No More Learning

The meridians of longitude are represented by


## p. 579 (#595) ############################################

PTOLEMAEUS.
579
PTOLEMAEUS.
straight lines which converge, north of the equator, | south ; a circumstance natural enough, since the
towards the common centre of the arcs which repre- methods of taking latitudes with tolerable precision
sents the parallele of latitude ; and, south of it, to- had long been known, and he was very careful to
wards a corresponding point, representing the South avail himself of every recorded observation which
Pole. Having laid down these lines, he proceeds he could discover. But his longitudes are very
to show how to give to them a curved form, so as wide of the truth, his length of the known world,
to make them a truer representation of the meri- from cast to west, being much too great. The
dians on the globe itself. The portion of the sur-westernmost of the Canaries is in a little more than
face of the earth thus delineated is, in length, a whole 18° W. long. , so that Ptolemy's easternmost meri-
hemisphere, and, in breadth, the part which lies dian (which, as just stated, is in 110° or 120° E.
between 630 of north latitude and 167° of south long. ) ought to have been that of 128 or 138°,
latitude.
or in round numbers 130° or 140°, instead of 180º;
2. The IIistoricul or Positive Geography of Pto a difference of 50° or 40°, that is, from l-7th to
lemy. —The limits just mentioned, as thoso within 1-9th of the earth's circumference.
which Ptolemy's projection of the sphere was con- It is well worthy, however, of remark in passing,
tained, were also those which he assigned to the that the modern world owes much to this error;
known world. His own account of its extent and for it tended to encourage that belief in the prac-
divisions is given in the fifth chapter of his seventh ticability of a western passage to the Indics, which
book. The boundaries which he there mentions occasioned the discovery of America by Columbus.
are, on the east, the unknown land adjacent to There has been much speculation and discussion
the eastern nations of Asia, namely, the Sinae and as to the cause of Ptoleiny's great error in this
the people of Serica ; on the south, the unknown matter ; but, after making due allowance for the
land which encloses the Indian Sea, and that adja- uncertainties attending the computations of dis-
cent to the district of Aethiopia called Agisymba, tance on which he proceeded, it seems to us that
on the south of Libya ; on the west, the unknown the chief cause of the error is to be found in the
land which surrounds the Aethiopic gulf of Libya, fact already stated, that he took the length of a
and the Western Ocean ; and on the north, the degree exactly one sixth too small, namely, 500
continuation of the ocean, which surrounds the stadia instead of 600. As we have already stated,
British islands and the norther parts of Europe, on his own authority, he was extremely careful to
and the unknown land adjacent to the northern make use of every trustworthy observation of lati-
regions of Asia, namely Sarmatia, Scythia, and tude and longitude which he could find ; but he him-
Serica.
self complains of the pancity of such observations ;
He also defines the boundaries by meridians and and it is manifest that those of longitude must havo
parallels, as follows. The southern limit is the pa- been fewer and less accurate than those of latitude,
rallel of 167° S. lat. , which passes through a point both for other reasons, and chiefly on account of
as far south of the equator, as Meroë is north of it, the greater difficulty of taking them. He had,
and which he elsewhere describes as the parallel therefore, to depend for his longitudes chiefly on
through Prasum, a promontory of Aethiopia : and the process of turning into degrees the distances
the northern limit is the parallel of 630 N. lat. , computed in stadia ; and hence, supposing the dis-
which passes through the island of Thule : so that tances to be tolerably correct, his error as to the
the whole extent from north to south is 791°, or longitudes followed inevitably from the error in
in round numbers, 80°; that is, as nearly as pos- his scale. Taking Ptolemy's own computation in
sible, 40,000 stadia. The eastern limit is the meridian stadia, and turning it into degrees of 600 stadia
which passes through the metropolis of the Sinae, each, we get the following results. The length of
which is 119° east of Alexandria, or just about the known world, measured along the equator, is
eight hours : and the western limit is the meridian 90,000 stadia ; and hence its length in degrees is
drawn through the Insulae Fortunatae (the Canaries) 28. 000 - 150° ; the error being thus reduced from
which is 60°, or four hours, west of Alexandria, 50° or 40° to 20° or 10°. But a still fairer me-
and therefore 180°, or twelve hours, west of the thod is to take the measurement along the parallel
easternmost meridian. The various lengths of the of Rhodes, namely 72,000 stadia. Now the true
earth, in itinerary measure, he reckons at 90,000 length of a degree of latitude in that parallel is
stadia along the equator (500 stadia to a degree), about 47' = of a degree of a great circle = 13
40,000 stadia along the northernmost parallel | 600 stadia = 470 stadia, instead of 400 ; and the
(2223 stadia to a degree), and 72,000 stadia along 72,000 stadia give a little over 153 degrees, a
the parallel through Rhodes (400 stadia to a de result lanjost identical with the former. The
gree), along which parallel most of the measure- remaining error of 20° at the most, or 10° at the
ments had been reckoned.
least, we think, sufficiently accounted for by
In comparing these computations with the actual the errors in the itinerary measures, which ex-
distances, it is not necessary to determine the true perience shows to be almost always on the side of
position of such doubtful localities as Thule and the making distances too great, and which, in this
metropolis of the Sinae ; for there are many other case, would of course go on increasing, the further
indications in Ptolemy's work, from which we can the process was continued eastward. Of this
ascertain nearly enough what limits he intends. We source of error Ptolemy was himself aware ; and
cannot be far wrong in placing his northern bound- accordingly he tells us that, among the various
ary at about the parallel of the Zetland Isles, and his computations of a distance, he always chose tho
eastern boundary at about the eastern coast of Co least ; but, for the reason just stated, that least
chin China, in fact just at the meridian of 110° E. one was probably still too great.
long. (from Greenwich), or perhaps at the opposite side The method pursued by Ptolemy in laying down
of the Chinese Sea, namely, at the Philippine Islands the actual positions of places has already been in-
at the meridian of 1200. It will then be seen that cidentally mentioned in the foregoing discussion.
he is not far wrong in his dimensions from north to . He fixed as many positions as possible by thoir
PP2


