Allatius considers
assign him to the latter half of the tenth and the Symeon to have been the precursor of the fanatic
beginning of the eleventh century.
assign him to the latter half of the tenth and the Symeon to have been the precursor of the fanatic
beginning of the eleventh century.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
515.
) put to death for his faith as a Christian, and because
7. GRAMMATICus. Daniel de Nessel in his he was descended from David. He was a hundred
Cutalous Bibliothecae Caesaracae, pars iv. p. 77, and twenty years old at the time of his martyrdom,
fol. Vienna, 1690, describes a Greek MS. in that which took place during the persecution in the
library as containing Simconis Grammatici Etymo reign of Trajan, and while Atticus, the consular,
logicon : the work is arranged in alphabetical order was governor of Syria Eusebius, in his Chronicon,
and has never been published. The MS. which places the martyrdom of Symeon in the tenth year
was toru and imperfect, is not noticed, so far as we of Trajan, the third year of Olympiad 221, in the
have been able to trace, by Kollar, in his edition of fourth consulship of Sosius and third of Sura, A. D.
the Commentarius of Lambecius. (Fabric. Bill. 107. Some critics, including Bishop Lloyd of St.
Gruec. vol. vi. pp. 379, 604. )
Asaph, Dodwell, and Pagi, bring down bis death
8. HAERESIARCHA 6. MassALIANUS. In an to A. D. 116. Symeon is worshipped as a Saint
appendix to the Panoplia of Euthymius Zigabenus both by the Latin and Greek Churches, by the
[EUTHYMIUS ZIGABENUS] described by Lambecius, former on the 18th of February, by the latter on
who printed some portions of it (Commentarius the 27th of April. He was succeeded in his
de Billioth. Cacsaraea, lib. s. vol. iii. col. 424, &c. ), bishopric by Justus. (Euseb. H. E. jii. 11, 32 ;
and published, with a Latin version, by Tollius Hegesippus, apud Euseb. U. cc. ; Euseb. Chronicon ;
(Insiynia Itincrarii Italici, p. 106, &c. ), are a string Chronicon Paschale ; Acta Sanctorum Februar, ad
of anathemas against various Massalians or Bogo- diem xviii. vol. iii. p. 53 ; Le Quien, Oriens
milans, among whom are given in one group Dadoes, Christian. vol. iii. col. 140. )
Sabas, Adelpheios, Hermas, and Symeon. These 11. HIEROSOLYMITANUS (2). Toward the close
do not belong to the age of Alexius Comnenus, to of the eleventh century, the patriarchate of Jeru-
which Euthymius belonged, and in which the salem was held by Symeon or Simon II. In the
nnathemas appear to have been uttered, but to a Latin catalogues of the bishops of Jerusalem he is
much earlier period, for in an account of the Council called Simon ; but the Latin historians of the
of Side in Pamphylia, held in or about a. D. 381, crusades generally write his name Symeon or
and which account is preserved by Photius, Simeon. He succeeded Euthymius, but in what
(Biblioth. Cod. 52), Dadoes, Sabas, Adelpheios, year is not known : he was already patriarch in
and Symeon are mentioned as contemporaries of the A. D. 1094, when he had many conversations with
council and founders of the Massalian or Euchite sect. Peter the Hermit, then on a pilgrimage to the
Theodoret also (Haeret. Fabul. Compend. iv. 11) Holy Land, on the deplorable state of the Christians
mentions them. In the older editions of Photius in the East ; and these conversations were among
the name of Symeon was written Enueourns, “Se. the means of exciting the compassion and zeal of
mesones," but Bekker in his edition gives it (on Peter, and eventually of producing the crusades.
the authority of a manuscript in the library of On the arrival of the crusaders in Syria, and the
Cardinal Bessarion, now of St. Mark, at Venice) formation of the siege of Antioch by them, in A. D.
Eupewens, Symeones, which is the form used by 1098, Symeon, terrified by the threats of the
Theodoret (1. c. ). Lambecius and Tollius give it as Turks of Jerusalem, fled to the island of Cyprus.
Luueur, Symeon. The sect of which he was one from this island he maintained a friendly inter-
of the leaders had its rise in the reign of the Em- course with the leaders of the crusaders, sending
peror Constantius II. , apparently in the parts of them presents of fruits, wine, poultry, and such
Mesopotamia and Asia Minor adjacent to the Eu- | things as he could. He died just about the time
phrates. They were a very enthusiastic sect, who of the capture of Jerusalem, and the vacancy caused
placed the whole business of life in prayer and re- by his death being filled up by the crusaders with
ligious exercises, in which they gave themselves up a patriarch of the Latin Church, and by the native
to unwonted and uncontrolled excesses. Their Christians with one of the Greek Church, gave
names, Massaliani or Messaliani or Mesaliani occasion to a long continued schism and a succession
(Maooallavol or Medoallavol, or Mecallavol), and of rival claimants of the two Churches. An extant
Euchitae (Evxital), derived the first from the treatise De Azymis adversus Latinos, from which
Syriac, the second from the Greek language, were Allatius (De Symeon. Scriptis, p. 180) gives a pils-
significant of their characteristic practice ; they sage, is ascribed, and apparently with good reason,
wcant "praying people. ”
to our Symeon. Le Quien, indeed, doubts whether
3
## p. 951 (#967) ############################################
SYMEON,
951
SYMEON.
