In
accordance
with this idea, Bochart makes it of Phoe-
nician origin, and signifying an infant at the breast.
nician origin, and signifying an infant at the breast.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
Hence she was the first who
introduced a rigorous method into the teaching of phi-
losophy. She numbered among her disciples many
celebrated men, among others Synesius, afterward
bishop of Ptotemai's, who preserved during his whole
life the most friendly feelings towards her, although
? he constantly refused to become a convert to Chris-
tianity. Hypatia united to the endowments of mind
many of the attractions and all the virtues of her sex.
Her dress was remarkable for its extreme simplicity;
her conduct was always above suspicion; and she
knew well how to restrain within the bounds of re-
spect those of her anditors who felt the influence of
her personal charms. All idea of marriage was con-
stantly rejected by her as threatening to interfere with
her devotion to her favourite studies. Merit so rare,
and qualities of so high an order, could not fail to ex-
cite jealousy. Orestes, governor of Alexandres, ad-
mired the talents of Hypatia, and frequently had re-
course to her for advice. He was desirous of repress-
ing the too ardent zeal of St. Cyrill, who saw in Hy-
patia one of the principal supports of paganism. The
partisans of the bishop, on their side, beheld in the
measures of the governor the result of the counsels ol
Hypatia; the most seditious of their number, having
at their head an ecclesiastic named Peter, seized upon
Hypatia as she was proceeding to her school, forced
her to descend from her chariot, and dragged her into
a neighbouring church, where, stripped of her vest-
ments, she was put to death by her brutal foes. Her
body was then torn to pieces, and the palpitating
members were dragged through the streets and finally
consigned to the flames. This deplorable event look
place in the month of March, A. D. 415. --The works
? ? of Hypatia were lost in the burning of the Alexandrean
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? HYP
HYP
meit, strong as it is, and pursue the inquiry on other
uid clearer grounds. The term Hyperborean means
a nation or people who dwell beyond the wind Boreas.
The name Boreas is properly applied by the Greeks to
the wind which blows from the north-northeast (Pas-
sow, Lex. , s. <<. ), and is the same with the Aquilo of
the Latins. Of this latter wind Pliny remarks, "flat
inter Septentrioncm ct Ortum solstitialcm;" and For-
ccllini (/,-/. Tot. Lot. ) observes, that it is often con-
ibunded with, and mistaken for, the north. The term
Hyperborei, then, if we consider its true meaning, re-
fers to a people dwelling far to the northeast of the
Greeks, and will lead us at once to the plains of cen-
tral Asia, the cradle of our race. Here it was that
man existed in primeval virtue and happiness, and here
were enjoyed those blessings of existence, the rcmem-
orance of which was carried, by the various tribes that
successively migrated from this common home, into
every quarter of the earth. Hence it is that, even
among the Oriental nations, so many traces are found
of their origin being derived from some country to the
north. Adelung has adopted the opinion which as-
signs central Asia as the original seal of the human
species, and has mentioned a variety of considerations
in support of it. He observes, that the central plains
of Asia being the highest region in. the globe, must
have been the first to emerge from the universal ocean,
and, therefore, first became capable of affording a habit-
able dwelling to terrestrial animals and to the human
species: hence, as the subsiding waters gradually gave
up the lower regions to be the abode of life, they may
have descended, and spread themselves successively
over their new acquisitions. The desert of Kobi,
which is the summit of the central steppe, is the most
elevated ridge in the globe. From its vicinity the
great rivers of Asia take their rise, and flow towards
the four cardinal points. The Selinga, the Ob, the
Irtish, the Lena, and the Jenisei, send their water to
the Frozen Ocean; the laik flows towards the setting
sun; the Amu and Hoang-ho, and the Indus, Ganges,
and Burrampootcr, towards the east and south. On the
de. livitics of these high lands are the plains of Thibet,
lo<<cr than the frozen region of Kobi, where many fer-
tile tracts are well fitted to become the early seat of
animated nature. Here are found not only the vine,
the olive, rice, the legumina, and other plants, on
which man has in all ages depended, in a great meas-
ure, for his sustenance, but all those animals run wild
upon these mountains, which he has latned and led
with him over the whole earth; as the ox, the horse,
the ass, the sheep, the goat, the camel, the hog, the
dog, the cat, and even the gentle reindeer, which ac-
companies him to the icy polar tracts. In Cashmere,
plants, animals, and men exist in the greatest physical
perfection. A number of arguments are suggested in
favour of this opinion. Bailly has referred the origin
of the arts and sciences, of astronomy and of the old
lunar zodiac, as well as of the discovery of the planets,
to the most northerly tract of Asia. His attachment
to Buffon's hypothesis of the central fire, and the grad-
ual refrigeration of the earth, has driven him, indeed,
to the banks of the Frozen Ocean; but his arguments
apply more naturally to the centre of Asia. In our
Scriptures, moreover, the second origin of mankind is
referred to a mountainous region eastward of Shinar,
>>nd the ancient books of the Hindoos fix the cradle of
our race in the same quarter. The Hindu paradise
? ? is on Mount Meru, which is on the confines of Cash-
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? hvp
HTR
(43). Diti Chrysosiom appears to have given him the
preference over all orators with the exception of -F. s-
chines. KOr. , 18, ed. Reiske, p. 372. ) Unfortunately,
there exists no oration which we can with certainty as-
cribo to Hypendes, and by which wo might be enabled
to form for ourselves some idea of his merits and style.
Libanius believes him to have been the author of a
harangue which is found among those of Demosthenes,
and entitled llepl ruv irpoc 'AXifavdpov ovvOquuv,
"On the conventions with Alexander. " Reiske is in-
correct in assigning to him one of the two orations
against Arislogiton, found among the works of Demos-
thenes. (SchSU, Histoire de la Littcrature Gr. , vol.
