In recent years he has figured con-
spicuously in political life, having been Minister
of Commerce in 1886, and of Public Instruction
in 1888.
spicuously in political life, having been Minister
of Commerce in 1886, and of Public Instruction
in 1888.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
There he wrote (Outlines of a
City: New York — Its Upper Ten and Lower New System of Political Economy) (1827). He
Million) were companion pieces. He wrote went to Leipsic (1833) as American consul, and
also (Paul Ardenheim,' a Rosicrucian romance; did not return to America. He published (1841)
(Legends of Mexico) and (Legends of the Vol. i. of (The National System of Political
Revolution) (1847); “Washington and his Gen- Economy) (7th ed. 1884).
erals); and others.
Lista y Aragon, Alberto (lēs'tä ē ä-rä-gon').
Lippert, Julius (lip'ert). A German his- A distinguished Spanish poet; born at Triana,
torian ; born at Braunau in Bohemia, April 12, near Seville, Oct. 15, 1775; died there, Oct. 5,
>
## p. 345 (#361) ############################################
LISTER-LIVINGSTONE
345
1848. He was one of the best lyric poets of
his time in Spain, with a rich fancy, deep
sensibility, and a philosophic mind. His
(Poems) were published in 2 vols. (2d ed.
1837). He wrote a (Course of Universal His-
tory,' an adaptation of Ségur's work; and
(Literary and Critical Essays) (2 vols. , 1884).
Lister, Sir Joseph. An eminent English
surgeon; born April 5, 1827. He first sug-
gested the antiseptic mode of treating surgical
cases. Among his writings are : 'Early Stages
of Inflammation (1859); "Ligature of Arteries
and the Antiseptic System (1869); (The Germ
Theory of Fermentative Changes) (1875); (Lac-
tic Fermentation and its Bearings on Pathol-
ogy) (1878).
Liszt, Franz (list). A great Hungarian
pianist and composer; born at Raiding, near
Odenburg, Oct. 22, 1811; died at Bayreuth, July
31, 1886. At 13 he composed the operetta (Don
Sancho,' which was successfully produced at
the Paris Grand Opera in 1825. His chief
contributions to the literature of music are :
(Wagner's Lohengrin) and (Tannhäuser))
(1851); (The Gipsies and their Music in Hun-
gary) (1859); (Robert Franz) (1872). There is
a collection of his "Letters) (3 vols. , 1892-93);
also of his correspondence with Richard Wag-
ner (2 vols. , 1887).
Litchfield, Grace Denio. An American
novelist; born in New York city, 1849. She has
lived in Europe for a number of years, and now
resides in Washington, D. C. Among her works
are : (Only an Incident) (1883); «The Knight
of the Black Forest) (1885); Criss Cross )
(1885); A Hard-Won Victory) (1888); “In the
Crucible.
Litta, Pompeo, Count (lēt'ä). An Italian
writer of history ; born at Milan, Sept. 27, 1781;
died Aug. 17, 1852. After his death, was pub-
lished in 183 parts his great work (Celebrated
Italian Families) (1819-82), containing memoirs
of 75 noble families.
Littledale, Richard Frederick. An Eng-
lish clergyman and religious writer ; born in
Dublin in 1833 ; died in 1890. He was curate
of St. Mary Virgin, London, from 1857 to 1861,
when he resigned on account of ill-health and
devoted himself to the study of religious sub-
jects, particularly the Anglican ritual. Among
a number of polemical, historical, exegetic, and
other publications, are: (The Catholic Ritual
in the Church of England) (1865); (Pharisaic
Proselytism' (1870); Plain Reasons against
Joining the Church of Rome) (1880); (A Short
History of the Council of Trent) (1888).
Littleton, Sir Thomas. An English jurist;
born in Frankley, Worcestershire, 1402 ; died
there, Aug. 23, 1481. He wrote a treatise on
tenures, known through Coke's Commentaries.
"Coke on Littleton) is a secondary course in
the bringing up of young lawyers.
Littré, Maximilien Paul Émile (lē-trā'). A
celebrated French philologist, philosopher, lexi-
cographer, and author; born at Paris, Feb. 1,
1801; died there, June 2, 1881. He was one of
the greatest linguists and scientists of the cen-
tury, best known for his celebrated Diction-
ary of the French Language) (1863-72). In
addition to his labors as a philologist he con-
tributed to various scientific and philosophical
journals, was active in politics, translated the
works of Hippocrates (10 vols. , 1839-61), which
admitted him to the Academy of Inscriptions,
and Pliny's (Natural History) (1848), and wrote
a "History of the French Language) (1862);
(Studies of the Barbarians and the Middle
Ages) (1867); Medicine and Physicians) (1872);
Literature and History) (1875); (The Estab-
lishment of the Third Republic) (1880); and
several treatises on Auguste Comte's positive
philosophy, of which he was an ardent advo-
cate. In 1871 he was elected to the French
Academy.