it is correctly ascribed to him, because the author sent at an early age, for his education, to Constan-
appears “not to have been hostile to the Latins ;" tinople, where his relatives held high stations at
but the very courtesy of tone which occasioned Le the Byzantine court. His precocious attainments
Quien's doubts, while sufficiently at variance with inspired the highest hopes of his family, and he
the usual style of mediaeval polemics, is just such was introduced by an uncle to the notice of the
as a man in Symeon's circumstances would be imperial brothers Basil II. and Constantine IX. ,
likely to use. (Willermus a. Guillelmus Tyrensis, apparently at the time when they were yet in their
lib. i. c. 11 ; Albertus Aquensis, Historia Hieros. boyhood, and were emperors in name only, the
lib. vi. c. 39 ; Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, vol. reins of empire being really held successively by
iii. col. 498 ; Allatius, C. ; Montfaucon, Biblioth. Nicephorus Phocas (A. D. 963—969) and Jolin
Coislin. p. 105; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 1090, Tzimisces (A. D. 969–975). After the sudden
vol. ïi. p. 159. )
death of the uncle by whom he had been introduced
12. HUMILIS. (No. 16. )
at court, Symeon determined, though only fourteen
13. LOGOTueta. (No. 22. ]
years of age, to embrace a monastic life; but the
14. LOGOTHETA JUNIOR. In the Bibliotheca monk Symeon the Pious (Euuear o evlabris), or ng
Juris Canonici of Justellus and Voellus (vol. ii. Combéfis styles him, " Venerabilis," the Venerable
p. 710) is given the 'Enitou kavóvwv, Egrlome [No. 24), whom he had chosen for his spiritual
Canonum e. Synopsis Canonica of Symeon Magister guide and father, having advised him to defer his
and Logotheta. Cave and Oudin distinguish purpose, he returned for a time to the house of his
this Symeon from Symeon Metaphrastes (No. deceased uncle. At a somewhat later period he
22), who also bore the titles of Magister and conimenced his noviciate in the Monastery of
Lugotheta, by the epithet Junior. The work Studium at Constantinople ; but was induced by
itself is more ancient than the period (A. D. the envy of the abbot and some of the monks,
1170) in which Cave places this Symeon junior, excited by his pre-eminence in monastic practices,
who could only have selected and arranged it, to remove to the Monastery of St. Mamas, where
and possibly (as Beveridge conjectured) made an- he completed his noviciate, and, in course of time,
notations upon it. Christopher Justellus in the became abbot and was ordained presbyter. This
Praefatio to the second volume of the Bibliotheca was some time in the patriarchate of Nicolaus Chry-
Juris Canonici supposes the Symeon Logotheta soberges, who was patriarch of Constantinople from
who compiled the Epitome, to have been some- A. D. 982 to 996. After some years Symeon, who
what later than Alexius Aristinus or Aristenus had experienced trouble and danger from the tur-
(ALEXIUS ARISTENUS), who belonged to the bulence of some recusant monks, resigned the
middle of the twelfth century, and this appears to abbacy, and devoted himself to the composition of
have led Cave and Oudin to distinguish him from works of piety. His literary labours attracted the
Metaphrastes, who belongs to a much earlier pe-approving notice of Sergius 11. , who held the pa-
riod. But as, according to Cave's own acknow- triarchate from A. D. 999 to 1019 or 1020: but this
ledgment, the Canones are really of earlier date, must have been quite in the early part of the
and as in the title the compiler is no otherwise patriarchate of Sergius, who was soon alienated
distinguished than by the titles Magister and Lo- from Symeon by the instrumentality of his syn-
gotheta, which were borne by Metaphrastes, we cellus, Stephanus, archbishop of Nicomedeia, a
agree with Fabricius in assigning the Epitome to man of learning and eloquence, who was jealous of
Metaphrastes, and regard“ Symeon Logotheta Symeon. The charge against Symeon was, that
Junior” as an imaginary person. In that case the he paid unauthorized honour to the memory of his
other works which Oudin and Cave ascribe to him spiritual father, Symeon the Pious, who was now
must belong to some other Symeon. (Cave, Hist. dead ; and to whom our Symeon paid the honours
Litt. ad ann. 1170, vol. ii. p. 241 ; Oudin, De due to a canonized saint. In consequence of this
Scriptoribus Eccles. vol. ii. col. 1366, &c. ; Fabric. difference Symeon, after six years of persecution,
Bibl. Graec. vol. xi. p. 297. )
was banished from his monastery, and from Con-
15. MAGISTER. (No. 22. ]
stantinople, by the patriarch and synod. This
16. S. MAMANTIS, styled in the MSS. of his punishment was remitted, and high honours in the
works, νέος θεολόγος, ηγούμενος μόνης του αγίου | Church offered him, if he would comply with the
Máuavtos Toll fnpoképkov, Novus TheoLOGUS wishes of the patriarch, but he would not purchase
(or THEOLOGUS JUNIOR) ET HEGUMENUS (s. them by sacrificing the memory of his friend. He
ABBAS) MONASTERII S. MAMANTIS IN XEKO- was enabled by the liberality of his friends to found
CERCO, or, as some correct it, TOÙ EvAOKépkov, IN a monastery in the place where he had taken up
XYLOCERCO. His title “ Theologus" indicates his his abode during his exile, a deserted chapel of St.
