No More Learning

CORINNA (Kópıvva), a Greek poetess, a na MA'RCIUS, the hero of one of the most beautiful
tive of Tanagra in Boeotia. According to some of the early Roman legends, was said to have been
accounts (Eudocia, p. 270 ; Welcker, in Creuzer's the son of a descendant of king Ancus Marcius.
Meletem, ii. pp. 10-17), she was the daughter of His mother's name, according to the best authori-
Achelodorus and Procratia. On account of her ties, was Veturia (Plutarch calls her Volumnia).
long residence in Thebes, she was sometimes called He lost his father while yet a child, and under the
& Theban. She flourished about the beginning of training of his mother, whom he loved exceedingly,
the fifth century B. C. , and was a contemporary of grew up to be a brave and valiant man ; but he
Pindar, whom she is said to have instructed (Plut. was likewise noted for his imperious and proud
de Glor. Athen. iv. p. 318, a. ), and with whom she temper. He was said to have fought in the battle
strove for a prize at the public games at Thebes. by the lake Regillus, and to have won a civic
According to Aelian (V. H. xiii. 25), she gained crown in it. To explain his surname, Coriolanus,
the victory over him five times. Pausanias (ix. the legend told how in a war with the Volscians
22. 3) does not speak of more than one victory, their capital, Corioli, was attacked by the Romans.
and mentions a picture which he saw at Tanagra. When the enemy made a sally, Marcius at the
in which she was represented binding her hair head of a few brave men drove them back, and
with a fillet in token of her victory, which he then, single-banded (for his followers could not
attributes as much to her beauty and to the cir- support him), drove the Volscians before him to
cumstance that she wrote in the Aeolic dialect, as the other side of the town. So in memory of his
to her poetical talents. At a later period, when prowess the surname Coriolanus was given him.
Pindar's fame was more securely established, she But his haughty bearing towards the commons
blamed her contemporary, Myrtis, for entering into excited their fear and dislike, and when he was a
a similar contest with him. (Apollon. Dyscol. in candidate for the consulship, they refused to elect
Wolf, Corinnae Carm. p. 56, &c. ) The Aeolic him. After this, when there was a famine in the
dialect employed by Corinna had many Boeotian city, and a Greek prince sent corn from Sicily,
peculiarities. (Eustath. ad Od. vol. i. p. 376. 10, Coriolanus advised that it should not be distributed
ud Il. vol. ii. p. 364. 22, ed. Lips. ; Wolf, I. c. ) to the commons, unless they gave up their tribunes.
She appears to have intended her pocnis chiefly For this he was impeached and condemned to
for Boeotian ears; hence the numerous local refer- exile. He now took refuge among the Volscians,
ences connected with Boeotia to be found in them. and promised to assist them in war against the
(Paus. ix. 20. § 1; Sreph. Byz. s. v. Ofotela; Romans. Attius Tullius, the king of the Vols-
Eustath. ad Il. vol. i. p. 215. 2. ed. Lips. ; Schol. cians, found a pretext for a quarrel, and war was
ad Apoll. Rhod. ii. 1177. ) They were collected in declared. Coriolanus was appointed general of the
five books, and were chiefly of a lyrical kind, com- Volscian army. He took many towns, and ad-
prising choral songs, lyrical ncmes, parthenia, epi- vanced plundering and burning the property of the
grams, and erotic and beroic poems. The last commons, but sparing that of the patricians, till he
however, seem to have been written in a lyrical came to the fossa Cluilia, or Cluilian dyke. Here
form. Among them we find mentioned one enti- he encamped, and the Romans in alarm (for they
tled Tolaus, and one the Seven against Thebes. could not raise an army) sent as deputies to bim
Only a few unimportant fragments have been pre- five consulars, offering to restore him to his rights.
served.
But he refused to make peace unless the Romans
Statues were crected to Corinna in different would restore to the Volscians all the lands they
Parts of Greece, and she was ranked as the first had taken from them, and receive all the people as
2nd incrst distinguished of the nine lyrical Muses. I citizens. To these terms the deputies could not


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CORIPPUS.
853
CORIPPUS.
augurs.
