No More Learning

He had an only daughter called Gotami she was very beautiful, and unequaled for grace. Not too tall or too short, not too stout or too thin, not too white or too dark. She was young and in the prime of her beauty. Then Suddhodana, hearing of her fame, having selected favorable day, sent messenger, Brahman, to the house of the minister Pani, who spake thus " hear you have daughter called Gotami we ask you to give her to the Prince Sidd&rtha in marriage. " At
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258 PASSAGES IN THE BUDDHA'S LIFE.
behalf of his son, and so also Devadatta, having heard that Suddhodana was seeking Gotanrf for Siddartha, sent a message to Dandi, and said, " I require you to give me your daughter in marriage ; if you do not, I will bring a great loss to you. " Then Dandi was in much distress of mind, and he reflected thus : " These three powerful families have sons unequaled in skill and prowess, and I have only one daughter, and they each demand her in marriage ; so that if I give her to Siddartha I make the others my mortal foes, and so likewise if I give her to Nanda or Devadatta — I know not what to do. " Being thus exceedingly perplexed, he became pensive and sad, and could do nothing but sit still and think over the matter, trying to contrive some expedient to escape from the dilemma.
Then Gotanii, seeing her father thus silent and sad as he sat still, came to his presence and said, " Honored father ! why are you so sorrowful and pensive as you sit here in silence ? " To this her father replied, " Dear Gotami ! ask me not, nor inquire further —these matters are not for you to know. " Yet she asked him a second time, and notwithstanding a similar re ply, she pressed him a third time to tell her the reason of his grief. Even then he refused to tell her ; but when a fourth time she said, "Dear father, you ought to let me know the cause of all this, nor try to conceal it from me ; " — then he answered her and said : " Dear Gotami ! since you insist upon it, listen to my words and weigh them well 1 You must know then that Suddhodana Raja has sent to me demanding you in marriage for the Prince Siddartha; but at the same time both Nanda and Devadatta are making similar overtures, and threaten me with their anger if I do not consent, and there fore, because I do not know how to adjust this matter so as to avoid trouble, I am in perplexity and sit here in grief. " Then Gotami answered her father and said : " Dear father ! don't be distressed !
father no further trouble than to ask for a man to follow my directions and make my intention known, and then I will select the husband of my choice. "
At this time Dandapani, having attended to Gotami's direc tions, immediately sent to the Raja, and begged him to pro claim throughout the city of Kapilavastu that after seven days, Gotami, the Sakya princess, would select a husband. " What ever youths therefore desire to obtain her hand let them, after six days, assemble together (at the Palace) for her to choose
I will arrange this matter myself. I will give my
PASSAGES IN THE BUDDHA'S LIFE. 259
one of their number. " Then after six days all the Sakya youths, with Siddartha at their head, were assembled at the Palace gate. The maiden GStami, the six days having expired, very early on the morning of the seventh, arose, and bathing her person, she proceeded to decorate herself with the choicest jewels and the most costly robes ; around her head she wore a chaplet of the loveliest flowers, and, surrounded by a suite of maidens and accompanied by her mother, she proceeded to the place of assembly. Gradually she drew near, and having come she entered the Palace.
Meantime the Sakya youths, of whom Nanda and Deva- datta were foremost, had in the early morn anointed themselves with every kind of unguent and perfume, and decorated their persons with gems and costly robes, all except Siddartha, who had taken no pains to ornament his person, and was dressed in his usual attire, simply wearing his earrings, and having three small golden flowers in his hair as ornaments. Then Gotami, accompanied by her mother, entered the assembly, and her mother spoke to her thus, " Whom will you select of all these as a husband ? " Then Gotami, looking on one after the other till she had observed the whole of the five hundred youths, an swered her mother thus : " Dear mother ! it seems to me that all these youths are very much decorated with ornaments. As to their persons they appear to me more like women than men. I, indeed, as a woman, cannot think of selecting one of these as a husband, for I cannot suppose that any youth possessing manly qualities, fit for a woman to respect in a husband, would dress himself out as these have. But I observe that Siddartha, the Prince, is not so bedizened with jewels about his person, there is no love of false appearances in his presence, I do not think that he is of the effeminate disposition that these are — my heart is well affected to him. I will take Siddartha as the husband of my choice. " Then Gotami, in her right hand hold ing a beautiful wreath of Sumana flowers (jasmin), advancing past all the youths in succession, went straight up to Siddartha, and having reached him she stopped, and then taking the jas min wreath, having fastened it around the neck of Siddartha, she gently put her arm upon the back of his neck, and said, " Siddartha, my Prince !
band ! " Then Siddartha replied, " So let it be — so let it be, even as you say. " At this time Siddartha in return took a jasmin wreath and fastened it round the neck of the maiden
Itake you to be my lord and my hus
260 PASSAGES IN THE BUDDHA'S LIFE.
Gotami, and spoke thus : " I take you to be my wife ; you are now my own wife. " . . .
The Sakya youths were greatly cast down and dejected; they hung their heads in shame and disappointment, and each in stealth slipped away in every direction, and returned to their homes.
Meantime, Siddartha, causing the choicest gems which he possessed, and every jeweled ornament to be brought forth, presented them to Gotami with which still more to adorn her person, and then, surrounded by five hundred dancing girls, she proceeded towards the palace of the Prince her hus band, and entering into the inner apartments she partook of the joys of wedded life.
Story op GotamI.