eminence as a writer on divinity ; and the epithet Marina, on the Asiatic side of the Propontis ; and
" Novus” or “Junior” was evidently added to there he remained till his death. His life has been
distinguish him from some other ecclesiastic, perhaps written at length by one of his disciples, Nicetas
from Gregory Nazianzen, to whom at a much Stethatus, who has embellished the narrative with
earlier period the title “ Theologus” was given ; the usual appendages of celestial gifts, divine visions,
or more probably to distinguish him from some and mimculous incidents: and from a summary of
other Symeon, either Symeon Metaphrastes (No. this given by Combéfis, in his Auctarium Novissi-
22) or Symeon the Pious (No. 24). The time at mum, pars ii. p. 119, &c. , and from an abridged trans-
which this writer flourished has been much dis-lation of it in Romaic or modern Greek, we are in-
puted ; but the facts of his history enable us to debted for the abore particulars.
Allatius considers
assign him to the latter half of the tenth and the Symeon to have been the precursor of the fanatic
beginning of the eleventh century. He was born quietists, who some centuries after gave occasion to
about the middle of the tenth century, of wealthy the controversy that so agitarea the Greek Church,
and noble parents, named Basil and Theophano, at respecting the uncreated light of Mount Tabor.
A place called Galate in Paphlagonia ; and was (PALAMAS. ]
3 r 4
## p. 952 (#968) ############################################
952
SYMEON.
SYMEON.
a
1
1
:
The works of Symeon of St. Mamas are no- life of Symeon prefixed. Allatius, Oudin, and
merous, and are divisible into the following classes : Harless, in his edition of Fabricius, give the titles
-1. nóyou, Orationes. Allatius (De Symson. of various works of Symeon, extant in M$. in
Scriptis) gives a catalogue of the subjects and open- various libraries ; but many of them appear to be
ing sentences of seventy-eight of these, extant in only duplicates or extracts of those already men-
various MSS. in the original Greek ; and the list tioned, with titles more or less varied. Combéfis
is transcribed by Fabricius (Biblioth. Graec. vol. ascribes to him a discourse in honour of Symeon
xi. p. 304, &c. ). Several of these, and some others the Just, who is mentioned in the New Testament
of which the original Greek was not known by as taking the infant Christ in his arms. The
Allatius to be extant, thirty-three in all, were pub- author of this discourse styles himself Evuear o
lished in a Latin version by Jac. Pontanus, with a Tapevds, Symeon Ilumilis. Symeon was held in
preface and notes by Jac. Gretserus, 4to. Ingol- the highest esteem in his own and following gene-
stadt, 1603. The original of these thirty-three, rations, and Allatius has quoted several laudatory
in the order in which Pontanus gave them, together poetical effusions in his honour. (Allatius, De
with twenty others, were in a MS. in the Coislin Syncon. Scriptis, p. 151, &c. ; Fabric. Biblioth.
Library. (Montfaucon, Biblioth. Coislin. p. 407. ) Graec. vol. x. p. 323, note h. , vol. xi. p. 302, &c. ;
To this version Pontanus subjoined a Lation version Oudin, De Scriptoribus Ecclcs. vol. ii. col. 587, &c. ;
of several pieces by different authors. A modern Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 1051, vol. ii. p. 138, ed.
(Romaic) Greek version of the works of Symeon Oxford, 1740-1743. )
contains ninety-two of these Λόγοι. 2. Κεφάλαια 17. MANDRITA. [No. 31. )
πρακτικά και θεολογικά, Capita Moralia. The 18. MANICHAEUS. (No. 8. )
sumber of these varies in different copies, either 19. MARTYR. (No. 26. )
from some copies being imperfect, or from a dif- 20. MASSALIANUS. (No. 8. )
ference of arrangement: in some MSS. they are 21. Of MESOPOTAMIA. A discourse of which a
arranged in three divisions, and amount in all to Latin version under the title of Sermo de morte
two hundred and twenty-eight (comp. Allat. de semper meditando, or Sermo de mente semper com-
Symeon. p. 166); and this is the number in the plectendo suum cuique discessum, is given in the
version of Pontanus published with the Orationes. Bibliotheca Patrum (Appendix ad edit. primam,
The modern Greek version contains only one Paris, 1579; vol. ij. ed. secunda, Paris, 1589 ; vol.
hundred and eighty-one ; but it contains also other v. pt. ii. ed. Cologne, 1618; vol. ii. col. 73–76, ed.