Littrow, Heinrich von (lit'trou). An Aus-
trian naval officer and writer on maritime af-
fairs; born at Vienna, Jan. 26, 1820; died April
25, 1895. He is author of a Maritime Dic-
tionary) (1851); (Manual of Seamanship’ (1859);
(From the Sea, a volume of verse (4th ed.
1876); (Karl Weyprecht, Austrian Polar Ex-
plorer) (1881); Pictures of Travel (4th ed.
1883).
Littrow, Josef Johann von. An Austrian
astronomer; born at Bischofsteinitz in Bohemia,
March 13, 1781; died Nov. 30, 1840. By his
writings and public lectures he contributed
largely to the diffusion of astronomical knowl.
edge in Austria. His chief works are :( Theoretic,
and Practical Astronomy) (2 vols. , 1821); 'Won.
ders of the Heavens) (1834; 8th ed. 1894);
(Atlas of the Starry Heavens) (1838; 3d ed.
1870).
Livermore, Mary Ashton (Rice). An Amer.
ican reformer and lecturer; born in Boston,
Dec. 19, 1821. In 1862 she was appointed agent
of the Northwestern branch of the United States
Sanitary Commission. Since the War she has
been conspicuous in her efforts to promote the
woman-suffrage and temperance movements.
Among her popular lectures are: (What Shall
We Do with Our Daughters? ) (Women of the
War); (The Moral Heroism of the Temper-
ance Reform. She is the author of (Pen Pict-
ures) (1865), (Thirty Years Too Late) (1878),
and a work setting forth her experiences dur-
ing the War.
Livingstone, David. A celebrated Scotch
traveler; born at Blantyre, March 19, 1813; died
in Central Africa, May 1, 1873. He first went
out to Africa in the service of the London Mis-
sionary Society, 1840. He discovered the Vic-
toria Falls of the Zambezi in 1855, and soon
afterward returned to England. He went back
to Africa in 1858, and continued his labors as
missionary and explorer till 1864; but after a
few months he was in the field again, and
there remained, without any communication
with Europe, till he was found by Stanley.
He continued his work in Africa till his death.
His works are: Missionary Travels and Re.
)
## p. 346 (#362) ############################################
346
LIVIUS-LOCKHART
searches in South Africa) (2 vols. , 1857); (Nar-
rative of an Expedition to the Zambezi and its
Tributaries) (1865); (Last Journals of David
Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to his
Death' (1874).
Livius Andronicus. See Andronicus.
Livy - Titus Livius. A great Roman his-
torian; born at Patavium (Padua), 59 B. C. ;
died there, 17 A. D. He wrote the History of
Rome from the Founding of the City) in 142
(books, of which only 35 have come down to
us - books 1-10, reaching to the year 293 B. C. ,
and books 21-45, covering the years 218-167
B. C. ; of the lost books some fragments remain. *
Ljunggren, Gustaf Hakon Jordan (lyöng'-
gren). A Swedish writer on ästhetics; born
at Lund, March 6, 1823. He wrote: (Winckel-
mann and Ehrensvärd Compared as Philoso-
phers of Art) (1856); (The Leading Systems
of Æsthetics) (2 vols. , 1856); (The Swedish
Drama' (1864); (Swedish Literature since Gus-
tavus III. (5 vols. , 1873-95); History of the
Swedish Academy) (2 vols. , 1886).
Llorente, Juan Antonio Don (lyö-rān'tā).
A Spanish writer of history; born at Rincon
de Soto in Andalusia, March 30, 1756; died
at Madrid, Feb. 5, 1823. He was ordained
priest in 1770; was commissary of the Inquisi-
tion at Logroño in 1785, and general secretary
of the Inquisition at Madrid in 1789. He was
commissioned in 1793 to draw up plans for a
general reform of the procedure of the court.
His greatest work is the celebrated (Critical
History of the Spanish Inquisition) (4 vols. ,
1815-17). He wrote also Political Portraits of
the Popes); (Memoirs Relating to the History
of the Spanish Revolution' (3 vols. , 1815-19).
Lloyd, David Demarest. An American jour-
nalist and playwright; born in New York city,
1851; died at Weehawken, N. J. , 1889. He
graduated at the College of New York, and
soon after was attached to the staff of the
New York Tribune. As a correspondent at
Albany in 1875 he was prominent in exposing
the canal ring. Besides contributions to maga-
zines, he wrote four plays : For Congress)
(1883); (The Woman Hater) (1885); (The Dom-
inie's Daughter (1887); “The Senator) (1889).