It came to pass in after time, when the world-honored one had arrived at complete enlightenment, that Udayi asked him the following question : " What were the previous relations between yourself and Gotami that led to her selecting you as her husband from"amongst all the Sakya princes ? " To whom Buddha replied : Listen, Udayi, and weigh my words well. It was not only on this occasion that Gotami rejected the proffered addresses of others and exhibited a preference for me ; but I remember in ages gone by that in the Himalaya region there were assembled together every kind of beast, each of whom wandered here and there seeking food according to its taste and preference. At this time amongst those beasts there was a very beautifully marked tigress, unrivaled for grace of form and strength, her skin sleek and shining. All the male beasts were on this account enamored of her, and wished to possess her as their own, one saying, 'Come with me,' and another, 'Come with me. ' So at last the beasts said one to another,
' Let us not quarrel over this matter, but let the lovely tigress herself decide whom she will select for herself, and let him be her husband. ' Now at this time I was king of these beasts. So, first of all came the buffalo king, and advancing to the tigress he said: 'Amongst men my very droppings are used! to make the purest and sweetest incense ! For this reason, oh, beautiful tigress, you ought to select me to be your husband. ' Then the tigress replied to the buffalo king and said, ' Above the back of your neck I observe a high projection, fit for a yoke
PASSAGES IN THE BUDDHA'S LIFE. 261
to rest upon by which you may draw a chariot or other vehicle — how can I select you, possessing such an objectionable form, or desire to have you as my lord and husband ? ' Then came a large white elephant towards the tigress and addressed her thus: '
I am the great elephant king of these snowy moun tains ; in all warfare I am used as one that invariably secures victory. Such vast strength do I possess, you cannot refuse to select me as a husband. '
" Then the tigress replied, ' But you, if you come near to or hear the roar of the lion king, are filled with fear and trem bling and take to instant flight ; you give proof of abject terror and confusion as you go : how then can I take you to be my husband ? '
" At this time, in the midst of those beasts, the lion king of the herd came forward towards the tigress and spake thus : ' Look well and examine my proportions and my form ; see how in the fore part I am large and powerfully made, whilst in the flank I am graceful and sleek. I dwell in the midst of the mountains, and pass my life without restraint, and I am able to
protect and feel for other creatures :
there are none who would dare to compete with me ; whoever sees my form or hears the sound of my roar takes at once to instant flight; I am not able to speak further about my pro digious strength or my majestic and graceful form ; but I ask you, dear tigress, as you know all this, to select me and take me as your husband. ' Then the tigress replied to the lion and said : * Your strength is very great, and your spirit high and noble, your body and entire mien are in the highest degree graceful ; now, then, I have selected you as my husband, and I desire to honor and respect you henceforth as I ought to do. '
" Now at this time I was the king of these beasts, and this beautiful tigress was Gotami that now is, the other beasts were the five hundred Sakya princes, and as the tigress then selected me after my address, so in the present life Gotami selected me as a husband in preference to all the Sakyas. "
Iam lord of all the beasts,
262 PRINCE SIDDARTHA'S MARRIAGE.
PRINCE SIDDARTHA'S MARRIAGE.
(From "The Light of Asia. ") By Sib EDWIN ARNOLD.
[Sir Edwin Arnold : An English poet and journalist ; born at Rochester, England, June 10, 1832. He was editor of the London Daily Telegraph during the Russo-Turkiflh war of 1878. His residence in India as president of the San skrit College turned his attention to Oriental themes. Among his principal works are : " The Light of Asia," 1876 ; " Indian Idylls," 1883 ; " Pearls of the Faith," "Sa'adi" in the Garden," "India Revisited," "The Tenth Muse, and Other Poems," The Light of the World. " ]
Now, when our Lord was come to eighteen years, The King commanded that there should be built Three stately houses : one of hewn square beams With cedar lining, warm for winter days ;
One of veined marbles, cool for summer heat ;
And one of burned bricks, with blue tiles bedecked. Pleasant at seedtime, when the champaks bud : Subha, Suramma, Ramma, were their names.
Delicious gardens round about them bloomed,
Streams wandered wild and musky thickets stretched, With many a bright pavilion and fair lawn,
In midst of which Siddartha strayed at will,
Some new delight provided every hour :
And happy hours he knew, for life was rich,
With youthful blood at quickest ; yet still came
The shadows of his meditation back,
As the lake's silver dulls with driving clouds.
He said, " and what my dream readers foretold, This boy, more dear to me than mine heart's blood, Shall be of universal dominance,
Trampling the neck of all his enemies,
A King of kings — and this is in my heart ; —
Or he shall tread the sad and lowly path
Of self-denial and of pious pains,
Gaining who knows what good, when all is lost Worth keeping ; and to this his wistful eyes
Do still incline amid my palaces.
But ye are sage, and ye will counsel me :
How may his feet be turned to that proud road
'
" Which the King marking, called his Ministers : — Bethink ye, sirs ! how the old Rishi spake,"
PRINCE SEDDiRTHA'S MARRIAGE.
Where they should walk, and all fair signs come true Which gave him Earth to rule, if he would rule ? "
The eldest answered, "Maharaja! love
Will cure these thin distempers : weave the spell Of woman's wiles about his idle heart.
What knows this noble boy of beauty yet,
Eyes that make heaven forgot, and lips of balm ? Find him soft wives and pretty playfellows :
The thoughts ye cannot stay with brazen chains A girl's hair lightly binds. "
And all thought good, But the King answered, " If we seek him wives,
Love chooseth ofttimes with another eye ;
And if we bid range Beauty's garden round,
To pluck what blossom pleases, he will smile
And sweetly shun the joy he knows not of. "
Then said another, " Roams the barasingh
Until the fated arrow flies : for him,
As for less lordly spirits, some one charms,
Some face will seem a Paradise, some form
Fairer than pale Dawn when she wakes the world. This do, my King ! Command a festival
Where the realm's maids shall be competitors
In youth and grace, and sports that S^kyas use. Let the Prince give the prizes to the fair,
And, when the lovely victors pass his seat,
There shall be those who mark if one or two Change the fixed sadness of his tender cheek ;
So we may choose for Love with Love's own eyes, And cheat his Highness into happiness. "
This thing seemed good : wherefore upon a day The criers bade the young and beautiful
Pass to the palace ; for 'twas in command
To hold a court of pleasure, and the Prince
Would give the prizes, something rich for all,
The richest for the fairest judged. So flocked Kapilavastu's maidens to the gate,
Each with her dark hair newly smoothed and bound, Eyelashes lustered with the soorma stick, Fresh-bathed and scented ; all in shawls and cloths Of gayest ; slender hands and feet new-stained
With crimson, and the tilka spots stamped bright. Fair show it was of all those Indian girls, Slow-pacing past the throne with large black eyes Fixed on the ground ; for when they saw the Prince,
PRINCE SIDDARTHA'S MARRIAGE.