Kepárala, to the number of forty, by Symeon de Paris, 1654 ; vol. vii. p. 1227, ed. Lyon. 1677),
signated “the Pious" (Evuewvos Toù eủlabvūs). where it is ascribed to the elder Symeon the Sty-
[No. 24. ] 3. Ocloi duvoi, Divini Hymni, or, as lite (No. 31), is in MS. of the original, in the
Pontanus entitled them in his Latin version, Imperial Library at Vienna, ascribed to a Symeon
Sacrue Commentationes. These are in verse of of Mesopotamia. Toû dziov kal dolou Supewvos
various kinds, iambic, anacreontic, and of the kind MEOOTotauías trepi Toù del év vo é XELV TT)v njuépar
called "versus politici. " (This last kind of verses tñs étódou Toù Biov. Sancti Symeonis Mesopotu-
is described in a note to the article PHILIPPUS, mitae sermo de eo quod semper in animo habere
literary and ecclesiastical, No. 27, p. 291. ) Alla- debeamus diem eritus vitae. Lambecius shows, by
tius (p. 161, &c. ) and, after him, Fabricius (Bibl. quotations from the Vitae Patrum of Rosweydus,
Graec. vol. xi. p. 314, &c. ), give the titles of fifty-eight and the Menaea of the Greeks, that there was a
of these Hymni, thirty-eight of which, according to particular monastery, in some locality not defined,
Allatius, were translated into Latin, and published apparently in the Syrian or Roman part of Meso-
by Pontanus: but either by the subdivision or potamia, which was usually described by the name
alteration of these, or by the addition of others, of of the country, not of any particular adjacent spot:
which the original is not known, Pontanus, who -“monasterium quod est in Mesopotamia Syriae,"
has destroyed the poetical form of the original, and | μονή του αγίου Ασκληπιού του εν τη Μεσοποταμία
arranged them in one Sacrarum Commentationum tñs Evplas ; and thinks it likely that Symeon, the
Liber, gives forty “capita. ” The modern Greek author of the discourse, was abbot of this monas-
version is in verse, and comprehends fifty-one Nógol, tery. The Greek text, from which Lambecius
Orationes s. Libri. The dissertation Tepi da 101c6- cites some passages, differs materially in parts from
σεων ψυχής και σώματος των εξ αέρων, των εκ | the Latin version in the Bibliotliena Patrum. (Al-
Otoixeiwv, TWY és Bpwuátwv Kal Twék datuóvwv lat. De Symeon. Scriptis, p. 24; Fabric. Bibl. Graec.
enigevouévwv rjuiv Móyos, De Alterationibus Animae vol. xi. p. 298; Care, Hist. Litt. vol. ii. Dissertat.
et Corporis quae ex Varietute Coeli aut Aeris quae- prima, p. 18; Lambec. Comment. de Biblioth. Cae-
que ex Elementis, ex Cibis, interdum etiam ex Daemo- saraea, vol. s. lib. v. col. 198, &c. ed. Kollar. )
nibus existere in nobis solent Dissertatio, published, 22. METAPHRASTES (ο Μεταφραστής), known
with a Latin version by the Jesuit Possinus, in the also by the titles of Magister (ó Máyıotpos) and
notes to his edition of the S. Nili Epistolae, 4to. LOGOTHETA (it is doubtful if he was LogotHETA
Paris, 1657, is one of the Orationes translated by Cursus, ó nogometns Toll Spóuou, or Magnus
Pontanus. These are all the works of Symeon LOGOTHETA, ó méyas Aoyo étns), a celebrated
which have been published, and chiefly in Latin Byzantine writer of the end of the ninth and be
or modern Greek versions. The Latin ver- ginning and middle of the tenth centuries, as Alla-
sions of Pontanus and Possinus are contained tius has shown, but about whose date writers have
in the Maxima Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. xxii. differed very widely, some placing him in the be-
ad init. fol. Lyon. 1677. The modern or Romaic ginning of the third century, and others as late as
Greek version was made by Dionysius Zagoraeus the fourteenth (see Allatius and Cave, ubi infrà).
(Alovuolos Zayopaios), a hermit of the desert Our chief authority for the life of Symeon is the
islet of Piperi, of the promontory of Athos, | 'Εγκώμιον εις τον Μεταφραστήν κύριον Συμεώνα
and was published 4to. , Venice, 1790, with the Encomium in Mctaphrastem Dominum Symeonem
abridged Romaic version of Nicctas Stethatus's of the younger Psellus (PSELLUS, No. 3), and an
## p. 953 (#969) ############################################
SYMEON.
953
SYMEON.
'Akomoubla, Officium, composed by the same author | Italicarum Scriptores, vol. ii. p. 482. ) Symeon is
for the day (28th Nov. ) on which Symeon is com- mentioned by Leo Diaconus (IIistoria, x. 7, p.
memorated as a saint in the Greek Church ; to 169, ed. Bonn) as still living when the comet ap-
which we may add some incidental notices from peared which shortly preceded the death of the
the writings of Symeon himself.
emperor Joannes Tzimisces (comp. Cedrenus, p.
Symeon was a native of Constantinople, belonged 683, ed. Paris, vol. ii. p. 414, ed. Bonn), and
to an illustrious family, possessed great wealth, which may be fixed in the year 975, so that ho
and was remarkable even from childhood for “ the must have lived very nearly a century, and perhaps
flowers of the understanding," to quote the words more. His death is described by Psellus as joyful
of Psellus, which“ blossomed in him. ” He studied and triumphant. (Comp. Allatius, Vossius, Cave,
rhetoric, and especially philosophy, and became Oudin, Cellier, Saxius, ubi infra, and Pagi, Critice
eminent in both. The reputation he acquired re-in Baronii Annales, ad ann. 902, i-xi. ; ad ann.
