No More Learning

[606] At Carthage, the multitude governed; at Rome, the power of the
Senate was absolute. (Polybius, VI. 51. )

[607] Titus Livius, L. 16.

[608] Appian, _Punic Wars_, 93 _et seq. _

[609] Justin, XXXIV. 1. --Titus Livius, _Epitome_, LI. --Polybius, I. 2,
3.

[610] Pausanias, VII. 16. --Justin, XXXIV. 2.

[611] Polybius, XL. 11.

[612] Appian, _Wars of Spain_, 52.

[613] Eutropius, IV. 7.

[614] The town of Garray, in Spain, situated about a league from Soria,
on the Duero, is built on the site of ancient Numantia. (Miñano,
_Diccionario Geográfico de España_. )

[615] Appian, _Civil Wars_, V. iv. 38.

[616] Velleius Paterculus, II. 20.

[617] Titus Livius, XXXIV. 31.

[618] Titus Livius, XLV. 21.

[619] Titus Livius, VII. 43.

[620] In 555, 585, and 639. (Titus Livius, XLV. 15. )--Aurelius Victor,
_Illustrious Men_, lxii.

[621] The tribune Licinius Crassus proposed, in 609, to transfer to the
people the election of the pontiffs, until then nominated by the
sacerdotal college. This proposition was adopted only in 650 by the law
Domitia, and was anew abolished by Sylla.

[622] Titus Livius, _Epitome_, LVII.

[623] The expedition against the Scordisci, in 619.

[624] Sallust, _Fragm. _, I. 8.

[625] “Corruption especially had increased, because, Macedonia
destroyed, the empire of the world seemed thenceforth assured to Rome. ”
(Polybius, XI. 32. )

[626] Sallust, _Fragm. _, I. 10.

[627] The Romans expatriated themselves to such a degree that, when
Mithridates began war, and caused all the Roman citizens spread over his
states to be massacred in one day, they amounted to 150,000, according
to Plutarch (_Sylla_, xlviii. ); 80,000 according to Memnon (in the
_Bibliotheca_ of Photius, Codex CCXXIV. 31) and Valerius Maximus (IX. 2,
§ 3). --The small town of Cirta, in Africa, could only be defended
against Jugurtha by Italiotes. (Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 26. )

[628] Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 35.

[629] “And Rome refused to admit in the number of her citizens the men
by whom she had acquired that greatness of which she was so proud as to
despise the peoples of the same blood and of the same origin. ” (Velleius
Paterculus, II. 15).

[630] See the list of Censuses at Note (^4) of page 256.

[631] Mommsen, _Geschichte Roms_, I. , p. 785.

[632] The lands taken from the town of Leontium were of the extent of
thirty thousand _jugera_. They were, in 542, farmed out by the censors;
but at the end of some time, there remained only one citizen of the
country among the eighty-four farmers who had installed themselves in
them; all the others belonged to the Roman nobility. (Mommsen, ii.
75. --Cicero, _Second Prosecution of Verres_, III. 46 _et seq. _)

[633] Plutarch, _Tiberius Gracchus_, 9.

[634] Diodorus Siculus, _Fragments_, XXXIV. 3.

[635] Diodorus Siculus, _Fragments_, XXXVI. , p. 147, ed. Schweighæuser.

[636] Strabo, XIV. v. 570.

[637] “Our ancestors feared always the spirit of slavery, even in the
case where, born in the field and under the roof of his master, the
slave learnt to love him from his birth. But since we count ours by
nations, each of which has its manners and gods, or perhaps has no gods,
no, this vile and confused assemblage will never be kept under but by
fear. ” (Tacitus, _Annales_, XIV. 44. )

