ussere
Erscheinung
in Wort und.
Robertson - Bismarck
" In 1880,
Bismarck said: "Thus at last we shall be able to form that solid
monarchical bloc, and feel no longer any concern about the internal
convulsions with which the Western Powers may be troubled.
The three Emperors are strong enough to defy all the agitations
abroad, and sufficiently great lords to live content with the patri-
mony of their ancestors. "'
Bismarck said on two occasions to M. Sabouroff: 'I do not
share the prejudices of the other cabinets on the subject of the
danger of handing over Constantinople to Russia': and again:
'1 flatter myself that I was the first in Europe to break with the
old tradition with which the Westerners inoculated all the Cabinets,
viz. , that a Russian Constantinople would be a European danger. ' As
to these utterances it is relevant to point out that Bismarck's obiter
dicta and ' confessions' are always interesting, but generally, unless
confirmed by specific acts, wholly untrustworthy. Bismarckian
thinking aloud, in the presence of another person, had invariably
a concealed objective. Had Bismarck carried out all the 'con-
fessions' and 'thinking aloud' that he made to Napoleon III.
between 1858 and 1867, Central Europe would never have been
reconstructed as it actually was. Napoleon, Lord Ampthill,
M. Sabouroff, and many others learned that between Bismarck's
ideas and confessions and Bismarck's acts there lay a substantial
world of difference. Words with Bismarck were generally in-
tended to mask his own, or unmask the thoughts of those with
whom he conversed, and his alluring geniality was one of his
finest and most deceptive diplomatic gifts. Hohenlohe records
how Alexander in. after 1890 said that in doing business with
Bismarck, even when the arrangement was satisfactory, he always
felt' qu'il me tricherait. '
Austria required much pressure in 1881 to come into the pro-
posed arrangement. 'Throughout the Sabouroff Memoirs? writes
Professor Simpson, 'nothing"is so obvious as the disdain that
both the negotiators feel for "the ramshackle Empire," and yet
it is always Bismarck who says the really brutal things. ' 'It is
abundantly clear, however, that the vital significance of the Dual
Alliance had not been disclosed to the Tsar. ' The arrangement
of 1881 was for three years. 'When Austria,' Bismarck said,
with one of his usual vivid touches, 'has worn that flannel
next her skin for three whole years, she won't be able to take
it off without running the risk of catching cold. ' That was
what happened in 1890 in the matter- of the reinsurance treaties.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? APPENDIX
Caprivi threw off the flannel that Bismarck had made Germany
wear next her skin for six years--and Germany caught cold. One
other Bismarckian touch is too deliriously characteristic to be
omitted.
'We shall make a mistake if we keep Austria from compromising
herself by committing to writing these demands of hers (i. e. the
annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, plus the Sandjak of Novi
Bazar and some other acquisitions of a like character), which will
only embroil her with the Western Powers, and furnish proofs
of complicity with us in any future Eastern crisis. '
The negotiator who had lured Benedetti to state his proposals in
writing, and then published them in The Times, knew well the
value of promissory notes with the signature of the promissor
attached. Bismarck liked a cupboard full of such compromising
stuff--to be revealed, when he chose--and he took good care
to leave as little of his own 'paper' in other persons' hands as
possible. In Bismarckian ethics the morality of the betrayal of a
confidence was decided by the difference between the betrayer and
the betrayed. If you were the former, reason of State could ad-
minister a plenary absolution; but if you were the latter, then let the
welkin ring with the iniquity of the act. But the best comment
on Bismarckian methods and all of the same character was supplied
by Bismarck himself to his wife, when he first became initiated in
the grand diplomacy at Frankfort: 'Not even the most scoun-
drelly democrat or sceptic could conceive the charlatanry and
fraud that lies in this diplomacy. '
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? BIBLIOGRAPHY
This Bibliographical Appendix is not, nor does it profess to be,
a bibliography of German history for the period of Bismarck's
lifetime. Such would require a separate volume. Nor does it
profess to be an exhaustive bibliography of the historical literature
on Bismarck himself. Attention here is necessarily confined to the
chief original sources available, together with the leading secondary
authorities, and brief critical comments based on the author's
study. For a more complete catalogue reference should be made
to Dahlmann-Waitz, Quellenkunde der deutschen Geschichte (8th
edition, ed. Ko? hler, 1912), and R. Charmatz, Wegweiser durch
die Literatur der Osterreichischen Geschichte (1912), also to the
bibliographies in vols, x. , xi. , and xii. of The Cambridge Modern
History; and to the bibliographies in Sir A. Ward's History of
Germany (vols i. and ii. ), the third volume of which, dealing with
the period from 1871 onwards, has still to be published.
