Sectional
drawing of the tomb of Rukn-i--Alam at
Multan.
Multan.
Cambridge History of India - v3 - Turks and Afghans
## p. xxi (#25) #############################################
CONTENTS
XXI
::
. . .
. . .
. . .
PAGE
Rise of Mahmud Gāvān to power
414
War in the Konkan and Orissa
415
Foreigners and Deccanis
416
Famine in the Deccan
417
Campaign in Telingāna
417
Invasion of the Carnatic
418
The subdivision of the Four Provinces
419
Murder of Mahmūd Gāvān
420
Disaffection of the provincial governors
421
Death of Muhammad III and accession of Mahmūd
422
Contest between Foreigners and Deccanis
423
Decline of the royal authority
423
Death of Malik Nāib, leader of the Deccanis
424
Partition of the kingdom
425
Qasim Barid becomes regent
426
Rebellion of Bahādur Gīlāni
427
Strife between the provincial governors
428
Strife between Sunnis and Shiahs
429
Mahmūd attempts to regain his freedom
430
Last days of the Bahmani dynasty
431
Extinction of the Bahmani dynasty
432
CHAPTER XVII
THE FIVE KINGDOMS OF THE DECCAN, A. D. 1527-1599
By Lt. Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
The Five Kingdoms--Bījāpur, Ahmadnagar, Golconda, Berar, and
Bidar
433
Events in Bijāpur and Ahmadnagar
434
War between Ahmadnagar and Berar
435
War between Vijayanagar and Bijāpur
435
Bahādur of Gujarāt invades the Deccan
436
Isma‘il Adil Shāh captures Bidar
437
Ismā‘il Adil Shāh recovers the Rāichūr Doāb
437
War between Bijāpur and Ahmadnagar
438
Death of Ismā'il and accession of Ibrāhim Adil Shāh I
439
War between Bijāpur and Vijayanagar
439
The Shiah religion established in Ahmadnagar
440
Assassination of Sultan Quli Qutb Shāh of Golconda and accession
of Jamshid Qutb Shāh
440
Bijāpur invaded by the armies of Vijayanagar, Ahmadnagar,
and Golconda
441
Plot to place 'Abdullāh on the throne of Bījāpur supported by
the Portuguese
441
Burhān Nizām Shāh renews his alliance with Vijayanagar 412
Death of Jamshid Qutb Shāh and accession of Subhān Qulī.
Deposition of Subhân Quli and accession of Ibrāhīm
143
War between Ahmadnagar and Bijāpur
443
War between Bijāpur and the Portuguese
444
Death of Ibrāhim I and accession of Alī "Ādil Shāh I
444
Confederacy against Ahmadnagar
445
Arrogance of the Raja of Vijayanagar
446
6
## p. xxii (#26) ############################################
XXII
CONTENTS
. . .
. .
. . .
PAGE
Muslim confederacy against Vijayanagar
. . . 447
War between the confederacy and Vijayanagar
448
The battle of Talikota
449
Defeat of the Hindus and destruction of Vijayanagar
450
Death of Husain I and accession of Murtazā Nizām Shāh I 450
War between Bījāpur and Ahmadnagar
451
Confederacy against the Portuguese. Its discomfiture
452
Invasion of Berar by Murtazā Nizām Shāh I
453
Annexation of Berar by Ahmadnagar
454
Intrigues between Golconda and Ahmadnagar against Bījāpur 455
Campaign in Berar
456
Rebellion of Burhān, brother of Murtazā Nizām Shāh
457
Death of `Ali I and accession of Ibrāhīm •Ādil Shāh II
458
War between Ahmadnagar and Bījāpur
458
Troubles in Bījāpur and imprisonment of Chānd Bibi
459
Bījāpur is besieged by the armies of Ahmadnagar and Golconda.