99
agree. After this the Romans sent the ten chief | Now, Johannes Cuspianus “ De Caesaribus et Im-
men of the Senate, and then all the priests and peratoribus” declares, that he saw in the royal
But Coriolanus would not listen to thein. library at Buda a poem in eight books entitled
Then, at the suggestion of Valeria, the noblest ma- Johannis by Flavius Cresconius Corippus, the sub-
trons of Rome, headed by Veturia, and Volumnia, ject of which was the war carried on against the
the wife of Coriolanus, with his two little children, Africans by Johannes Patricius, and he quotes the
came to his tent. His mother's reproaches, and first five lines beginning
the tears of his wife, and the other matrons bent
Signa, duces gentesque feras, Martisque ruinas.
his purpose. He led back his army, and lived in
exile among the Volscians till his death. On the Moreover, we can prove from history that Cuspia-
spot where he yielded to his mother's words, a nus was at Buda between the years 1510 and 1515.
temple was dedicated to Fortuna Muliebris, and Secondly, it is known that as late as 1532 a MS.
Valeria was the first priestess.
“De Bellis Libycis” was preserved in the monas-
Such is the substance of the legend. The date tery of the Monte Casino, bearing the name of
assigned to it in the annals is B. C. 490. Its in- Cresconius, the first word being “ Victoris. " This
consistency with the traces of real history which does not correspond, it will be observed, with the
have come down to us have been pointed out by commencement given by Cuspianus ; but the differ-
Niebuhr, who has also shewn that if his banish- ence, as we shall soon sec, is only apparent. Both
ment be placed some twenty years later, and his of the above MSS. have disappeared and left no
attack on the Romans about ten years after that, trace behind them. Lastly, in the Vallicellan
the groundwork of the story is reconcileable with library at Rome is a MS. of the tenth century,
history. The account of his condemnation is not containing a collection of ancient canons, to which
applicable to the state of things earlier than B. c. the transcriber has prefixed the following note :
470, abont which time a famine happened, while “ Concordia Canonum a Cresconio Africano episcopo
Hiero was tyrant of Syracuse, and might have been digesta sub capitulis trecentis : iste nimirum Cres-
induced by his hostility to the Etruscans to send conius bella et victorias, quas Johannes Patricius
corn to the Romans. Moreover, in B. C. 458, the apud Africam de Saracenis gessit, hexametris ver-
Volscians obtained from the Romans the very sibus descripsit,” &c. From this it was inferred
terms which were proposed by Coriolanus. “The by many scholars, that Cresconius must have flour-
list of his conquests is only that of a portion of ished towards the end of the seventh century,
those made by the Volscians transferred to a since we learn from Cedrenus that, in 697, the
Roman whose glory was flattering to national Arabians overran Africa, and were expelled by a
vanity. ” The circumstance that the story has certain Johannes Patricius despatched thither by
been referred to a wrong date Niebuhr considers the emperor Leontius ; hence also Corippus and
to have arisen from its being mixed up with the Cresconius were generally distinguished from each
foundation of the temple to Fortuna Muliebris. other, the former being supposed to be the author
The name Coriolanus may have been derived from of the panegyric upon Justin, the latter of the
his settling in the town of Corioli after his banish- Concordia Canonum and the poem “ de Bellis
Whether he had any share in bringing Libycis. ” Various other conjectures were formed
about the peace of 458, Niebuhr considers doubt and combinations imagined which are now not
ful. (Plut. Coriolanus ; Liv. ii. 34-40 ; Dionys. worth discussing, since a great portion of the doubt
vii. 20— viii. 59; Niebuhr, vol. ij. pp. 94-107, and difficulty was removed by Mazuchelli in 1814,
234-260).
[C. P. M. ) who discovered the long-lost Johannis in the li-
CORIPPUS, FLAVIUS CRESCOʻNIUS. brary of the Marquis of Trivulzi at Milan, where
In the year 1581 a work issued from the press of it bad been overlooked in consequence of having
Plantin at Antwerp, edited by Michael Ruiz, a been inserted in the catalogue as the production of
Spaniard, and bearing the title Corippi Africani a Johannes de Aretio, who lived towards the close
Grammatici fragmentum carminis in laudem impe of the 14th century, and who appears to have tran-
ratoris Justini Minoris; Carmen panegyricum in scribed it into the same volume with his own bar-
laulem Anastasii quaestoris et magistri; de laudibus barous effusions. The Praefatio to this Johannis
Justini Augusti Minoris heroico carmine libri IV. begins
The two former, of which the first is imperfect, are
extremely short, and in reality are merely the pre-
Victoris, proceres, praesumsi dicere lauros,
face and epistle dedicatory of the third, which while the first lines of the poem itself are the same
extends to nearly 1600 hexameter lines, and is a with those quoted by Cuspianus, thus establishing
formal panegyric, conceived in all the hyperbolical the identity of the piece with that contained in
extravagance of the Byzantine school, in honour of the MSS. of Buda and Monte Casino, and enabling
the younger Justin, who swayed the empire of the us to determine the full name of the author as
East from A. D. 565 to 578. Ruiz asserts, that given at the head of this article. The theme is a
these pieces were faithfully copied from a MS. war carried on in Africa against the Moors and
more than 700 years old; but of this document he Vandals during the reign of Justinian, about the
gives no description ; he does not state how it had year 550, by a proconsul or magister militiae
come into his possession, nor where it was deposited; named Johannes, who is the hero of the lay. The
it has never been found; and no other being known campaign in question is noticed by Procopius
to exist, the text depends upon the editio princeps (B. V. ii. 28, B. G. iv. 17) and Paulus Diaconus.
alone.