The chief original authorities that are indispensable are:
Bismarck Briefe (ed. Kohl), 1836-1872.
Neue Bismarckbriefe (ed. Poschinger).
Fu? rst Bismarck's Briefe an seine Braut u. Gattin (ed. H. von
Bismarck) (Eng. transl. , 1901).
Die Politischen Reden (ed. H. Kohl, 14 vols).
Briefwechsel zwischen Kaiser Wilhelm und Fu? rst Bismarck.
Briefwechsel mit dem Freiherrn von Steinitz.
Briefwechsel mit Leopold von Gerlach.
Bismarck, The Man and the Statesman (Eng. transl. of the
Gedanken und Erinnerungen, cited as The Memoirs in the text).
The German edition contains an' Anhang' in two volumes. I. Of
Letters to the Emperor William. 2. Of other Letters and docu-
ments. This ' Anhang' has not been translated.
Preussen in Bundestag (4 vols. ). These contain the dispatches
from Frankfurt, 1851-1859. They have been translated into
French (ed. Funck-Brentano) but not into English.
Neue Berichte aus Frankfurt (ed. Poschinger. A supplement
to the above).
The following also edited by Poschinger are collections of
original sources:
60<<
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? BIBLIOGRAPHY
507
Fu? rst Bismarck und der Bundesrat (2 vols).
Fu? rst Bismarck und die Diplomaten (2 vols).
Fu? rst Bismarck und die Parlamentarier (3 vols).
Fu? rst Bismarck als Volkswirt (5 vols. , 2 of which are documents).
None of these have been translated.
The documents and letters in the Bismarck Jahrbuch (ed. H.
Kohl, 6 vols. ), collected from many stray sources, make a valuable
collection. The various books by M. Busch are full of curious
information: Tagebuchbla? tter (3 vols. ); Bismarck, Some Secret
Pages of his History (3 vols. Eng. transl. ); Unser Reichskanzler,
(2 vols. Eng. transl. ); Bismarck in the Franco-German War
(Eng. transl. 2 vols. ). The official publication of original docu-
mentary material can be found in: JBgidi, L. K. and A. Klauhold.
Sammlung der offiziellen Aktenstu? cke, continued by L. Worthmann
and other editors (34 vols. ). H. Kohl's Fu? rst Bismarck Regesten
zu einer wissenschaftlichen Bibliographie (2 vols. ) is an indis-
pensable aid to Bismarck's life.
Some very convenient monographs on sources are to be found
in the Quellen Sammlung zur Deutschen Geschichte, edited by
E. Brandenburger: e. g. Briefe und Aktenstu? cke zur Geschichte
der Gru? ndung des Deutschen Reiches (ed. Brandenburger, 2 vols. );
Die Deutschen Parteiprogramme, 1844-1900 (ed. F. Salomon, 2 vols. );
Briefe u. s. w. zur Geschichte der Hohenzoll. Kandidatur (ed. R. Fester,
2 vols. ): with this latter should be placed R. Fester's Neue Beitra? ge
zur Geschichte der Hohenz. Thronkandidatur; E. Marcks, Bismarck
und die Hohenzollern Kandidatur; and Delbru? ck's essay on the
subject in Preuss. Jahrbu? cher, vol. 82.