The siege is raised
460
Death of Murtazā and accession of Husain Nizām Shāh II 461
Death of Husain II and accession of Ismā‘il Nizām Shāh
461
Burhān Nizām Shāh II, countenanced by Akbar, attempts to
return to Ahmadnagar. His discomfiture
461
Battle of Rohankhed. Deposition of Ismāʻīl and accession of
Burhān Nizām Shāh II
462
Burhān unsuccessfully attacks the Portuguese in Chaul
462
Death of Burhān II and accession of Ibrāhīm Nizām Shah 463
Death of Ibrāhīm Nizām Shāh. Civil war in Ahmadnagar 463
A faction in Ahmadnagar appeals to Sultān Murād, son of Akbar 463
Appeal to Ibrāhīm 'Adil Shāh II
464
Sultan Murād and the Khān Khănān besiege Ahmadnagar 464
The siege is raised and Berar is ceded to Akbar
465
Renewal of hostilities between Ahmadnagar and the Empire 465
Murder of Chānd Bibī. Ahmadnagar is captured by Sultān
Dāniyāl Akbar's youngest son
466
CHAPTER XVIII
HINDU STATES IN SOUTHERN INDIA, A. D. 1000-1565
By S. KRISHNASWAMI AYYANGAR, M. A. , Professor of Indian
History and Archaeology, and Fellow of the University of
Madras
Rashtrakūtas, Cholas, and Chālukyas
467
Rājarāja Chola
468
Contest between the Cholas and the Chālukyas
469
Administration of the Southern Kingdoms
470
The Hoysalas
471
Contest between the Cholas and Chālukyas
472
Vikramāditya Chālukya
473
Ballala Hoysala I
474
Conquests of the Hoysalas
475
Supremacy of the Hoysalas in the Mysore territory
476
Decline of the Chālukyas
477
The Kākatiyas of Warangal
478
. . .
## p. xxiii (#27) ###########################################
CONTENTS
XXIII
::
PAGE
The Yādavas of Deogir. Vira Ballāla II
479
Formal assumption of independence by Vira Bllāla II
480
The Pāndyas
481
Hoysala encroachments on the Chola kingdom
482
Somesvara Hoysala
483
Invasion of the Hoysala kingdom by the Yādavas
484
The four kingdoms of the South, Yādavas, Hosyalas, Kākatiyas,
and Pandyas
485
Invasion of the Yādava kingdom by the Muslims
486
Malik Kāfür's campaigns in the Deccan and the Peninsula 487
Conquests of Muhammad Tughluq
488
Foundation of the Vijayanagar State
489
The Muhammadan kingdom of Madura
490
Wars between the Bahmani kingdom and Vijayangar
490
First Dynsaty of Vijayanagar
491
Magnificence of Vijayanagar
492
Alliance between Orissa and the Deccan against Vijayanagar 493
Usurpation of Virupaksha in Vijayanagar, and his deposition by
Sāluva Narasimha
494
Krishnadevaraya of Vijayangar
495
War between Vijyanagar aud Orissa
496
Failure of the attempt of the Muslims to recover the Rāichūr
Doāb
497
Usurpation of the 'Mad' Tirumala in Vijayanagar
498
Fall of Vijayanagar
499
CHAPTER XIX
SIND AND MULTĀN
By Lt. Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
Review of the history of Sind
500
Sammas and Arghūns
501
Tarkhāns
502
The Langāhs of Multān
503
Civil war in Multān
504
Multān recovered by Kāmrān, brother of Humāyün
505
::
: : : : : :
CHAPTER XX
THE NATIVE STATES OF NORTHERN INDIA FROM
A. D. 1000 TO 1526
By Lt. -Colonel Sir WOLSELEY HAIG
The Hindu Shāhis and the Punjāb
506
Ajmer, Delhi, Chitor, Kanauj, Jijhoti, Chedi, Mālwa, Bengal, and
Kāmarūpa
507
The Solankis of Gujarāt
508
Kanauj and Delhi
509
Chedi, Mālwa, and Chitor
510
The Pālas and Senas of Bengal
511
The Chauhāns and the Gaharwārs. The two battles of Tarāori 512
Extinction of the Gaharwārs. The conquest of Bihar
513
## p. xxiv (#28) ############################################
XXIV
CONTENTS
. . .