(De Gestis Longobard, i. 25. ) Of Johannes we
Corippus, in the preface above mentioned, refers know nothing except what we are told by Proco-
to a poem which he had previously composed upon pins and by the poet himself. He was the brother
the African wars.
of Pappus; had served along with him on two
Quid Libycas gentes, quid Syrtica proelia dicam previous occasions in Africa, under Belisarius in
Jam libris completa meis?
533, and under Germanus in 537; his father was
ment.


## p. 854 (#874) ############################################

854
CORIPPUS.
CORNELIA.
named Evantus; his wife was the danghter of a p. 247) speaks as if Ruiz had previously published
king; his son was called Peter; he had been em- an edition at Madrid in 1579; to this, or these,
ployed in the East against the Persians, and had succeeded the edition of Thomas Dempster, 8vo.
been recalled from thence to head an expedition Paris, 1610; of Rivinus, 8vo. , Leipzig, 1663 ; of
Against the rebellious Moors. (Procop. U. c. and Ritterhusius, 4to. , Altdorf, 1664 ; of Goetzius,
B. G. iv. 34 ; Johan. i. 197, 380, vii. 576. ) 8vo. , Altdorf, 1743 ; and of Foggini, 4to. Rome,
Although the designation and age of Corippus 1777, which completes the list.
are thus satisfactorily ascertained, and the author The Johannis, discovered as described above,
of the Johannis is proved to be the same person was first printed at Milan, 4to. , 1820, with the
with the panegyrist of Justinian's nephew, we notes of Mazuchelli.
have no means of deciding with equal certainty Both works will be found in the best form in
whether he is to be identified with the African the new Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae
bishop Cresconius who compiled a Canonum Bre- at present in the course of publication at Bonn.
viarium and a Concordia Canonum, the former The Canonum Breviarium and the Concordia
being a sort of index or table of contents to the Canonum are printed entire in the first volume of
latter, which comprises an extensive and important the Bibliotheca Juris Canonici published by Voellus
collection of laws of the Church, arranged not and Justellus at Paris, fol. 1661.
chronologically according to the date of the several The Breviarium was first published at Paris by
councils, but systematically according to the nature Pithou in 1588, 8vo. , and is contained in the
of the subjects, and distributed under three hun- | Bibliotheca Patrum Lugdun. vol. ix. (W. R. ]
dred titles. Saxe and most writers upon the history CORISCUS (Kópio kos), is mentioned, with
of ecclesiastical literature place the prelate in the Erastus, as a disciple of Plato, by Diogenes (iii.
reign of Tiberius III. as low as A. D. 698, this 31, s. 46), who also states that Plato wrote a
epoch being assigned to him on the double suppo letter to Erastus and Coriscus. (ii. 36, & 61.
)
sition that he was the composer of the Libyan War They were both natives of Scepsis in the Troas.
and that this was the Libyan War of Leontius; (Diog. I. c. ; Strab. xii. p. 608. ) [P. S. )
but the latter hypothesis has now been proved to CORNE'LIA. 1. One of the noble women at
be false. The epithets Africani and Grammatici Rome, who was said to have been guilty of poison-
-attached, as we have already seen, to the name ing the leading men of the state in B. C. 331, the
of Corippus in the editio princeps of the panegyric, first instance in which this crime is mentioned in
the former pointing out his country, which is Roman history. The aediles were informed by a
clearly indicated by several expressions in the slave-girl of the guilt of Cornelia and other Roman
work itself, the latter a complimentary designation matrons, and in consequence of her inforination
equivalent at that period to “ learned,"convey they detected Cornelia and her accomplices in the
the sum total of the information we possess con- act of preparing certain drugs over a fire, which
cerning his personal history.
they were compelled by the magistrates to drink,
With regard
his merits, the epigrammatic and thus perished. (Liv. vii. 18; comp. Val.
censure of Baillet, that he was a great flatterer Max. ii. 5. § 3; August. de Civ. Dei, ij. 17;
and a little poet, is perhaps not absolutely unjust; Dich of Ant. s. v. Veneficium. )
but if we view him in relation to the state of lite
rature in the age when he flourished, and compare
Family of the Cinnae.