## p. 580 (#596) ############################################

580
PTOLEMAEUS.
PTOLEMAEUS.
1
longitudes and latitudes, and from these positions are interspersed among the lists, to which, how-
he determined the others by converting their dis- ever, they bear but a small proportion.
tances in stadia into degrees. For further details The remaining part of the seventh, and the
the reader is referred to his own work.
whole of the eighth book, are occupied with a
His general ideas of the form of the known description of a set of maps of the known world,
world were in some points more correct, in others which is introduced by a remark at the end of the
less 60, than those of Strabo. The elongation of 4th chapter of the 7th book, which clearly proves
the whole of course led to a corresponding dis- that Ptolemy's work had originally a set of maps
tortion of the shapes of the several countries. He appended to it. In c. 5 he describes the general
knew the southern part of the Baltic, but was map of the world. In ca 6, 7, he takes up the
not aware of its being an inland sea. He makes subject of spherical delineation, and describes the
the Palus Maeotis far too large and extends it far armillary sphere, and its connection with the sphere
too much to the north. The Caspian he correctly of the earth. In the first two chapters of book
makes an inland cea (instead of a gulf of the viii. , ho explains the method of dividing the world
Northern Ocean), but he errs greatly as to its size into maps, and the mode of constructing each map ;
and form, making its length from E. to W. more and he then proceeds (cc. 3—28) to the description
than twice that from N. to S. In the southern of the maps themselves, in number twenty-six,
and south-eastern parts of Asia, he altogether fails namely, ten of Europe, four of Libya, and twelve
to represent the projection of Hindostan, while, of Asia. The 29th chapter contains a list of the
on the other hand, he gives to Ceylon (Tapro. maps, and the countries represented in each ; and
bane) more than four times its proper dimensions, the 30th an account of the lengths and breadths of
probably through confounding it with the mainland the portions of the earth contained in the respec-
of India itself, and brings down the southern tive maps. These maps are still extant, and an
part of it below the equator. He shows an ac- account of them is given under AGATHODAEMOX,
quaintance with the Malay peninsula (his Aurea who was either the original designer of them,
Chersonesus) and the coast of Cochin China ; but, under Ptolemy's direction, or the constructor of a
probably through mistaking the eastern Archi- new edition of them.
pelago for continuous land, he brings round the Enough has been already said to show the great
land which encloses his Sinus Magnus and the value of Ptolemy's work, but its perfect integrity is
gulf of the Sinae (probably either the gulf of Siam another question. It is impossible but that a
and the Chinese Sea, or both confounded together) work, which was for twelve or thirteen centuries
80 as to make it enclose the whole of the Indian the text-book in geography, should have suffered
Ocean on the south. At the opposite extremity of corruptions and interpolations; and one writer has
the known world, his idea of the western coast of contended that the changes made in it during the
Africa is very erroneous. He makes it trend almost middle ages were so great, that we can no longer
due south from the pillars of Hercules to the Hespera recognise in it the work of Ptolemy (Schlözer,
Keras in 8) N. lat. , where a slight bend to the Nord. Gesch, in the Allgem. Welthistorie, vol. xxxi.
east ward indicates the Gulf of Guinea ; but almost pp. 148, 176). Mannert has successfully defended
immediately afterwards the coast turns again to the genuineness of the work, and has shown to
the S. S. W. ; and from the expression already what an extent the eighth book may be made the
quoted, which Ptolemy uses to describe the bound- means of detecting the corruptions in the body of
ary of the known world on this side, it would the work. (vol. i. p. 174. )
seem as if he believed that the land of Africa ex- The Geograplia of Ptolemy was printed in
tended here considerably to the west. Concerning Latin, with the Maps, at Rome, 1462, 1475, 1478,
the interior of Africa he knew considerably more 1482, 1486, 1490, all in folio: of these editions,
than his predecessors. Several modern geogra- those of 1482 and 1490 are the best: numerous
phers have drawn maps to represent the views of other Latin editions appeared during the sixteenth
Ptolemy; one of the latest and best of which is that century, the most important of which is that hy
of Ukert (Geogr. d. Griech. u. Römer, vol. i. pl. 3). Michael Servetus, Lugd. 1511, folio. The Editio
Such are the principal features of Ptolemy's Princeps of the Greek text is that edited by Eras-
geographical system. It only remains to give a mus, Basil. 1533, 4to. ; reprinted at Paris, 1546,
brief outline of the contents of his work, and to 4to. The text of Erasmus was reprinted, but with
mention the principal editions of it. Enough has a new Latin Version, Notes, and Indices, edited by
already been said respecting the first, or intro- Petrus Montanus, and with the Maps restored by
ductory book. The next six books and a half | Mercator, Amst. 1605, folio ; and a still more
(ii. -vii. 4) are occupied with the description valuable edition was brought out by Petrus Ber-
of the known world, beginning with the West of tius, printed by Elzevir, with the maps coloured,
Europe, the description of which is contained in and with the addition of the Peutingerian Tables,
book'ii
. ; next comes the East of Europe, in and other important illustrative matter, Lugd. Bat.
book iii. ; then Africa, in book iv. ; then Western 1619, folio ; reprinted Antiverp, 1624, folio. The
or Lesser Asia, in book v. ; then the Greater work also forms a part of the edition of Ptolemy's
Asia, in book vi. ; then India, the Chersonesus works, undertaken by the Abbé Halmer, but left
Aurea, Serica, the Sinae, and Taprobane, in unfinished at his death, Paris, 1813–1828, 4to. ;
book vii. cc. 1–4. The form in which the de- this edition contains a French translation of the
scription is given is that of lists of places with work. For an account of the less important edi-
their longitudes and latitudes, arranged under the tions, the editions of separate parts, the versions,
heads, first, of the three continents, and then of the and the works illustrating Ptolemy's Geography,
several countries and tribes. Prefixed to each see Hoffmann, Lex. Bibliog. Script. Graec. A use-
section is a brief general description of the bound- ful little edition of the Greek text is contained in
aries and divisions of the part about to be de. three volumes of the Tauchnitz classics, Lips. 1813,
scribed ; and remarks of a miscellaneous character | 32mo.
[PS]


