No More Learning

16. On the situation of Alsace, see Bell, "Nation-Building and Cultural Particu- larism" (see Ch. 2, n. 101).
17. Quoted in Albert Soboul, "La Re? volution franc? aise: Proble`me national et re? alite? s sociales," in Pierre Vilar, ed. , Actes du Colloque Patriotisme et Nationalisme en Europe a` l'e? poque de la Re? volution franc? aise et de Napole? on (Paris, 1973), 29-58, at 34.
18. Ernest Renan, "What Is a Nation? " in Geoff Eley and Ronald Grigor Suny, eds. , Becoming National: A Reader (Oxford, 1996), 42-55, quote from 53.
19. Many of them also cite Renan's stress on patrimony. See Jacques Chirac,
speech to the Institut des Hautes Etudes de De? fense Nationale, cited in Le Monde, May 31, 2000; also Interior Minister Jean-Pierre Cheve`nement in dia- logue with German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer, cited in Le Monde, June 21, 2000. In recent years in Le Monde, see also, for instance, the following arti- cles: Roger-Pol Droit, "Questions de frontie`res," Le Monde des Livres, Sept. 16, 1996; Eric Melchior and Je? ro^me Sulim, "Thiers, Ce? line, Brasillach: non, nous n'assumons pas! " Le Monde, Feb. 15, 1997; Serina Guillaume, "Une re? flexion ne? cessaire," Le Monde, Oct. 18, 1997; Albrecht Sonntag, "Le football: Ciment des nations," Le Monde, June 4, 1998; Alain Bergounioux et al. , preliminary document of the Parti Socialiste on Europe, discussed in Michel Noblecourt,
Notes to Pages 202-205 289
? Notes to Pages 202-205
290
Notes to Pages 206-210
? 20. 21. 22.
23. 24.
Notes to Pages 206-210
25. 26.
27. 28.
29. 30.
31.
32. 33. 34.
"Le PS a` la recherche d'une position equilibre? e sur la construction europe? enne," Le Monde, Feb. 3, 1999; Jean-Philippe Vincent, "Renan et la Corse," Le Monde, June 4, 1999; Cle? ment Je? ro^me, "France et Allemagne, demain," Le Monde, September 24, 1999; Cullin Michel, "Jo? rg Haider en que^te d'une nouvelle identite? nationale," Le Monde, Feb. 17, 2000. Re? impression de l'ancien Moniteur, Dec. 22, 1792, 803.
Greenfeld, Nationalism (see Intro. , n. 21), 11, 89-188.
Here I take issue with Thiesse, especially in La cre? ation des identite? s nationales and her attempt to present French nationalism as fundamentally little differ- ent from other European varieties.
See Stuart J. Woolf, Napoleon's Integration of Europe (London, 1991).
See Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen (see Intro. , n. 28), 3-22, quote from 9. To be sure, these same bourgeois observers could also perceive the urban lower classes as dangerous and alien, but with the difference that the urban poor tended to be seen less as pure creatures of nature lacking in social organiza- tion, than as members of a corrupt, debauched form of society. In this sense, the distinction recapitulates the early modern distinction between "savages" and "barbarians. " See the classic analysis of Louis Chevalier, Classes laborieuses et classes dangereuses a` Paris pendant la premie`re moitie? du XIXe sie`cle (Paris, 1958).
See Woloch, The New Regime (see Ch. 5, n. 106), 197-222.
Weber, 68, 303-38. See also Antoine Prost, L'enseignement en France, 1800- 1967 (Paris, 1968).
Quoted in Weber, 332-33.
See Jacques and Mona Ozouf, "La Tour de la France par deux enfants," and Pierre Nora, "Lavisse, instituteur national," in Nora, ed. , Les lieux de me? moire (see Intro. , n. 33), I, 277-301 and 239-75.
See Chanet, esp. 216-23.
Most recently on this subject, see Alice Conklin, A Mission to Civilize: The Re- publican Idea of Empire in France and West Arica, 1895-1930 (Stanford, 1997). "Let us regard ourselves, you and I, in these cantons, as if we were in China or in Turkey, even though we are in the middle of Christianity, where one sees practically nought but pagans," a priest from the diocese of Nantes wrote to a colleague in 1731. Quoted in Chartier, Cultural Origins (see Intro. , n. 32), 104. For a sustained analysis of the comparison, see Dominique Deslandres, "Le mode`le franc? ais d'inte? gration socio-religieuse, 1600-1650: Missions inte? rieures et premie`res missions canadiennes," Ph. D. diss. , Universite? de Montre? al (1990).
See Conklin, 102-4, 135-36.
See ibid. , 142-173, 246-56.
On these points, see above all Ge? rard Noiriel, The French Melting Pot: Immi-
Notes to Pages 210-216 291
? gration, Citizenship and National Identity, trans. Geoffroy de Laforcade (Min- neapolis, 1996), esp. 1-90, 189-226. Nora's remarks quoted on 3. For some criticisms of Noiriel, see David A. Bell, "Forgotten Frenchmen," Times Liter- ary Supplement, Jan. 24, 1997.
35. For a comparison of French and German citizenship laws, see Brubaker, Citi- zenship and Nationhood.
36. See Ge? rard Noiriel, "Franc? ais et e? trangers," in Nora, ed. , Les lieux de me? moire, pt. III, I, 275-76.
37. See esp. Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993). For commentary in the American media, see for instance Roger Cohen, "Lacking Barricades, France Is in a Funk," The New York Times, Dec. 29, 1996, sect. 4, p. 5; Howard LaFranchi, "The Two Faces of France," The Christian Science Monitor, July 25, 1994, 9; "The Declining Glory of France," cover story, Newsweek, European ed. , May 9, 1994.
38. Nora. ed. , Les lieux de me? moire. For comments on this work see Englund, "The Ghost of Nation Past" (see Intro. , n. 27), and Bell, "Paris Blues" (see Intro. , n. 27).
39. Paul Yonnet, Voyage au centre du malaise franc? ais (Paris, 1993). Notes to Pages 210-216
40. Henri Mendras (with Alistair Cole), Social Change in Modern France: Towards
a Cultural Anthropology of the Fifth Republic (Cambridge, 1991), 15.
41. Ibid. , 16, and more generally 15-22. See also Henri Mendras, La fin des
paysans (rev. ed. Paris, 1984).