More than the awe of Majesty made beat — Their fluttering hearts, he sat so passionless Gentle, but so beyond them. Each maid took With down-dropped lids her gift, afraid to gaze ; And if the people hailed some lovelier one Beyond her rivals worthy royal smiles,
She stood like a scared antelope to touch — The gracious hand, then fled to join her mates, Trembling at favor, so divine he seemed,
So high and saintlike and above her world.
Thus filed they, one bright maid after another, The city's flowers, and all this beauteous march Was ending and the prizes spent ; when last Came young Yasodhara, and they that stood Nearest Siddartha saw the princely boy
Start, as the radiant girl approached. A form
Of heavenly mold ; a gait like Parvati's ;
Eyes like a hind's in love time, face so fair
Words cannot paint its spell ; and she alone
Gazed full — folding her palms across her breasts — On the boy's gaze, her stately neck unbent.
"Is there a gift for me? " she asked, and smiled. "The gifts are gone," the Prince replied, "yet take This for amends, dear sister, of whose grace
Our happy city boasts ; " therewith he loosed
The emerald necklet from his throat, and clasped
Its green beads round her dark and silk-soft waist: And their eyes mixed, and from the look sprang love.
Long after — when enlightenment was full — Lord Buddha, being prayed why thus his heart Took fire at first glance of the Sikya girl, Answered, " We were not strangers, as to us And all it seemed; —in ages long gone by
A hunter's son, playing with forest girls
By Yamun's springs, where Nandadevi stands,
Sat umpire while they raced beneath the firs
Like hares at eve that run their playful rings :
One with flower stars crowned he, one with long plumes Plucked from eyed pheasant and the jungle cock,
One with fir apples ; but who ran the last
Came first for him, and unto her the boy
Gave a tame fawn and his heart's love beside.
And in the wood they lived many glad years
And in the wood they undivided died.
PRINCE SIDDARTHA'S MARRIAGE.
Lo! as hid seed shoots after rainless years,
So good and evil, pains and pleasures, hates
And loves, and all dead deeds, come forth again Bearing bright leaves or dark, sweet fruit or sour. Thus I was he and she Yasddhara;
And while the wheel of birth and death turns round, That which hath been must be between us two. "
But they who watched the Prince at prize-giving Saw and heard all, and told the careful King
How sat Siddartha heedless, till there passed
Great Suprabuddha's child, Yasddhara;
And how — at sudden sight of her — he changed, And how she gazed on him and he on her,
And of the jewel gift, and what beside
Passed in their speaking glance.
" The fond King smiled. Look ! we have found a lure : take counsel now
To fetch . therewith our falcon from the clouds. Let messengers be sent to ask the maid
In marriage for my son. " But it was law "With Sakyas, when any asked a maid
Of noble house, fair and desirable,
He must make good his skill in martial arts
Against all suitors who should challenge it;
Nor might this custom break"itself for kings.
Therefore her father spake : Say to the King,
The child is sought by princes far and near :
If thy most gentle son can bend the bow,
Sway sword, and back a horse, better than they,
Best would he be in all and best to us ; "
But how shall this be, with his cloistered ways ?
Then the King's heart was sore : for now the Prince Begged sweet Yas<5dhara for wife in vain,
With Devadatta foremost at the bow,
Ardjuna master of all fiery steeds,
And Nanda chief in swordplay ; but the Prince
Laughed low and said, " These things, too, I have learned Make proclamation that thy son will meet
All comers at their chosen games. I think
I shall not lose my love for such as these. "
So 'twas given forth that on the seventh day
The Prince Siddartha summoned whoso would
To match with him in feats of manliness, The victor's crown to be Yasddhara.
PRINCE SIDDARTHA'S MARRIAGE.
Therefore, upon the seventh day, there went
The Sakya lords and town and country round
Unto the maidan ; and the maid went too
Amid her kinsfolk, carried as a bride,
With music, and with litters gayly dight,
And gold-homed oxen, flower-caparisoned:
Whom Devadatta claimed, of royal line,
And Nanda and Ardjuna, noble both,
The flower of all youths there, till the Prince came Riding his white horse Kantaka, which neighed, Astonished at this great strange world without ;
Also Siddartha gazed with wondering eyes
On all those people born beneath the throne,
Otherwise housed than kings, otherwise fed,
And yet so like — perchance — in joys and griefs.
But when the Prince saw sweet Yasodhara,
Brightly he smiled, and drew his silken rein,
Leaped to the earth from Kantaka's broad back,
And cried, " He is not worthy of this pearl
Who is not worthiest : let my rivals prove
If I have dared too much in seeking her. "
Then Nanda challenged for the arrow test
And set a brazen drum six gows away,
Ardjuna six and Devadatta eight ;
But Prince Siddartha bade them set his drum
Ten gows from off the line, until it seemed
A cowry shell for target. Then they loosed,
And Nanda pierced his drum, Ardjuna his,
And Devadatta drove a well-aimed shaft
Through both sides of his mark, so that the crowd Marveled and cried ; and sweet Yasddhara
Dropped the gold sari o'er her fearful eyes,
Lest she should see her Prince's arrow fail.
But he, taking their bow of lacquered cane,
With sinews bouud, and strong with silver wire,
Which none but stalwart arms could draw a span, Thrummed it — low laughing — drew the twisted string Till the horns kissed, and the thick belly snapped :
" That is for play, not love," he said : " hath none
A bow more fit" for Sakya lords to use ? "
And one said, There is Sinhahahu's bow,
Kept in the temple since we know not when,
Which none can string, nor draw if it be strung. "
" Fetch me," he cried, " that weapon of a man ! " They brought the ancient bow, wrought of black steel,
PRINCE SIDDARTHA'S MARRIAGE. 267
Laid with gold tendrils on its branching curves
Like bison horns ; and twice Siddartha tried
Its strength across his knee, then spake — " Shoot now With this, my cousins ! " but they could not bring
The stubborn arms a handbreadth nigher use :
Then the Prince, lightly leaning, bent the bow,
Slipped home the eye upon the notch, and twanged Sharply the cord, which, like an eagle's wing
Thrilling the air, sang forth so clear and loud
That feeble folk at home that day inquired
" What is this sound ? " and people answered them,
" It is the sound of Sinhahahu's bow, " Which the King's son has strung and goes to shoot ; Then fitting fair a shaft, he drew and loosed,
And the keen arrow clove the sky, and drave
Right through that farthest drum, nor stayed its flight, But skimmed the plain beyond, past reach of eye.