## p. 581 (#597) ############################################

PTOLEMAEUS.
581
PTOLEMAEUS.
PTOLEMAEUS (IItoneuaios), king of CYPRUS, recalled from exile, and treated with the utmost
was the younger brother of Ptolemy Auletes, king distinction. It is remarkable that we do not find
of Egypt, being like him an illegitimate son of him holding any special command, or acting any
Ptolensy Lathyrus. Notwithstanding this defect important part during the first few years of the
of birth he appears to have been acknowledged as expedition to Asia, though it is clear that he ac-
king of Cyprus at the same time that his brother companied the king throughout this period. In-
Auletes obtained possession of the throne of Egypt, deed, his name is only twice mentioned previous
B. C. 80. But he unfortunately neglected the pre- to the year B. C. 330, when he obtained the ho-
caution of making interest at Rome to obtain the nourable post of Somatophylax in the place of De-
confirmation his sovereignty, and had the farther metrius, who had been implicated in the conspiracy
imprudence to give personal offence to P. Clodius, of Philotas. (Arr. ib. ii. 11, ii. 18, 27. ) But from
by neglecting to ransom him when he had fallen this period we find him continually employed on
into the hands of the Cilician pirates (Strab. xiv. the most inportant occasions, and rendering the
p. 68+; Appian, B. C. ii. 23). lle paid dearly for most valuable scrvices.
his niggardliness on this occasion, for when Clodius In the following canipaign (329), after the army
became tribune (13. c. 58), he brought forward a had crossed the Oxus, Ptoleniy was sent forward
law to deprive Ptolemy of his kingdom, and reduce with a strong detachment, to apprehend the traitor
Cyprus to a Roman province. Cato, who was en Bessus, whom he seized and brought before Alex-
trusted with the charge of carrying into execution ander. Again, in the reduction of the revolted
this nefarious decree, sent to Ptolemy, advising province of Sogdiana, and in the attack on the
him to submit, and offering him his personal safety, rock-fortress of Chorienes, he is mentioned as
with the office of high-priest at Paphos, and a taking a conspicuous part, and commanding one of
liberal maintenance. But the unhappy king, though the chief divisions of the army. (Arr. Anab. ii.
he was wholly unprepared for resistance to the 29, 30, iv. 16, 21. ). But it was especially during
Roman power, had the spirit to refuse these offers, the campaigns in India that the services of Ptolemy
and put an end to his own life, B. C. 57. (Strab. shone the most conspicuous; and we find him dis-
1. c. ; Dion Cass. xxxviii. 30, xxxix. 22; Lir. Epit
. playing on numerous occasions all the qualities of
civ. ; Plut. Cat. Min. 34-36 ; Appian, B. C. ii. an able and judicious general, in command of
23 ; Vell. Pat. ii. 45 ; Cic. pro Sext. 26–28 ; separate detachments, or of one of the divisions of
Val. Max ix. 4, ext. 1. )
the main army. In the conquest of the Aspasians
We are told that Ptolemy had disgraced himself and Assacenians, in the reduction of the fortress
by every species of vice (Vell. Pat. l. c. ), but it ap- of Aornos, at the passage of the Hydaspes and the
pears certain that it was the vast treasures that he siege of Sangala, as well as in many minor opera-
possessed, which, by attracting the cupidity of the tions, the name of Ptolemy is still among the most
Romans, became the cause of his destruction, of prominent.