42. The poll was cited in the Toronto Star, July 26, 1998. The figure of 38% was far
higher than that in any other European country.
43. Quoted in The Independent (London), April 30, 1995, 17. The remark was
made in 1991.
44. Pierre Nora, "De la Re? publique a` la Nation" in Les lieux de me? moire, I, 559-
67.
45. Franc? ois Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution, Elborg Forster, trans.
(Cambridge, 1981), 1-79; Franc? ois Furet, Jacques Julliard, and Pierre Rosan-
vallon, La Re? publique du centre: La fin de l'exception franc? aise (Paris, 1988).
46. See Mendras, Social Change, 91-106.
47. See ibid. , 226-46.
? ? Note on Internet Appendices and Bibliography
It is, regrettably, impossible to publish a full bibliography and extensive ap- pendices in this book. However, the Internet has enabled scholars to pro- vide longer appendices and bibliographies than were ever normally in- cluded in academic books, albeit at the cost of physically separating this material from the text of the book itself.
I have therefore placed the following material on my own permanent web site, www. davidbell. net:
French Quotations: The original French for all citations that appear in this book in translation.
Appendix I: Ten selected engravings of "illustrious Frenchmen" (includ- ing Joan of Arc and Marie de Medicis) done after paintings by Philippe Champaigne and Simon Voue? t in the Palais Royal (now destroyed), ini- tially published in Marc Vulson de la Colombie`re, Les portraits des hommes illustres franc? ois, Qui sont peints dans la galerie du Palais Cardinal de Richelieu, avec leurs principales Actions, Armes & Deuises (Paris, 1668), dis- cussed in Chapter 4.
Appendix II: The full text, including four engravings, of Antoine- Le? onard Thomas, Jumonville (Paris, 1759), discussed in Chapter 3.
Appendix III. The full text and a translation into English of Antoine- Hyacinthe Sermet, Discours prounounc? at dabant la legiou de Sant-Ginest, Pel. R. . P. Sermet, Exproubincial des Carme? s Descausse? s, Predicaire? ourdinari del Rey, &c. (Toulouse, 1790), discussed in Chapter 6.
Bibliography.
A comprehensive guide to primary and secondary sources pertaining to patriotism and national identity in early modern and revolu- tionary France, and all other works cited in this volume.
292
? Index
Index
Index
? Absolutism, see Monarchy, French Acade? mie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres,
224-5
Acade? mie Franc? aise, 5-6, 11, 65, 67, 111,
121, 123-4, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138 Academies, provincial, 111
Achilles, 126
Acomb, Frances, 237
Ader, Guillaume, 189
Africans, 86, 95, 98, 104-5, 209, 213, 256,
269
Agier, Pierre-Jean, 71
Aguesseau, Henri-Franc? ois d', chancellor of
France, 31, 51-53, 57, 61-2, 66-7, 107,
111-2, 117, 125, 141, 239, 242 Aix-en-Provence, Jacobin club of, 195
Albi, Jacobin club of, 182
Albret, Jeanne d', queen of Navarre, 287 Alembert, Jean le Rond d', 111, 236 Alexander the Great, 126
Alsace, 9, 74, 171, 173, 175, 177-8, 183, 197,
205, 274-5
America, French and British policies in, 46 American Indians, see Indians, American American Revolution, see War of American
Independence
Anderson, Benedict, 23, 181-2 Angiviller, Charles-Claude de Flahaut,
comte de la Billarderie d', 109-111, 116,
123, 127, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138 Anglomania, see England, French views of Anglophobia, see England, French views of Anne of Austria, queen of France, 127 Anne? e Litte? raire, 89-90
Antraigues, Emmanuel comte d', 71
Arabs, see North Africans
Arcq, Philippe Auguste de Sainte-Foix, chevalier d', 63
Argenson, Rene? -Louis de Voyer de Paulmy, marquis d', 11, 125
Aristotle, 143
Army, French, 201
Arnauld, Antoine (pe`re), 102
Arnault, Antoine-Vincent, 157
ARTFL (Project for American and French
Research on the Treasury of the French Language), 12. See also Nation, statistics on usage of word
Assas, Louis, chevalier d', 84, 119 Assimilation, 207-17. See also Civilizing
Mission
Astros, Jean-Ge? raud d', 187
Astruc, Jean, 135
Aubigne? , Agrippa d', 30
Aublet de Maubuy, Jean-Zorobabel, 113-4,
120, 127-8
Auch, Jacobin club of, 187
Augustus, 134
Aulard, Alphonse, 51, 239
Austria, 90, 101
Auvigny, Jean du Castre d', see Du Castre Azeglio, Massimo d', 198, 201
Babel, Tower of, 177
Bachaumont, Louis Petit de, see Me? moires
secrets
Baculard d'Arnaud, Franc? ois-Thomas- Marie de, 93
Baecque, Antoine de, see De Baecque, Antoine
Baker, Keith Michael, 25, 29, 60, 220, 227, 231
293
294 Index
? Barbarians, 84-87, 90, 94, 98-106; compared to savages, 86-7
Barbier, Edmond-Jean-Franc? ois, 44, 89 Bare`re, Bertrand, 82, 100-1, 105, 153, 156,
169, 175, 177-9, 184, 186, 278 Barre`s, Maurice, 202
Basques and Basque language, 169, 175,
178, 186
Basset de la Marelle, Louis, 67
Bastille, fall of, 153
Bathilde, queen of France (636-680), 133 Baumier, 119