Of the numerous Biographies, that by E. Marcks will probably
be, when finished, the most complete; but so far only one volume
(to 1848) has appeared. It contains much new and valuable
information with excerpts from many unpublished letters and docu-
ments. L. Hahn's Biography in five volumes is enriched with much
original documentary material, but is not very readable. M. Lenz's
Bismarck in one volume (a reprint of the article in the Allgemeine
Deutsche Biographie) is a masterly piece of work, but not very full
for the period after 1871. G. Egelhaaf's Biography, in one volume,
is a scholarly study, and much fuller on the period after 1871, but
not so well written as Lenz's book. Of the others, D. Klein-
Hattingen, Bismarck und seine Welt, is well worth reading. But the
best biography so far is that by P. Matter (in French, 3 vols. ),
whose knowledge of the sources is complete--a book marked
by French artistry and scholarship and very judicial in tone and
judgment. In English there is a one volume biography by
G. W. Headlam, admirable, but unhappily not very full on the
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? 508
BISMARCK
period after 1871. The biography in two volumes by C. Lowe is
readable, but not very critical, and now out of date.
For some other aspects of Bismarck's work: A. Singer, Bismarck
in der Literatur is indispensable. (This is a yearly register and
catalogue of all the contemporary pamphlets, satires, and books
bearing on Bismarck. ) York, Graf von Wartenburg, Bismarcks
a?
ussere Erscheinung in Wort und. Bild (with ninety portraits) is an
interesting study of the portraits, etc. Grand-Carteret, Bismarck
en caricatures (a study of the caricature literature); and with this
should be examined G. Hochstetten, Bismarck, Historische Kari-
katuren (with text by Max. Harden); Senfft von Pilsach, Aus
Bismarck's Werkstatt (a critical and stimulating study of Bis-
marckian principles); W. Blume, Von Politik u. Strategie, Bis-
marck und Moltke (a valuable study by a Prussian General of
Bismarck's principles of policy in relation to strategy).
Apart from the criticism in the standard biographies, three
monographs by well-known German historians on the historical
value of Bismarck's reminiscences are real contributions to know-
ledge and scholarship: G. Ka? mmel, Kritische Studien zu Fu? rst
Bismarck's Gedanken; M. Lenz, Zur Kritik der Gedanken, u. s. w. :
E. Marcks, Versuch einer kritischen Wu? rdigung der Gedanken, u. s. w.
For the period after 1890 the following supply full material:
P. Liman, Bismarck nach seiner Entlassung (2 vols); H. Hofmann,
Bismarck, 1890-1898 (2 vols. ); P. Penzier, Fu? rst B. nach seiner
Entlassung (7 vols. ).
On Bismarck's financial policy after 1878, see O. Schneider's
monograph in Schmoller's Jahrbuch for 1910 and 1912: for the
Kulturkampf, see G. Goyau, Le Kulturkampf, P. Majunke, Der
Kulturkampf, and Lefebre de Behaine, Lion XIII. et le Prince de
Bismarck.
For some other aspects of Bismarck, see H. Poschinger, Die
Tischgespra? che des Reichskanzlers (Eng. transl. with introd. by
S. Whitman), and Neu* Tischgespra? che (1 vol. ), and Also sprach
Bismarck (2 vols. ).
Of the secondary authorities for the period up to 1848, see
the German history chapters in A. Stern, Geschichte Europa's seit
1815 (vols, i. -vii. ); and generally for the whole period, H. Oncken,
Das Zeitalter Kaiser's Wilhelm I. ; H. v. Zweideneck-Su? denhorst,
Deutsche Geschichte (from 1806-1871) 3 vols. ; and H. Friedjung,
Der Kampf um die Vorherrschaft in Deutschland (1857-1866), 2 vols. ;
H. v. Sybel (Eng. transl. by G. Perrin), Die Begru? ndung des
Deutschen Reiches, 7 vols. Sybel's work down to 1868 is based on
material in the Prussian archives: it has been supplemented by
Sybel himself in the later editions and criticised by various writers
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? BIBLIOGRAPHY
509
subsequently, but in spite of omissions, it remains indispensable.
Of the works of H. v. Treitschke, the Deutsche Geschichte does not
deal with the period of or after 1848; but his Zehn Jahre deutscher
Ka? mpfe; the Histor. und politische Aufsa? tze (2 vols. ), the pamphlet
Was fo? rdern wir von Frankreich, and the Politik (Eng. transl. )
are more than instructive; they are essential for understanding
the German point of view. Much the best history in English is that
by Sir A. Ward, Germany, 1815-1871 (2 vols. , Camb. Hist. Series--
taking events down to 1871).