PAGE
Kāmarūpa, or Assam
514
Decline of the Chandels
514
Ranthambhor
515
Invasion of Mālwa by Iltut mish. Independence of the Chauhāns
in Ranthambhor
516
Conquest of Ranthambhor and Gujarāt by the Muslims
517
Chāmpāner, Sirohi, and Cutch
518
Surāshtra, or Sorath
519
The Gahlots of Chitor
520
The Rāhtors of Mārwār
521
Conquests of Chonda, the Rāhtor. His death
522
Rāhtor influence in Mewār. The Rāhtors of Baglāna
523
Legends of the Gahlots, or Sesodias, of Mewar
524
Capture of Chitor by 'Alā-ud-din Khalji and its recovery by the
Sesodias
525
Kshetra, or Khet Singh, of Mewār
526
Expulsion of the Rāhtors from Mewar
527
Kumbha Rānā of Mewār
528
Sangrama of Mewār
529
The Battle of Khānua. Death of Sangrama and accession of
Ratan Singh. II. Death of Ratan Singh and accession of
Vikramāditya
530
The Jādons of Jaisalmer
531
Legendary siege of Jaisalmer 'Alā-ud-din Khalji
532
The fortress of Gwalior
533
The Kachhwāhas of Amber and Jaipur
534
Gondwāna
534
Gond kingdoms
535
Garha-Katanga, or Garha - Mandla; Deogarh; Kherla; and Chānda 536
The kingdom of Chanda
537
The Gond kingdoms compared
538
CHAPTER XXI
BURMA, 1287-1531. THE PERIOD OF SHĀN IMMIGRATION
By G. E. HARVEY, Indian Civil Service
Decline in Burmese culture owing to Shān immigration
539
The kingdom of Āva
540
The Three Shān Brothers
541
Minkyiswasawke
542
Razadarit of Pegu
543
Arakan, Toungoo, and Pegu. Minrekyawswa
544
Āva and Pegu
545
Defeat and death of Minekyawswa
546
Nicolo de' Conti
547
The Ruby Mine State. Chinese trade on the Irrawaddy
548
Burmese literature
549
Massacres of monks in Āva. Decline of the kingdom
550
The kingdom of Pegu
551
Razadarit takes Pegu, Bassein, and Myaungmya
552
Razadarit puts his son, Bawlawkyantaw, to death
553
Death of Razadarit
553
"The Old Queen," Shinsawbu
554
. . .
: : : :
## p. xxv (#29) #############################################
CONTENTS
XXV
Revival of religion
Takayut pi, last king of Pegu
Talaings. Portuguese trade
Toungoo
Influx of Burmans into Toungoo
: : : : :
: : : : :
PAGE
555
556
556
557
558
CHAPTER XXII
CEYLON, A. D. 1215-1527
By Don MARTINO DE ZILVA WICKREMASINGHE, Professor
of Tamil in the School of Oriental Studies, University of
London
559
560
561
562
Kalinga Vijaya-Bāhu, the invader
Parakkama-Bāhu II expels the invaders from Ceylon
Reign of Parakkama-Bāhu II
Bhuvaneka-Bāhu I, Parakkama-Bāhu
III.
Bhuvaneka-
Pāhu II, Parakkama-Bāhu IV, and Bhuvaneka-Bāhu III
Bhuvaneka-Bāhu IV, Parakkama-Bāhu V, Vikkama-Bāhu
III, Ārya Chakravarti of Jaffna, Bhuvaneka-Bāhu V
Overthrow of the Tamil, Ārya Chakravarti
Chinese invasion
Parakkama-Bāhu VI
Jaya-Bāhu II, Bhuvaneka-Bāhu VI, Parakkama-Bāhu VII,
Parakama-Bāhu VIII
Parakkama-Bāhu IX. Arrival of the Portuguese
563
564
565
565
566
567
CHAPTER XXIII
THE MONUMENTS OF MUSLIM INDIA
. . .