Bayard, Pierre, 80, 107, 109-111, 115, 147,
152
Bayle, Pierre, 28
Be? arn, 74, 274, 287
Beausobre, Louis de, 63, 66
Becker, Carl, 120
Bell, Daniel, 231
Belle-Isle, Charles-Louis-Auguste Fouquet,
duc de, 135
Belloy, see Buirette de Belloy
Be? ranger, Pierre-Jean de, 152
Be? re? govoy, Pierre, 210
Bibliothe`que Nationale de France, 225, 251 Bignon, see Heince
Billaud-Varenne, Jacques-Nicolas, 140, 158 Biographies, collective, 80, 103, 108, 111-7,
121, 124, 126, 130-9. See also "Cult of
Great Men"
Blanqui, Adolphe, 208
Blin, Pierre, 260
Bodin, Jean, 95, 143
Boissy d'Anglas, Franc? ois, comte de, 156 Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, 45 Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon, see Louis-
Napoleon
Bonaparte, Napoleon, see Napoleon Bonnet, Jean-Claude, 107, 116, 120, 122,
259-60
Bossuet, Jacques-Be? nigne, 27, 67, 111, 245 Boucher-Laricharderie, Gilles, 159 Boulainvilliers, Henri, comte de, 24-5, 57-
8, 151
Bove? , Jose? , 212
Brassard, volunteer translator, 186
Breton language, see Brittany
Brewer, John, 234
Britain, see Great Britain
Brittany and Breton language, 15, 73, 161,
169, 173, 175, 177, 183, 185-6, 188-90,
206, 213, 228, 274, 286
British Museum, 46
Brockliss, L. W. B. , 164
Brubaker, Rogers, 288, 289
Bruno, G. (Augustine Fouille? e), 208 Brunot, Ferdinand, 278, 281
Brutus, Junius, 126, 157-8
Bucquet, Jean-Baptiste-Michel, 135
Buffon, George-Louis Leclerc, comte de, 96,
98, 134, 145
Buirette de Belloy, Pierre, and Le sie`ge de
Calais, 45, 50, 63-4, 67, 98-9, 104, 109,
116, 119, 122-3, 163-4, 244 Burgundy, Louis, duke of, 57 Byng, John, admiral, 84
Caesar, Julius, 126
Calas Affair, 55
Calvinism, 28, 38, 47-48, 193-4, 287 Cambon, abbe? , 186
Camus, Armand-Gaston, 70
Canada, 46, 96
Canon of great men, see "Cult of Great
Men"
Carlet, Pierre, 132
Carthage, 84-5, 100-1, 103
Casanova, Giacomo, 9, 77
Cassini, Jean-Dominique, 111
Castan, Yves, 190
Castilhon, Jean-Louis, 140-2, 150, 224 Catalan language, see Roussillon and
Catalan language
Catholicism, 8, 17, 24, 38, 43-49, 61,
93, 101-4, 119-21, 128, 154-9, 161-8. 182-97, 203, 213, 284; and education, 163; and language, 182-97; and periodical press, 165; and theater, 164; in relation to cosmopolitanism, 47-9, 93-4. See also Civil Constitution of the Clergy; Counter-Reformation; Missionaries; Nation, construction of compared to construction of church; Religion, civil
Catholic League, 83, 102
Catholic Reformation, see Counter-
Reformation
Catinat de la Fauconnerie, Nicolas de,
marshal of France, 107, 111-2, 121 Cerutti, Joseph-Antoine, 148, 154, 156, 165
Index 295
? Chabot, Franc? ois, 186, 195
Chaisneau, abbe? Charles, 151 Cha^lons-sur-Marne, Academy of, 63, 150,
155
Champaigne, Philippe de, 112, 292 Chantreau, Pierre-Nicolas, 14, 50, 62, 76 Character, national, see National character Charlemagne, 135, 138
Charles V, king of France, 112
Charles IX, king of France, 31-32
Charles Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie), 47 Charpentier, Franc? ois, 123
Chaussard, Pierre-Jean-Baptiste, 146 Che? nier, Marie-Joseph, 14, 30-32, 158, 199,
201
Chevalier, Louis, 61
Cheve`nement, Jean-Pierre, 228
Chevert, Franc? ois de, 135, 138
China and Chinese, 149
Chinard, Gilbert, 257
Chirac, Jacques, 205, 214
Choiseul, Etienne-Franc? ois, duc de, 88, 90,
123
Choudhury, Mita, 254
Christianity, see Religion
Church, Catholic, see Catholicism Church, William Farr, 233
Citizens or citizenship, 26, 36-37, 51, 53,
154-9, 195, 204-5, 210
Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 183-4,
194, 282
Civil Religion, see Religion
Civilization, concept of, 25-26, 32, 36, 40-
41, 53, 56, 94, 128, 149, 199, 216, 235; contrasted with concept of patrie, 40-41, 128, 149
"Civilizing Mission," 96, 103, 209
Class, social, see Social classes
Climate, 95-96, 98, 105, 144-5, 148, 151,
157
Cloots, Anacharsis, 96, 100
Clovis, king of France, 138
Clovis II, king of France, 133
Coffee houses, 34
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 34, 96, 112, 123 Collection of Heroic and Civic Actions of
French Republicans, 137
Collective biographies, see Biographies,
collective
Colley, Linda, 9, 20, 46, 222
Colonies, French, 208-10, 212-3 Come? die Franc? aise, 11, 63, 65, 163-4. See
also Theater
Commerce, 26
Commune of Paris, see Paris, Commune of Concepts, Foundational, see Foundational
Concepts
Conde? , Louis II de Bourbon, prince de, 111 Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas,
marquis de, 41, 167
Constituent Assembly, see National
Assembly
Constitution, French, 25, 56, 58, 68, 71-2,
152, 156, 199
Convention, National, 1-4, 14, 82, 100-1,
103, 136-7, 153, 156-8, 160, 163, 175,
178, 195-6, 272, 278
Cooper, James Fenimore, 78
Corday, Charlotte, 138
Corneille, Pierre, 111
Corsica, 175, 178. See also Italy and Italian
language
Cosmopolitanism, 44-9, 65, 82, 88, 90, 95,
97; in relation to Catholicism, 47-9, 93-
