the title in Greek. It is probably from this
against Cyril, for the heretical views embodied in work that the passages are cited which are given
his
capitula," and against Memnon, bishop of by Eulogius (Phot. Bibl. cod. 230, p. 269, ed.
Ephesus, for supporting Cyril. John also (accord- Bekker). Theodoret dedicated his commentary on
ing to Cave, who does not cite his authority) took the Song of Solomon to John of Antioch. Gennadius
an oath never to be reconciled to Cyril, even if speaks of John's power of extemporaneous speak-
Cyril should consent to the condemnation of his ing (“ dicitur extempore declamare ") as something
capitula” The council being over, John worthy of notice. (Socrates, H. E. vü. 34 ; Eva-
hastened to the emperor Theodosius the younger, grius, H. E. i. 3—7. ; Gennadius, de Viris Illus-
to engage him in his cause, and at Chalcedon de tribus, c. 93; Liberatus Diaconus, Breviarium, c. 5
livered an exhortation to the people of Constanti
-—8, apud Galland. Bill. Patrum, vol. xii. ; Theo
nople who resorted to hear him, animating them phanes, Chronographia, pp. 73–82, ed. Paris, pp.
to continue steadfast in adhering to the old con- 58—66, ed. Venice, pp. 131–148, ed. Bonn. ;
fession of Nice. He then hastened homeward, and Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. i. p. 412 ; Tillemont, Mé-
assembling councils of the prelates of his patriarchate moires, vol. xiv. ; Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. 1. p. 349,
at Tarsus (A. D. 431) and Antioch (A. D. 43l or vol. xii. p. 392; Mansi, Concilia, vols. iv. .
432), repeated the declaration of the deposition of passim. )
Cyril. The emperor, however, supported the de 10. ANTIOCHEN US (2). On the deposition of
cision of the council of Ephesus; and Nestorius did Petrus Gnapheus or Fullo (the Fuller) from the
not recover his see, though he was allowed to re patriarchate of Antioch, A. D. 477, the vacant see
side in the monastery of St. Euprepius, where he was occupied by Joannes, surnamed Codonatus
was treated with kindness and respect. Theodosius (Kwówvátos), who had been previously bishop of
was anxious to heal the schism, and his inter- Apameia : but after holding the patriarchate three
position (and, according to Liberatus, his threats months, he was deposed by a synod of Eastern
of exile in case of contumacy) softened the stub- bishops, and succeeded by Stephen. Theophanes
bornness of John, and some explanation by Cyril of incorrectly places the appointment of Joannes after
his obnoxious " capitula” prepared the way for a Stephen's death. Both Joannes and his predecessor
reconciliation. After the schism had continued for Petrus had been, at the instigation of Acacius of
about a year, John accepted the conditions of an Constantinople, excommunicated by the pope ; yet,
amicable arrangement offered by Cyril, and (A. D. after the deposition of Joannes, the same Acacius
432) sent Paul of Emesa, one of his bishops, to procured his elevation to the bishopric of Tyre.
Alexandria to complete the arrangement. Cyril Theophanes incorrectly ascribes this last appoint-
received Paul with great respect, and pronounced ment to Calendion of Antioch. (Theophanes,
in public the highest eulogium on John. John now Chronog. p. 110, &c. ed. Paris, p. 88, &c. ed. Venice,
joined in the condemnation of Nestorius; and after p. 199, &c. ed. Bonn. ; Valesius, Not. ad Eragri
niuch trouble and opposition, which he vanquished, H.