By Sir John MARSHALL, C. I. E. , M. A. , Litt. D. , Ph. D. , Director
General of the Archaeological Survey of India
Influence of India and of Islam on Indo-Islamic Art
568
Local styles of Muhammadan architecture
569
Hindu and Muslim art
570
Union of strength and grace in Indo-Islamic architecture. . . 571
Influence of Hindu on Muslim art
572
The Delhi group of Islamic monuments
573
Persian architecture
574
Monuments at Ghazni
575
The Quwwat-ul-Islām mosque
576
The Qutb Minār
578
Sultan Ghāri
580
Arhāi-din-kā-Jhompra at Ajmer
581
Appearance of the true arch
582
Jamā'at Khāna Masjid and 'Alāi Darvaza
583
Defences of Siri
584
Tughluqābād
585
## p. xxvi (#30) ############################################
XXVI
CONTENTS
PAGE
587
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
599
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
Public works of Firūz Shāh
Monotony of the architecture of the Tughluqs
Firūzābad
College and tomb of Firūz Shah
Tomb of Tilangāni
The Lāl Gumbad
Tombs of the Sayyids
Tombs of the Lodi period
The Moth-ki-Masjid
Multan
Bengal
The buildings of Gour
The Adina Masjid of Pāndua
Buildings of Sikandar Shāh's reign and the Eklākhi tomb
at Pāndua
The Dākhil Darwāza at Gaur
The Tāntipāra mosque
The Gunmant mosque
The monuments of Husain Shāh
Gujarāt
The Jāmi' Masjid at Cambay. Ahmadābād, Songarh, Dohad,
and Ahmadnagar
The Jāmi: Masjid of Ahmadābād
Tombs of the kings at Sarkhej
Mahmud Begarha
Champāner
The step-wells of Gujarāt
The minarets of Gujarāt
Mosque of Siddi Sayyid
Dhār and Māndū
The Hindolā Mahall and Jāmi: Masjid at Māndū
Tomb of Hūshang
The Jahāz Mahall
Bayāna and Nāgaur
Fathābād and Chanderi
Badaun
Irich and Kālpi
Jaunpur
The Jhanjhri Masjid, the Lāl Darwāza, and the Jāmi
Masjid at Jaunpur
The Deccan
Daulatābād
Gāwilgarh, Narnāla, Māhūr, and the fortresses of the Deccan
Bidar and Parenda
Narnāla. Gulbarga
The Jāmi' Masjid of Gulbarga
Bidar
The College of Mahmūd Gāvān. The Solā Khamb Mosque,
and the Gāgan, Tarkash, Chini, and Nagina Mahalls
Berar, Bidar, Bījāpur, and Golconda. Khāndesh
Kashmir
The Jāmi' Masjid at Srinagar
The mosque of Shāh Hamadan
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
::
## p. xxvii (#31) ###########################################
CONTENTS
XXVII
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
PAGE
641
CHRONOLOGY
. . .
664
INDEX
. . .
716
PLATES I-LI
. . .
at end
LIST OF MAPS
1. India in 1022
2. India in 1236
3. India between 1318 and 1338
4. India in 1398
betueen pp. 16 and 17
between pp. 64 and 65
between pp. 144 and 145
betueen pp. 192 and 193
between pp. 240 and 241
between pp. 432 and 433
between pp. 480 and 481
5. India in 1525
6. The Five Kingdoms of the Deccan
7. South India, about 1100
## p. xxviii (#32) ##########################################
## p. xxix (#33) ############################################
LIST OF PLATES
1. 1. Detail of the star panels in the Ghazni gate at Āgra
Fort.
2. Delhi : the Quwwat-ul-Islām masjid ; arched screen of
Qutb-ud-din Aibak.
II. 3. Delhi : the Quwwat-ul-Islām mosque ; carvings on
original screen of Qutb-ud-din Aibak.