4. See also Universalism Coulon de Jumonville, Joseph, see
Jumonville, Joseph Coulon de Counter-Reformation, 8, 119, 161, 187-90,
196-7, 222. See also Catholicism;
Missionaries
Counter-Revolution, 169, 173, 178, 183,
186-7, 205. See also Nationalism, right-
wing
Coyer, abbe? Gabriel-Franc? ois, 61-3, 69, 216 Crow, Thomas, 260
Crown, French, see Monarchy, French "Cult of Great Men," 16, 80, 107-139, 164,
199; and classical antiquity, 122-5; and French monarchy, 122-5; and religion, 119-21; and republicanism, 125-8; in French Revolution, 120, 124, 136-9; provincial, 118-9. See also Collective biographies; Eulogies; Painting; Sculpture
Danton, Georges, 156, 271 Darigrand, Edme-Franc? ois, 62 Darnton, Robert, 114, 265
David, Jacques-Louis, 125, 157-8, 166 De Baecque, Antoine, 150, 272
296 Index
? De-Christianization, see Religion, interiorization of
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
(1789), 14, 155
Deeds and Heroic Actions, see Faits et actions
he? roi? ques
Degeneration, 74. See also Regeneration Dentzel, Georges-Fre? de? ric,177
Des Autelz, Guillaume de, 38
Descartes, Rene? , 109, 111-2 Desmoulins, Camille, 30
Despotism, fears of, 62, 65, 69
Dialects, see Linguistic diversity Dictionnaire de Tre? voux, 36
Diderot, Denis, 30, 31, 145, 147, 154 Discours sur le patriotisme (1788), 155-7 Disenchantment, see Religion,
transformation of
Dreyfus Affair, 203
Dubos, abbe? Jean-Baptiste, 59, 143
Du Castre d'Auvigny, Jean, 113-4, 116,
130-2, 261
Duchet, Miche`le, 94, 103
Duclos, Charles, see Pinot-Duclos, Charles Dugas, revolutionary journalist, 278 Duguay-Trouin, Rene? , 112, 121, 124-5 Duguesclin, Bertrand, 80, 107, 109, 111,
117, 123
Duquesne de Menneville, Ange, marquis,
111
Durameau, Louis-Jacques, 110
Duruy, Victor, 208
Dusaussoy, Maille, 116
Dutch language, see Flanders Dziembowski, Edmond, 54, 65, 88, 237,
250, 253
E? cole Nationale d'Administration, 211 E? cole Normale Supe? rieure, 208, 210-11 E? coles Normales, 207
Ecouchard Lebrun, Denis-Ponce, see
Lebrun
Education, revolutionary policies on, 1-4,
137, 160, 162-3, 201, 208; since 1800,
208-9, 210-217
Edward III, king of England, 45 Eley, Geoff, 5
Elie-Lefebvre, Nathalie, 243, 245 Ellis, Harold, quoted, 57
Encyclopedia Brittanica, 46
Encyclope? die, 38, 61, 147, 243
England and English, 24, 43-49, 51, 65-6,
78-106; calls for extermination of, 101, 105; Church of England, 48; compared with Jews, 103; discordant national character of, 84, 88, 91-2, 98; French views of, 43-49, 65-6, 78-106, 143, 149, 237, 256, 257; treated as heretical, 45, 84, 101. See also Barbarians; Great Britain; Patriotism, in eighteenth-century Britain
English language, 211
Englund, Steven, 243
Engravings, 11-12, 109
Enlightenment, see Philosophes
Espagnac, baron d', 132
Espiard de la Borde, Franc? ois-Ignace d', 1,
10, 96, 140-4, 146-9, 171, 224, 267, 269 Estates General, 12, 58, 70-3, 76, 172 Estates of Languedoc, 89
Etat de la France, 34, 57
Eulogies, 109-111, 116-7, 121-2, 126, 130, 136
European identity, 11, 91-95, 102, 211 European Union, 211
Evolution, historical, see Historical
evolution
Faits et actions he? roi? ques et historiques des Grands Hommes, 113, 130, 132, 134
Family, in relation to the nation and patrie, 19, 51
Favart, Charles-Simon, 45, 99 Fe? librige, 202
Fe? nelon, Franc? ois de Salignac de la
Mothe de, archbishop, 34, 109, 111-2,
117, 121-2
Festival of the Federation, 169-71
Festival of the Supreme Being, 165-7 Festivals of the French Revolution, 165-71 Feudalism, 151
Fifth Republic, 197, 202
First Republic, 191, 204, 207-8
Flanders and Dutch (Flemish) language,
178, 183, 186, 274
Fleury, Andre? -Hercule, Cardinal de, 31 Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de, 112 Fontenoy, battle of (1745), 123 Fonvielhe, cure? , 195
Index 297
? Foreign Ministry, French, 44, 101 Foreigners, see Austria, England, Italy, Spain Fort Duquesne, 78
Fort Necessity, 78-9, 87
Foucault, Michel, 227
Foundational concepts, 24-27, 35-38, 40-
43, 53, 66, 94, 149, 199
Foxe, John, 46
France, as cosmpolitan, 95-6, 99; British
views of, 46, 80; character of, see National character, French; concept of, 228; contemporary definitions of, 7; frontiers of, see Frontiers of France; history of, 11, 24-5, 57-8, 70, 73, 75, 107-139, 201-4 (see also Revolution, French, treatment of history); monarchy of, see Monarchy, French
Franc? ois I, king of France, 171 Francophobia, see France, British views of Franks, 24-25, 57-8, 70, 75, 152-3 French Academy, see Acade? mie Franc? aise French character, see National character,
French
French language, 171-2, 175-82, 187, 189,
191-97, 211-2, 217. See also Language, perfect; Language, scholarship on; Linguistic unification
French language, dialects of, see Linguistic diversity
French monarchy, see Monarchy, French French National Library, see Bibliothe`que
Nationale de France
French nationalism, see Nationalism French Revolution, see Revolution, French Fre? ron, Elie, 89-90, 103