2, p. S20. )
Hypkkiov, a son of Ccslus and Terra, who married
Thea, by whom he had Aurora, the sun and moon.
(Theog. , 371, seg ) In Homer, Hyperion is identical
with the Sun. (II. , 19, 398. --Compare, however, //. ,
6, 513. ) It is very probable that 'Yiripiuv is the con-
traction of 'Yirepioviuv. 'Pastoxo, Lcx. ,s. t>. -- Volck-
tr, Horn. Geogr. , p. 26. ) The interpretation given
by the ancients to the name, as denoting "him that
moves above," seems liable to little objection. Her-
mann renders it Tollo, as a substantive: "Post hos
tiikmus, 'Tircpiova et 'laizirvv, Tollman et Mersi-
um. " (Opute. , vol. 2, p. 175. --Kcightlcy's Mytholo-
gy, p. 52, seg. )
nimiium a, one of the fifty daughters of Danaus,
? who married Lynceus, son of . Egyptns. She disobey-
ed her father's bloody commands, who had ordered her
to murder her husband the first night of her nuptials,
and suffered Lynceus to escape unhurt. Her father,
at first, in his anger at her disobedience, put her into
clo<<e confinement. Relenting, however, after some
time, he gave bis consent to her union with Lynceus.
iV:d. Dan aides. )
Hyphasis, a tributary of the Indus, now the Beypa-
thu, or, as it is more commonly written, Beyah. The
ancient name is variously given. In Arrian it is Tsr-
offic and'T^urif; in Diodorus (17, 93) and in Strabo,
Tirovir (Hypanis). Pliny (6, 17) gives the form Hyp-
asis. This river was the limit of Alexander's con-
quests, and he erected altars on its banks in memory
of his expedition. Some writers erroneously give the
modern name of the Hyphasis as the Selledje. (Vin-
cent's Voyage of Ncarchus, p. 101. )
Hypsa, now Belici, a river of Sicily falling into the
Crinisus. (SU. llal. , 14, 228. ) *
Hyfsicles, an astronomer of Alexandres, who
flourished under Ptolemy Physcon, about 146 B. C.
He is considered by some to have been the author of
the 14ih and 15th books which are appended to Eu-
clid's Elements; though others strenuously deny
this. No one, however, disputes his claim to a small
work entitled 'Avapopiicii, in which he gives a method,
far from exact, of calculating the risings of each sign
or portion of the ecliptic. Hvpsicles was nearly con-
temporary with Hipparchus, who was the first that gave
an exact solution to this problem. He may have been
ignorant of the discoveries of Hipparchus, and this may
serve to excuse biro; but it is hard to conceive why
bis treatise called Anaphorice, to which we have just
alluded, should have been included in the collection
entitled the "Little Astronomer," which formed a
text-book in the Alexandrean schools preparatory to
the reading of the astronomy of Ptolemy. It was idle
to show the pupil a very vicious solution of an easy
? ? problem, which they would subsequently find solved in
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? I AC
AM
tempting to take refuge once more among the Arabians.
{. John's Hist. Hebrew Com. , p. 307 and 345. )
HrftKiuu. a townof Apulia, also called Uria. (Vid.
Uria. )
Hykia, I. a city of Apulia, in the more northern
pan of the Iapygian peninsula, between Brundisium
and Tarentum. It is now Oria, and would seem to
have been a place of great antiquity, . since its found-
ation is ascribed by Herodotus to some Cretans, that
formed part of an expedition to avenge the death of
Minos, who had perished in Sicily, whither he went
in pun jit of Dsedalus. (Herod. , 7, 171. ) Strabo. in
his description of Iapygia, docs not fail to cite this
passage of Herodotus, but he seems undetermined
whether to recognise the town founded by the Cretans
in that of Thyrai or in that of Veretum. By the'first,
which he mentions as placed in the centre of the isth-
mus, and formerly the capital of the country, he seems
to designate Oria (Strab. , 282). It is probable the
word Thyroei is corrupt; for elsewhere Strabo calls it
Uria, and describes it as standing on the Appian Way,
between Brundisium and Tarentum, as above remark-
ed. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. A, p. 310. )--II. A
town of Boeotia, in the vicinity of Aulis. (Horn. , II. ,
2, 496. --Strab. , 404. )
Hyrikus, I. an Arcadian monarch, for whom Aga-
medes and Trophonius constructed a treasury. (Vid.
Agamedes. )--II. A peasant of Hyria in Boeotia, whose
name is connected with the legend of the birth of Ori-
on. (Vid. Orion. )
Hvrtacds, a Trojan, father to Nisus, one of the com-
panions ofiEneas. (Virg. ,JEn. ,9,177,406. ) Hence
the patronymic of Hj/rtacidcs applied to Nisus. (JEn. ,
9, 176. --Compare Horn. , II, 2, 837, seq. )--The same
patronymic form is applied by Virgil to Hippocoon.
(JEn. , 5, 492. )
Hvsia, I. a town of Bceotia, at the foot of Cithreron,
and to the east of Platan. It was in ruins in the time
>>f pausanias (9,2). The vestiges of this place should
be looked for near the village of Platonia, said to be
<<ne mile from Platnsa, according to Sir W. Gell.
[liin. , p. 112. )--II. A small town of Argolis, not far
from the village of Cenchreas, and on the road from
Argos to Tegea in Arcadia. It was destroyed by the
[-. accdaropnians in the Peloponnesian war. (Thucyd. ,
5, 83. ) '3R
HvsrMfts, a noble Persian, of the family of the
Acho-menTdes. His son Darius reigned in Persia af-
ter the murder of the usurper Smerdis. --As regards
the meaning of the name Hystaspes, consult remarks
under the article Darius, page 416, col. 2, line 20.