7. GRAMMATICus. Daniel de Nessel in his he was descended from David. He was a hundred
Cutalous Bibliothecae Caesaracae, pars iv. p. 77, and twenty years old at the time of his martyrdom,
fol. Vienna, 1690, describes a Greek MS. in that which took place during the persecution in the
library as containing Simconis Grammatici Etymo reign of Trajan, and while Atticus, the consular,
logicon : the work is arranged in alphabetical order was governor of Syria Eusebius, in his Chronicon,
and has never been published. The MS. which places the martyrdom of Symeon in the tenth year
was toru and imperfect, is not noticed, so far as we of Trajan, the third year of Olympiad 221, in the
have been able to trace, by Kollar, in his edition of fourth consulship of Sosius and third of Sura, A. D.
the Commentarius of Lambecius. (Fabric. Bill. 107. Some critics, including Bishop Lloyd of St.
Gruec. vol. vi. pp. 379, 604. )
Asaph, Dodwell, and Pagi, bring down bis death
8. HAERESIARCHA 6. MassALIANUS. In an to A. D. 116. Symeon is worshipped as a Saint
appendix to the Panoplia of Euthymius Zigabenus both by the Latin and Greek Churches, by the
[EUTHYMIUS ZIGABENUS] described by Lambecius, former on the 18th of February, by the latter on
who printed some portions of it (Commentarius the 27th of April. He was succeeded in his
de Billioth. Cacsaraea, lib. s. vol. iii. col. 424, &c. ), bishopric by Justus. (Euseb. H. E. jii. 11, 32 ;
and published, with a Latin version, by Tollius Hegesippus, apud Euseb. U. cc. ; Euseb. Chronicon ;
(Insiynia Itincrarii Italici, p. 106, &c. ), are a string Chronicon Paschale ; Acta Sanctorum Februar, ad
of anathemas against various Massalians or Bogo- diem xviii. vol. iii. p. 53 ; Le Quien, Oriens
milans, among whom are given in one group Dadoes, Christian. vol. iii. col. 140. )
Sabas, Adelpheios, Hermas, and Symeon. These 11. HIEROSOLYMITANUS (2). Toward the close
do not belong to the age of Alexius Comnenus, to of the eleventh century, the patriarchate of Jeru-
which Euthymius belonged, and in which the salem was held by Symeon or Simon II. In the
nnathemas appear to have been uttered, but to a Latin catalogues of the bishops of Jerusalem he is
much earlier period, for in an account of the Council called Simon ; but the Latin historians of the
of Side in Pamphylia, held in or about a. D. 381, crusades generally write his name Symeon or
and which account is preserved by Photius, Simeon. He succeeded Euthymius, but in what
(Biblioth. Cod. 52), Dadoes, Sabas, Adelpheios, year is not known : he was already patriarch in
and Symeon are mentioned as contemporaries of the A. D. 1094, when he had many conversations with
council and founders of the Massalian or Euchite sect. Peter the Hermit, then on a pilgrimage to the
Theodoret also (Haeret. Fabul. Compend. iv. 11) Holy Land, on the deplorable state of the Christians
mentions them. In the older editions of Photius in the East ; and these conversations were among
the name of Symeon was written Enueourns, “Se. the means of exciting the compassion and zeal of
mesones," but Bekker in his edition gives it (on Peter, and eventually of producing the crusades.
the authority of a manuscript in the library of On the arrival of the crusaders in Syria, and the
Cardinal Bessarion, now of St. Mark, at Venice) formation of the siege of Antioch by them, in A. D.
Eupewens, Symeones, which is the form used by 1098, Symeon, terrified by the threats of the
Theodoret (1. c. ). Lambecius and Tollius give it as Turks of Jerusalem, fled to the island of Cyprus.
Luueur, Symeon. The sect of which he was one from this island he maintained a friendly inter-
of the leaders had its rise in the reign of the Em- course with the leaders of the crusaders, sending
peror Constantius II. , apparently in the parts of them presents of fruits, wine, poultry, and such
Mesopotamia and Asia Minor adjacent to the Eu- | things as he could. He died just about the time
phrates. They were a very enthusiastic sect, who of the capture of Jerusalem, and the vacancy caused
placed the whole business of life in prayer and re- by his death being filled up by the crusaders with
ligious exercises, in which they gave themselves up a patriarch of the Latin Church, and by the native
to unwonted and uncontrolled excesses. Their Christians with one of the Greek Church, gave
names, Massaliani or Messaliani or Mesaliani occasion to a long continued schism and a succession
(Maooallavol or Medoallavol, or Mecallavol), and of rival claimants of the two Churches. An extant
Euchitae (Evxital), derived the first from the treatise De Azymis adversus Latinos, from which
Syriac, the second from the Greek language, were Allatius (De Symeon. Scriptis, p. 180) gives a pils-
significant of their characteristic practice ; they sage, is ascribed, and apparently with good reason,
wcant "praying people. ”
to our Symeon. Le Quien, indeed, doubts whether
3
## p. 951 (#967) ############################################
SYMEON,
951
SYMEON.
