Epistolae
11, 17, 21, Consolatio de was further a friend of the orator M.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
tit.
9.
s.
4, 5, with the notes of
gerated, make them 70,000), was encountered and Gothofredus. ) He refused to put on the insignia
cut to pieces by the army of Gratian, under his of Pontifex Maximus, on the plea that a Christian
generals Nannienus and Mellobaudes the Frank, could not wear them; and herein he only acted
who held the office of Comes Domesticorum at consistently. Tillemont, on the authority of Am-
Argentovaria or Argentaria (at or near Colmar, in brose, ascribes to him the removal of the Altar of
Alsace), about May, a. D. 378 or according to some Victory at Rome, and the confiscation of its re-
authorities in 377. Whether Gratian was present venues; and the prohibition of legacies of real pro-
at the battle does not appear ; but he conducted perty to the Vestals, with the abolition of their
his army in person across the Rhine, and compelled Other privileges, steps of which the justice is more
the Lentienses to submit. He afterwards advanced questionable. Ambrose also ascribes to him the
towards or into the eastern empire, where the prohibition of heathen worship at Rome, and the
Goths, who had defeated and killed Valens near purging of the church from all taint of sacrilegious
Adrianople (Aug. 378), were committing great heresy — vague expressions, but indicative of the
devastation. By the death of his uncle, Valens, persecuting spirit of his government. The Priscil-
the eastern empire had devolved upon him ; but lianists indeed are said to have obtained readmis-
his consciousness of his inadequacy to this increased sion into the church by bribing the officers of his
charge led him to send for Theodosius [THEODO-court ; and during the short time after Valens'
sIUs I. Avg. ] from Spain, and after appointing death that he held the Eastern empire, he con-
him in the first instance general against the Goths, tented himself with relieving the orthodox party
he soon after (Jan. 19, 379), at Sirmium, raised from persecution, and tolerated the Arians, probably
him to be his colleague in the empire, and come from the conviction that in the critical period of the
mitted the East to him.
Gothic war, it would not do to alienate so powerful
For some time after this the pressure of affairs a body. The Eunomians, Photinians, and Mani-
compelled Gratian to exert himself. He sanctioned chaeans were not, however, tolerated even then.
the settlement in Pannonia and Upper Maesia of (Suidas, s. v. Spatiavós, and notes of Gothofredus
some German nations, who were pressing upon the to Cod. Theod. l. c. ) Sulpicius Severus intimates that
frontier of the empire; perhaps thinking thus to at one time he issued an edict for the banishment
repair the waste of population in the Gothic war, of all heretics ; but it is difficult to believe that
or to raise up a barrier against further invasion. this could have been effected or eren attempted.
His generals, the Franks, Bauto and Arbogastes, The religious meetings of heretics were, however,
with their army, were sent to assist Theodosius ; interdicted by him. (Cod. Theod. l. c. ) After these
and Gratian himself, if we may trust an obscure indications of his zeal, we do not wonder that Am-
expression of Idatius, gained a victory over some brose addressed to him his treatise De Fide.
hostile army, but of what nation is not said. He While these persecuting measures were cooling
also, during the illness of Theodosius, arranged or the attachment of those of his subjects who were
strengthened a treaty with the Goths. After these exposed to his severity, his constant engagement in
transactions, which may be referred to the year field sports, to the neglect of more serious matters,
380 at latest, we hear little of any warlike or other incurred contempt. The indulgence and flattery
transactions in which Gratian was engaged. of his councillors and courtiers allowed and induced
Historians, Pagan and Christian, are agreed as him to devote himself to amusement. Night and
to the character of this prince. In person he was day, says Aurelius Victor, he was thinking of no-
well made and good looking ; in his disposition thing else than arrows, and considered that to hit
gentle and docile ; submissive. as a youth, to his the mark was the greatest of pleasures and the
instructors, possessed of a cultivated understanding perfection of art. So sure was his aim, that his
and of a ready and pleasing eloquence. Even in arrows were said to be endowed with intelligence.
## p. 303 (#319) ############################################
GRATIANUS.
303
GRATIDIUS.