I.
Iacciius, a surname of Dionysus or the Grecian
Bacchus, as indicative of his being the son of Ceres,
and not, according to the common legend, of Semele.
In accordance with this idea, Bochart makes it of Phoe-
nician origin, and signifying an infant at the breast.
(Geogr. Sacr. , 1,18. ) A similar definition is found in
Suidas (*. t. "laitvof). Sophocles represents the young
god on the breast of the Eleusinian Ceres. (Amig. ,
132. ) Lucretius (4, 1162) gives Ceres the epithet of
Mammosa. Orpheus, cited bv Clemens Alexandri-
ans (Admon. ad Gent. --Op , e'd. Morell. , p 13), also
speaks of Iacchus as a child at the breast of Ceres.
Acct-rdlag to the Athenian traditions, Ceres was nur-
sing Bacchus when she came to Attica in search of
Proserpina. A great number of ancient monuments
? ? represent Ceres with Iacchus or Bacchus at her breast.
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? UMBLICHUS.
JAN
? ama of a performer of miracles and a divine per-
sonage. Hia merit as a writer is entitled to little if
any notice. He compiled, he copied, he mingled the
ideas of others with his own conceptions; nor was he
always capable of imparling clearness or method to his
compositions. But he declared himself the protector
of mythology and paganism; he strove to preserve
them by working miracles in their behalf; he over-
threw the barrier which enlightened philosophy had
placed between religion and superstition; he amalga-
mated into one system all that various nations had
imagined, in popular belief, of demons, angels, and
spirits; and, in order to give this work of folly a phil-
osophic appearance, ho attached it to the doctrine of
Plato. The intuitive perception of the divine nature,
by means of ecstasy, had appeared to Plotinus and Por-
phyry the most sublime point to which the mind of
man could elevate itself; this, however, was not suf-
ficient for Iamblichus; he must have a theurgy, or
'that species of direct communication with gods and
spirits, which takes place, not from man's raising him-
>>elf to the level of these supernatural intelligences,
but because, yielding to the power of certain formula;
and ceremonies, they are compelled to descend unto
mortals and execute their commands. --We have no
edition of the entire works of Iamblichus, and must
therefore consider his productions separately. 1. Life
of Pythagoras. {Uepl rov IlvBayopiKov f}iov, or, as
it is named in some manuscripts, Aoyoc rrpiiroc', rrtpi
riK nvOayoptxijc aipioeut. Book First: Of the, Pyth-
agorean Sect. ) It was, in fact, the commencement of
a work in ten books. Although a most wretched com-
pilation, and most clumsily put together, it is never-
theless instructive, from the information it affords re-
specting the opinions of Pythagoras, and because the
sources whence Iamblichus and Porphyry drew no
longer exist for us. The best edition of this work, in-
cluding the life of Pythagoras by Porphyry, and that
preserved by Plotinus, is Kiessling's, Lips. , 1815, 2
vols. 8vo -- 2 Second Book, Of Pythagorean expla-
nations, including an exhortation to Philosophy. (Tlv-
Sayopeiuv inouvnuuruv Uyoc ievrepoc, neptexuv
nit wporpeTtriKovc teyovc etc ftZooofiav. ) This
work formed a continuation of the preceding, and is
the second book of the great compilation treating of
Pythagoras. In it we find many passages from Plato;
or, rather, one third of the work is made up of extracts
taken from the dialogues of that writer; and Iambli-
chus has reunited them with so little skill and with so
much negligence, that he often forgets to make the
necessary changes in the tenses of verbs, in order to
adapt one passage to another. Sometimes traces of
the Platonic dialogue are even allowed to remain.
The most interesting part is the last chapter, which
gives an explanation of thirty-nine symbols of Pythag-
oras This work is also contained in Kiessling's edi-
tion of the life. --3. Of common Mathematical Sci-
ence (Tlepi noivijc /laen/iarntijc liriorij/tm;), or, third
oook of Ihe great work on the philosophy of Pythago-
ras. It is important, by reason of the fragments from
the ancient Pythagoreans, such as Philolaus and Ar-
ebytas, which it contains. These fragments are writ-
ten in the Doric dialect, which furnishes an argument
in favour of their authenticity. This work, of which
fragments were only known at an early period, was
published entire for the first time by Villoison, in his
Aneedota Grata, vol. 2, p. 188, seqq. , and reprinted
? ? by Friis, with a translation, at Copenhagen, 1790, 4to.
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? JA tf
JANUS.
I, 46. ; Such a circuit of wall would at once defend
the passage of the Tiber, and cover the three impor-
tant hills of the city. --The summit of the Janiculum
was seen from the Comma, and also from the place of
popular assemblies in the Campus . Martina. At the
earliest period of the republic, when the Romans were
? unrounded by foes, and feared lest, while they held
these assemblies, the enemy might come upon them
unawares, they placed some of their citizens upon the
Janiculum' to guard the spot, and to watch for the safe-
ty of the state; a standard was erected upon the top
ol the hill, and the removal thereof was a signal for
the assembly immediately to dissolve, for that the en-
emy was near. (Dio (,'assius, 37, 28. ) This act,
which had its origin in utility to the commonwealth,
afterward dwindled into a mere ceremony; it waa,
however, made subservient to the designs of factious
citizens in those times when thero was no danger
to the city but from its intestine discords; and the
taking down of the standard on the Janiculum more
than once put a stop to public proceedings at the Co-
mitia. (Burgess, Topography and Antiquities of
Rome, vol. 1, p. 67, seqq. )
Janus, an ancient Italian deity, usually represented
with two faces, one before and one behind, and hence
called Bi/rons and Biceps. Sometimes he is repre-
sented with four faces, and is thence denominated
Quadnfrons. Janus was invoked -at the commence-
ment of most actions; even in the worship of the other
gods, the votary began by offering wino and incense'
to him. (Chid, Fast. , 1, 171. ) The first month in
the year was named after him; and under the title of
Matulinus he waa regarded as the opener of the day.