Then Devadatta challenged with the sword,
And clove a Talas tree six fingers thick ;
Ardjuna seven ; and Nanda cut through nine;
But two such stems together grew, and both Siddartha's blade shred at one flashing stroke,
Keen, but so smooth that the straight trunks upstood, And Nanda cried, " His edge turned ! " and the maid Trembled anew seeing the trees erect,
Until the Devas of the air, who watched,
Blew light breaths from the south, and both green crowns Crashed in the sand, clean-felled.
Then brought they steeds, High-mettled, nobly bred, and three times scoured
Around the maidan, but white Kantaka
Left even the fleetest far behind — so swift,
That ere the foam fell from his mouth to earth Twenty spear lengths he flew; but Nanda said,
" We too might win with such as Kantaka :
Bring an unbroken horse, and let men see
Who best can back him. " So the syces brought
A stallion dark as night, led by three chains, Fierce-eyed, with nostrils wide and tossing mane, Unshod, unsaddled, for no rider yet
Had crossed him. Three times each young Sakya Sprang to his mighty back, but the hot steed Furiously reared, and flung them to the plain
In dust and shame : only Ardjuna held
His seat awhile, and, bidding loose the chains,
PRINCE SIDDARTHA'S MARRIAGE.
Lashed the black flank, and shook the bit, and held The proud jaws fast with grasp of master hand,
So that in storms of wrath and rage and fear
The savage stallion circled once the plain Half-tamed ; but sudden turned with naked teeth, Gripped by the foot Ardjuna, tore him down,
And would have slain him, but the grooms ran in Fettering the maddened beast. Then all men cried,
" Let not Siddartha meddle with this Bhut,
"Whose liver is a tempest, and his blood
Red flame ; " but the Prince said, " Let go the chains, Give me his forelock only," which he held
With quiet grasp, and, speaking some low word,
Laid his right palm across the stallion's eyes,
And drew it gently down the angry face,
And all along the neck and panting flanks,
Till men astonished saw the night-black horse
Sink his fierce crest and stand subdued and meek,
As though he knew our Lord and worshiped him.
Nor stirred he while Siddartha mounted, then
Went soberly to touch of knee and rein
Before all eyes, so that the people said,
" Strive no more, for Siddartha is the best. "
And all the suitors answered " He is best ! "
And Suprabuddha, father of the maid,
Said, " It was in our hearts to find thee best,
Being dearest, yet what magic taught thee more
Of manhood 'mid thy rose bowers and thy dreams Than war and chase and world's work bring to these ? But wear, fair Prince, the treasure thou hast won. " Then at a word the lovely Indian girl
Rose from her place above the throng, and took A crown of mogra flowers and lightly drew
The veil of black and gold across her brow, Proud pacing past the youths, until she came To where Siddartha stood in grace divine,
New lighted from the night-dark steed, which bent Its strong neck meekly underneath his arm.
Before the Prince lowly she bowed, and bared
Her face celestial beaming with glad love ;
Then on his neck she hung the fragrant wreath, And on his breast she laid her perfect head,
And stooped to touch his feet with proud glad eyes, Saying, " Dear Prince, behold me, who am thine ! " And all the throng rejoiced, seeing them pass
PRINCE SIDDARTHA'S MARRIAGE.
Hand fast in hand, and heart beating with heart, The veil of black and gold drawn close again.
Long after — when enlightenment was come — They prayed Lord Buddha touching all, and why
She wore this black and gold, and stepped so proud. And the World-honored answered, " Unto me
This was unknown, albeit it seemed half known ;
For while the wheel of birth and death turns round, Past things and thoughts and buried lives come back I now remember, myriad rains ago,
What time I roamed Hiinala's hanging woods,
A tiger, with my striped and hungry kind :
I, who am Buddh, couched in the kusa grass
Gazing with green blinked eyes upon the herds Which pastured near and nearer to their death Round my day lair ; or underneath the stars
I roamed for prey, savage, insatiable,
Sniffing the paths for track of man and deer.
Amid the beasts that were my fellows then,
Met in deep jungle or by reedy jheel,
A tigress, comeliest of the forest, set
The males at war ; her hide was lit with gold, Black-broidered like the veil Yasddhara
Wore for me : hot the strife waxed in that wood With tooth and claw, while underneath a neem
The fair beast watched us bleed, thus fiercely wooed. And I remember, at the end she came
Snarling past this and that torn forest lord
Which I had conquered, and with fawning jaws Licked my quick-heaving flank, and with me went Into the wild with proud steps, amorously.
The wheel of birth and death turns low and high. "
Therefore the maid was given unto the Prince A willing spoil ; and when the stars were good — Mesha, the Red Ram, being Lord of heaven — The marriage feast was kept, as Sakyas use,
The golden gadi set, the carpet spread,
The wedding garlands hung, the arm threads tied, The sweet cake broke, the rice and attar thrown, The two straws floated on the reddened milk, Which, coming close, betokened " love till death " ; The seven steps taken thrice around the fire,
The gifts bestowed on holy men, the alms
And temple offerings made, the mantras sung,
270
LEONIDAS AND THERMOPYL^.
The garments of the bride and bridegroom tied. Then the gray father spake : " Worshipful Prince, She that was ours henceforth is only thine ;
Be good to her, who hath her life in thee. " Wherewith they brought home sweet Yasddhara, With songs and trumpets, to the Prince's arms, And love was all in all.
LEONIDAS AND THERMOPYL^. By HERODOTUS.