For the more recent history: H. Blum, Das Deutsche Reich
zur Zeit Bismarck's; G. Egelhaaf, Geschichte der neuesten Zeit;
H. Mu? nz, Von Bismarck bis Bu? low; and P. Rohrbach, Bismarck
und Wir; and C. Andler (and others), Les origines du Panger-
manisme (a series of volumes in French, which with their lengthy
quotations from German writers, the critical annotations, and the
scholarly bibliographies constitutes a valuable introduction to the
later phases of German political development from 1870 onwards).
For the Schleswig-Holstein affair it must suffice to cite K.
Jansen-K. Sam wer, Schleswig-Holstein's Befreiung. (All the lead-
ing authorities deal with the copious controversial literature. ) A
brief statement of the Danish case will be found in a short Mono-
graph by A. D. Jo? rgensen; reference may also be made to W. R.
Prior, North Sleswick under Prussian Rule. The standard biography
of the Emperor William 1. is that by E. Marcks, and of his son,
* the Crown Prince,' and Emperor Frederick in. by M. Philippson.
For the period 1870-1 and the making of the German Empire,
I have found far the most useful W. Busch, Die Ka? mpfe um
Reichsverfassung und Kaisertum; to which may be added O. Lorenz,
Kaiser Wilhelm und die Begru? ndung des Reiches, I866-1871, which
contains much valuable original material--derived largely from the
Grand-Duke of Baden and the unitarian group of which he was
the head.
On Austrian history, the most useful general guides are two works
by R. Charmatz, Geschichte der auswa? rtigen Politik O? sterreichs
im IQ Jahrhundert (2 vols. ); and Osterreich's innere Geschichte von
184. 8 bis 19OJ (2 vols. ): two others may be mentioned, T. v.
Sosnosky, Die Balkanpolitik O? sterreich-Ungarns seit 1866 (2 vols. ),
and L. Eisenmann, Le Compromis. The well-known works by
Cheradame and Seton-Watson do not specifically bear on Bismarck.
For general purposes K. Meinecke, Weltbu? rgertum und National-
staat, is an illuminating philosophical treatise in historical form
on the development of political thought and principles in Germany
from the French Revolution to Bismarck. It is not easy reading
for those unacquainted with German philosophy, but its treatment
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? Sio
BISMARCK
is clear and masterly. P. Rohrbach, Der Deutsche Gedanke in der
Welt, is a good statement of German ambitions in the period,
1871-1914.
Of the original Memoirs the following are invaluable: this
selected list is intended to convey different points of view.
Keudell. (Personal recollections. ) Fu? rst und Fu? rstin Bismarck
(French transl. , Bismarck et sa Familie}.
Abeken. Ein Schlichtes Leben (also in an Eng. transl. ). (Abeken
was one of the most devoted of Bismarck's official staff. )
Wagener, H. Erlebtes (in 2 parts. Wagener was editor of the
Kreuzzeitung).
Mittnacht, Freiherr von. Erinnerungen an Bismarck.
Beust, Count. Drei viertel Jahrhunderten, 2 vols. (Eng.
transl. by Baron de Worms, 2 vols. ) An entertaining and valuable
contribution.
Roon, A. von. Denkwu? rdigkeiten aus dem Leben (absolutely in-
valuable). 3 vols.
Andrassy, Count Julius. Sein Leben u. seine Zeit (by E. von
Wertheimer). 3 vols. This contains a great deal of original
material, particularly in vols. 2 and 3.
Bernhardi, T. von. Aus dem Leben T. v. B. , 9 vols, (a work
of great value, particularly after 1862).
Stosch, A. von. Denkwu? rdigkeiten, Briefe und Tagebuch Bla? tter
(unfortunately does not go beyond 1872).
Unruh, H. V. von. Erinnerungen (ed. H. v. Poschinger).
Delbru? ck, R. Lebenserinnerungen (2 vols).
Bennigsen. Life by H. Oncken (with original papers and letters,
not translated).