him with his contemporaries, we may feel inclined 2. Daughter of L. Cinna, one of the great
to entertain some respect for his talents. He was leaders of the Marian party, was married to C.
evidently well read in Virgil, Lucan, and Claudian; Caesar, afterwards dictator. Caesar married her
the last two especially seem to have been his mo in B. C. 83, when he was only seventeen years of
dels; and hence, while his language is wonderfully age; and when Sulla commanded him to put her
pure, we have a constant display of rhetorical de away, he refused to do so, and chose rather to be
clamation and a most ambitious straining after deprived of her fortune and to be proscribed himself.
splendour of diction. Nor is the perusal of his Cornelia bore him his daughter Julia, and died be
verses unattended with profit, inasmuch as he fore his quaestorship. Caesar delivered an oration
frequently sheds light upon a period of history for in praise of her from the Rostra, when he was
which our authorities are singularly imperfect and quaestor. (Plut. Caes. 1, 5; Suet. Caes. 1, 5, 6;
obscure, and frequently illustrates with great life Vell
. Pat. ii. 41. )
and vigour, the manners of the Byzantine court. 3. Sister of the preceding, was married to Cn.
In proof of this, we need only turn to the 45th Domitius Ahenobarbus, who was proscribed by
chapter of Gibbon, where the striking description Sulla in B. C. 82, and killed in Africa, whither he
of Justin's elevation, and the complicated ceremo- had fled. (AHENOBARBUS, No. 6. ]
nies which attended his coronation, is merely a
translation into simple and concise prose” from
Family of the Scipiones.
the first two books of Corippus. The text, as 4. The elder daughter of P. Scipio Africanus
might be anticipated from the circumstance that the elder, was married in her father's life-time to
each poem depends upon a single MS. , that one of P. Scipio Nasica. (Liv. xxxviii. 57 ; Polyb. xxxii.
these has never been collated or even seen by any 13. )
modern scholar, and that the other was transcribed 5. The younger daughter of P. Scipio Africanus
at a late period by a most ignorant copyist,—is the elder, was married to Ti. Sempronius Gracchus,
miserably defective; nor can we form any reason- censor B. C. 169, and was by him the mother of
able expectation of its being materially improved. the two tribunes Tiberius and Caius. Gracchus
The Editio Princeps of the Panegyric is gene espoused the popular party in the commonwealth,
rally marked by bibliographers as having been and was consequently not on good terms with
printed by Plantin, at Antwerp, in 1581; but Scipio, and it was not till after the death of the
Funccius (De incrti ac decrepit. L. L. Senectute, I latter, according to most accounts, that Gracchus


## p. 855 (#875) ############################################

CORNELIA.
855
CORNELIANUS.
married his daughter. According to other state- 6. Daughter of P. Cornelius Scipio (also called
ments, however, Cornelia was married to Gracchus Q. Caecilius Metellus Scipio, on account of his
in the life-time of her father, and Scipio is said to adoption by Q. Metellus), consul in B. C. 52,
have given her to Gracchus, because the latter in- was first married to P. Crassus, the son of the
terfered to save his brother L. Scipio from being triumvir, who perished, in B. C. 53, with his fa-
dragged to prison. (Plut. Ti. Gracch. l; Liv. ther, in the expedition against the Parthians.
xxxviii. 57. ) Cornelia was left a widow with a In the next year she married Pompey the
young family of twelve children, and devoted her- Great. This marriage was not merely a political
self entirely to their education, rejecting all offers one ; for Pompey seems to have been captivated
of a second marriage, and adhering to her resolu- by her. She was still young, possessed of ex-
tion even when tempted by Ptolemy, who offered traordinary beauty, and distinguished for her
to share his crown and bed with her. Of her knowledge of literature, music, geometry, and phi-
numerous family three only survived their child- losophy. In B. C. 49, Pompey sent ber, when he
hood, -
-a daughter, who was married to Scipio abandoned Italy, with his youngest son Sextus to
Africanus the Younger, and her two sons Tiberius Lesbos, where she received her husband upon his
and Caius. Cornelia had inherited from her father fight after the battle of Pharsalia. She accom-
a love of literature, and united in her person the panied him to the Egyptian coast, saw bim mur-
severe virtues of the old Roman matron with the dered, and fled first to Cyprus and afterwards to
superior knowledge, refinement, and civilization Cyrene. But, pardoned by Caesar, she soon after-
which then began to prevail in the higher classes wards returned to Rome, and received from him
at Rome. She was well acquainted with Greek the ashes of her husband, which she preserved on
literature, and spoke her own language with that his Alban estate. (Plut. Pomp. 55, 66, 74, 76,
purity and elegance which pre-eminently character-78–80; Appian, B. C. ii. 83 ; Dion Cass. xl. 51,
ises well educated women in every country. Her xlii. 5; Vell. Pat. ii. 53; Lucan, iii. 23, v. 725,
letters, which were extant in the time of Cicero, viii. 40, &c. )
were models of composition, and it was doubtless
mainly owing to her judicious training that her
Family of the Sullae.