[638] In 442, the censor Appius Claudius Cæcus causes the freedmen to be
inscribed in all the tribes, and allows their sons the entrance to the
Senate. (Diodorus Siculus, XX. 36. )--In 450 the censor Q. Fabius
Rullianus (Maximus) confines them to the four urban tribes (Titus
Livius, IX. 46); towards 530, other censors opened again all the tribes
to them; in 534, the censors L. Æmilius Papus and C. Flaminius
re-established the order of 450 (Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XX. ); an
exception is made in favour of those who have a son of the age of more
than five years, or who possess lands of the value of more than 30,000
sestertii (XLV. 15); in 585, the censor Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus
expels them from the rustic tribes, where they had been again
introduced, and unites them in one sole urban tribe, the Esquiline.
(Titus Livius, XLV. 15. --Cicero, _De Oratore_, I. ix. 38. )--(639. ) “The
Æmilian law permits freedmen to vote in the four urban tribes. ”
(Aurelius Victor, _Illustrious Men_, 72. )

[639] Valerius Maximus, VI. 2, § 3. --Velleius Paterculus, II. 4.

[640] “I know Romans who have waited for their elevation to the
consulship to begin reading the history of our ancestors and the
precepts of the Greeks on military art. ” (_Speech of Marius_, Sallust,
_Jugurtha_, 85. )

[641] Plutarch, _Tiberius Gracchus_, 8.

[642] “Tiberius Gracchus genere, forma, eloquentia facile princeps. ”
(Florus, III. 14. )

[643] Velleius Paterculus, II. 2. --Seneca the Philosopher, _De
Consolatione, ad Marciam_, xvi.

[644] Plutarch, _Parallel between Agis and Tiberius Gracchus_, iv.

[645] “Pure and just in his views. ” (Velleius Paterculus, II.
2. )--“Animated by the noblest ambition. ” (Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 9. )

[646] Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 9.

[647] “It was at the instigation of the rhetorician Diophanes and the
philosopher Blossius that he took counsel of the citizens of Rome most
distinguished for their reputation and virtues: among others, Crassus,
the grand pontiff; Mucius Scævola, the celebrated lawyer, then consul;
and Appius Claudius, his father-in-law. ” (Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 9. )

[648] Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 9.

[649] Aulus Gellius relates two passages from the speech of C. Gracchus,
which we think ought rather to be ascribed to Tib. Sempronius Gracchus.
In one, he has stated the case of a young noble who caused a peasant to
be murdered because he made a joke upon him as he passed in a litter; in
the other, he told the story of a consul who ordered the most
considerable men in the town of Teanum to be beaten with rods, because
the consul’s wife, going to bathe, had found the baths of the town not
clean. (Aulus Gellius, X. 3. )

[650] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 12.

[651] Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 16.

[652] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 13.

[653] Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 12.

[654] Machiavelli, _Discourse on Titus Livius_, I. 37.

[655] Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 16.

[656] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 14.

[657] Plutarch, _Tib. Gracchus_, 16, 22.

[658] Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 5.

[659] They interdicted to the magistrates deposed by the people the
exercise of all functions, and authorised criminal proceedings against
the magistrate who had been the author of the illegal banishment of a
citizen. The first of these struck openly at Octavius, whom Tiberius had
deposed; the second at Popilius, who, in his prætorship, had banished
the friends of Tiberius. (Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 8. )

[660] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 21.

[661] “In 556, the curule ediles Fulvius Nobilior and Flaminius
distributed to the people a million of _modii_ of Sicilian wheat, at two
_ases_ the bushel. ” (Titus Livius, XXXIII. 42. )

[662] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 21. --Cicero, _Tusculan Disputations_,
III. 20.

[663] Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 7. According to what Polybius says, the
period of service was fixed at ten years, for we read in Plutarch:
“Caius Gracchus said to the censors that, obliged only by the law to ten
campaigns, he had made twelve. ” (Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 4. )

[664] FIFTH PERIOD. --ROMAN COLONIES.

_Dertona_ (630). In Liguria, now _Tortona_.

_Fabrateria_ (630). Among the Volsci (_Latium Majus_). Now _Falvaterra_.
A colony of the Gracchi.

_Aquæ Sextiæ_ (631); _Aix_ (Mouths of the Rhone). Cited erroneously as a
colony, was only a _castellum_.