it is correctly ascribed to him, because the author sent at an early age, for his education, to Constan-
appears “not to have been hostile to the Latins ;" tinople, where his relatives held high stations at
but the very courtesy of tone which occasioned Le the Byzantine court. His precocious attainments
Quien's doubts, while sufficiently at variance with inspired the highest hopes of his family, and he
the usual style of mediaeval polemics, is just such was introduced by an uncle to the notice of the
as a man in Symeon's circumstances would be imperial brothers Basil II. and Constantine IX. ,
likely to use. (Willermus a. Guillelmus Tyrensis, apparently at the time when they were yet in their
lib. i. c. 11 ; Albertus Aquensis, Historia Hieros. boyhood, and were emperors in name only, the
lib. vi. c. 39 ; Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, vol. reins of empire being really held successively by
iii. col. 498 ; Allatius, C. ; Montfaucon, Biblioth. Nicephorus Phocas (A. D. 963—969) and Jolin
Coislin. p. 105; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 1090, Tzimisces (A. D. 969–975). After the sudden
vol. ïi. p. 159. )
death of the uncle by whom he had been introduced
12. HUMILIS. (No. 16. )
at court, Symeon determined, though only fourteen
13. LOGOTueta. (No. 22. ]
years of age, to embrace a monastic life; but the
14. LOGOTHETA JUNIOR. In the Bibliotheca monk Symeon the Pious (Euuear o evlabris), or ng
Juris Canonici of Justellus and Voellus (vol. ii. Combéfis styles him, " Venerabilis," the Venerable
p. 710) is given the 'Enitou kavóvwv, Egrlome [No. 24), whom he had chosen for his spiritual
Canonum e. Synopsis Canonica of Symeon Magister guide and father, having advised him to defer his
and Logotheta. Cave and Oudin distinguish purpose, he returned for a time to the house of his
this Symeon from Symeon Metaphrastes (No. deceased uncle. At a somewhat later period he
22), who also bore the titles of Magister and conimenced his noviciate in the Monastery of
Lugotheta, by the epithet Junior. The work Studium at Constantinople ; but was induced by
itself is more ancient than the period (A. D. the envy of the abbot and some of the monks,
1170) in which Cave places this Symeon junior, excited by his pre-eminence in monastic practices,
who could only have selected and arranged it, to remove to the Monastery of St. Mamas, where
and possibly (as Beveridge conjectured) made an- he completed his noviciate, and, in course of time,
notations upon it. Christopher Justellus in the became abbot and was ordained presbyter. This
Praefatio to the second volume of the Bibliotheca was some time in the patriarchate of Nicolaus Chry-
Juris Canonici supposes the Symeon Logotheta soberges, who was patriarch of Constantinople from
who compiled the Epitome, to have been some- A. D. 982 to 996. After some years Symeon, who
what later than Alexius Aristinus or Aristenus had experienced trouble and danger from the tur-
(ALEXIUS ARISTENUS), who belonged to the bulence of some recusant monks, resigned the
middle of the twelfth century, and this appears to abbacy, and devoted himself to the composition of
have led Cave and Oudin to distinguish him from works of piety. His literary labours attracted the
Metaphrastes, who belongs to a much earlier pe-approving notice of Sergius 11. , who held the pa-
riod. But as, according to Cave's own acknow- triarchate from A. D. 999 to 1019 or 1020: but this
ledgment, the Canones are really of earlier date, must have been quite in the early part of the
and as in the title the compiler is no otherwise patriarchate of Sergius, who was soon alienated
distinguished than by the titles Magister and Lo- from Symeon by the instrumentality of his syn-
gotheta, which were borne by Metaphrastes, we cellus, Stephanus, archbishop of Nicomedeia, a
agree with Fabricius in assigning the Epitome to man of learning and eloquence, who was jealous of
Metaphrastes, and regard“ Symeon Logotheta Symeon. The charge against Symeon was, that
Junior” as an imaginary person. In that case the he paid unauthorized honour to the memory of his
other works which Oudin and Cave ascribe to him spiritual father, Symeon the Pious, who was now
must belong to some other Symeon. (Cave, Hist. dead ; and to whom our Symeon paid the honours
Litt. ad ann. 1170, vol. ii. p. 241 ; Oudin, De due to a canonized saint. In consequence of this
Scriptoribus Eccles. vol. ii. col. 1366, &c. ; Fabric. difference Symeon, after six years of persecution,
Bibl. Graec. vol. xi. p. 297. )
was banished from his monastery, and from Con-
15. MAGISTER. (No. 22. ]
stantinople, by the patriarch and synod. This
16. S. MAMANTIS, styled in the MSS. of his punishment was remitted, and high honours in the
works, νέος θεολόγος, ηγούμενος μόνης του αγίου | Church offered him, if he would comply with the
Máuavtos Toll fnpoképkov, Novus TheoLOGUS wishes of the patriarch, but he would not purchase
(or THEOLOGUS JUNIOR) ET HEGUMENUS (s. them by sacrificing the memory of his friend. He
ABBAS) MONASTERII S. MAMANTIS IN XEKO- was enabled by the liberality of his friends to found
CERCO, or, as some correct it, TOÙ EvAOKépkov, IN a monastery in the place where he had taken up
XYLOCERCO. His title “ Theologus" indicates his his abode during his exile, a deserted chapel of St.