Friedland, Paul, 60, 242
Fronde, 56, 66
Frontiers of France, 204, 207
Furet, Franc? ois, 215
Gaiety, 148. See also Le? ge`rete? Galleries, see Portrait galleries Gallicanism, 17, 226
Garat, Dominique-Joseph, 261 Garros, Pey de, 171
Gascon language, see Occitan Gauchet, Marcel, 27-30, 163, 231 Gaullism, 215
Gauls, 24, 71, 75, 151-3
Gautier-Sauzin, Antoine, 193, 281 Gautier Dagoty, Jacques, 113, 134 Gazette de France, 34 Gazon-Dourxigne? , Se? bastien-Marie-
Mathurin, 149-50
Gellner, Ernest, 181
Gender and women, 19, 108, 125-8, 141-2,
146, 149-50, 159, 204
Genet, Edme-Jacques, 253
Geneva, 146
Geoffroi, Etienne, 132
George II, king of Great Britain, 90 German language, 169, 171, 173, 183, 191-
2, 205, 284
Germany, 5, 9, 23, 205
Gesellschaft zur Ausbildung der Deutschen
Sprache, 191
Globalization, 211-7
God, 7, 24, 27-30, 36-37, 52, 61, 76, 120,
154, 167, 182, 199, 203
Godard, Jacques, 72-3
Godeau, Antoine, 188
Godolin, Pe`ire, 21, 189
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 191 Goldsmith, Oliver, 224
Gordon, Daniel, 231, 268
Goudouli, Pierre, see Godolin, Pe`ire Grasse, 188
Great Britain, 24, 43-49, 51, 65-6, 78-9,
83-4, 107, 193, 199. See also England Great Men, as opposed to "illustrious," 116-
7, 134. See also Cult of great men
Greece or Greeks, 42, 98, 107-9, 122-3, 126,
167
Greenfeld, Liah, 18, 22, quoted 206 Gre? goire, abbe? Henri, 15, 21, 155, 173, 175-
81, 184-6, 189, 191-5, 202, 278, 280-1,
288
Grieder, Josephine, 237, 252
Griguette, Be? nigne, 113
Groethuysen, Bernard, 37
Guibert, Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte, comte
de, 146
Guiraudet, Toussaint, 75-6
Habermas, Ju? rgen, 27, 34-35, 229 Half King, see Tanaghrisson Hampson, Norman, 243
Hayes, Carleton, 22
298 Index
? Hazard, Paul, 27
Heince, Zacharie, and Bignon, Franc? ois,
engravers, 114, 117, 130-1 Helve? tius, Claude-Adrien, 145
Henri IV (Henri of Navarre), king of
France, 30, 31, 38, 83, 102, 152 Henry VIII, king of England, 193 Hercules, 153, 167, 270-1
Herder, Johann Gottfried, 191
Heresy, see England, treated as heretical Hesse, Carla, 194
Higonnet, Patrice, 228, 281
Historical evolution, 94-95, 98, 105, 144-6,
148-9, 157
History, French, see France, history of Hobbes, Thomas, 67
Hogarth, William, 46
Holbach, Paul-Henri, baron d', 41, 147-8 Horace, 122
Hotman, Franc? ois, 25
Huet, Marie-He? le`ne, 194
Huet, Pierre, 135
Hume, David, 267
Hundred Years' War, 83
Hunt, Lynn, 19, 272
Illustrious, as opposed to great, 116-7, 127 Immigration to France, 208-10, 212-4 Indians, American, 46, 78-80, 84-5, 94, 96-
8, 105
Integration, see Assimilation Internet, 212
Ireland and Irish language, 193 Islam, see Muslims
Israel, 39, 48, 95. See also Jews, Moses Italy and Italian language, 169, 198
Jacobin Club of Paris, 161
Jacobins and Jacobin clubs, 3, 15, 82, 100-1,
142-3, 161-8, 173, 181, 186, 208, 257,
288
Jansenism, 17, 27-29, 52, 58, 61, 70, 194,
231
Jaucourt, Louis, chevalier de, 45, 60-62, 243 Jesuits, 35, 36, 80, 94, 96, 103, 188, 200 Jesus Christ, 130, 153
Jesus, Order of, see Jesuits
Jews, 39, 48, 102-3, 105, 185, 211;
compared with English, 103. See also Israel
Joan of Arc, 40, 103, 117, 120, 127, 129, 131, 202-4, 215, 292
Johnson, Samuel, 46
Jospin, Lionel, 198, 212
Journal des savants, 122
Journal encyclope? dique, 83, 92-4 Journalism, see Periodical Press Julia, Dominique, 265
July Monarchy, 204, 208
Jumonville, Joseph Coulon de, 13, 78-85,
88, 90, 97-99, 101, 103-4, 106, 119, 134, 138-9, 147
Kaiser, Thomas, 67, 258 Kersaint, Armand, 161
Kings of France, see Monarchy Koselleck, Reinhart, 27, 31, 230 Kwass, Michael, quoted 33-34
La Bruye`re, Jean de, 62
La Chalotais, Louis-Rene? de Caradeuc de,
123
La Chappelle, Jean de, 90, 101
La Curne de Sainte-Palaye, Jean-Baptiste de,
152
La douctrino crestiano meso en rimos, 169,
quoted 190
La Feuille villageoise, 165, 208-9
La Fontaine, Jean de, 111
La Harpe, Jean-Franc? ois, 121
La Mothe le Vayer, Franc? ois, 143
La Rochemaillet, Gabriel Michel de, 109,
112
Lacretelle, Pierre-Louis de, 75
Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-
Gilbert du Motier, marquis de, 169 Lambert, Anne-The? re`se de Marguenat de
Courcelles, marquise de, 34
Lamoignon de Blancmesnil, Guillaume de,
chancellor of France, 59
Lamoignon, Guillaume de, chancellor of
France, 111
Lamourette, Adrien, 155
Language, 169-98; and religion, 182-97;
perfect, 175, 177, 180; scholarship on, 172. See also Linguistic Diversity; Linguistic Terror; Linguistic Unification; Sociolinguistics; Translation
Languedoc, 178, 182, 190, 212 Lanthenas, Franc? ois, 278
Index 299
? Las Casas, Bartolome? , 87
Latin language, see Rome and Romans Lauragais, Louis-Le? on-Fe? licite? de Brancas,
comte de, 70
Laval, Antoine de, 112
Lavalle? e, Joseph, 157-8
Lavisse, Ernest, 208
Law, French, 25, 56-7, 68, 70, 73, 75, 194-6 L'Espinasse, Jeanne-Julie-Ele? anore de, 93 L'Ho^pital, Michel de, 31, 111-2, 171