Nor was his personal valour less
which his vices were afterwards made the pre- remarkable than his abilities as a general ; and we
(E. H. B. ] find him on one occasion slaying with his own
PTOLEMAEUS, king of CYRENE. [PTOLE- hand the chief of one of the Indian tribes in single
WAEUS APION. )
combat. Some writers also ascribed to him a sbare
PTOLEMAEUS I. (IIroleualos), king of in the glory of saving the life of Alexander among
EGYPT, surnamed SOTER (the Preserver), but the Malli (LEONNATUS], but it appears from his
perhaps more commonly known as the son of own testimony, as reported by Arrian and Curtius,
Lagus. His father was a Macedonian of ignoble that he was absent at the time on a separate com-
birth (Lagus], but his mother Arsinoë had been mand. (Arr. Anab. iv. 24, 25, 29, v. 13, 23, 24,
a concubine of Philip of Macedon, on which ac- vi. 5, 11; Curt. viii. 10. § 2), 13. $ 18–27,
count it seems to have been generally believed that 14. § 15, ix. 5. 21. )
Ptolemy was in reality the offspring of that mo- Numerous evidences occur during the same pe-
narch (Curt. ix. 8. § 22 ; Paus. i. 6. § 2. ) This riod of the high favour and personal consideration
could, indeed, hardly have been the case if Lu- with which he was regarded by Alexander: we
cian's statement be correct (Macrob. 12), that find him constantly in close attendance upon the
Ptolemy was eighty-four years of age at the time king's person ; and on occasion of the conspiracy
of his death, as in that case he must have been of the pages it was he who, by discovering and re-
born in B. C. 367, when Philip was not sixteen vealing their treasonable designs, probably became
years old. But the authority of Lucian on this the means of saving the life of his sovereign (Arr.
point can hardly outweigh the distinct assertions iv. 8, 13; Curt. viii. 1. SS 45, 48, 6. § 22, ix. 6.
of other authors as to the existence of such a belief, $ 15; Chares ap. Athen. iv. p. 171, c. ). According
and we must therefore probably assign his birth to to a marvellous tale related by several writers
a later period. Whatever truth there may have Alexander was soon after able to return the obli-
been in this report, it is certain that Ptolemy gation and save the life of his friend and follower
early enjoyed a distinction at the Macedonian when wounded by a poisoned arrow, by applying a
court to which his father's obscurity would scarcely remedy suggested to him in a dream. (Curt. ix. 8.
have entitled him, and we find him mentioned be $ 22—27; Diod. xvii. 103; Strab. xv. p. 723 ;
fore the death of Philip among the friends and Justin. xii. 10; Cic. de Divin. ii. 66. ) During the
confidential advisers of the young Alexander. The toilsome march through Gedrosia, Ptolemy once
part which he took in promoting the intrigue for more commanded one of the three principal divi-
the marriage of the prince with the daughter of sions of the army ; and in the festivities at Susa
Pixodarus, king of Caria, gave great offence to was honoured with a crown of gold, while he ob-
Philip, and Ptolemy was banished, together with tained in marriage Artacama, a sister of Barsinë.
all the other persons concerned. (Plut. Alex. 10;(Curt. ix. 10. 86; Diod. xvii. 104; Arr. Anab.
Arrian, Anab. iii. 6. ) On the accession of Alex. vii. 4; Plut. Eum. 1. ) He is again mentioned
ander, however, B. C. 336, he was immediately l as accompanying Alexander on his last military
text.
PP 3