He associated with a few of the Alans, whom he man. He was murdered by the troops who had
made his friends and followers, and travelled raised him to the furple about four months after
habited in their garb. This deportment excited his elevation (A. D. 407), and was succeeded by
the contempt of the army. While thus unpopular, Constantine. [CONSTANTINUS, the tyrant, vol. I.
a competitor for the empire suddenly appeared in p. 830. ] (Olympiod. apud Phot. Bill. Cod. 80;
the person of Maximus, a man of energy and repu- Zosiin. vi. 2 ; Oros. vii. 40 ; Sozom. H. E. ix. 11;
tation, who was elected by the legions in Britain, Baeda, H. E. i. 11. ).
(J. C. M. ]
and at once crossed over into Gaul, and defeated GRATI'DIA, a sister of M. Gratidius [No. 1]
Gratian somewhere near Paris. Deserted by his of Arpinum, was married to M. Tullius Cicero, the
troops, and, according to some, betrayed by bis grandfather of the orator. (Cic. de Leg. ii.
general, Mellobaudes, or Merobaudes, Gratian fled 16. )
[L. S. )
in the direction of Italy, but being excluded by the GRATIDIA’NUS, M. MA'RIUS, the son of
inhabitants of the cities in his route, was overtaken M. Gratidius [No. 1], but his name shows that he
and slain apparently near Lugdunum or Lyon, by was adopted by one Marius, probably a brother of
Andragathius, whom Maximus had sent in pursuit the great Marius. He was a very popular speaker,
of him. (25 Aug. 383. ) In his last extremity he and able to maintain his ground even in very tur-
called upon the name of Ambrose. Zosimus places bulent assemblies. Owing to his popularity, he
his death near Singidunum, now Belgrade, on the was twice invested with the praetorship, and in
borders of Pannonia and Maesia. Maximus re- one of them he proposed an edict concerning the
fused to give up his body to his brother Valentinian coinage (edictum de re nummaria), which raised his
for burial; but subsequently, probably on the favour with the people still higher. During the
overthrow of Maximus, it was removed and interred proscriptions of Sulla, he was killed by Catiline in
at Milan. Sozomen and Socrates, followed by a most cruel and brutal manner, and his head was
Theophanes, describe the stratagem by which carried in triumph through the city. Cicero was
Andragathius succeeded in killing him, and though connected with him by intimate friendship. (Cic.
their story is improbable enough, it perhaps origi- Brut. 62, de Leg. ii. 16, de off. iii. 16, 20, de
nated in some treachery actually employed. Petit. Cons. 3, de Orat. i. 39, ii. 65; Ascon. in Cic.
Gratian was twice married. 1. About a. D. 374 in tog. cand. p. 84, ed. Orelli; Senec, de Ira, 3
or 375, to Flavia Maxima Constantia, daughter of Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 9. )
[L. S. ]
the emperor Constantius II. , by whom he appears GRATI'DIUS, the name of a family of Arpi-
to have had a son, of whom nothing is known. num, of which a few members are known in the
Constantia died about six months before her hus- last century of the Roman republic.
band. 2. To Laeta, of whom little is known, and 1. M. GRATIDIUS, proposed in B. c. 115 a lex
who survived him. (Amm. Marc. xxvii. 6, xxviii
. tabellaria at Arpinum, which was opposed by M.
1, xxix. 6, xxx. 10, xxxi. 9, 10; Aurel. Vict. Epit. . Tullius Cicero, the grandfather of the orator, who
c. 45, 47, 48; Oros. vii. 32, 33, 34; Zosim. vi. 12, was married to Gratidia, the sister of M. Grati-
19, 24, 34, 35, 36; Zonar. xiii. 17; Marcellin. dius. The question respecting the lex tabellaria
Prosper Aquit. , Prosper Tiro, Chronica ; Idatius, was referred to the consul of the year, M. Aemilius
Chronicon and Fasti ; Theophan. Chronograph. vol. Scaurus, who seems to have decided in favour of
i. pp. 85—106, ed. Bonn ; Socrat. H. E. iv. 31, v. Cicero, for it is said that Scaurus praised his sen-
2, il; Sozom. H. E. vi. 36, vii. 1, 13; Rufinus, timents and his courage. (Cic. de Leg. ii. 16. )
H. E. xi. 13, 14; Sulpic. Severus, Histor. Sacra, According to Cicero (Brut. 45), Gratidius was a
ii. 63; Themist. Orat. xiii. ; Auson. Epigr. 1, 2, clever accuser, well versed in Greek literature, and
Gratiarum Actio pro Consulatu ; Ambros. De a person with great natural talent as an orator; he
Fide Prolog.