Simson E. v. Erinnerungen.
Bismarck said: "Thus at last we shall be able to form that solid
monarchical bloc, and feel no longer any concern about the internal
convulsions with which the Western Powers may be troubled.
The three Emperors are strong enough to defy all the agitations
abroad, and sufficiently great lords to live content with the patri-
mony of their ancestors. "'
Bismarck said on two occasions to M. Sabouroff: 'I do not
share the prejudices of the other cabinets on the subject of the
danger of handing over Constantinople to Russia': and again:
'1 flatter myself that I was the first in Europe to break with the
old tradition with which the Westerners inoculated all the Cabinets,
viz. , that a Russian Constantinople would be a European danger. ' As
to these utterances it is relevant to point out that Bismarck's obiter
dicta and ' confessions' are always interesting, but generally, unless
confirmed by specific acts, wholly untrustworthy. Bismarckian
thinking aloud, in the presence of another person, had invariably
a concealed objective. Had Bismarck carried out all the 'con-
fessions' and 'thinking aloud' that he made to Napoleon III.
between 1858 and 1867, Central Europe would never have been
reconstructed as it actually was. Napoleon, Lord Ampthill,
M. Sabouroff, and many others learned that between Bismarck's
ideas and confessions and Bismarck's acts there lay a substantial
world of difference. Words with Bismarck were generally in-
tended to mask his own, or unmask the thoughts of those with
whom he conversed, and his alluring geniality was one of his
finest and most deceptive diplomatic gifts. Hohenlohe records
how Alexander in. after 1890 said that in doing business with
Bismarck, even when the arrangement was satisfactory, he always
felt' qu'il me tricherait. '
Austria required much pressure in 1881 to come into the pro-
posed arrangement. 'Throughout the Sabouroff Memoirs? writes
Professor Simpson, 'nothing"is so obvious as the disdain that
both the negotiators feel for "the ramshackle Empire," and yet
it is always Bismarck who says the really brutal things. ' 'It is
abundantly clear, however, that the vital significance of the Dual
Alliance had not been disclosed to the Tsar. ' The arrangement
of 1881 was for three years. 'When Austria,' Bismarck said,
with one of his usual vivid touches, 'has worn that flannel
next her skin for three whole years, she won't be able to take
it off without running the risk of catching cold. ' That was
what happened in 1890 in the matter- of the reinsurance treaties.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? APPENDIX
Caprivi threw off the flannel that Bismarck had made Germany
wear next her skin for six years--and Germany caught cold. One
other Bismarckian touch is too deliriously characteristic to be
omitted.
'We shall make a mistake if we keep Austria from compromising
herself by committing to writing these demands of hers (i. e. the
annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, plus the Sandjak of Novi
Bazar and some other acquisitions of a like character), which will
only embroil her with the Western Powers, and furnish proofs
of complicity with us in any future Eastern crisis. '
The negotiator who had lured Benedetti to state his proposals in
writing, and then published them in The Times, knew well the
value of promissory notes with the signature of the promissor
attached. Bismarck liked a cupboard full of such compromising
stuff--to be revealed, when he chose--and he took good care
to leave as little of his own 'paper' in other persons' hands as
possible. In Bismarckian ethics the morality of the betrayal of a
confidence was decided by the difference between the betrayer and
the betrayed. If you were the former, reason of State could ad-
minister a plenary absolution; but if you were the latter, then let the
welkin ring with the iniquity of the act. But the best comment
on Bismarckian methods and all of the same character was supplied
by Bismarck himself to his wife, when he first became initiated in
the grand diplomacy at Frankfort: 'Not even the most scoun-
drelly democrat or sceptic could conceive the charlatanry and
fraud that lies in this diplomacy. '
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? BIBLIOGRAPHY
This Bibliographical Appendix is not, nor does it profess to be,
a bibliography of German history for the period of Bismarck's
lifetime. Such would require a separate volume. Nor does it
profess to be an exhaustive bibliography of the historical literature
on Bismarck himself. Attention here is necessarily confined to the
chief original sources available, together with the leading secondary
authorities, and brief critical comments based on the author's
study. For a more complete catalogue reference should be made
to Dahlmann-Waitz, Quellenkunde der deutschen Geschichte (8th
edition, ed. Ko? hler, 1912), and R. Charmatz, Wegweiser durch
die Literatur der Osterreichischen Geschichte (1912), also to the
bibliographies in vols, x. , xi. , and xii. of The Cambridge Modern
History; and to the bibliographies in Sir A. Ward's History of
Germany (vols i. and ii. ), the third volume of which, dealing with
the period from 1871 onwards, has still to be published.