(Translated by Canon Rawlinson. )
[For biographical sketch, see page 125. ]
South of Trachis there is a cleft in the mountain range which shuts in the territory of Trachinia ; and the river Asopus, issuing from this cleft, flows for a while along the foot of the hills. Further to the south, another river, called the Phoenix, which has no great body of water, flows from the same hills, and falls into the Asopus. Here is the narrowest place of all, for in this part there is only a causeway wide enough for a single car riage. From the river Phoenix to Thermopylae is a distance of fifteen furlongs. . . . King Xerxes pitched his camp in the re gion of Malis called Trachinia, while on their side the Greeks occupied the straits. These straits the Greeks in general call Thermopylae [the Hot Gates] ; but the natives and those who
dwell in the neighborhood call them Pylae [the Gates]. Here, then, the two armies took their stand; the one master of all the region lying north of Trachis, the other of the country extending southward of that place to the verge of the conti nent.
The Greeks who at this spot awaited the coming of Xerxes were the following : From Sparta, 300 men at arms ; from Arca dia, 1000 Tegeans and Mantineans, 500 of each people; 120 Orchomenians from the Arcadian Orchomenus ; and 1000 from other cities ; from Corinth 400 men ; from Phlius, 200 ; and from Mycenae, 80. Such was the number from the Peloponnese. There were also present from Boeotia 700 Thespians and 400
LEONIDAS AND THERMOPYL^1. 271
Thebans. Besides these troops, the Locrians of Opus and the Phocians had obeyed the call of their countrymen, and sent, the former all the force they had, the latter 1000 men. . . .
The various nations had each captains of their own, under whom they served ; but the one to whom all especially looked up, and who had the command of the entire force, was the Lace daemonian [King] Leonidas. . . . He had come to Thermopylae, accompanied by the 300 men which the law assigned him, whom he had himself chosen from among the citizens, and who were all of them fathers with sons living. [That no family might be extinguished: obviously feeling it to be a forlorn hope. ] On his way he had taken the troops from Thebes, whose number I have already mentioned, and who were under the command of Leontiades, the son of Eurymachus. The reason why he made a point of taking troops from Thebes, and Thebes only, was that the Thebans were strongly suspected of being well inclined to the Medes. Leonidas therefore called on them to come with him to the war, wishing to see whether they would comply with his demand, or openly refuse, and disclaim the Greek alliance.
They, however, though their wishes leant the other way, never theless sent the men.
The force with Leonidas was sent forward by the Spartans in advance of their main body, that the sight of them might en courage the allies to fight, and hinder them from going over to the Medes, as it was likely they might have done had they seen that Sparta was backward. They intended presently, when they had celebrated the Carneian festival, which was what now kept them at home, to leave a garrison in Sparta, and hasten in full force to join the army. The rest of the allies also intended to act similarly ; for it happened that the Olympic festival fell ex actly at this same period. None of them looked to see the con test at Thermopylae decided so speedily; wherefore they were content to send forward a mere advanced guard. Such, accord ingly, were the intentions of the allies.
The Greek forces at Thermopylae, when the Persian army drew near to the entrance of the pass, were seized with fear; and a council was held to consider about a retreat. It was the wish of the Peloponnesians generally that the army should fall back upon the Peloponnese, and there guard the Isthmus. But Leonidas, who saw with what indignation the Phocians and Locrians heard of this plan, gave his voice for remaining where they were, while they sent envoys to the several cities to ask
272 LEONIDAS AND THERMOPYLAE.
for help, since they were too few to make a stand against an army like that of the Medes.
While this debate was going on, Xerxes sent a mounted spy to observe the Greeks, and note how many they were and see what they were doing. He had heard, before he came out of Thessaly, that a few men were assembled at this place, and that at their head were certain Lacedaemonians, under Leonidas, a descendant of Hercules. The horseman rode up to the camp, and looked about him, but did not see the whole army; for such as were on the further side of the wall (which had been rebuilt and was now carefully guarded) it was not possible for him to behold ; but he observed those on the outside, who were encamped in front of the rampart.
It chanced that at this time the Lacedaemonians held the outer guard, and were seen by the spy, some of them engaged in gymnastic exercises, others comb ing their long hair. At this the spy greatly marveled ; but he counted their number, and when he had taken accurate note of everything, he rode back quietly ; for no one pursued after him, nor paid any heed to his visit. So he returned, and told Xerxes all that he had seen. Upon this, Xerxes, who had no means of surmising the truth, — namely, that the Spartans were prepar ing to do or die manfully, — but thought it laughable that they should be engaged in such employments, . . . suffered four whole days to go by, expecting that the Greeks would run away. When, however, he found on the fifth that they were not gone, thinking that their firm stand was mere impudence and reck lessness, he grew wroth, and sent against them the Medes and Cissians, with orders to take them alive and bring them into his presence. Then the Medes rushed forward and charged the Greeks, but fell in vast numbers: others, however, took the places of the slain, and would not be beaten off, though they suffered terrible losses. In this way it became clear to all, and especially to the king, that though he had plenty of com batants, he had but very few warriors. The struggle, however, continued during the whole day.
Then the Medes, having met so rough a reception, withdrew from the fight; and their place was taken by the band of Persians under Hydarnes, whom the king called his "Immor tals": they, it was thought, would soon finish the business. But when they joined battle with the Greeks, 'twas with no better success than the Median detachment : things went much as before, — the two armies fighting in a narrow space, and the
LEONIDAS AND THERMOPYL^I. 273
barbarians using shorter spears than the Greeks, and having no advantage from their numbers. The Lacedaemonians fought in a way worthy of note, and showed themselves far more skillful in fight than their adversaries, often turning their backs, and making as though they were all flying away, on which the barbarians would rush after them with much noise and shout ing, when the Spartans at their approach would wheel round and face their pursuers, in this way destroying vast numbers of the enemy. Some Spartans likewise fell in these encounters, but only a very few. At last the Persians, finding that all their efforts to gain the pass availed nothing, and that, whether they attacked by divisions or in any other way, it was to no purpose, withdrew to their own quarters. During these assaults it is said that Xerxes, who was watching the battle, thrice leaped from the throne on which he sate, in terror for his army.