## p. 582 (#598) ############################################

682
PTOLEMAEUS.
PTOLEMAEUS.
Arrian ap.
1
enterprize, the winter campaign against the Cos- was probably at this period that he strengthened
saeans, B. C. 324. (Arr. ib. vii. 15. )
his union with the new regent Antipater, by mar-
From all these facts it is clear that at the death rying his daughter Eurydice. (Droysen, Hellenism.
of Alexander few among his friends and generals vol. i. p. 154. ) But the very next year (B. C. 320)
occupied so prominent a place as the son of Lagus, we find him venturing on a bold step, in direct
and Perdiccas appears to have looked upon him contravention of the arrangements then made, by
from the first as one of his most formidable rivals. seizing on the important satrapy of Phoenicia and
But Ptolemy was too prudent to allow his ambition Coele-Syria, which had been assigned to Laomedon,
to lead him into any premature demonstrations of whom he did not scruple to dispossess by force of
enmity. In the first assembly of the generals he arms. (Diod. xviii. 39, 43; Appian. Syr. 52;
had indeed proposed that the government should Arrian, ap. Phot. p. 71, b. ) It was probably
be administered by a council of officers ; but this during this expedition that he made himself
suggestion being rejected, he attached himself to master of Jerusalem, by attacking the city on the
the party of Perdiccas during the subsequent trans- Sabbath day. (Josephus, Ant. xi. 1, adv. Apion.
actions. But he was far from losing sight of his i. 22. )
own interests. It is said to have been by his ad- The death of Antipater (B. c. 319) produced a
vice that the different provinces and satrapies were great change in the relative situations of the dif-
portioned out among the generals, and he took ferent leaders, and Ptolemy was now induced to
care to secure for himself in the distribution the contract an alliance with Cassander and Antigonus
important government of Egypt, at once the most against Polysperchon and Euinenes. He at first
wealthy and the most secure from foreign invasion. fitted out a fleet, with which he repaired to the
(Curt. 1. 6. $S 13, 16, 7. $ 16; Justin. xiii. 2, 4; coasts of Cilicia, and commenced operations against
Phot. p. 69, a ; Dexippus, ibid. p. 64, a; Eumenes, who in his turn threatened Phoenicia
Paus. i. 6. § 2. ) Thither he appears to have has- (Diod. xviii. 62, 73) ; but the war was eventually
tened as speedily as possible : and one of his first drawn off to the upper provinces of Asia, and
acts on arriving in his new government was to put Ptolemy remained a passive spectator of the con-
to death Cleomenes, who had administered the test. At length the decisive victory of Antigonus
province under Alexander with the title of receiver- over Eumenes raised the former to a height of
general of tributes, and had been expressly ap- power which rendered him scarcely less formidable
pointed by the council of generals to continue as to his allies than his enemies, and his treatment
hyparch under Ptolemy. Cleomenes had amassed of Pithon and Peucestes sufficiently betrayed his
vast treasures by extortion and rapine, and his ambitious designs. Seleucus, who had himself
execution thus tended to conciliate the minds of with difficulty escaped from his hands, fled for
the Egyptians at the same time that it removed out refuge to Egypt, and by his representations of the
of the way of Ptolemy a partisan of Perdiccas, character and projects of Antigonus awakened