4. Delhi : the Quwwat-ul-Islām mosque ; carvings on
screen extension added by Iltutmish.
III. 5. Delhi : bird's-eye view of Quwwat-ul-Islām masjid and
connected buildings (restored).
IV. 6. Delhi : the Qutb minār from North-East.
7. Interior of the tomb of the Emperor Iltutmish.
V. 8. Tomb of Sultān Ghārī. Roof of subterranean tomb.
chamber.
9. Arhāi-dīn-kā-Jhomprā masjid at Ajmer. Arched screen
in front of prayer-chamber.
VI. 10. Arhāi-dīn-kā-Jhomprā masjid at Ajmer. Colonnades
in the prayer-chamber.
11. Arhāi-din-ka-Jhomprā masjid at Ajmer. Detail of marble
mihrāb.
VII. 12. The Jamā'at Khāna masjid at the dargâh of Nizām-
ud-din Auliyā.
13. 'Alāi Darwāza at the Qutb ; south facade.
VIII. 14. Interior of the 'Alāi Darwāza.
15. Tomb of Ghiyās-ud-din Tughluq: view from inside
the castle walls.
16. Tomb of Ghiyās-ud-din Tughluq, from the West.
IX. 17. Conjectural restoration of the Kotla Firūz Shāh.
X. 18. Asoka's pillar with Fīrūz Shāh's pyramidal substruc-
ture in the Kotla Fīrūz Shāh ; from South-West.
19. College and tomb of Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq at the Hauz-
i-Alai.
XI. 20. Tomb of Firüz Shāh Tughluq.
21. Tomb of Khān-i-Jahān Tilangānī.
XII. 22. The Kalān masjid in Shāhjahānābād.
23. Tomb of Muhammad Shah (Sayyid), from South-West.
XIII. 24. Bare Khān Kā Gumbad, from North-East.
25. The Barā Gumbad and Mosque.
XIV. 26. Mosque of the Barā Gumbad.
27. Interior of prayer-chamber of the Moth-ki-masjid.
XV. 28. Tomb of Bahā-ul-Haqq at Multān, from East.
29. Tomb of Rukn-i-Alam at Multān, from Suoth-West.
## p. xxx (#34) #############################################
XXX
LIST OF PLATES
:
:
:
XVI. 30.
Sectional drawing of the tomb of Rukn-i--Alam at
Multan.
XVII. 31. Inscription on left of mihrab of Zafar Khăn Ghāzi
mosque at Tribani.
32. Ādina Masjid, Pānduah : the prayer-chamber as seen
from the courtyard.
XVIII. 33. Ādina Masjid, Panduah : the mimbar and central
mihrāb.
34. Ādina Masjid Panduah: corridor with royal gallery on
right.
XIX. 35. Sāth Gūmbaz mosque at Bagerhāt, from South-East.
36. The Dākhil Darwāza at Gaur, from the North.
XX. 37. Tantipāra masjid at Gaur : details of terracotta deco-
rations.
38. Gunmant mosque, showing decoration of vaulted arch
at Gaur.
XXI. 39. General view of Chhotă Sonā masjid at Gaur, from
East.
40. Firūz Minār at Gaur.
41. Details of central door of Chhotā Sonă Masjid at Gaur.
XXII. 42. Barā Sonā Masjid at Gaur, from North-East.
43. Arcade in the prayer-chamber of the Barā Sonā
Masjid at Gaur.
XXIII. 44. The Jāmi' Masjid at Cambay.
45. Dholkā : Balol Khān Qāzi's masjid, entrance porch.
XXIV. 46. Ahmadābād : Tin Darwāza. General view from East.
47. The Jāmi: Masjid at Ahmadābād.
XXV. 48. Chāmpāner : Halol gateway (inner) from East. North-
West corner.
49. Champāner : Jāmi Masjid. View from South-East.
50. Champāner : Jāmi Masjid. General view from South-
West.