The chief original authorities that are indispensable are:
Bismarck Briefe (ed. Kohl), 1836-1872.
Neue Bismarckbriefe (ed. Poschinger).
Fu? rst Bismarck's Briefe an seine Braut u. Gattin (ed. H. von
Bismarck) (Eng. transl. , 1901).
Die Politischen Reden (ed. H. Kohl, 14 vols).
Briefwechsel zwischen Kaiser Wilhelm und Fu? rst Bismarck.
Briefwechsel mit dem Freiherrn von Steinitz.
Briefwechsel mit Leopold von Gerlach.
Bismarck, The Man and the Statesman (Eng. transl. of the
Gedanken und Erinnerungen, cited as The Memoirs in the text).
The German edition contains an' Anhang' in two volumes. I. Of
Letters to the Emperor William. 2. Of other Letters and docu-
ments. This ' Anhang' has not been translated.
Preussen in Bundestag (4 vols. ). These contain the dispatches
from Frankfurt, 1851-1859. They have been translated into
French (ed. Funck-Brentano) but not into English.
Neue Berichte aus Frankfurt (ed. Poschinger. A supplement
to the above).
The following also edited by Poschinger are collections of
original sources:
60<<
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? BIBLIOGRAPHY
507
Fu? rst Bismarck und der Bundesrat (2 vols).
Fu? rst Bismarck und die Diplomaten (2 vols).
Fu? rst Bismarck und die Parlamentarier (3 vols).
Fu? rst Bismarck als Volkswirt (5 vols. , 2 of which are documents).
None of these have been translated.
The documents and letters in the Bismarck Jahrbuch (ed. H.
Kohl, 6 vols. ), collected from many stray sources, make a valuable
collection. The various books by M. Busch are full of curious
information: Tagebuchbla? tter (3 vols. ); Bismarck, Some Secret
Pages of his History (3 vols. Eng. transl. ); Unser Reichskanzler,
(2 vols. Eng. transl. ); Bismarck in the Franco-German War
(Eng. transl. 2 vols. ). The official publication of original docu-
mentary material can be found in: JBgidi, L. K. and A. Klauhold.
Sammlung der offiziellen Aktenstu? cke, continued by L. Worthmann
and other editors (34 vols. ). H. Kohl's Fu? rst Bismarck Regesten
zu einer wissenschaftlichen Bibliographie (2 vols. ) is an indis-
pensable aid to Bismarck's life.
Some very convenient monographs on sources are to be found
in the Quellen Sammlung zur Deutschen Geschichte, edited by
E. Brandenburger: e. g. Briefe und Aktenstu? cke zur Geschichte
der Gru? ndung des Deutschen Reiches (ed. Brandenburger, 2 vols. );
Die Deutschen Parteiprogramme, 1844-1900 (ed. F. Salomon, 2 vols. );
Briefe u. s. w. zur Geschichte der Hohenzoll. Kandidatur (ed. R. Fester,
2 vols. ): with this latter should be placed R. Fester's Neue Beitra? ge
zur Geschichte der Hohenz. Thronkandidatur; E. Marcks, Bismarck
und die Hohenzollern Kandidatur; and Delbru? ck's essay on the
subject in Preuss. Jahrbu? cher, vol. 82.