eminence as a writer on divinity ; and the epithet Marina, on the Asiatic side of the Propontis ; and
" Novus” or “Junior” was evidently added to there he remained till his death. His life has been
distinguish him from some other ecclesiastic, perhaps written at length by one of his disciples, Nicetas
from Gregory Nazianzen, to whom at a much Stethatus, who has embellished the narrative with
earlier period the title “ Theologus” was given ; the usual appendages of celestial gifts, divine visions,
or more probably to distinguish him from some and mimculous incidents: and from a summary of
other Symeon, either Symeon Metaphrastes (No. this given by Combéfis, in his Auctarium Novissi-
22) or Symeon the Pious (No. 24). The time at mum, pars ii. p. 119, &c. , and from an abridged trans-
which this writer flourished has been much dis-lation of it in Romaic or modern Greek, we are in-
puted ; but the facts of his history enable us to debted for the abore particulars.
Allatius considers
assign him to the latter half of the tenth and the Symeon to have been the precursor of the fanatic
beginning of the eleventh century. He was born quietists, who some centuries after gave occasion to
about the middle of the tenth century, of wealthy the controversy that so agitarea the Greek Church,
and noble parents, named Basil and Theophano, at respecting the uncreated light of Mount Tabor.
A place called Galate in Paphlagonia ; and was (PALAMAS. ]
3 r 4
## p. 952 (#968) ############################################
952
SYMEON.
SYMEON.
a
1
1
:
The works of Symeon of St. Mamas are no- life of Symeon prefixed. Allatius, Oudin, and
merous, and are divisible into the following classes : Harless, in his edition of Fabricius, give the titles
-1. nóyou, Orationes. Allatius (De Symson. of various works of Symeon, extant in M$. in
Scriptis) gives a catalogue of the subjects and open- various libraries ; but many of them appear to be
ing sentences of seventy-eight of these, extant in only duplicates or extracts of those already men-
various MSS. in the original Greek ; and the list tioned, with titles more or less varied. Combéfis
is transcribed by Fabricius (Biblioth. Graec. vol. ascribes to him a discourse in honour of Symeon
xi. p. 304, &c. ). Several of these, and some others the Just, who is mentioned in the New Testament
of which the original Greek was not known by as taking the infant Christ in his arms. The
Allatius to be extant, thirty-three in all, were pub- author of this discourse styles himself Evuear o
lished in a Latin version by Jac. Pontanus, with a Tapevds, Symeon Ilumilis. Symeon was held in
preface and notes by Jac. Gretserus, 4to. Ingol- the highest esteem in his own and following gene-
stadt, 1603. The original of these thirty-three, rations, and Allatius has quoted several laudatory
in the order in which Pontanus gave them, together poetical effusions in his honour. (Allatius, De
with twenty others, were in a MS. in the Coislin Syncon. Scriptis, p. 151, &c. ; Fabric. Biblioth.
Library. (Montfaucon, Biblioth. Coislin. p. 407. ) Graec. vol. x. p. 323, note h. , vol. xi. p. 302, &c. ;
To this version Pontanus subjoined a Lation version Oudin, De Scriptoribus Ecclcs. vol. ii. col. 587, &c. ;
of several pieces by different authors. A modern Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 1051, vol. ii. p. 138, ed.
(Romaic) Greek version of the works of Symeon Oxford, 1740-1743. )
contains ninety-two of these Λόγοι. 2. Κεφάλαια 17. MANDRITA. [No. 31. )
πρακτικά και θεολογικά, Capita Moralia. The 18. MANICHAEUS. (No. 8. )
sumber of these varies in different copies, either 19. MARTYR. (No. 26. )
from some copies being imperfect, or from a dif- 20. MASSALIANUS. (No. 8. )
ference of arrangement: in some MSS. they are 21. Of MESOPOTAMIA. A discourse of which a
arranged in three divisions, and amount in all to Latin version under the title of Sermo de morte
two hundred and twenty-eight (comp. Allat. de semper meditando, or Sermo de mente semper com-
Symeon. p. 166); and this is the number in the plectendo suum cuique discessum, is given in the
version of Pontanus published with the Orationes. Bibliotheca Patrum (Appendix ad edit. primam,
The modern Greek version contains only one Paris, 1579; vol. ij. ed. secunda, Paris, 1589 ; vol.
hundred and eighty-one ; but it contains also other v. pt. ii. ed. Cologne, 1618; vol. ii. col. 73–76, ed.