Le Blanc, abbe? Jean-Bernard, 92
Le Paige, Louis-Adrien, 59-60, 70
Le Pelletier de Saint-Fargeau, Louis-Michel,
136, 156, 162
Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel, 52
League, Catholic, see Catholic League Lebrun, Ponce-Denis Ecouchard, 32, 78, 85 Lefebvre de Beauvray, Claude-Rigobert, 78,
86, 88, 98-9, 122
Le? ge`rete? , 147-9, 159. See also Gaiety,
National character
Legislative Assembly (1791-92), 14 Legras, Nicolas, 275
Leo X, pope, 134
Lesuire, Robert-Martin, 43-45, 86, 97-9,
236, 252
Lettres d'un Suisse, see La Chappelle, Jean de
la
Library of Congress, 198
Linear development, see Historical
evolution
Linguistic diversity, 15, 16, 142, 170-97;
extent of, 177-82, 179
Linguistic Terror, 175
Linguistic unification, 175-7, 180-2, 187,
191-97, 202, 209, 275. See also French
language
Lisle, Guillaume de, 135
Llobera, Josep, 22
Locke, John, 28, 92-3
Lorraine, 173, 191, 274
Louis XII, king of France, 112, 124
Louis XIII, king of France, 127, 134
Louis XIV, king of France, 8, 24, 29, 31, 33-
34, 51-2, 56, 67, 90-91, 124-5, 134, 136,
203, 221
Louis XV, king of France, 52, 56, 59-60, 67-
71, 109, 125, 252
Louis XVI, king of France, 1, 11, 30, 64, 71-
2, 109, 125, 127, 152
Louis-Napoleon, 208
Louvre, 109, 112, 116
Ludot, Jean-Baptiste, 134, 139 Luther, Martin, 192, 194 Luxembourg, Franc? ois-Henri de
Montmorency, duc de, 111
Mably, abbe? Gabriel Bonnot de, 44, 58, 125 Machiavelli, Niccolo`, 154
Malebranche, Nicolas, 145
Manson, pamphleteer, 116
Manuel, Louis-Pierre, 113-4, 117, 119, 121, 125, 130, 132, 134-6
Marat, Jean-Paul, 107, 111, 120, 136, 138-9, 161, 165
Marie de Me? dicis, queen of France, 127, 292
Marius, Gaius, 126
Market forces, 131-6, 139
Marseillaise, la, see Rouget de Lisle Marseille, 184-5
Martin de Mariveaux, Jacques-Claude, 70-1 Marxism, 215
Masonic Lodges, 34
Maultrot, Gabriel-Nicolas, 70
Maunoir, Julien, 161, 188-9, 286
Maupeou, Rene? -Nicolas-Charles-Augustin
de, chancellor of France, 56, 68-71, 77,
214, 164
Maupeou, "coup" of 1771, 56-7, 68-71, 77,
124, 164
Maurras, Charles, 202
May 1968, 215-6
Maza, Sarah, 184
Mazarin, Jules, 6
McDonald's, 212
Medievalism, 47, 132-4, 152-3
Me? moires de Tre? voux, 80, 85, 92, 94 Me? moires secrets, 65
Mendras, Henri, 213
Mercier, Louis-Se? bastien, 31, 65, 147, 153,
163-4
Mercure de France, 88
Mercure national, 172
Merlin de Douai, Philippe-Antoine, 205 Mey, Claude, 70
Michelet, Jules, 23, 204, 212
Middle Ages, see Medievalism
Miller, David, 228
Millot, Claude-Franc? ois-Xavier, quoted, 150
300 Index
? Minorca, 83
Mirabeau, Honore? -Gabriel Riqueti, comte
de, 14, 138, 172, 203
Mirabeau, Victor Riqueti, marquis de, 42,
76, 146-7, 236
Missionaries, 8, 96, 103, 161, 188-90, 209.
See also Counter-Reformation Mistral, Fre? de? ric, 202
Mitterrand, Franc? ois, 210-11, 215 Mobilization of the nation and patriotic
education, 82, 83, 87-91, 99-100, 102-5, 200-1, 206-9. See also Patriotism, expressed in donations to war effort
Moeurs, 26, 36, 42, 94, 102, 142, 144, 146, 149-50
Mole? , Mathieu, 111
Molie`re (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin), 111-2 Monarchy, French, 18, 37, 54-7, 61-68,
122-5, 128, 141, 151, 164, 199 Moniteur Franc? ois, le, 66, 87-8. See also
Moreau, Jacob-Nicolas
Montand, Yves, 210
Montausier, Charles de Sainte-Maure, duc
de, 111-2
Montcalm-Gozon de Saint-Ve? ran, Louis-
Joseph, marquis de, 12, 86, 118-9 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Bre`de et de, 10, 11, 40, 44,
45, 48, 58, 60, 62, 92, 94, 111, 117, 126,
134, 140, 144-7, 149-50, 156, 224, 267 Moreau, Jacob-Nicolas, 56, 65-6, 83-5, 87-
8, 90-92, 94, 245, 253
Morvan de Bellegarde, abbe? Jean-Baptiste,
113-4, 131
Moses, 22, 39, 235
Mouffle d'Angerville, Barthe? le? my-Franc? ois-
Joseph, 87
Multilingualism, see Linguistic diversity Muslims, 210, 213-4
Napoleon, 19, 207-8
Nation, apotheosis of the concept of, 13-14,
72-77, 200; as construction, 3-7, 39, 75- 77, 121, 136, 142, 170-1, 198, 204, 220; as protagonist of wars, 80-1, 90, 100; author's definition of, 18-20; construction of compared with construction of church, 7-8, 43-9, 102-3, 120, 136, 143, 154, 161-8, 190-97, 199- 201; contrasted with concept of the
people, 92, 255; destabilization of the concept of, 14, 73-77, 200; early modern reflections on, 10-11, 57-60, 199-201; early modern usage of the word, 5-7, 10- 15, 18-20, 25, 32-33, 37-40, 42-43, 48- 49, 53-4, 56-60, 68-77, 80, 107-8, 121, 199-201; future of, 217; geographical surveys of, 34; in relation to patrie, 42; material construction of, 32-35, 68, 132; popular attitudes towards, 16-7, 226; provinces described as, 73-4; revolutionary construction of, 1-3, 6-7, 75-7, 136-9, 142, 160, 169-71, 194-7, 199-201, 204; revolutionary redefinition of, 139, 199-201; rights of, 25, 59-60 (see also Sovereignty); statistics on usage of the word, 12, 71, 225-6, 247. See also France; Mobilization of the nation; Patrie.