Next day the combat was renewed, but with no better success on the part of the barbarians. The Greeks were so few that the barbarians hoped to find them disabled, by reason of their wounds, from offering any further resistance ; and so they once more attacked them. But the Greeks were drawn up in de tachments according to their cities, and bore the brunt of the battle in turns — all except the Phocians, who had been stationed on the mountain to guard the pathway. So, when the Persians found no difference between that day and the pre ceding, they again retired to their quarters.
Now, as the king was in a great strait, and knew not how he should deal with the emergency, Ephialtes, the son of EurydS- mus, a man of Malis, came to him and was admitted to a con ference. Stirred by the hope of receiving a rich reward at the king's hands, he had come to tell him of the pathway which led across the mountain to Thermopylae. . . . The Persians took this path, and, crossing the Asopus, continued their march through the whole of the night, having the mountains of GSta on their right hand, and on their left those of Trachis. At dawn of day they found themselves close to the summit. Now the hill was guarded, as I have already said, by a thousand Phocian men at arms, who were placed there to defend the pathway, and at the same time to secure their own country. They had been given the guard of the mountain path, while the other Greeks defended the pass below, because they had volun teered for the service, and had pledged themselves to Leonidas to maintain the post.
VOL. III. — 18
274 LEONIDAS AND THERMOPYLAE.
The ascent of the Persians became known to the Phocians in the following manner: During all the time that they were making their way up, the Greeks remained unconscious of it, inasmuch as the whole mountain was covered with groves of oak ; but it happened that the air was very still, and the leaves which the Persians stirred with their feet made, as it was likely they would, a loud rustling, whereupon the Phocians jumped up and flew to seize their arms. In a moment the barbarians came in sight, and, perceiving men arming themselves, were greatly amazed; for they had fallen in with an enemy when they expected no opposition. Hydarnes, alarmed at the sight, and fearing lest the Phocians might be Lacedaemonians, in quired of Ephialtes to what nation those troops belonged. Ephialtes told him the exact truth, whereupon he arrayed his Persians for battle. The Phocians, galled by the showers of arrows to which they were exposed, and imagining themselves the special object of the Persian attack, fled hastily to the crest of the mountain, and there made ready to meet death; but while their mistake continued, the Persians, with Ephialtes and Hydarnes, not thinking it worth their while to delay on account of Phocians, passed on and descended the mountain with all possible speed.
The Greeks at Thermopylae received the first warning of the destruction which the dawn would bring on them from the seer Megistias, who read their fate in the victims as he was sacrificing. After this deserters came in, and brought the news that the Persians were marching round by the hills: it was still night when these men arrived. Last of all, the scouts came running down from the heights, and brought in the same accounts, when the day was just beginning to break. Then the Greeks held a council to consider what they should do, and here opinions were divided : some were strong against quitting their post, while others contended to the contrary. So when the council had broken up, part of the troops departed and went their ways homeward to their several states; part, however, resolved to remain, and to stand by Leonidas to the last.
It is said that Leonidas himself sent away the troops who departed, because he tendered their safety, but thought it un seemly that either he or his Spartans should quit the post which they had been especially sent to guard. For my own part, I incline to think that Leonidas gave the order because he per
LEONIDAS AND THERMOPYL. E.
275
ceived the allies to be out of heart and unwilling to encounter the danger to which his own mind was made up. . . .
So the allies, when Leonidas ordered them to retire, obeyed him and forthwith departed. Only the Thespians and the The- bans remained with the Spartans; and of these the Thebans were kept back by Leonidas as hostages, very much against their will. The Thespians, on the contrary, stayed entirely of their own accord, refusing to retreat, and declaring that they would not forsake Leonidas and his followers. So they abode with the Spartans, and died with them. Their leader was Demophilus, the son of Diadromes.
At sunrise Xerxes made libations, after which he waited until the time when the forum is wont to fill, and then began his advance. Ephialtes had instructed him thus, as the descent of the mountain is much quicker, and the distance much shorter, than the way round the hills, and the ascent. So the barbarians under Xerxes began to draw nigh ; and the Greeks under Leoni das, as they now went forth determined to die, advanced much further than on previous days, until they reached the more open portion of the pass. Hitherto they had held their station within the wall, and from this had gone forth to fight at the point where the pass was the narrowest. Now they joined battle beyond the defile, and carried slaughter among the barbarians, who fell in heaps. Behind them the captains of the squadrons, armed with whips, urged their men forward with continual blows. Many were thrust into the sea, and there perished ; a still greater number were trampled to death by their own sol diers ; no one heeded the dying. For the Greeks, reckless of their own safety and desperate, since they knew that, as the mountain had been crossed, their destruction was nigh at hand, exerted themselves with the most furious valor against the barbarians.
By this time the spears of the greater number were all shiv ered, and with their swords they hewed down the ranks of the Persians ; and here, as they strove, Leonidas fell fighting bravely, together with many other famous Spartans, whose names I have taken care to learn on account of their great worthiness, as in deed I have those of all the three hundred. There fell, too, at the same time very many famous Persians : among them, two sons of Darius, Abrocomes and Hyperanthes, his children by Phratagune, the daughter of Artanes. Artanes was brother of King Darius, being a son of Hystaspes, the son of Arsames ; and
276 LEONIDAS AND THERMOPYLAE.
when he gave his daughter to the king, he made him heir like wise of all his substance ; for she was his only child.
Thus two brothers of Xerxes here fought and fell. And now there arose a fierce struggle between the Persians and the Lacedaemonians over the body of Leonidas, in which the Greeks four times drove back the enemy, and at last by their great bravery succeeded in bearing on* the body. This combat was scarcely ended when the Persians with Ephialtes approached; and the Greeks, informed that they drew nigh, made a change in the manner of their fighting. Drawing back into the narrow est part of the pass, and retreating even behind the cross wall, they posted themselves upon a hillock, where they stood all drawn up together in one close body, except only the Thebans. The hillock whereof I speak is at the entrance of the straits, where the stone lion stands which was set up in honor of Leoni das. Here they defended themselves to the last, such as still had swords using them, and the others resisting with their hands and teeth ; till the barbarians, who in part had pulled down the wall and attacked them in front, in part had gone round and now encircled them upon every side, overwhelmed and buried the remnant which was left beneath showers of missile weapons.