Epistolae 11, 17, 21, Consolatio de was further a friend of the orator M. Antonius,
Obitu Valentin. c. 79, ed. Benedictin. ; Tillemont, and accompanied him as his praefect to Cilicia,
Hist. des Emp. vol. v. ; Gibbon, ch. 25, 26, 27; where he was killed. In the last-mentioned pas-
Eckhel, vol. viii. p. 157. )
sage Cicero adds, that Gratidius spoke against
c. Fimbria, who had been accused of extortion.
(Val. Max. viii. 5. $ 2. ) This accusation seems to
refer to the administration of a province, which
Fimbria undertook in B. c. 103 (for he was consul
in B. c. 104), so that the accusation would belong
to B. c. 102, and more particularly to the begin-
ning of that year, for in the course of it M. Anto-
nius undertook the command against the pirates,
COIN OF THE EMPEROR GRATIANUS.
and M. Gratidius, who accompanied him, was
killed. (Comp. J. Obsequens, Prodig. 104; Dru-
3. Theodosius the Great appears to have had a mann, Gesch. Roms, vol. i. p. 61, who, however,
son Gratianus by his second wife Galla [Galla, places the campaign of M. Antonius against the
No. 2]: the child died before his father. (Ambros. pirates one year too early. )
Epistol. 17, De Obitu Theodos. c. 40, ed. Bene- 2. M. GRATIDIUS, perhaps a grandson of No. 1,
dictin. , with the editor's notes in both places. ) was legate of Q. Cicero in his administration of the
4. Á usurper, who assumed the purple in Bri- province of Asia. In one passage (Cic. ad Quint.
tain, on the murder of the previous usurper, Marcus. fr. i. 4), a Gratidius is mentioned as tribune of
Of his history and condition before his elevation we the people in B. c. 57, which has in itself nothing
know nothing more than is intimated by the term improbable ; but as the name Gratidius is not men-
Municeps Britanniae, applied to him by Orosius and tioned elsewhere among the tribunes of that year,
Bede, from which we may infer that he was a native whose names occur very frequently, it is usually
of the island ; and from his being the object of the supposed that in the passage just referred to, Gra-
soldiers' choice, it is probable he was a military tidius is a false reading for Fabricius. (See Cic.
PAPLASS
RBS
SOMA
RRPS
## p. 304 (#320) ############################################
304
GREGENTIUS.
GREGORAS.
p. Flacc. 21, an Quint. fr. i. 1, 3, 10; Orelli, Onom. thuca Patrum of Gallandins, vol. xi. fol. Venice,
Tull. vol. ii. p. 388. )
(L. S. ) 1765, &c. The Latin version alone appears in
GRATIUS, is known only as the accuser of A. some other editions of the Bibliotheca Patrum.
Licinius Archias (Cic. pro . Arch. 4, 6). The name The Disputatio, as it appears in these works, is
is sometimes read Gracchus. (Orell. Onom. Tull. considered by Fabricius to be mutilated at the com-
vol. ii. p. 274. )
(W. B. D. ) mencement; and his opinion, which is disputed by
GRA'TIUŚ FALISCUS. (Faliscus. ) Gallandius, is corroborated by the greater complete-
GRATUS, a soldier of Caligula's body-guard, ness of a Slavonic MS. of the work in the Royal
who, after the assassination of that emperor, dis- Library at Berlin, of which one or two passages
covered and drew Claudius from his hiding-place in are given in a Latin version in the last edition of
the palace, and presented him to the soldiers as a Fabricius. In this Slavonic MS. the archbisnop is
Germanicus, the proper heir to the empire. (Joseph. always called Gregory.