and put him in possession of this accumulated Ptolemy to a sense of the danger, and induced
treasure. (Paus. i. 6. S 3; Arrian, l. c. ; Dexip- him to enter into an alliance with Cassander and
Lysimachus against their common enemy, B. C.
All his efforts were now directed to strengthen 316. (Id. xix. 56 ; Paus. i. 6. § 4. )
himself in his new position: he attached his subjects The next spring (315), after ineffectual attempts
by the mildness of bis rule at the same time that at negotiation, Antigonus commenced hostilities by
he raised large forces, and concluded a secret league the invasion of Syria, quickly recovered most of the
with Antipater against their common enemy, the cities in Phoenicia which had fallen under the yoke
regent Perdiccas. A still more overt act of dis- of Ptolemy, and laid siege to Tyre, the most im-
obedience was his persuading Arrhidaeus, who portant of all, and the strength of which for a long
had been entrusted with the funeral of Alexander, time defied all his efforts. While he was engaged
to allow his body to be transported to Egypt, in this siege, and in the equipment of a fleet, and
instead of conducting it, as originally agreed, to his nephew Ptolemy was carrying on the war in
Aegae in Macedonia. (Diod. xviii. 14, 26, 28 ; Asia Minor with great success, the king of Egypt
Paus. i. 6. $3 ; Arrian, ap. Phot. p. 70, b. ) About was undisputed master of the sea, of which he
the same time (B. C. 322) he took advantage of availed himself to establish a footing in Cyprus,
the civil dissensions at Cyrene to annex that im- where he either gained over or subdued almost all
portant city and province to his dominions. (Diod. the petty princes among whom the island was
xviii. 21 ; Arrian, ap. Phot. p. 70, a. )
divided. At the same time he did not neglect the
It was not till the beginning of the year B. C. affairs of Greece, whither he despatched a strong
321 that hostilities actually commenced between fleet under his admiral Polycleitus, and endeavoured
Perdiccas and his adversaries. The regent, justly to gain over the Greek cities by idle proclamations
deeming Ptolemy the most formidable of his anta- of liberty. Polycleitus, on his return, defeated
gonists, determined to leave Eumenes to make Theodotus, one of Antigonus's admirals, at Aphro-
head against his enemies in Asia, while he him- disias in Cilicia, and took his whole fleet. But the
self marched against Egypt. The result of his next year (314) Tyre at length fell into the hands
expedition has been already given under Per- of Antigonus, who now found himself undisputed
DICCAS [p. 187). The personal popularity of master of Syria and Phoenicia, and was, conse-
Ptolemy with the Macedonian army, which had quently, able to turn his own attention towards
contributed essentially to his success, secured him Asia Minor, leaving his son Demetrius to protect
a welcome reception by the royal forces imme- the newly-acquired provinces. The youth of De-
diately after the death of Perdiccas, but he wisely metrius would have induced Ptolemy to attempt
declined the office of regent, which was bestowed, their recovery, but his attention was occupied
by his advice, on Arrhidaeus and Pithon. In the during the year 313 by a revolt in Cyrene, and the
new arrangements at Triparadeisus, he naturally defection of several of the princes of Cyprus. The
retained possession of Egypt and Cyrene ; and it | former he succeeded in putting down through tho
pus, l. c. )


## p. 583 (#599) ############################################

PTOLEMAEUS.
583
PTOLEMAEUS.