[Two Spartans were absent, sick or messengers; one of them flew to the battle and perished, the other on returning home was boy
cotted as a coward. ]
Another of the three hundred is likewise said to have sur vived the battle, a man named Pantites, whom Leonidas had sent on an embassy into Thessaly. He, they say, on hi6 return to Sparta, found himself in such disesteem that he hanged him self.
Xerxes proceeded to pass through the slain ; and finding the body of Leonidas, whom he knew to have been the Lacedaemo nian king and captain, he ordered that the head should be struck off, and the trunk fastened to a cross. This proves to me most clearly what is plain also in many other ways, namely, that King Xerxes was more angry with Leonidas, while he was still in life, than with any other mortal. Certes, he would not else have used his body so shamefully. For the Persians are wont to honor those who show themselves valiant in fight more highly than any nation that I know. They, however, to whom the orders were given, did according to the commands of the King.
-ESCHYLUS' AGAMEMNON.
AGAMEMNON AND CLYTEMNESTRA. By jESCHTLUS : version of EDWARD FITZGERALD.
[vEachtLus : the earliest and greatest of the Greek tragic dramatists ; born at Eleusis, in Attica, b. c. 525. He fought at the battles of Marathon, Salamis, and Plataea. He held the supremacy in drama till defeated by his junior Sophocles, when he retired in disgust to Gela in Sicily (b. c. 459), and died there a few years later. Of his seventy tragedies there are extant only seven : "The Persians," "Seven against Thebes," "The Suppliants," "Prometheus Bound," and the famous Orestean trilogy, consisting of "Agamemnon," "The Choephoroi," and " The Eumenides. "
Edward Fitzgerald, English poet, was born in Suffolk in 1809, and graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1830. He was a man of independ ent fortune, who spent his literary life mainly in making versions of Oriental and South-European literature, and of the Greek classics, largely new work based on the nominal originals. They include the quatrains of Omar Khayyam, . /Eschylus's "Agamemnon," Sophocles's "CEdipus," Calderon's "Vida es Suefio" and "El Magico Prodigioso," Attar's "Bird Parliament," and others. He died in 1883. ]
Clytemnestra receives Agamemnon on his Return from the Sack of Troy, with Priam's Daughter Cassandra a Prisoner.
Clytemnestra —
Down from the chariot thou standest in,
Crowned with the naming towers of Troy, descend, And to this palace, rich indeed with thee,
But beggar-poor without, return ! And ye,
My women, carpet all the way before,
From the triumphal carriage to the door, With all the gold and purple in the chest
Stored these ten years ; and to what purpose stored,
Unless to strew the footsteps of their Lord Returning to his unexpected rest !
Agamemnon —
Daughter of Leda, Mistress of my house,
Beware lest loving Welcome of your Lord, Measuring itself by its protracted absence,
Exceed the bound of rightful compliment,
And better left to other lips than yours.
Address me not, address me not, I say
With dust-adoring adulation, meeter
For some barbarian Despot from his slave ;
Nor with invidious Purple strew my way,
Fit only for the footstep of a God
Lighting from Heaven to earth. Let whoso will
278
&SCHYLUS' AGAMEMNON.
Trample their glories underfoot, not I. Woman, I charge you, honor me no more Than as the man I am ; if honor-worth, Needing no other trapping but the fame
Of the good deed I clothe myself withal ; And knowing that, of all their gifts to man, No greater gift than Self-sobriety
The Gods vouchsafe him in the race of life : "Which, after thus far running, if I reach The goal in peace, it shall be well for me.
Glytemnestra —
Why, how think you old Priam would have walked Had he returned to Troy your conqueror,
As you to Hellas his ?
Agamemnon — What then ? Perhaps Voluptuary Asiatic-like,
On gold and purple.
Clytemnestra — Well, and grudging this, When all that out before your footsteps flows
Ebbs back into the treasury again ;
Think how much more, had Fate the tables turned, Irrevocably from those coffers gone,
For those barbarian feet to walk upon,
To buy your ransom back !
Agamemnon — ' Enough, enough !
I know my reason.
Clytemnestra — What! the jealous God ?
Or, peradventure, yet more envious man ? Agamemnon —
And that of no small moment.
Clytemnestra — No ; the one
Sure proof of having won what others would. Agamemnon — —
No matter Strife but ill becomes a woman. Clytemnestra —
And frank submission to her simple wish
How well becomes the Soldier in his strength ! Agamemnon —
And I must then submit ?
Clytemnestra — Ay, Agamemnon,
Deny me not this first Desire on this
First Morning of your long-desired Return. Agamemnon —
But not till I have put these sandals off, That, slavelike, too officiously would pander
-ESCHYLUS' AGAMEMNON. 279
Between the purple and my dainty feet.
For fear, for fear indeed, some Jealous eye
From heaven above, or earth below, should strike The Man who walks the earth Immortal-like.
So much for that. For this same royal maid, Cassandra, daughter of King Priamus,
Whom, as the flower of all the spoil of Troy,
The host of Hellas dedicates to me ;
Entreat her gently ; knowing well that none
But submit hardly to a foreign yoke ;
And those of Royal blood most hardly brook. That if I sin thus trampling underfoot
A woof in which the Heavens themselves are dyed, The jealous God may less resent his crime,
Who mingles human mercy with his pride. Clytemnestra —
The Sea there is, and shall the sea be dried ?
Fount inexhaustibler of purple grain
Than all the wardrobes of the world could drain ;
And Earth there is, whose dusky closets hide The precious metal wherewith not in vain
The Gods themselves this Royal house provide ; For what occasion worthier, or more meet,
Than now to carpet the victorious feet
Of Him who, thus far having done their will, Shall now their last About-to-be fulfill ?
[Agamemnon descends from his chariot, and goes vnth Clt- temnestba into the house, Cassandra remaining.
Chorus.
About the nations runs a saw,
That Over-good ill fortune breeds ; And true that, by the mortal law,
Fortune her spoilt children feeds
To surfeit, such as sows the seeds Of Insolence, that, as it grows,
The flower of Self-repentance blows. And true that Virtue often leaves
The marble walls and roofs of kings, And underneath the poor man's eaves
On smoky rafter folds her wings.