Of the numerous Biographies, that by E. Marcks will probably
be, when finished, the most complete; but so far only one volume
(to 1848) has appeared. It contains much new and valuable
information with excerpts from many unpublished letters and docu-
ments. L. Hahn's Biography in five volumes is enriched with much
original documentary material, but is not very readable. M. Lenz's
Bismarck in one volume (a reprint of the article in the Allgemeine
Deutsche Biographie) is a masterly piece of work, but not very full
for the period after 1871. G. Egelhaaf's Biography, in one volume,
is a scholarly study, and much fuller on the period after 1871, but
not so well written as Lenz's book. Of the others, D. Klein-
Hattingen, Bismarck und seine Welt, is well worth reading. But the
best biography so far is that by P. Matter (in French, 3 vols. ),
whose knowledge of the sources is complete--a book marked
by French artistry and scholarship and very judicial in tone and
judgment. In English there is a one volume biography by
G. W. Headlam, admirable, but unhappily not very full on the
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? 508
BISMARCK
period after 1871. The biography in two volumes by C. Lowe is
readable, but not very critical, and now out of date.
For some other aspects of Bismarck's work: A. Singer, Bismarck
in der Literatur is indispensable. (This is a yearly register and
catalogue of all the contemporary pamphlets, satires, and books
bearing on Bismarck. ) York, Graf von Wartenburg, Bismarcks
a?
ussere Erscheinung in Wort und. Bild (with ninety portraits) is an
interesting study of the portraits, etc. Grand-Carteret, Bismarck
en caricatures (a study of the caricature literature); and with this
should be examined G. Hochstetten, Bismarck, Historische Kari-
katuren (with text by Max. Harden); Senfft von Pilsach, Aus
Bismarck's Werkstatt (a critical and stimulating study of Bis-
marckian principles); W. Blume, Von Politik u. Strategie, Bis-
marck und Moltke (a valuable study by a Prussian General of
Bismarck's principles of policy in relation to strategy).
Apart from the criticism in the standard biographies, three
monographs by well-known German historians on the historical
value of Bismarck's reminiscences are real contributions to know-
ledge and scholarship: G. Ka? mmel, Kritische Studien zu Fu? rst
Bismarck's Gedanken; M. Lenz, Zur Kritik der Gedanken, u. s. w. :
E. Marcks, Versuch einer kritischen Wu? rdigung der Gedanken, u. s. w.
For the period after 1890 the following supply full material:
P. Liman, Bismarck nach seiner Entlassung (2 vols); H. Hofmann,
Bismarck, 1890-1898 (2 vols. ); P. Penzier, Fu? rst B. nach seiner
Entlassung (7 vols. ).
On Bismarck's financial policy after 1878, see O. Schneider's
monograph in Schmoller's Jahrbuch for 1910 and 1912: for the
Kulturkampf, see G. Goyau, Le Kulturkampf, P. Majunke, Der
Kulturkampf, and Lefebre de Behaine, Lion XIII. et le Prince de
Bismarck.
For some other aspects of Bismarck, see H. Poschinger, Die
Tischgespra? che des Reichskanzlers (Eng. transl. with introd. by
S. Whitman), and Neu* Tischgespra? che (1 vol. ), and Also sprach
Bismarck (2 vols. ).
Of the secondary authorities for the period up to 1848, see
the German history chapters in A. Stern, Geschichte Europa's seit
1815 (vols, i. -vii. ); and generally for the whole period, H. Oncken,
Das Zeitalter Kaiser's Wilhelm I. ; H. v. Zweideneck-Su? denhorst,
Deutsche Geschichte (from 1806-1871) 3 vols. ; and H. Friedjung,
Der Kampf um die Vorherrschaft in Deutschland (1857-1866), 2 vols. ;
H. v. Sybel (Eng. transl. by G. Perrin), Die Begru? ndung des
Deutschen Reiches, 7 vols. Sybel's work down to 1868 is based on
material in the Prussian archives: it has been supplemented by
Sybel himself in the later editions and criticised by various writers
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? BIBLIOGRAPHY
509
subsequently, but in spite of omissions, it remains indispensable.
Of the works of H. v. Treitschke, the Deutsche Geschichte does not
deal with the period of or after 1848; but his Zehn Jahre deutscher
Ka? mpfe; the Histor. und politische Aufsa? tze (2 vols. ), the pamphlet
Was fo? rdern wir von Frankreich, and the Politik (Eng. transl. )
are more than instructive; they are essential for understanding
the German point of view. Much the best history in English is that
by Sir A. Ward, Germany, 1815-1871 (2 vols. , Camb. Hist. Series--
taking events down to 1871).