Nation-building, see Nation, as construction; Nation, revolutionary construction of
National Assembly (1789-91), 12, 99, 173, 178, 183, 277
National character, 10, 15, 108, 140-68, 200; critique and reform of, 10, 15, 143, 150- 6, 160-8, 200 (see also Republicanism); English, 143, 149 (see also England, French views of); French, 10, 15, 140-68; politics as source of, 144-5, 148, 157; study of, 142-54. See also Climate, Historical evolution, Le? ge`rete? , Sociability, Politeness
National Front, 203, 213-5
National identity, concept of, 19; crisis of in
modern France, 8-9, 204, 211-7 National sentiment, 3, 11, 17 Nationalism, author's definitions of, 3-7,
18-20; "civic" versus "cultural," 206, 220; distinctiveness of in France, 8-9, 207; end of, 204, 216-7; historical turn of, 201-4; in France since 1800, 201-17; misconceptions about, 17-20; paradoxes of, 5, 14, 200; relation to religion, 7-9, 18, 22-24, 167-8, 199-201, 203, 216-7; right-wing, 202-3 (see also Counter- Revolution); scholarly treatments of, 9, 18-20, 32-33, 180, 220-1
Navarre, 74, 193 Necker, Jacques, 71
Index 301
? Netherlands, 48, 88, 101
New England, 48
Newman, Gerald, 47
Newspapers, see Periodical Press Newton, Isaac, 28, 92-3
Nobility or nobles, 6, 57, 141, 148, 151 Nora, Pierre, 18, 210-11, 214, 227 Normandy, 73-4
North Africans, 210, 213-4 Nouvelles eccle? siastiques, 34 Numa, 39, 235
Oberlin, Jeremias-Jakob (Je? re? mie-Jacques), 192-3, 281
Oberlin, Johann-Friedrich (Jean-Fre? de? ric), 192, 202
Observateur hollandois, l', 83-4, 87-8, 90- 92. See also Moreau, Jacob-Nicolas
Occitan language and literature (including Be? arnais, Gascon, Languedocien, and Provenc? al), 15, 21, 35, 170-5, 178-9, 182-90, 193, 195, 202, 228, 274, 277-8, 281-4, 287
Ohio River Valley, 78-80, 85, 90
Opinion publique, see Public Opinion Opposition to French monarchy, 11, 18, 24-
25, 54-62, 65-72. See also Parlements Orle? ans, Philippe de, see Philippe d'Orle? ans Ozouf, Mona, 21, 138, 143, 160, 167, 266
Pagden, Anthony, 103, 105
Painting, 11, 109, 123, 127, 130 Palais-Royal, 112-5, 129
Pantheon, 107, 109, 119, 137-8, 211 Parlement of Paris, 50, 67, 72. See also
Parlements
Parlement of Rouen, 62
Parlements, 11, 18, 24, 42, 52-62, 65-74,
124-5, 151, 240, 242. See also Opposition;
Parlement of Paris
Parti patriote (patriot party), 56, 69-72 Paris, 34-5, 169-70, 209, 217
Paris, Commune of, 163-4
Paris, Parlement of, see Parlement of Paris Paris, Peace of, 98
Paris, University of, 77
Pascal, Blaise, 28, 111
Pasqua, Charles, 228
Patois, etymology of the word, 172, 276. See
also Linguistic diversity
Patrie, classical connotations of, 40-42, 47, 95, 149; contrasted with concept of civilization, 40-41, 128, 149; early modern reflections on, 10-12, 29, 51, 60, 199-201; early modern usage of the word, 7, 10-15, 18, 25, 30-31, 33, 37-43, 45, 47-48, 51-54, 56-7, 60-77, 80, 107-8, 121, 128, 154-9, 199-201, 243-4; in English, 238; in relation to nation, 7, 42; in relation to province, 202; in relation to religion, 22-24 38-40, 47-48, 102-4, 108, 154, 167-8; invoked by political opposition to the monarchy, 52-62, 65- 74, 243-4; modern usage of word, 216; popular attitudes towards, 16-7, 226; statistics on usage of the word, 12, 69, 71, 246
Patriotism, author's definition of, 20; campaigns to stimulate, see Mobilization of the nation; compared with universalism, 44-7, 95-6; concept of, 53, 60, 62, 67, 69, 154-6; expressed in donations to war effort, 89, 99; in eighteenth-century Britain, 45-47, 49, 89, 95, 154; in eighteenth-century France, 11-12, 36, 40, 44-45, 49, 60-69, 89, 154, 163-4, 201; royal, 40, 53, 56, 63-8, 77, 80, 121-5, 128, 136; relation to religion, 22- 24 (see also Patrie, in relation to religion)
Pau, 74
Paul (Saint), 170
Peasantry, 8, 33, 161,165, 173, 178, 180-90,
192, 195-7, 200, 202, 208-10, 212-3 Pennsylvania, 78-80, 85
People, concept of, 26, 56; contrasted with
concept of nation, 92, 255
Pe? rau, Gabriel, 113, 132
Periodical Press, 34, 59, 68, 83-4, 164-5,
242; and religion, 165, 183
Perpignan, 186
Perrault, Charles, 113-4, 123-4, 130-2 Perrin, Jacques-Antoine, 148
Peter the Great, czar of Russia, 108 Pe? tion, Je? ro^me, 74, 153
Petit de Bachaumont, Louis, see Me? moires
secrets
Peze? d'Anglincourt, poet, 251-2
Peuple, see People, concept of
Philip II, king of Spain, 102
Philippe d'Orle? ans, regent of France, 52, 55
302 Index
? Philosophes, 9, 28, 30, 48, 55-6, 65-6, 103, 111, 117, 120, 134, 142
Physiocrats, 42, 75-6, 151 Pichon, Thomas-Jean, 96 Pinot-Duclos, Charles, 144, 160 Pithou, Ange, 152
Pitt, William, the younger, 82, 250 Ploue? nour-Trez, 185
Plutarch, 43, 108, 117, 121-2 Pocock, J. G. A. ,30
Police, concept of, 26, 36, 94
Politeness, 26, 36, 147-9. See also National
character
Politics, nature of in old regime, 54-57 Polybius, 43
Popkin, Jeremy, 165, 282
Port-Mahon, 84
Portrait galleries, 109, 112-4
Poussin, Nicolas, 111
Priests, in French Revolution. See
Revolution, French, Priests in
Prieur de la Co^te d'Or, Claude-Antoine,
271
Propaganda, French war, 11-12, 43-6, 65-6,
78-91, 98-101, 123
Protestantism, 8, 24, 43-49, 80, 192-4, 205.