(Horat. , Serm. , 2, 6, 20, scq. ) Hence he had charge
of the gates of heaven, and hence, too, all gates
(janiiif) on earth were called after him, and supposed
to be under his care. It, this way somo explain his
double visage, because every door looks two ways;
and thus he, the heavenly porter, can watch the east
and wea'. without turning. (Ovid, Fast. , 1, 140. ) His
bur viaages, on the other hand, when he is so repre-
sented, indicate the four seasons of the year. --
His temples at Rome were numerous. In war time,
the gates of the principal one, that of Janus Quirinus,
were always open; in peace they were closed, to re-
tain wars within ((hid, Fast. , 1, 124); but they
were shut only once between the reign of Nuina and
that of Augustus, namely, at the close of the first Punic
war. Augustus closed them after he had given repose
to the Roman world The temples of Janus Quadri-
frons were built with-four equal sides, each side con-
taining a door and three windows. The four doors
wore emblematic of the four seasons of the year, while
the three windows on a side represented the three
months in each seaaon. Janus was usually represent-
ed as holding a key in his left hand and a staff in the
other. He was called by different names, such as
Curnitr-ias (from consero), because he presided over
generation and production; (Juirinus, because presi-
ding over war; and Ctusius and Patulcius (from
dudo and patco), or the "shutter" and "opener,"
with reference to his having charge of gates. --After
Ennius had introduced Euhemerism into Rome, Janus
? bared the fate of the other deities, and became a
mortal king, famed for his uprightness, and dwelling
en the Janiculum. He was said to have received
Saturn when the latter fled to Italy; and he also mar-
? ? ried his own sister Camesa or Camaaane. (Macrob. ,
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? JANUS.
1 AP
sis peculiar care. (hutat. , ap. Lyd. , p. 57. Identi-
fying Janus with the Sun, we ought not to be sur-
prised at finding the Moon called Jana in Varro. (Ji-
lt , 1, 37, 3, ed. Sckneid. --Compare Scaliger, de vet.
ana. Rom. in Grot. Thes. , 8, p. 311. ) In like man-
oet, as the lunar goddess is styled Delta Jana (Dcina,
Diana), so the Salian hymns invoke the solar god
under the name of Deiv. -s Janos, contracted into Di-
van or Djanus. Nig dius (ap. Macrob. , Sat. , 1,
I) says, expressly, "Apohtnem Janum esse, Dianam-
jue Janam, apposila d litera. " Buttmann, regarding
Janus and Jana as the solar and lunar deities re-
ipectively, discovers in these ancient Italian appella-
tions the Zuv and Zavu of the Greeks, or, rather, the
moient and originally Oriental name of the Divinity,
Jah. Jan. Java, Jocis, whence Jam or Yum, "the
lay. " (Mi/thologus, vol. 2, p. 73. )--Janua also as-
similates himself to the Persian Mithras, and becomes
the mediator between mortals and immortals. He
bears the prayers of men to the feet of the great dei-
ties. (Cams Bassus, ap. Lyd. , p. 57, 146. ) It is
in reference to this that some explain his double vis-
age, turned at one and the same time towards both
heaven and earth. Others, however, give to the rep-
resentation of Janus with two faces an explanation
purely historical, and consider it as alluding either to
tbe emigration of Saturn or Janus, come by sea from
Greece into Italy; or to the settling of the latter
among the barbarous nations of Italy, and the estab-
lishment of agriculture. (Flut. , Quasi. Rom. , 22, p.
269, vol. 2, p. 100, ed. Wytt. --Serv. , ad Virg. , Jin. ,
1,194; 7, 607; 8, 357. --Or. , Fast. , 1, 299. ) The
national tradition of the Romans referred it to the al-
liance between Romulus and Tatius and the blending
>>f the two nations. (Compare Lanzi, Saggio, vol
2, p. 9i. --EcJchel, Doctr. Vet. Num. , vol. 5, p. 14,
teqq )--Similar figures with a double face are found
on medals of Etruria, Syracuse, and Athens: Cecrops,
for eiample, was so represented. It is certainly most
rational to suppose, that this mode of representing was
purely allegorical in every case. It recalls to mind
tbe figures, not lesa strange and significant, of the
Hindoo divinities: Janus, with four faces (Quadri-
irons. --Sero. , ad Virg. , JEn. , 8, 607 --Augustin. de
Cre Dei, 7, 4), is identical in appearance with the
Brahma of India. --As the gods who preside over na-
ture and the year, in the Oriental systems, raise them-
kIvcs to the higher office of gods of time, eternity,
and infinity, so also it seems to have happened with
the western Janus. He is called the inspector of
time, and then Time itself: in a cosmogonical sense
be passes for Chaos. (Lyd. , de Mens. , p. 57. ) Un-
der these two points of view he is distinct from Jupi-
ter, the supreme ruler and the universal regulator of
things, in that Janus had specially under hia control
the beginning and the end. (Cic, de N. D. , 2, 27. )
In the higher doctrine, however, all distinction between
the two disappears. As Clusius or bearer of the key,
Janus was the monarch of the universe, and Greece
had no divinity that could be at all compared with him.
(Or, Fast. , 1, 90. ) In the solemn ceremonies and
religious songs of the old Romans, he figured as in-
augurator, and even bore the name. (Initiator. --Au-
gusta, de Civ. Dei, 4, 11. ) At the festivals of the
great gods he had the first sacrifice offered to him.