For the more recent history: H. Blum, Das Deutsche Reich
zur Zeit Bismarck's; G. Egelhaaf, Geschichte der neuesten Zeit;
H. Mu? nz, Von Bismarck bis Bu? low; and P. Rohrbach, Bismarck
und Wir; and C. Andler (and others), Les origines du Panger-
manisme (a series of volumes in French, which with their lengthy
quotations from German writers, the critical annotations, and the
scholarly bibliographies constitutes a valuable introduction to the
later phases of German political development from 1870 onwards).
For the Schleswig-Holstein affair it must suffice to cite K.
Jansen-K. Sam wer, Schleswig-Holstein's Befreiung. (All the lead-
ing authorities deal with the copious controversial literature. ) A
brief statement of the Danish case will be found in a short Mono-
graph by A. D. Jo? rgensen; reference may also be made to W. R.
Prior, North Sleswick under Prussian Rule. The standard biography
of the Emperor William 1. is that by E. Marcks, and of his son,
* the Crown Prince,' and Emperor Frederick in. by M. Philippson.
For the period 1870-1 and the making of the German Empire,
I have found far the most useful W. Busch, Die Ka? mpfe um
Reichsverfassung und Kaisertum; to which may be added O. Lorenz,
Kaiser Wilhelm und die Begru? ndung des Reiches, I866-1871, which
contains much valuable original material--derived largely from the
Grand-Duke of Baden and the unitarian group of which he was
the head.
On Austrian history, the most useful general guides are two works
by R. Charmatz, Geschichte der auswa? rtigen Politik O? sterreichs
im IQ Jahrhundert (2 vols. ); and Osterreich's innere Geschichte von
184. 8 bis 19OJ (2 vols. ): two others may be mentioned, T. v.
Sosnosky, Die Balkanpolitik O? sterreich-Ungarns seit 1866 (2 vols. ),
and L. Eisenmann, Le Compromis. The well-known works by
Cheradame and Seton-Watson do not specifically bear on Bismarck.
For general purposes K. Meinecke, Weltbu? rgertum und National-
staat, is an illuminating philosophical treatise in historical form
on the development of political thought and principles in Germany
from the French Revolution to Bismarck. It is not easy reading
for those unacquainted with German philosophy, but its treatment
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-11-14 09:49 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 49015000251497 Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
? Sio
BISMARCK
is clear and masterly. P. Rohrbach, Der Deutsche Gedanke in der
Welt, is a good statement of German ambitions in the period,
1871-1914.
Of the original Memoirs the following are invaluable: this
selected list is intended to convey different points of view.
Keudell. (Personal recollections. ) Fu? rst und Fu? rstin Bismarck
(French transl. , Bismarck et sa Familie}.
Abeken. Ein Schlichtes Leben (also in an Eng. transl. ). (Abeken
was one of the most devoted of Bismarck's official staff. )
Wagener, H. Erlebtes (in 2 parts. Wagener was editor of the
Kreuzzeitung).
Mittnacht, Freiherr von. Erinnerungen an Bismarck.
Beust, Count. Drei viertel Jahrhunderten, 2 vols. (Eng.
transl. by Baron de Worms, 2 vols. ) An entertaining and valuable
contribution.
Roon, A. von. Denkwu? rdigkeiten aus dem Leben (absolutely in-
valuable). 3 vols.
Andrassy, Count Julius. Sein Leben u. seine Zeit (by E. von
Wertheimer). 3 vols. This contains a great deal of original
material, particularly in vols. 2 and 3.
Bernhardi, T. von. Aus dem Leben T. v. B. , 9 vols, (a work
of great value, particularly after 1862).
Stosch, A. von. Denkwu? rdigkeiten, Briefe und Tagebuch Bla? tter
(unfortunately does not go beyond 1872).
Unruh, H. V. von. Erinnerungen (ed. H. v. Poschinger).
Delbru? ck, R. Lebenserinnerungen (2 vols).
Bennigsen. Life by H. Oncken (with original papers and letters,
not translated).
Simson E. v. Erinnerungen.