sons became iu after-life such distinguished orators 7. Sister of the dictator Sulla, was married to
and statesmen. (Comp. Cic. Brut. 58. ) As the Nonius, and her son is mentioned as grown up
daughter of the conqueror of Hannibal, the mother in B. c. 88. (Plut. Sull. 10. )
of the Gracchi, and the mother-in-law of the taker 8. Daughter of the dictator Sulla, was married
of Carthage and Numantia, Cornelia occupies a to Q. Pompeius Rufus, who was murdered by the
prouder position than any other woman in Roman Marian party, in B. C. 88, at the instigation of the
history. She was almost idolized by the people, tribune Sulpicius. (Liv. Epit. 77; Vell. Pat. ii.
and exercised an important influence over her two 18; Plut. Sull. 8. )
sons, whose greatness she lived to see, -and also 9. Another daughter of the dictator Sulla, was
their death. It was related by some writers that Ti. married first to C. Memmius, and afterwards to T.
Gracchus was urged on to propose his laws by the Annius Milo. She is better known by the name
reproaches of his mother, who upbraided him with of Fausta. [Fausta. )
her being called the mother-in-law of Scipio and CORNELIA ORESTILLA. [ORESTILLA. ]
not the mother of the Gracchi; but though she CORNEʻLIA PAULLA. [PAULLA. ]
was doubtless privy to all the plans of her son, CORNE'LIA GENS, patrician and plebeian,
and probably urged him to persevere in his course, was one of the most distinguished Roman gentes,
his lofty soul needed not such inducements as these and produced a greater number of illustrious men
to undertake what he considered necessary for the than any other house at Rome. All its great
salvation of the state. Such respect was paid to families belonged to the patrician order. The
her by her son Caius, that he dropped a law upon names of the patrician families are :— ARVINA,
her intercession which was directed against M. Blasio, CBTHEGUS, Cinna, Cossus, DOLABELLA,
Octavius, who had been a colleague of Tiberius in LENTULUS (with the agnomens Caudinus, Clodi-
his tribunate. But great as she was, she did not anus, Crus, Gaetulicus, Lupus, Maluginensis, Mar.
escape the foul aspersions of calumny and slander. cellinus, Niger, Rufinus, Scipio, Spinther, Sura),
Some attributed to her, with the assistance of her MaLUGINENSIS, MAMMULA, MERENDA, MERULA,
daughter, the death of her son-in-law, Scipio Afri- RUFINU6, SCAPULA, SCIPIO (with the agpomens
canus the Younger (Appian, B. C. i. 20); but this Africanus, Asiaticus, A sina, Barbatus, Calvus,
charge is probably nothing but the base invention of Hivpallus, Nasica, Serapio), Sisenna, and SULLA
party malice. She bore the death of her sons with (with the agnomen Felir). The names of the
magnanimity, and said in reference to the conse- plebeian families are BALBus and GALLUs, and we
crated places where they had lost their lives, that also find various cognomens, as Chrysogonus, Cul-
they were sepulchres worthy of them. On the mur-leolus, Phagita, &c. , given to freedmen of this gens.
der of Caius, she retired to Misenum, where she There are also several plebeians mentioned without
spent the remainder of her life. Here she exercised any surname : of these an account is given under
unbounded hospitality ; she was constantly sur-CORNELIUS. The following cognomens occur on
rounded by Greeks and men of letters ; and the coins of this gens:--Balbus, Blasio, Cethegus, Cinna,
various kings in alliance with the Romans were Lentulus, Scipio, Sisenna, Sulla. Under the empire
accustomed to send her presents, and receive the the number of cognomens increased considerably;
like from her in return. Thus she reached a good of these an alphabetical list is given under Cor-
old age, honoured and respected by all, and the nelius.
Roman people erected a statue to her, with the CORNELIA'NUS, a Roman rhetorician, who
inscription, CornelIA, MOTHER OF THE GRacchi. seems to have lived in the reign of M. Aurelius
(Plut. Ti. Grucch. 1, 8, C. Gracch. 4, 19; Oros. and Verus, and was secretary to the emperor M.
v. 12; Vell.