Thus the famous city, flown
With insolence, and overgrown,
Is humbled : all her splendor blown
280 . ESCHYLUS' AGAMEMNON.
To smoke : her glory laid in dust ;
Who shall say by doom unjust ?
But should He to whom the wrong
Was done, and Zeus himself made strong To do the vengeance He decreed —
At last returning with the meed
He wrought for — should the jealous Eye That blights full-blown prosperity
Pursue him — then indeed, indeed, Man should hoot and scare aloof Good fortune lighting on the roof ; Yea, even Virtue's self forsake
If Glory followed in the wake ; Seeing bravest, best, and wisest
But the playthings of a day, Which a shadow can trip over, And a breath can puff away.
Clytemnestra [reentering] — —
Yet for a moment let me look on her
This, then, is Priam's daughter —
Cassandra, and a Prophetess, whom Zeus
Has given into my hands to minister
Among my slaves. Didst thou prophesy that ? Well — some more famous have so fallen before — Even Heracles, the son of Zeus, they say
Was sold, and bowed his shoulder to the yoke. Chorus —
And, if needs must a captive, better far
Of some old house that affluent Time himself Has taught the measure of prosperity,
Than drunk with sudden superfluity.
Clytemnestra —
Even so. You hear ? Therefore at once descend From that triumphal chariot — And yet
She keeps her station still, her laurel on, Disdaining to make answer.
Chorus — Nay, perhaps, Like some stray swallow blown across the seas, Interpreting no twitter but her own.
Clytemnestra —
But, if barbarian, still interpreting The universal language of the hand.
Chorus —
Which yet again she does not seem to see, Staring before her with wide-open eyes
As in a trance.
^SCHYLUS' AGAMEMNON. 281
Clytemnestra — Ay, ay, a prophetess — Phoebus Apollo's minion once — Whose now? A time will come for her. See you to it :
A greater business now is on my hands : For lo ! the fire of Sacrifice is lit,
And the grand victim by the altar stands.
Chorus —
Hark!
Chorus [continuing].
Still a muttered and half-blind Superstition haunts mankind,
That, by some divine decree Yet by mortal undivined, Mortal Fortune must not over-
Leap the bound he cannot see ; For that even wisest labor
Lofty-building, builds to fall, Evermore a jealous neighbor
Undermining floor and wall. So that on the smoothest water
Sailing, in a cloudless sky,
The wary merchant overboard
Flings something of his precious hoard
To pacify the jealous eye,
That will not suffer man to swell Over human measure. Well,
As the Gods have ordered we
Must take — I know not —let it be. But, by rule of retribution,
If she fall, shall fall to rise: And the hand of Zeus dispenses Even measure in the main :
One short harvest recompenses With a glut of. golden grain;
So but men in patience wait Fortune's counter revolution
Axled on eternal Fate ;
And the Sisters three that twine, Cut not short the vital line ;
For indeed the purple seed
Of life once shed —
The lips at last unlocking.
Cassandra — Phoebus Apollo !
[Exit Clytemnestra.
Hidden, too, from human eyes, Fortune in her revolution,
282 iESCHYLUS' AGAMEMNON.
Cassandra — Phoebus! Phoebus! Chorus —
Well, what of Phoebus, maiden ? though a name 'Tis but disparagement to call upon
In misery.
Cassandra — Apollo! Apollo! Again! Oh, the burning arrow through the brain !
— Phoebus Apollo !
Apollo !
— Seemingly-
Phoebus! Phoebus! Thorough trampled ashes, blood, and fiery rain,
Over water seething, and behind the breathing Warhorse in the darkness — till you rose again — Took the helm — took the rein —
Chorus —
As one that half asleep at dawn recalls A night of Horror !
And with whom,
I can answer that —
Down to what slaughterhouse ?
Foh ! the smell of carnage through the door Scares me from it — drags me toward it — Phoebus ! Apollo ! Apollo !
Chorus
Possessed indeed
—
whether by
Cassandra —
Cassandra —
Hither, whither, Phoebus ? Leading me, lighting me —
Chorus — Cassandra —
Chorus —
One of the dismal prophet pack, it seems,
That hunt the trail of blood. But here at fault — This is no den of slaughter, but the house
Of Agamemnon.
Cassandra — Down upon the towers — Phantoms of two mangled Children hover
and a famished
man,
At an empty table glaring, seizes and devours !
Chorus —
Thyestes and his children ! Strange enough For any maiden from abroad to know,
Or, knowing —
Cassandra — And look! in the chamber below The terrible Woman, listening, watching,
Under a mask, preparing the blow
In the fold of her robe —
Chorus — Nay, but again at fault :
^SCHYLUS' AGAMEMNON.
For in the tragic story of this House — Unless, indeed, the fatal Helen —
No woman —
Chorus — Peace, mad woman, peace ! Whose stony lips once open vomit out
Such uncouth horrors.
283
Cassandra — — No Woman — Tisiphone!
Of Tartarus love-grinning Woman above, Dragon-tailed under — honey-ton gued, Harpy-clawed, Into the glittering meshes of slaughter
She wheedles, entices, him into the poisonous
Fold of the serpent —
Cassandra — I tell you the lioness
Slaughters the Lion asleep ; and lifting
Her blood-dripping fangs buried deep in his mane,
Glaring about her insatiable, bellowing,
Bounds hither — Phoebus, Apollo, Apollo, Apollo !
Whither have you led me, under night alive with fire, Through the trampled ashes of the city of my sire,
From my slaughtered kinsmen, fallen throne, insulted shrine, Slavelike to be butchered, the daughter of a Royal line ?
Daughter
Chorus —
And so returning, like a nightingale Returning to the passionate note of woe By which the silence first was broken !
Cassandra — Oh,
A nightingale, a nightingale, indeed,
That, as she "Itys ! Itys ! Itys ! " so
I " Helen ! Helen ! Helen ! " having sung
Amid my people, now to those who flung
And trampled on the nest, and slew the young,
Keep crying " Blood ! blood !