Antiq. xix. 3. & 1; comp. Suet. Claud. 10; Dion The work is by Pagi regarded as a fiction, and
Cass. lx. 1. )
(W. B. D. ] Gallandius significantly leaves it to others to deter-
GRATUS, JU'LIUS. (FRONTO, JULIUS. ) mine this point. Cave considers that “ some parts
GRATUS, VALE'RIUS, procurator of Judaea of it smack of the credulity of a later age ; " and,
from A. D. 15 to a. D. 27, and the immediate indeed, the contents of the work render it likely
predecessor of Pontius Pilate. (Joseph. Antiq. that it is much interpolated, to say the least ; nor
xviii. 6. § 5. ) The government of Gratus is chiefly is the authorship deterinined of that portion (if
remarkable for the frequent changes he made in the any) which is genuine. Substantially it may be
appointment of the high-priesthood. He deposed regarded as the production of Gregentius himself,
Ananus, and substituted Ismael, son of Fabi, then whose arguments, as Barthius thinks, and as the
Eleazar, son of Ananus, then Simon, son of Ca- work itself indicates, were taken down at the time
mith, and lastly Joseph Caiaphas, the son-in-law by Palladius of Alexandrin, whom the archbishop,
of Ananus. (id. Antiq. xviii. 2. $ 2. ) He put on his departure for Tephar, had taken with him
down two formidable bands of robbers that infested as his scholasticus. Lambecius ascribes the work
Judaea during his government, and killed with his to Nonnosus, ambassador of the emperor Justinian
own hand the captain of one of them, Simon, for- to the Homeritae. According to this work, the
merly a slave of Herod the Great. (Id. Antiq. xvii. disputation of Gregentius with Herban took place
10. § 6,7; B. J. ii. 4. § 2, 3. ) Gratus assisted at Tephar, in the presence of the king, Abramius,
the proconsul Quintilius Varus in quelling an in- many bishops, a number of Jews, and the whole
surrection of the Jews. (B. J. ii. 5. & 2. ) (W. B. D. ]. population of the city: it was terminated by the
GREGE'NTIUS (Ipnyévrlos), archbishop of miraculous appearance of the Lord Jesus Christ,
Tephar (Teddp, the Sapphar, Lárpap, of Ptolemy, and the infliction of miraculous blindness upon the
and the Saphar, Zápap, of Arrian), capital of the Jews, who were, however, restored to sight on
Homeritae, a nation of Arabia Felix, the site of their believing and being baptized. The king him-
which is a little above 100 miles N. N. W. of Aden. self was sponsor for Herban, to whom he gave the
The place of his birth is not ascertained. In the name of Leo, and whom he enrolled among his
Greek Mlenaea, in which he is called "pıyevtivos, councillors. The number of Jews converted and
he is described as a native of Milan, and the son baptized in consequence of these events is stated
of Agapius and Theodota, inhabitants of that city; at 5,500,000! Gregentius persuaded Abramius
but in a Slavonic MS. of the Disputatio, mentioned to break up the division of the Jewish converts
below, he is described as the son of Agapius and into tribes, and to mingle them with other Chris-
Theotecna, a married pair living in the little town tians, and to order their children, under pain of
of “ Lopliane, on the frontier of Avaria and Asia. " death, not to marry with any of their own nation,
He went to Alexandria, where he embraced the but with Gentile Christians only. By these
life of an anchorite, and from whence he was sent means, “in course of time” (TẬ xpóra, an ex-
by Asterius, patriarch of Alexandria, to take pression showing that the passage is not by a con-
charge of the church of the Homeritae, which temporary), the Jews were merged in the general
had been relieved by the Aethiopian Elesbaan, population of the country.
king of the Axumitae, from the depressed con- The code promulgated by Gregentius in the
dition to which it had been reduced by the perse name of king Abramius, entitled Nouobeola as ek
cution of Dunaan, king of the Homeritae, a Jew. | προσώπου του ευσεβεστάτου βασιλέως Αβραμίου,
The reigning prince at the time of the mission of is extant in the Imperial Library of Vienna. A
Gregentius, was Abramius, whom Elesbaan had copy of it is also mentioned as among the MSS.
raised to the throne, and with whom, as well as formerly belonging to Abraham Seller in England.
with his son and successor, Serdidus, Gregentius The offences denounced in this code are arranged
had great influence. Abramius died A. D. 552, under twenty-three tituli or heads. (Fabric. Bill.
after a reign of thirty years, and Gregentius died Gr. vol. vi. p. 749, vii. p. 543, x. p. 115, &c. ; Gal.