Lloyd, Henry Demarest. An American
writer on economics, brother of David; born
in New York State in 1847. He received his
education at Columbia College, and shortly
after graduating joined the editorial staff of
the Chicago Tribune. At present he resides
in Winnetka, Ill. His chief work is the nota-
ble book (Wealth Against Commonwealth. '
He has also written (A Strike of Millionaires
against Miners, or the Story of Spring Valley. ?
Lobo, Francisco Rodrigues (lö'bo). A Por-
tuguese poet; died about 1623. Practically
nothing is known of his life. He is one of
the most admired of Portuguese poets, among
his popular works being : (Romances) (1596);
(Eclogues) (1605); (Court in the Country)
(1610), long deemed his masterpiece; and va.
rious others.
Locke, David Ross. [“ Petroleum V. Nasby. ”]
An American satirist; born in Vestal, N. Y. ,
Sept. 20, 1833; died in Toledo, O. , Feb. 15,
1888. He gained celebrity as the author of
the widely known Nasby Letters) on politics,
and produced many pamphlets on literary, po-
litical, and social topics. Among his publica.
tions are: (The Moral History of America's
Life Struggle); (The Morals of Abou ben Ad.
hem, or Eastern Fruit in Western Dishes.
Locke, Jane Ermina. An American writer
of prose and verse ; born in Worthington, Mass. ,
April 25, 1805; died in Ashburnham, Mass. ,
March 8, 1859. Her contributions appeared in
the Ladies' American Magazine. (Poems) was
published in 1842; (The Recalled, or Voices
of the Past,' 1855; a (Eulogy on the Death
of Webster,' in rhyme, 1855.
Locke, John. A celebrated English philos-
opher; born at Wrington, near Bristol, Aug.
29, 1632; died at Oates (Essex), Oct. 28, 1704.
Among his philosophical writings the first place
is held by the Essay concerning Human Un-
derstanding' (1690). In the field of political
science he wrote : An Epistle on Tolerance
( 1689); a second letter (1690); a third (1092);
and (Two Treatises on Government) (1690).
On the subject of religious beliefs he wrote:
(The Reasonableness of Christianity as deliv-
ered in the Scriptures) (1695), and a first and
second (Vindication of the same (1695-97).
On education he wrote (Some Thoughts on
Education (1693), and (Some Thoughts con-
cerning Reading and Study) (1706). Among
his miscellaneous writings are (The Funda-
mental Constitutions of Carolina' (1706), and
(Elements of Natural Philosophy' (1706). *
Locke, John Staples. An American writer;
born in 1836. He is a resident of Saco, Me.
Among his works are: Picture Rhymes for
Happy Times) (1886); (A Brave Struggle, a
novel (1887); (Shores of Saco Bay); (Histor-
ical Sketches of Old Orchard. '
Locker-Lampson, Frederick. An English
poet; born at Greenwich, 1821; died 1895. He
wrote several volumes of society verses) ;
among them : (London Lyrics) (1857); (Lyra
Elegantiarum (1867); Patchwork) (1879). *
Lockhart, John Gibson. A Scotch biogra.
pher and poet, son-in-law of Sir Walter Scott;
born at Cambusnethan, Lanark, 1794; died at
Abbotsford, Nov. 25, 1854. His writings are :
(Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk) (1819); the
novels Valerius) (1821), Adam Blair) (1822).
(Reginald Dalton' (1823), Matthew Wald
(1824); a volume of translations of Ancient
Spanish Ballads) (1823); "Life of Robert Burns)
(1828); Life of Sir Walter Scott (7 vols. , 1839-
41), his most celebrated work. *
Lockhart, Laurence William Maxwell, A
British novelist, nephew of J. G. ; born in
Lanarkshire, 1831 ; died at Mentone, March 23.
## p. 347 (#363) ############################################
LOCKROY — LÖHER
347
on antiquarian subjects he successfully combines
the qualities of learning and picturesqueness,
particularly in (Round About London (1877;
4th ed. 1880); (Memorials of the Savoy) (1879);
(A History of London) (1883); Authorized
Guide to the Tower of London (1886); (The
Cathedral Churches of England (1892); (Inns
of Court and Chancery) (1894).
Logan, Cornelius Ambrosius, An Ameri-
can dramatist; born in Baltimore, Md. , 1806;
died near Wheeling, Va. , 1853. He made a
vigorous reply to Lyman Beecher's attack upon
the stage from the pulpit. He wrote successful
plays: (Yankee Land) (1834); A Hundred
Years Hence,' a burlesque. He also wrote tales
and poems.
:
>
1882. Among his novels are: Double and
Quits); (Fair to See); and (Mine Is Thine.
Lockroy, Édouard Étienne Antoine Simon
(lok-rwä'). A French journalist and states-
man; born in Paris, July 18, 1838. He was
prominent as a journalist before and after the
war with Germany, and suffered several months'
imprisonment for his radical articles published
in Figaro, The Recall, and The Sovereign Peo-
ple,-a popular political journal, of which he
was editor.