_Minervia_ (Scylacium) (632). In Calabria, now _Squillace_. A colony of
the Gracchi.

_Neptunia_ (Tarentum) (632). In Calabria, now _Taranto_. A colony of
the Gracchi.

_Carthago_ (Junonia). In Africa. A colony of the Gracchi, was only commenced.

_Narbo Martius_ (636). In Narbonnese Gaul, now _Narbonne_. Founded
under the influence of the Gracchi.

_Eporedia_ (654). In Transpadane Gaul, now _Ivrea_.

In this period Rome ceases to found Latin colonies. The allied countries
and the towns of the Latin name began to demand the right of city; the
assimilation of Italy, in respect to language and manners, is indeed so
advanced that it is superfluous, if not dangerous, to found new Latin
cities.

The name of _Colonies of the Gracchi_ is given to those which were
established essentially for the aid of the poor citizens, and no longer,
as formerly, with a strategic view.

Carthage and Narbonne are the first two colonies founded beyond the
limits of Italy, contrary to the rule previously followed. The only
example which could be mentioned as appertaining to the previous period
is that of _Italica_, founded in Spain by Scipio in 548, for those of
his veterans who wished to remain in the country.
They received the
right of city, but not the title of colony. The inhabitants of _Aquæ
Sextiæ_ must have been in much the same situation.

[665] Velleius Paterculus, II. 6, 15. --Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 7, 8.

[666] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 19 _et seq. _

[667] Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 9. --Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 23.

[668] Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 27. --Cicero, _Oration on the Consular
Provinces_, 2, 15; _Oration for Balbus_, 27.

[669] Cicero, _Oration for Rabirius_, 4.

[670] Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 7, 12. --According to Velleius Paterculus
(II. 6), “he would have extended this right to all the peoples of Italy
as far as the Alps. ”

[671] Pseudo-Sallust, _First Letter to Cæsar_, vii. --Titus Livius, XXVI.
22.

[672] “Aut censoria locatio constituta est, ut Asiæ, lege Sempronia. ”
Cicero, _Second Prosecution of Verres_, III. --See, on this question,
Mommsen, _Inscriptiones Latinæ Antiquissimæ_, pp. 100, 101.

[673] In the province, the domain of the soil belongs to the Roman
people; the proprietor is reputed to have only the possession or
usufruct. (Gaius, _Institutes_, II. 7. )

[674] The senators were reproached with the recent examples of
prevarication given by Cornelius Cotta, by Salinator, and by Manius
Aquilius, the conqueror of Asia.

[675] Yet the _Epitome_ of Titus Livius (LX. ) speaks of 600 knights
instead of 300. (See Pliny, _Natural History_, XXXIII. 7. --Appian,
_Civil Wars_, I. 22. --Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 7. )

[676] Plutarch, _C. Gracchus_, 12.

[677] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 24.

[678] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 17.

[679] “I am not one of those consuls who think that it is a crime to
praise in the Gracchi, as magistrates whose counsels, wisdom, and laws
carried a salutary reform into many parts of the administration. ”
(Cicero, _Second Speech on the Agrarian Law_, 5. )

[680] Appian, _Civil Wars_, I. 27.

[681] Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 31.

[682] Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 5.

[683] “Marius had only made his temper more unyielding. ” (Plutarch,
_Sylla_, 39. )--“Talent, probity, simplicity, profound knowledge of the
art of war, Marius joined to the same degree the contempt of riches and
pleasures with the love of glory. ” (Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 63. )--Marius
was born on the territory of Arpinum, at _Cereatæ_, now Casamari (the
house of Marius).

[684] “Obtained the esteem of both parties. ” (Plutarch, _Marius_, 4. )

[685] Sallust, _Jugurtha_, 85.

[686] Plutarch, _Marius_, 10.

[687] Plutarch, _Marius_, 19.

[688] Plutarch, _Marius_, 11.

[689] Plutarch, _Marius_, 28.