soon after, on the 19th of December in the same land. Biblioth. Patr.
gerated, make them 70,000), was encountered and Gothofredus. ) He refused to put on the insignia
cut to pieces by the army of Gratian, under his of Pontifex Maximus, on the plea that a Christian
generals Nannienus and Mellobaudes the Frank, could not wear them; and herein he only acted
who held the office of Comes Domesticorum at consistently. Tillemont, on the authority of Am-
Argentovaria or Argentaria (at or near Colmar, in brose, ascribes to him the removal of the Altar of
Alsace), about May, a. D. 378 or according to some Victory at Rome, and the confiscation of its re-
authorities in 377. Whether Gratian was present venues; and the prohibition of legacies of real pro-
at the battle does not appear ; but he conducted perty to the Vestals, with the abolition of their
his army in person across the Rhine, and compelled Other privileges, steps of which the justice is more
the Lentienses to submit. He afterwards advanced questionable. Ambrose also ascribes to him the
towards or into the eastern empire, where the prohibition of heathen worship at Rome, and the
Goths, who had defeated and killed Valens near purging of the church from all taint of sacrilegious
Adrianople (Aug. 378), were committing great heresy — vague expressions, but indicative of the
devastation. By the death of his uncle, Valens, persecuting spirit of his government. The Priscil-
the eastern empire had devolved upon him ; but lianists indeed are said to have obtained readmis-
his consciousness of his inadequacy to this increased sion into the church by bribing the officers of his
charge led him to send for Theodosius [THEODO-court ; and during the short time after Valens'
sIUs I. Avg. ] from Spain, and after appointing death that he held the Eastern empire, he con-
him in the first instance general against the Goths, tented himself with relieving the orthodox party
he soon after (Jan. 19, 379), at Sirmium, raised from persecution, and tolerated the Arians, probably
him to be his colleague in the empire, and come from the conviction that in the critical period of the
mitted the East to him.
Gothic war, it would not do to alienate so powerful
For some time after this the pressure of affairs a body. The Eunomians, Photinians, and Mani-
compelled Gratian to exert himself. He sanctioned chaeans were not, however, tolerated even then.
the settlement in Pannonia and Upper Maesia of (Suidas, s. v. Spatiavós, and notes of Gothofredus
some German nations, who were pressing upon the to Cod. Theod. l. c. ) Sulpicius Severus intimates that
frontier of the empire; perhaps thinking thus to at one time he issued an edict for the banishment
repair the waste of population in the Gothic war, of all heretics ; but it is difficult to believe that
or to raise up a barrier against further invasion. this could have been effected or eren attempted.
His generals, the Franks, Bauto and Arbogastes, The religious meetings of heretics were, however,
with their army, were sent to assist Theodosius ; interdicted by him. (Cod. Theod. l. c. ) After these
and Gratian himself, if we may trust an obscure indications of his zeal, we do not wonder that Am-
expression of Idatius, gained a victory over some brose addressed to him his treatise De Fide.
hostile army, but of what nation is not said. He While these persecuting measures were cooling
also, during the illness of Theodosius, arranged or the attachment of those of his subjects who were
strengthened a treaty with the Goths. After these exposed to his severity, his constant engagement in
transactions, which may be referred to the year field sports, to the neglect of more serious matters,
380 at latest, we hear little of any warlike or other incurred contempt. The indulgence and flattery
transactions in which Gratian was engaged. of his councillors and courtiers allowed and induced
Historians, Pagan and Christian, are agreed as him to devote himself to amusement. Night and
to the character of this prince. In person he was day, says Aurelius Victor, he was thinking of no-
well made and good looking ; in his disposition thing else than arrows, and considered that to hit
gentle and docile ; submissive. as a youth, to his the mark was the greatest of pleasures and the
instructors, possessed of a cultivated understanding perfection of art. So sure was his aim, that his
and of a ready and pleasing eloquence. Even in arrows were said to be endowed with intelligence.
## p. 303 (#319) ############################################
GRATIANUS.
303
GRATIDIUS.