See also Calvinism
Provenc? al language, see Occitan Provence, 74
Prussia, 101
Public, concept of the, 26, 36, 53, 56, 136,
199
Public opinion, concept of, 26, 53, 56, 66,
68, 70, 91, 194; statistics on usage of
term, 247
Public opinion, development of, 55-56, 66,
91, 99, 116, 136
Public sphere, 34-35, 91, 105, 136 Pujol, Ste? phane, 253
Punic Wars, see Carthage
Que? bec, 178
Quine, Willard Van Orman, 19 Quiquer, Guillaume, 286
Rabaut de Saint-Etienne, Jean-Paul, 1-4, 6- 8, 15, 22, 39, 48, 151, 156, 161-2, 165, 167, 198, 206, 216
Race, development of modern category of, 82, 104-6, 258-9
Racine, Jean, 28, 111
Racism, see Race, development of modern
category of
Ranum, Orest, 234
Rapport, Michael, 223
Reformation, see Protestantism Regeneration, 75-76, 82, 143, 153, 201, 248 Regional dialects, standardization and
teaching of, 181, 193, 202-3. See also
Linguistic diversity
Regional diversity, 15, 73-5, 142, 151, 170-
97
Regionalism, French, 8-9, 73-5, 119, 170-1,
179
Reichart, Rolf, 229
Religion, civil, 39-40; in French Revolution,
120, 160-8, 184-6, 194-7; in relation to nationalism, 7-9, 18, 22-4, 167-8, 199- 201, 203, 216-7; in relation to patriotism, 22-24; interiorization of, 26, 37, 102, 128; transformation of, 26-32, 38-40, 52, 67, 128, 163, 199-201, 203, 216; wars of (see Wars of Religion). See also Catholicism
Renaissance, 52, 66, 108-9, 112, 121-3, 152 Renan, Ernest, 205, 289
Representation, concept of, 60, 76 Republic, see First, Second, Third, or Fifth
Republic
Republicanism, 40-2, 47, 51, 69, 125-8,
141-2, 149-59, 164-5, 179-80, 200; in nineteenth and twentieth centuries, 202, 206, 211, 214-7. See also National character, critique and reform of
Restoration of 1815-30, 204
Restout, Jean-Bernard, 113, 121, 134, 135 Re? tif de la Bretonne, Edme-Nicolas, 164 Revolution, French, 12-15, 21, 25, 70-77,
82, 97, 99-101, 109, 120, 124-5, 127, 136-9, 142-3, 152-97, 199-201, 206; and language, 169-97; and regional diversity, 169-97; and religion, 160-8, 184-6, 194- 7; cultural policies of, 160-8, 199-201, 208 (see also Education; Nation, revolutionary construction of; National character, critique and reform of; Republicanism); festivals in (see Festivals of the French Revolution; Festival of the Supreme Being; Festival of the Federation); idea of citizenship in, 154-9;
Index 303
? priests in, 154, 165, 167-8, 185-7; reform of national character in, 142-3, 152-68; treatment of history in, 2, 130, 136-9, 156
Revolutionary wars, 82
Richardson, Samuel, 92
Richelieu, 6, 112-4, 120, 129-31 Rivarol, Antoine de, 96, 149-50 Robespierre, Maximilien, 1, 100-1, 137,
156, 158, 162, 166-7. 184, 203
Roland, Manon ("Madame Roland"), 77 Rollin, Charles, 111
Romanticism, 23, 75, 152, 202
Rome, Romans, and Latin language, 6, 38-
39, 42, 95, 108-9, 122-3, 126, 154, 157-8,
167, 171, 175, 189 Romulus, 39
Ronsard, Pierre de, 109 Rossel, lawyer, 63 Rouen, 62, 74
Rouget de Lisle, Claude-Joseph, 80, 82, 100 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 11, 22, 36-43, 55,
62, 70, 74, 76, 93, 108, 125-7, 138, 144-6,
150-1, 154-5, 157, 159-60, 200, 235, 267 Roussillon and Catalan languages, 175, 178,
186, 274
Roux, Augustin, 134
"Royal patriotism," see Patriotism, royal
Sacrality, 35-40, 43
Sacy, Claude de
Sahlins, Peter, 37
Saige, Guillaume-Joseph, 70-1
Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, 31 Saint-Evremond, Charles, 143 Saint-Ginest, 170
Saint-Just, Antoine, 66, 100, 157, 178 Saint-Pierre, Charles Castel, abbe? de, 117,
121-2
Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de, 147 Sainte-Marthe, Scaevole de, 109
Salivas, wool merchant, 182
Salons, 34
Saltzmann, Johann Daniel, 191
Savages, 47, 86-7, 96, 98, 101-6; compared
to barbarians, 86-7
Savoy, 178. See also Italy
Saxe, Maurice de, marshal of France, 112,
123, 125
Schama, Simon, 260
Second Republic, 208 Schneider, Robert, 35
Scotland and Scots Gaelic, 193 Sculpture, 11, 109, 123, 127, 130 Seneca Indians, 78-9
Sepinwall, Alyssa, 76, 287
Se? ran de la Tour, abbe? , 85
Sergent, Antoine-Franc? ois, 11, 63, 111, 113,
117-8, 124, 127, 130, 132-3, 225, 260 Sermet, Hyacinthe, 155, 170-1, 173-4, 179,
181, 185, 191, 197, 292
Servan, Antoine-Joseph de, 148
Seven Years' War, 12, 44, 65, 78-91, 94, 96,
101, 105, 118, 121, 123-4, 144, 199, 257 Shackleton, Robert, 224
Sie`ge de Calais, le, see Buirette de Belloy,
Pierre
Sieye`s, Emmanuel, 14, 22, 73, 75-6 Silhouette, Etienne de, 89
Skinner, Quentin, 227
Slavery, 104
Soanen, Jean, 10, 29, 52, 61, 154-5, 157 Sobry, Jean-Franc? ois, 36, 45, 148, 234 Sociability, 147-9, 268. See also National
character
Social classes, 17
Socialist Party, 214
Socie? te? des Philanthropes, 191
Society, concept of, 25-26, 29-30, 32, 35,
38, 40-41, 53, 56, 94, 199, 216 Sociolinguistics, 179
Sonolet, Louis, 209
South Africa, 48
Sovereignty, 18, 24-25, 58-60, 70, 73, 100, 136. See also Nation, rights of
Spain and Spanish language, 87, 101-2, 143 Sparta, 163
Starobinski, Jean, 76
State, French, 18, 32-35, 50, 53, 114 Strasbourg, 74, 175, 191-2, 205
Suger, abbe?