[690] Plutarch, _Marius_, 29.

[691] Titus Livius, XXIII. 22.

[692] In our opinion, _bellum sociale_, or _sociorum_, has been wrongly
translated by “social war,” an expression which gives a meaning entirely
contrary to the nature of this war.

[693] Velleius Paterculus, II. 15.

[694] LIST OF THE DIFFERENT CENSUSES:--

Year of
Rome Census
187. 80,000. The first census under Servius Tullius. (Titus Livius, I. 44.
--Dionysius of Halicarnassus, IV. 22. --Eutropius, I. 7. )

245. 130,000. (Plutarch, _Publicola_, 14. )

278. 110,000. (Upwards of). (Dionysius of Halicarnassus, IX. 25. )--119,309
according to Eutropius, I. 14; and 120,000 according
to G. Syncellus, 452, ed. Bonn.

280. 190,000. (Rather more than). (Dionysius of Halicarnassus, IX. 36. )

(Towards
286). 8,714. (_sic. _) (Titus Livius,
_Epitome_, III. , ed. O. Jahn. ) Correct it
to 118,714.

295. 117,319. (Titus Livius, III. 24. )--117,219 according
to the _Epitome_.

331. 120,000. (Canon of Eusebius, Olympiad lxxxix. 2; 115,000 according
to another manuscript. ) This passage is wanting in the
Armenian translation.

365. 152,573. (Pliny, _Natural History_, XXXIII. 16, ed. Sillig. )

415. 165,000. (Eusebius, Olymp. cx. 1. )

422} (Titus Livius, IX. 19. --G. Syncellus, _Chronographia_,
to } 250,000. 525, has the number 260,000. )
435}

460. 262,321. (Titus Livius, X. 47; the _Epitome_, 272,320. --Eusebius,
Olymp. cxxi. 4, writes 270,000; the Armenian translator,
220,000. )

465. 272,000. (Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XI. )

474. 287,222. (Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XIII. )

479. 292,334. (Eutropius, II. 10. )--271,234 according to Titus Livius
(_Epitome_, XIV. ).

489. 382,234. (Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XVI. ) Correct it to 282,234.

502. 297,797. (Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XVIII. )

507. 241,212. (Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XIX. )

513. 260,000. (Eusebius, Olymp. cxxxiv. 4. )

534. 270,213. (Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XX. )

546. 137,108. (Titus Livius, XXII. 36. )--This enormous difference is wrongly
ascribed to the losses experienced in the first five years
of the Second Punic war, and Titus Livius states but a very
small difference, _minor aliquanto numerus quam qui ante
bellum fuerat_, which would give us cause to believe in
an error of the copyist in the number of the census,
so that we should read 237,108.

550. 214,000. (Titus Livius, XXIX. 37; _Fasti Capitolini_. )--The censors, as
is formally stated, had extended their operations to the
armies; in addition to which, many allies and Latins had
come to take their domicile in Rome, and had been included
in the census.

561. 143,704. (Titus Livius, XXXV. 9. ) Here, also, there doubtless exists
an error; we must read 243,704. Perhaps, too, the censors
did not include in that number of citizens the soldiers
in campaign.

566. 258,318. (Titus Livius, XXXVIII. 36); _Epitome_, 258,310. Many allies
of the Latin name had been included in the census.

576. 288,294. (Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XLI. ) The figures of the census of
preceding and following years lead us to adopt this number,
though the manuscripts give only 258,294.

581. 269,015. (Titus Livius, XLII. 10); _Epitome_, 267,231. “The reason
of the inferiority of the census of 581 was,” according to
Titus Livius, “the edict of the Consul Postumius, in virtue
of which those who belonged to the class of the Latin allies
were to return, to be taken for their censuses, in their
respective towns, according to the edict of the Consul
C. Claudius, so that there was not a single person of
the allies who was taken at Rome. ” (Titus Livius, XLII. 10. )

586. 312,805. (Titus Livius, _Epitome_, XLV. )

591.