He associated with a few of the Alans, whom he man. He was murdered by the troops who had
made his friends and followers, and travelled raised him to the furple about four months after
habited in their garb. This deportment excited his elevation (A. D. 407), and was succeeded by
the contempt of the army. While thus unpopular, Constantine. [CONSTANTINUS, the tyrant, vol. I.
a competitor for the empire suddenly appeared in p. 830. ] (Olympiod. apud Phot. Bill. Cod. 80;
the person of Maximus, a man of energy and repu- Zosiin. vi. 2 ; Oros. vii. 40 ; Sozom. H. E. ix. 11;
tation, who was elected by the legions in Britain, Baeda, H. E. i. 11. ).
(J. C. M. ]
and at once crossed over into Gaul, and defeated GRATI'DIA, a sister of M. Gratidius [No. 1]
Gratian somewhere near Paris. Deserted by his of Arpinum, was married to M. Tullius Cicero, the
troops, and, according to some, betrayed by bis grandfather of the orator. (Cic. de Leg. ii.
general, Mellobaudes, or Merobaudes, Gratian fled 16. )
[L. S. )
in the direction of Italy, but being excluded by the GRATIDIA’NUS, M. MA'RIUS, the son of
inhabitants of the cities in his route, was overtaken M. Gratidius [No. 1], but his name shows that he
and slain apparently near Lugdunum or Lyon, by was adopted by one Marius, probably a brother of
Andragathius, whom Maximus had sent in pursuit the great Marius. He was a very popular speaker,
of him. (25 Aug. 383. ) In his last extremity he and able to maintain his ground even in very tur-
called upon the name of Ambrose. Zosimus places bulent assemblies. Owing to his popularity, he
his death near Singidunum, now Belgrade, on the was twice invested with the praetorship, and in
borders of Pannonia and Maesia. Maximus re- one of them he proposed an edict concerning the
fused to give up his body to his brother Valentinian coinage (edictum de re nummaria), which raised his
for burial; but subsequently, probably on the favour with the people still higher. During the
overthrow of Maximus, it was removed and interred proscriptions of Sulla, he was killed by Catiline in
at Milan. Sozomen and Socrates, followed by a most cruel and brutal manner, and his head was
Theophanes, describe the stratagem by which carried in triumph through the city. Cicero was
Andragathius succeeded in killing him, and though connected with him by intimate friendship. (Cic.
their story is improbable enough, it perhaps origi- Brut. 62, de Leg. ii. 16, de off. iii. 16, 20, de
nated in some treachery actually employed. Petit. Cons. 3, de Orat. i. 39, ii. 65; Ascon. in Cic.
Gratian was twice married. 1. About a. D. 374 in tog. cand. p. 84, ed. Orelli; Senec, de Ira, 3
or 375, to Flavia Maxima Constantia, daughter of Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 9. )
[L. S. ]
the emperor Constantius II. , by whom he appears GRATI'DIUS, the name of a family of Arpi-
to have had a son, of whom nothing is known. num, of which a few members are known in the
Constantia died about six months before her hus- last century of the Roman republic.
band. 2. To Laeta, of whom little is known, and 1. M. GRATIDIUS, proposed in B. c. 115 a lex
who survived him. (Amm. Marc. xxvii. 6, xxviii
. tabellaria at Arpinum, which was opposed by M.
1, xxix. 6, xxx. 10, xxxi. 9, 10; Aurel. Vict. Epit. . Tullius Cicero, the grandfather of the orator, who
c. 45, 47, 48; Oros. vii. 32, 33, 34; Zosim. vi. 12, was married to Gratidia, the sister of M. Grati-
19, 24, 34, 35, 36; Zonar. xiii. 17; Marcellin. dius. The question respecting the lex tabellaria
Prosper Aquit. , Prosper Tiro, Chronica ; Idatius, was referred to the consul of the year, M. Aemilius
Chronicon and Fasti ; Theophan. Chronograph. vol. Scaurus, who seems to have decided in favour of
i. pp. 85—106, ed. Bonn ; Socrat. H. E. iv. 31, v. Cicero, for it is said that Scaurus praised his sen-
2, il; Sozom. H. E. vi. 36, vii. 1, 13; Rufinus, timents and his courage. (Cic. de Leg. ii. 16. )
H. E. xi. 13, 14; Sulpic. Severus, Histor. Sacra, According to Cicero (Brut. 45), Gratidius was a
ii. 63; Themist. Orat. xiii. ; Auson. Epigr. 1, 2, clever accuser, well versed in Greek literature, and
Gratiarum Actio pro Consulatu ; Ambros. De a person with great natural talent as an orator; he
Fide Prolog.