Kepárala, to the number of forty, by Symeon de Paris, 1654 ; vol. vii. p. 1227, ed. Lyon. 1677),
signated “the Pious" (Evuewvos Toù eủlabvūs). where it is ascribed to the elder Symeon the Sty-
[No. 24. ] 3. Ocloi duvoi, Divini Hymni, or, as lite (No. 31), is in MS. of the original, in the
Pontanus entitled them in his Latin version, Imperial Library at Vienna, ascribed to a Symeon
Sacrue Commentationes. These are in verse of of Mesopotamia. Toû dziov kal dolou Supewvos
various kinds, iambic, anacreontic, and of the kind MEOOTotauías trepi Toù del év vo é XELV TT)v njuépar
called "versus politici. " (This last kind of verses tñs étódou Toù Biov. Sancti Symeonis Mesopotu-
is described in a note to the article PHILIPPUS, mitae sermo de eo quod semper in animo habere
literary and ecclesiastical, No. 27, p. 291. ) Alla- debeamus diem eritus vitae. Lambecius shows, by
tius (p. 161, &c. ) and, after him, Fabricius (Bibl. quotations from the Vitae Patrum of Rosweydus,
Graec. vol. xi. p. 314, &c. ), give the titles of fifty-eight and the Menaea of the Greeks, that there was a
of these Hymni, thirty-eight of which, according to particular monastery, in some locality not defined,
Allatius, were translated into Latin, and published apparently in the Syrian or Roman part of Meso-
by Pontanus: but either by the subdivision or potamia, which was usually described by the name
alteration of these, or by the addition of others, of of the country, not of any particular adjacent spot:
which the original is not known, Pontanus, who -“monasterium quod est in Mesopotamia Syriae,"
has destroyed the poetical form of the original, and | μονή του αγίου Ασκληπιού του εν τη Μεσοποταμία
arranged them in one Sacrarum Commentationum tñs Evplas ; and thinks it likely that Symeon, the
Liber, gives forty “capita. ” The modern Greek author of the discourse, was abbot of this monas-
version is in verse, and comprehends fifty-one Nógol, tery. The Greek text, from which Lambecius
Orationes s. Libri. The dissertation Tepi da 101c6- cites some passages, differs materially in parts from
σεων ψυχής και σώματος των εξ αέρων, των εκ | the Latin version in the Bibliotliena Patrum. (Al-
Otoixeiwv, TWY és Bpwuátwv Kal Twék datuóvwv lat. De Symeon. Scriptis, p. 24; Fabric. Bibl. Graec.
enigevouévwv rjuiv Móyos, De Alterationibus Animae vol. xi. p. 298; Care, Hist. Litt. vol. ii. Dissertat.
et Corporis quae ex Varietute Coeli aut Aeris quae- prima, p. 18; Lambec. Comment. de Biblioth. Cae-
que ex Elementis, ex Cibis, interdum etiam ex Daemo- saraea, vol. s. lib. v. col. 198, &c. ed. Kollar. )
nibus existere in nobis solent Dissertatio, published, 22. METAPHRASTES (ο Μεταφραστής), known
with a Latin version by the Jesuit Possinus, in the also by the titles of Magister (ó Máyıotpos) and
notes to his edition of the S. Nili Epistolae, 4to. LOGOTHETA (it is doubtful if he was LogotHETA
Paris, 1657, is one of the Orationes translated by Cursus, ó nogometns Toll Spóuou, or Magnus
Pontanus. These are all the works of Symeon LOGOTHETA, ó méyas Aoyo étns), a celebrated
which have been published, and chiefly in Latin Byzantine writer of the end of the ninth and be
or modern Greek versions. The Latin ver- ginning and middle of the tenth centuries, as Alla-
sions of Pontanus and Possinus are contained tius has shown, but about whose date writers have
in the Maxima Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. xxii. differed very widely, some placing him in the be-
ad init. fol. Lyon. 1677. The modern or Romaic ginning of the third century, and others as late as
Greek version was made by Dionysius Zagoraeus the fourteenth (see Allatius and Cave, ubi infrà).
(Alovuolos Zayopaios), a hermit of the desert Our chief authority for the life of Symeon is the
islet of Piperi, of the promontory of Athos, | 'Εγκώμιον εις τον Μεταφραστήν κύριον Συμεώνα
and was published 4to. , Venice, 1790, with the Encomium in Mctaphrastem Dominum Symeonem
abridged Romaic version of Nicctas Stethatus's of the younger Psellus (PSELLUS, No. 3), and an
## p. 953 (#969) ############################################
SYMEON.
953
SYMEON.
'Akomoubla, Officium, composed by the same author | Italicarum Scriptores, vol. ii. p. 482. ) Symeon is
for the day (28th Nov. ) on which Symeon is com- mentioned by Leo Diaconus (IIistoria, x. 7, p.
memorated as a saint in the Greek Church ; to 169, ed. Bonn) as still living when the comet ap-
which we may add some incidental notices from peared which shortly preceded the death of the
the writings of Symeon himself.
emperor Joannes Tzimisces (comp. Cedrenus, p.
Symeon was a native of Constantinople, belonged 683, ed. Paris, vol. ii. p. 414, ed. Bonn), and
to an illustrious family, possessed great wealth, which may be fixed in the year 975, so that ho
and was remarkable even from childhood for “ the must have lived very nearly a century, and perhaps
flowers of the understanding," to quote the words more. His death is described by Psellus as joyful
of Psellus, which“ blossomed in him. ” He studied and triumphant. (Comp. Allatius, Vossius, Cave,
rhetoric, and especially philosophy, and became Oudin, Cellier, Saxius, ubi infra, and Pagi, Critice
eminent in both. The reputation he acquired re-in Baronii Annales, ad ann. 902, i-xi. ; ad ann.