(Cic. . de N. D.
introduced a rigorous method into the teaching of phi-
losophy. She numbered among her disciples many
celebrated men, among others Synesius, afterward
bishop of Ptotemai's, who preserved during his whole
life the most friendly feelings towards her, although
? he constantly refused to become a convert to Chris-
tianity. Hypatia united to the endowments of mind
many of the attractions and all the virtues of her sex.
Her dress was remarkable for its extreme simplicity;
her conduct was always above suspicion; and she
knew well how to restrain within the bounds of re-
spect those of her anditors who felt the influence of
her personal charms. All idea of marriage was con-
stantly rejected by her as threatening to interfere with
her devotion to her favourite studies. Merit so rare,
and qualities of so high an order, could not fail to ex-
cite jealousy. Orestes, governor of Alexandres, ad-
mired the talents of Hypatia, and frequently had re-
course to her for advice. He was desirous of repress-
ing the too ardent zeal of St. Cyrill, who saw in Hy-
patia one of the principal supports of paganism. The
partisans of the bishop, on their side, beheld in the
measures of the governor the result of the counsels ol
Hypatia; the most seditious of their number, having
at their head an ecclesiastic named Peter, seized upon
Hypatia as she was proceeding to her school, forced
her to descend from her chariot, and dragged her into
a neighbouring church, where, stripped of her vest-
ments, she was put to death by her brutal foes. Her
body was then torn to pieces, and the palpitating
members were dragged through the streets and finally
consigned to the flames. This deplorable event look
place in the month of March, A. D. 415. --The works
? ? of Hypatia were lost in the burning of the Alexandrean
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? HYP
HYP
meit, strong as it is, and pursue the inquiry on other
uid clearer grounds. The term Hyperborean means
a nation or people who dwell beyond the wind Boreas.
The name Boreas is properly applied by the Greeks to
the wind which blows from the north-northeast (Pas-
sow, Lex. , s. <<. ), and is the same with the Aquilo of
the Latins. Of this latter wind Pliny remarks, "flat
inter Septentrioncm ct Ortum solstitialcm;" and For-
ccllini (/,-/. Tot. Lot. ) observes, that it is often con-
ibunded with, and mistaken for, the north. The term
Hyperborei, then, if we consider its true meaning, re-
fers to a people dwelling far to the northeast of the
Greeks, and will lead us at once to the plains of cen-
tral Asia, the cradle of our race. Here it was that
man existed in primeval virtue and happiness, and here
were enjoyed those blessings of existence, the rcmem-
orance of which was carried, by the various tribes that
successively migrated from this common home, into
every quarter of the earth. Hence it is that, even
among the Oriental nations, so many traces are found
of their origin being derived from some country to the
north. Adelung has adopted the opinion which as-
signs central Asia as the original seal of the human
species, and has mentioned a variety of considerations
in support of it. He observes, that the central plains
of Asia being the highest region in. the globe, must
have been the first to emerge from the universal ocean,
and, therefore, first became capable of affording a habit-
able dwelling to terrestrial animals and to the human
species: hence, as the subsiding waters gradually gave
up the lower regions to be the abode of life, they may
have descended, and spread themselves successively
over their new acquisitions. The desert of Kobi,
which is the summit of the central steppe, is the most
elevated ridge in the globe. From its vicinity the
great rivers of Asia take their rise, and flow towards
the four cardinal points. The Selinga, the Ob, the
Irtish, the Lena, and the Jenisei, send their water to
the Frozen Ocean; the laik flows towards the setting
sun; the Amu and Hoang-ho, and the Indus, Ganges,
and Burrampootcr, towards the east and south. On the
de. livitics of these high lands are the plains of Thibet,
lo<<cr than the frozen region of Kobi, where many fer-
tile tracts are well fitted to become the early seat of
animated nature. Here are found not only the vine,
the olive, rice, the legumina, and other plants, on
which man has in all ages depended, in a great meas-
ure, for his sustenance, but all those animals run wild
upon these mountains, which he has latned and led
with him over the whole earth; as the ox, the horse,
the ass, the sheep, the goat, the camel, the hog, the
dog, the cat, and even the gentle reindeer, which ac-
companies him to the icy polar tracts. In Cashmere,
plants, animals, and men exist in the greatest physical
perfection. A number of arguments are suggested in
favour of this opinion. Bailly has referred the origin
of the arts and sciences, of astronomy and of the old
lunar zodiac, as well as of the discovery of the planets,
to the most northerly tract of Asia. His attachment
to Buffon's hypothesis of the central fire, and the grad-
ual refrigeration of the earth, has driven him, indeed,
to the banks of the Frozen Ocean; but his arguments
apply more naturally to the centre of Asia. In our
Scriptures, moreover, the second origin of mankind is
referred to a mountainous region eastward of Shinar,
>>nd the ancient books of the Hindoos fix the cradle of
our race in the same quarter. The Hindu paradise
? ? is on Mount Meru, which is on the confines of Cash-
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? hvp
HTR
(43). Diti Chrysosiom appears to have given him the
preference over all orators with the exception of -F. s-
chines. KOr. , 18, ed. Reiske, p. 372. ) Unfortunately,
there exists no oration which we can with certainty as-
cribo to Hypendes, and by which wo might be enabled
to form for ourselves some idea of his merits and style.
Libanius believes him to have been the author of a
harangue which is found among those of Demosthenes,
and entitled llepl ruv irpoc 'AXifavdpov ovvOquuv,
"On the conventions with Alexander. " Reiske is in-
correct in assigning to him one of the two orations
against Arislogiton, found among the works of Demos-
thenes. (SchSU, Histoire de la Littcrature Gr. , vol.