Epistolae 11, 17, 21, Consolatio de was further a friend of the orator M. Antonius,
Obitu Valentin. c. 79, ed. Benedictin. ; Tillemont, and accompanied him as his praefect to Cilicia,
Hist. des Emp. vol. v. ; Gibbon, ch. 25, 26, 27; where he was killed. In the last-mentioned pas-
Eckhel, vol. viii. p. 157. )
sage Cicero adds, that Gratidius spoke against
c. Fimbria, who had been accused of extortion.
(Val. Max. viii. 5. $ 2. ) This accusation seems to
refer to the administration of a province, which
Fimbria undertook in B. c. 103 (for he was consul
in B. c. 104), so that the accusation would belong
to B. c. 102, and more particularly to the begin-
ning of that year, for in the course of it M. Anto-
nius undertook the command against the pirates,
COIN OF THE EMPEROR GRATIANUS.
and M. Gratidius, who accompanied him, was
killed. (Comp. J. Obsequens, Prodig. 104; Dru-
3. Theodosius the Great appears to have had a mann, Gesch. Roms, vol. i. p. 61, who, however,
son Gratianus by his second wife Galla [Galla, places the campaign of M. Antonius against the
No. 2]: the child died before his father. (Ambros. pirates one year too early. )
Epistol. 17, De Obitu Theodos. c. 40, ed. Bene- 2. M. GRATIDIUS, perhaps a grandson of No. 1,
dictin. , with the editor's notes in both places. ) was legate of Q. Cicero in his administration of the
4. Á usurper, who assumed the purple in Bri- province of Asia. In one passage (Cic. ad Quint.
tain, on the murder of the previous usurper, Marcus. fr. i. 4), a Gratidius is mentioned as tribune of
Of his history and condition before his elevation we the people in B. c. 57, which has in itself nothing
know nothing more than is intimated by the term improbable ; but as the name Gratidius is not men-
Municeps Britanniae, applied to him by Orosius and tioned elsewhere among the tribunes of that year,
Bede, from which we may infer that he was a native whose names occur very frequently, it is usually
of the island ; and from his being the object of the supposed that in the passage just referred to, Gra-
soldiers' choice, it is probable he was a military tidius is a false reading for Fabricius. (See Cic.
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304
GREGENTIUS.
GREGORAS.
p. Flacc. 21, an Quint. fr. i. 1, 3, 10; Orelli, Onom. thuca Patrum of Gallandins, vol. xi. fol. Venice,
Tull. vol. ii. p. 388. )
(L. S. ) 1765, &c. The Latin version alone appears in
GRATIUS, is known only as the accuser of A. some other editions of the Bibliotheca Patrum.
Licinius Archias (Cic. pro . Arch. 4, 6). The name The Disputatio, as it appears in these works, is
is sometimes read Gracchus. (Orell. Onom. Tull. considered by Fabricius to be mutilated at the com-
vol. ii. p. 274. )
(W. B. D. ) mencement; and his opinion, which is disputed by
GRA'TIUŚ FALISCUS. (Faliscus. ) Gallandius, is corroborated by the greater complete-
GRATUS, a soldier of Caligula's body-guard, ness of a Slavonic MS. of the work in the Royal
who, after the assassination of that emperor, dis- Library at Berlin, of which one or two passages
covered and drew Claudius from his hiding-place in are given in a Latin version in the last edition of
the palace, and presented him to the soldiers as a Fabricius. In this Slavonic MS. the archbisnop is
Germanicus, the proper heir to the empire. (Joseph. always called Gregory.