XXVI. 51. The palace at Sārkhej.
52. Adalaj: stepped well. Interior view from second gallery.
53. Ahmadābād : masjid of Sayyid Usman : tomb of
Sayyid . Usmān in front of view from South-East
(at 'Usmānpūra).
XXVII. 54. Ahmadābād : Shāh ‘Alam's tomb. View from North-
East.
55. Ahmadābād : Băi Harir's masjid at Asarwa View
from East.
56. Ahmadābād : Mosque of Shāh Alam.
XXVIII. 57. Mosque of Rāni Sīpari at Ahmadābād.
XXIX. 58. Siddi Sayyid's mosque at Ahmadābad.
59. Perforated stone window in Siddi Sayyid's mosque at
Ahmadābād.
XXX. 60. The Delhi Gate of Māndū, from within.
XXXI. 61. Interior of the East entrance porch of the Lat Masjid
at Dhār.
62. A corner of the Hindolā Mahall at Mandū.
## p. xxx (#35) #############################################
LIST OF PLATES
XXXÍ
XXXII. 63. Interior of the Hindolā Mahall at Māndū.
64. The Jāmi: Masjid at Māndū, from the North-East.
65. Interior of the JāmiMasjid at Māndū.
XXXIII. 66. The tomb of Hūshang.
67. Interior of mosque of Malik Mughis (Mughis-ud-
Dunyā) (typical of Māndū style).
XXXIV. 68. The ruined College and tomb of Mahmūd, with Tower
of Victory on the left.
69. The Jahāz Mahall at Māndū.
70. The palace of the Bāz Bahādur, with Rūpmati's
pavilion crowning the hill in the distance.
XXXV. 71. The Ukha Mandir at Bayāna.
72. The Ukha Masjid at Bayāna.
XXXVI. 73. The Shams Masjid at Nāgaur (Jodhpur).
74. The Topkhāna mosque at Jālor (Jodhpur).
XXXVII. 75. Kushk Mahall at Fathābād near Chanderi.
76. Jāmi' Masjid at Chanderī.
XXXVIII. 77. Jami' Masjid at Budaun.
78. Bādal Mahall gate at Chanderi.
79. The Lāt at Hissār.
XXXIX. 80. Chaurasi Gumbad at Kālpī, from South East.
81. Atāla mosque at Jaunpur.
82. Atāla mosque at Jaunpur.
XL. 83. Jāmi: Masjid at Jaunpur.
84. Jāmi: Masjid at Jaunpur. Exterior colonnades on
south side.
XLI. 85. The citadel at Daulatābād, with Chānd Minār to the
right.
86. The entrance to the tunnel in the citadel at Daulatābād.
XLII. 87. Rock-hewn moat around the citadel at Daulatābād.
XLIII. 88. The Gumbad gate of Bidar Fort.
89. The Fort at Parenda.
XLIV, 90. The Fath Drawāza, Golconda Fort.
91. Mahakali Gateway of Narnāla.
XLV. 92. Tomb of Bahman Shāh at Gulbarga, from North East.
93. Tomb of Firūz Shāh Bahmani at Gulbarga, from
North-West.
XLVI. 94. The Jāmi Masjid at Gulbarga, from North-East.
95. Arcade in the Jami' Masjid at Gulbarga.
XLVII. 96. Arch over entrance to Banda Nawāz, Gulbarga.
97. Tombs of the later Bahmani kings at Bidar.
XLVIII. 98. The Chānd Minār at Daulatābād.
XLIX. 99. Madrasa of Mahmūd Gāwān at Bidar.
100. Tombs of the Fārūqi kings at Thālner, Form North-
East.
L. 101. Tomb of the mother of Zain-ul-Abidin.
102. Mosque of Madani.
LI. 103. Jāmi' Masjid, Srīnagar ; interior of cloisters.
104. Mosque of Shāh Hamadān.
## p. xxx (#36) #############################################
LIST OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES
PAGE
: :
. . . . .
. . .