2, p. S20. )
Hypkkiov, a son of Ccslus and Terra, who married
Thea, by whom he had Aurora, the sun and moon.
(Theog. , 371, seg ) In Homer, Hyperion is identical
with the Sun. (II. , 19, 398. --Compare, however, //. ,
6, 513. ) It is very probable that 'Yiripiuv is the con-
traction of 'Yirepioviuv. 'Pastoxo, Lcx. ,s. t>. -- Volck-
tr, Horn. Geogr. , p. 26. ) The interpretation given
by the ancients to the name, as denoting "him that
moves above," seems liable to little objection. Her-
mann renders it Tollo, as a substantive: "Post hos
tiikmus, 'Tircpiova et 'laizirvv, Tollman et Mersi-
um. " (Opute. , vol. 2, p. 175. --Kcightlcy's Mytholo-
gy, p. 52, seg. )
nimiium a, one of the fifty daughters of Danaus,
? who married Lynceus, son of . Egyptns. She disobey-
ed her father's bloody commands, who had ordered her
to murder her husband the first night of her nuptials,
and suffered Lynceus to escape unhurt. Her father,
at first, in his anger at her disobedience, put her into
clo<<e confinement. Relenting, however, after some
time, he gave bis consent to her union with Lynceus.
iV:d. Dan aides. )
Hyphasis, a tributary of the Indus, now the Beypa-
thu, or, as it is more commonly written, Beyah. The
ancient name is variously given. In Arrian it is Tsr-
offic and'T^urif; in Diodorus (17, 93) and in Strabo,
Tirovir (Hypanis). Pliny (6, 17) gives the form Hyp-
asis. This river was the limit of Alexander's con-
quests, and he erected altars on its banks in memory
of his expedition. Some writers erroneously give the
modern name of the Hyphasis as the Selledje. (Vin-
cent's Voyage of Ncarchus, p. 101. )
Hypsa, now Belici, a river of Sicily falling into the
Crinisus. (SU. llal. , 14, 228. ) *
Hyfsicles, an astronomer of Alexandres, who
flourished under Ptolemy Physcon, about 146 B. C.
He is considered by some to have been the author of
the 14ih and 15th books which are appended to Eu-
clid's Elements; though others strenuously deny
this. No one, however, disputes his claim to a small
work entitled 'Avapopiicii, in which he gives a method,
far from exact, of calculating the risings of each sign
or portion of the ecliptic. Hvpsicles was nearly con-
temporary with Hipparchus, who was the first that gave
an exact solution to this problem. He may have been
ignorant of the discoveries of Hipparchus, and this may
serve to excuse biro; but it is hard to conceive why
bis treatise called Anaphorice, to which we have just
alluded, should have been included in the collection
entitled the "Little Astronomer," which formed a
text-book in the Alexandrean schools preparatory to
the reading of the astronomy of Ptolemy. It was idle
to show the pupil a very vicious solution of an easy
? ? problem, which they would subsequently find solved in
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? I AC
AM
tempting to take refuge once more among the Arabians.
{. John's Hist. Hebrew Com. , p. 307 and 345. )
HrftKiuu. a townof Apulia, also called Uria. (Vid.
Uria. )
Hykia, I. a city of Apulia, in the more northern
pan of the Iapygian peninsula, between Brundisium
and Tarentum. It is now Oria, and would seem to
have been a place of great antiquity, . since its found-
ation is ascribed by Herodotus to some Cretans, that
formed part of an expedition to avenge the death of
Minos, who had perished in Sicily, whither he went
in pun jit of Dsedalus. (Herod. , 7, 171. ) Strabo. in
his description of Iapygia, docs not fail to cite this
passage of Herodotus, but he seems undetermined
whether to recognise the town founded by the Cretans
in that of Thyrai or in that of Veretum. By the'first,
which he mentions as placed in the centre of the isth-
mus, and formerly the capital of the country, he seems
to designate Oria (Strab. , 282). It is probable the
word Thyroei is corrupt; for elsewhere Strabo calls it
Uria, and describes it as standing on the Appian Way,
between Brundisium and Tarentum, as above remark-
ed. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. A, p. 310. )--II. A
town of Boeotia, in the vicinity of Aulis. (Horn. , II. ,
2, 496. --Strab. , 404. )
Hyrikus, I. an Arcadian monarch, for whom Aga-
medes and Trophonius constructed a treasury. (Vid.
Agamedes. )--II. A peasant of Hyria in Boeotia, whose
name is connected with the legend of the birth of Ori-
on. (Vid. Orion. )
Hvrtacds, a Trojan, father to Nisus, one of the com-
panions ofiEneas. (Virg. ,JEn. ,9,177,406. ) Hence
the patronymic of Hj/rtacidcs applied to Nisus. (JEn. ,
9, 176. --Compare Horn. , II, 2, 837, seq. )--The same
patronymic form is applied by Virgil to Hippocoon.
(JEn. , 5, 492. )
Hvsia, I. a town of Bceotia, at the foot of Cithreron,
and to the east of Platan. It was in ruins in the time
>>f pausanias (9,2). The vestiges of this place should
be looked for near the village of Platonia, said to be
<<ne mile from Platnsa, according to Sir W. Gell.
[liin. , p. 112. )--II. A small town of Argolis, not far
from the village of Cenchreas, and on the road from
Argos to Tegea in Arcadia. It was destroyed by the
[-. accdaropnians in the Peloponnesian war. (Thucyd. ,
5, 83. ) '3R
HvsrMfts, a noble Persian, of the family of the
Acho-menTdes. His son Darius reigned in Persia af-
ter the murder of the usurper Smerdis. --As regards
the meaning of the name Hystaspes, consult remarks
under the article Darius, page 416, col. 2, line 20.