Antiq. xix. 3. & 1; comp. Suet. Claud. 10; Dion The work is by Pagi regarded as a fiction, and
Cass. lx. 1. )
(W. B. D. ] Gallandius significantly leaves it to others to deter-
GRATUS, JU'LIUS. (FRONTO, JULIUS. ) mine this point. Cave considers that “ some parts
GRATUS, VALE'RIUS, procurator of Judaea of it smack of the credulity of a later age ; " and,
from A. D. 15 to a. D. 27, and the immediate indeed, the contents of the work render it likely
predecessor of Pontius Pilate. (Joseph. Antiq. that it is much interpolated, to say the least ; nor
xviii. 6. § 5. ) The government of Gratus is chiefly is the authorship deterinined of that portion (if
remarkable for the frequent changes he made in the any) which is genuine. Substantially it may be
appointment of the high-priesthood. He deposed regarded as the production of Gregentius himself,
Ananus, and substituted Ismael, son of Fabi, then whose arguments, as Barthius thinks, and as the
Eleazar, son of Ananus, then Simon, son of Ca- work itself indicates, were taken down at the time
mith, and lastly Joseph Caiaphas, the son-in-law by Palladius of Alexandrin, whom the archbishop,
of Ananus. (id. Antiq. xviii. 2. $ 2. ) He put on his departure for Tephar, had taken with him
down two formidable bands of robbers that infested as his scholasticus. Lambecius ascribes the work
Judaea during his government, and killed with his to Nonnosus, ambassador of the emperor Justinian
own hand the captain of one of them, Simon, for- to the Homeritae. According to this work, the
merly a slave of Herod the Great. (Id. Antiq. xvii. disputation of Gregentius with Herban took place
10. § 6,7; B. J. ii. 4. § 2, 3. ) Gratus assisted at Tephar, in the presence of the king, Abramius,
the proconsul Quintilius Varus in quelling an in- many bishops, a number of Jews, and the whole
surrection of the Jews. (B. J. ii. 5. & 2. ) (W. B. D. ]. population of the city: it was terminated by the
GREGE'NTIUS (Ipnyévrlos), archbishop of miraculous appearance of the Lord Jesus Christ,
Tephar (Teddp, the Sapphar, Lárpap, of Ptolemy, and the infliction of miraculous blindness upon the
and the Saphar, Zápap, of Arrian), capital of the Jews, who were, however, restored to sight on
Homeritae, a nation of Arabia Felix, the site of their believing and being baptized. The king him-
which is a little above 100 miles N. N. W. of Aden. self was sponsor for Herban, to whom he gave the
The place of his birth is not ascertained. In the name of Leo, and whom he enrolled among his
Greek Mlenaea, in which he is called "pıyevtivos, councillors. The number of Jews converted and
he is described as a native of Milan, and the son baptized in consequence of these events is stated
of Agapius and Theodota, inhabitants of that city; at 5,500,000! Gregentius persuaded Abramius
but in a Slavonic MS. of the Disputatio, mentioned to break up the division of the Jewish converts
below, he is described as the son of Agapius and into tribes, and to mingle them with other Chris-
Theotecna, a married pair living in the little town tians, and to order their children, under pain of
of “ Lopliane, on the frontier of Avaria and Asia. " death, not to marry with any of their own nation,
He went to Alexandria, where he embraced the but with Gentile Christians only. By these
life of an anchorite, and from whence he was sent means, “in course of time” (TẬ xpóra, an ex-
by Asterius, patriarch of Alexandria, to take pression showing that the passage is not by a con-
charge of the church of the Homeritae, which temporary), the Jews were merged in the general
had been relieved by the Aethiopian Elesbaan, population of the country.
king of the Axumitae, from the depressed con- The code promulgated by Gregentius in the
dition to which it had been reduced by the perse name of king Abramius, entitled Nouobeola as ek
cution of Dunaan, king of the Homeritae, a Jew. | προσώπου του ευσεβεστάτου βασιλέως Αβραμίου,
The reigning prince at the time of the mission of is extant in the Imperial Library of Vienna. A
Gregentius, was Abramius, whom Elesbaan had copy of it is also mentioned as among the MSS.
raised to the throne, and with whom, as well as formerly belonging to Abraham Seller in England.
with his son and successor, Serdidus, Gregentius The offences denounced in this code are arranged
had great influence. Abramius died A. D. 552, under twenty-three tituli or heads. (Fabric. Bill.
after a reign of thirty years, and Gregentius died Gr. vol. vi. p. 749, vii. p. 543, x. p. 115, &c. ; Gal.
soon after, on the 19th of December in the same land. Biblioth. Patr.