I.
Iacciius, a surname of Dionysus or the Grecian
Bacchus, as indicative of his being the son of Ceres,
and not, according to the common legend, of Semele.
In accordance with this idea, Bochart makes it of Phoe-
nician origin, and signifying an infant at the breast.
(Geogr. Sacr. , 1,18. ) A similar definition is found in
Suidas (*. t. "laitvof). Sophocles represents the young
god on the breast of the Eleusinian Ceres. (Amig. ,
132. ) Lucretius (4, 1162) gives Ceres the epithet of
Mammosa. Orpheus, cited bv Clemens Alexandri-
ans (Admon. ad Gent. --Op , e'd. Morell. , p 13), also
speaks of Iacchus as a child at the breast of Ceres.
Acct-rdlag to the Athenian traditions, Ceres was nur-
sing Bacchus when she came to Attica in search of
Proserpina. A great number of ancient monuments
? ? represent Ceres with Iacchus or Bacchus at her breast.
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? UMBLICHUS.
JAN
? ama of a performer of miracles and a divine per-
sonage. Hia merit as a writer is entitled to little if
any notice. He compiled, he copied, he mingled the
ideas of others with his own conceptions; nor was he
always capable of imparling clearness or method to his
compositions. But he declared himself the protector
of mythology and paganism; he strove to preserve
them by working miracles in their behalf; he over-
threw the barrier which enlightened philosophy had
placed between religion and superstition; he amalga-
mated into one system all that various nations had
imagined, in popular belief, of demons, angels, and
spirits; and, in order to give this work of folly a phil-
osophic appearance, ho attached it to the doctrine of
Plato. The intuitive perception of the divine nature,
by means of ecstasy, had appeared to Plotinus and Por-
phyry the most sublime point to which the mind of
man could elevate itself; this, however, was not suf-
ficient for Iamblichus; he must have a theurgy, or
'that species of direct communication with gods and
spirits, which takes place, not from man's raising him-
>>elf to the level of these supernatural intelligences,
but because, yielding to the power of certain formula;
and ceremonies, they are compelled to descend unto
mortals and execute their commands. --We have no
edition of the entire works of Iamblichus, and must
therefore consider his productions separately. 1. Life
of Pythagoras. {Uepl rov IlvBayopiKov f}iov, or, as
it is named in some manuscripts, Aoyoc rrpiiroc', rrtpi
riK nvOayoptxijc aipioeut. Book First: Of the, Pyth-
agorean Sect. ) It was, in fact, the commencement of
a work in ten books. Although a most wretched com-
pilation, and most clumsily put together, it is never-
theless instructive, from the information it affords re-
specting the opinions of Pythagoras, and because the
sources whence Iamblichus and Porphyry drew no
longer exist for us. The best edition of this work, in-
cluding the life of Pythagoras by Porphyry, and that
preserved by Plotinus, is Kiessling's, Lips. , 1815, 2
vols. 8vo -- 2 Second Book, Of Pythagorean expla-
nations, including an exhortation to Philosophy. (Tlv-
Sayopeiuv inouvnuuruv Uyoc ievrepoc, neptexuv
nit wporpeTtriKovc teyovc etc ftZooofiav. ) This
work formed a continuation of the preceding, and is
the second book of the great compilation treating of
Pythagoras. In it we find many passages from Plato;
or, rather, one third of the work is made up of extracts
taken from the dialogues of that writer; and Iambli-
chus has reunited them with so little skill and with so
much negligence, that he often forgets to make the
necessary changes in the tenses of verbs, in order to
adapt one passage to another. Sometimes traces of
the Platonic dialogue are even allowed to remain.
The most interesting part is the last chapter, which
gives an explanation of thirty-nine symbols of Pythag-
oras This work is also contained in Kiessling's edi-
tion of the life. --3. Of common Mathematical Sci-
ence (Tlepi noivijc /laen/iarntijc liriorij/tm;), or, third
oook of Ihe great work on the philosophy of Pythago-
ras. It is important, by reason of the fragments from
the ancient Pythagoreans, such as Philolaus and Ar-
ebytas, which it contains. These fragments are writ-
ten in the Doric dialect, which furnishes an argument
in favour of their authenticity. This work, of which
fragments were only known at an early period, was
published entire for the first time by Villoison, in his
Aneedota Grata, vol. 2, p. 188, seqq. , and reprinted
? ? by Friis, with a translation, at Copenhagen, 1790, 4to.
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? JA tf
JANUS.
I, 46. ; Such a circuit of wall would at once defend
the passage of the Tiber, and cover the three impor-
tant hills of the city. --The summit of the Janiculum
was seen from the Comma, and also from the place of
popular assemblies in the Campus . Martina. At the
earliest period of the republic, when the Romans were
? unrounded by foes, and feared lest, while they held
these assemblies, the enemy might come upon them
unawares, they placed some of their citizens upon the
Janiculum' to guard the spot, and to watch for the safe-
ty of the state; a standard was erected upon the top
ol the hill, and the removal thereof was a signal for
the assembly immediately to dissolve, for that the en-
emy was near. (Dio (,'assius, 37, 28. ) This act,
which had its origin in utility to the commonwealth,
afterward dwindled into a mere ceremony; it waa,
however, made subservient to the designs of factious
citizens in those times when thero was no danger
to the city but from its intestine discords; and the
taking down of the standard on the Janiculum more
than once put a stop to public proceedings at the Co-
mitia. (Burgess, Topography and Antiquities of
Rome, vol. 1, p. 67, seqq. )
Janus, an ancient Italian deity, usually represented
with two faces, one before and one behind, and hence
called Bi/rons and Biceps. Sometimes he is repre-
sented with four faces, and is thence denominated
Quadnfrons. Janus was invoked -at the commence-
ment of most actions; even in the worship of the other
gods, the votary began by offering wino and incense'
to him. (Chid, Fast. , 1, 171. ) The first month in
the year was named after him; and under the title of
Matulinus he waa regarded as the opener of the day.
(Horat. , Serm. , 2, 6, 20, scq. ) Hence he had charge
of the gates of heaven, and hence, too, all gates
(janiiif) on earth were called after him, and supposed
to be under his care. It, this way somo explain his
double visage, because every door looks two ways;
and thus he, the heavenly porter, can watch the east
and wea'. without turning. (Ovid, Fast. , 1, 140. ) His
bur viaages, on the other hand, when he is so repre-
sented, indicate the four seasons of the year. --
His temples at Rome were numerous. In war time,
the gates of the principal one, that of Janus Quirinus,
were always open; in peace they were closed, to re-
tain wars within ((hid, Fast. , 1, 124); but they
were shut only once between the reign of Nuina and
that of Augustus, namely, at the close of the first Punic
war. Augustus closed them after he had given repose
to the Roman world The temples of Janus Quadri-
frons were built with-four equal sides, each side con-
taining a door and three windows. The four doors
wore emblematic of the four seasons of the year, while
the three windows on a side represented the three
months in each seaaon. Janus was usually represent-
ed as holding a key in his left hand and a staff in the
other. He was called by different names, such as
Curnitr-ias (from consero), because he presided over
generation and production; (Juirinus, because presi-
ding over war; and Ctusius and Patulcius (from
dudo and patco), or the "shutter" and "opener,"
with reference to his having charge of gates. --After
Ennius had introduced Euhemerism into Rome, Janus
? bared the fate of the other deities, and became a
mortal king, famed for his uprightness, and dwelling
en the Janiculum. He was said to have received
Saturn when the latter fled to Italy; and he also mar-
? ? ried his own sister Camesa or Camaaane. (Macrob. ,
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? JANUS.
1 AP
sis peculiar care. (hutat. , ap. Lyd. , p. 57. Identi-
fying Janus with the Sun, we ought not to be sur-
prised at finding the Moon called Jana in Varro. (Ji-
lt , 1, 37, 3, ed. Sckneid. --Compare Scaliger, de vet.
ana. Rom. in Grot. Thes. , 8, p. 311. ) In like man-
oet, as the lunar goddess is styled Delta Jana (Dcina,
Diana), so the Salian hymns invoke the solar god
under the name of Deiv. -s Janos, contracted into Di-
van or Djanus. Nig dius (ap. Macrob. , Sat. , 1,
I) says, expressly, "Apohtnem Janum esse, Dianam-
jue Janam, apposila d litera. " Buttmann, regarding
Janus and Jana as the solar and lunar deities re-
ipectively, discovers in these ancient Italian appella-
tions the Zuv and Zavu of the Greeks, or, rather, the
moient and originally Oriental name of the Divinity,
Jah. Jan. Java, Jocis, whence Jam or Yum, "the
lay. " (Mi/thologus, vol. 2, p. 73. )--Janua also as-
similates himself to the Persian Mithras, and becomes
the mediator between mortals and immortals. He
bears the prayers of men to the feet of the great dei-
ties. (Cams Bassus, ap. Lyd. , p. 57, 146. ) It is
in reference to this that some explain his double vis-
age, turned at one and the same time towards both
heaven and earth. Others, however, give to the rep-
resentation of Janus with two faces an explanation
purely historical, and consider it as alluding either to
tbe emigration of Saturn or Janus, come by sea from
Greece into Italy; or to the settling of the latter
among the barbarous nations of Italy, and the estab-
lishment of agriculture. (Flut. , Quasi. Rom. , 22, p.
269, vol. 2, p. 100, ed. Wytt. --Serv. , ad Virg. , Jin. ,
1,194; 7, 607; 8, 357. --Or. , Fast. , 1, 299. ) The
national tradition of the Romans referred it to the al-
liance between Romulus and Tatius and the blending
>>f the two nations. (Compare Lanzi, Saggio, vol
2, p. 9i. --EcJchel, Doctr. Vet. Num. , vol. 5, p. 14,
teqq )--Similar figures with a double face are found
on medals of Etruria, Syracuse, and Athens: Cecrops,
for eiample, was so represented. It is certainly most
rational to suppose, that this mode of representing was
purely allegorical in every case. It recalls to mind
tbe figures, not lesa strange and significant, of the
Hindoo divinities: Janus, with four faces (Quadri-
irons. --Sero. , ad Virg. , JEn. , 8, 607 --Augustin. de
Cre Dei, 7, 4), is identical in appearance with the
Brahma of India. --As the gods who preside over na-
ture and the year, in the Oriental systems, raise them-
kIvcs to the higher office of gods of time, eternity,
and infinity, so also it seems to have happened with
the western Janus. He is called the inspector of
time, and then Time itself: in a cosmogonical sense
be passes for Chaos. (Lyd. , de Mens. , p. 57. ) Un-
der these two points of view he is distinct from Jupi-
ter, the supreme ruler and the universal regulator of
things, in that Janus had specially under hia control
the beginning and the end. (Cic, de N. D. , 2, 27. )
In the higher doctrine, however, all distinction between
the two disappears. As Clusius or bearer of the key,
Janus was the monarch of the universe, and Greece
had no divinity that could be at all compared with him.
(Or, Fast. , 1, 90. ) In the solemn ceremonies and
religious songs of the old Romans, he figured as in-
augurator, and even bore the name. (Initiator. --Au-
gusta, de Civ. Dei, 4, 11. ) At the festivals of the
great gods he had the first sacrifice offered to him.
(Cic. . de N. D.