In recent years he has figured con-
spicuously in political life, having been Minister
of Commerce in 1886, and of Public Instruction
in 1888. His published volumes are composed
mainly of articles contributed to various jour-
nals, and include : (The Eagles of the Capitol
(1869); (Down with Progress) (1870); 'The
Commune and the Assembly) (1871); (The
Rebel Island) (1877); Von Moltke) (1891),
memoirs; (A Mission in the Vendée, 1793'
(1893).
Lockyer. Joseph Norman. An English as-
tronomer and physicist; born at Rugby, May
17, 1836. He is editor of Nature, the leading
scientific weekly publication in England.
Among his works are: (Elementary Lessons in
Astronomy) (1868; 44th thousand 1894); (Con.
tributions to Solar Physics) (1873); (The Spec-
troscope and its Applications) (1873); (Star-
gazing, Past and Present' (1877); “The Dawn
of Astronomy) (1894).
Lodge, Henry Cabot. An American writer
of history and biography; born at Boston, May
12, 1850. He was lecturer on history at Har-
vard 1876–79, and editor of the North American
Review 1873–76. He then entered political
life, and in 1893 was elected United States Sen-
ator from Massachusetts. He is the author
of a Life of Daniel Webster,' and of lives of
Alexander Hamilton and George Washington;
also of (Boston) in the series of Historic
Towns); of a 'Short History of the English
Colonies in America); (Studies in History)
( 1884); "Historical and Political Essays);
(Hero Tales from American History); Cer-
tain Accepted Heroes, and Other Essays); etc.
Lodge, Thomas. An English poet, drama-
tist, and story-writer; born at London, about
1558; died there, 1625. He wrote: (A Defense
of Poetry, Music, and Stage-Plays) (1579);
(Alarum Against Usurers) (1584); the story of
(Rosalynde, Euphues' Golden Legacie) (1590),
the basis of Shakespeare's (As You Like It);
the play 'Looking-Glasse for London and Eng-
land); (History of Robin the Divell (1591);
"Life and Death of William Longbeard' (1593);
Phillis) (1593), a collection of lyrical pieces. *
Loftie, William John. An Irish clergyman,
editor, and writer on antiquities; born at Tan-
dragee, County Armagh, in 1839. After hold-
ing temporary Church appointments, he be-
came assistant minister of the Chapel Royal,
Savoy, in 1871; and in 1874 joined the staff of the
Saturday Review, besides contributing to the
Portfolio and the Magazine of Art. As a writer
a
Logan, John Alexander. An American gen-
eral and statesman; born in Jackson County,
Ill. , 1826; died in Washington, D. C. , 1886. He
distinguished himself both in the field and the
forum. He published: (The Great Conspiracy
(1866); (The Volunteer Soldier of America)
(1887).
Logan, Olive. An American miscellaneous
writer; born in Elmira, N. Y. , 1841. She began
her career as an actress in Philadelphia 1854;
retired from the stage in 1868; since then has
been a lecturer on social topics, and a contrib-
utor to newspapers and magazines. She mar-
ried W. W. Sikes, a journalist. She is the au-
thor of lectures, plays, and books. Among the
latter are: (Château Frissac) (1860); Photo-
graphs of Paris) (1860); (Women and Thea-
tres) (1869); and Before the Footlights and
Behind the Scenes : a Book about the Show
Business) (1870).
Logau, Friedrich von (lo-gou'). A German
epigrammatist; born at Brockut, Silesia, June
1604; died at Liegnitz, July 24, 1655. He wrote
under the pseudonym "Salomon von Golau,"
anagram of his true name. His works are :
( First Century of German Rhymed Adages)
(1638); (Three Thousand German Epigrams)
(1654). He was an original thinker and a force-
ful writer, but soured by adversity and by con-
templation of the evils of his time.
Lohenstein, Daniel Casper von (lõ'en-stin).
A Silesian poet; born at Nimpsch in Silesia,
Jan. 25, 1635; died at Breslau, April 28, 1683.
He wrote a volume of lyric verse, Flowers);
six tragedies; and a long hero-romance, (The
Magnanimous General Arminius or Hermann,
with his Most Illustrious Thusnelda, etc. (new
ed. 1889-90). This mammoth work, of 3076
double-column pages, and unfinished at that,
was in its day regarded as the consummate
model of the heroic-gallant romance. His lyr-
ics are tasteless; his tragedies insufferably bom-
bastic.
Löher, Franz von (lė'er). A German mis-
cellaneous writer; born at Paderborn, Oct. 15,
1818; died at Munich, March 1, 1892. He vis.
ited the United States and Canada in 1846,
to gather material for a history of the Germans
in America, and wrote (Significance of the Ger-
>
## p. 348 (#364) ############################################
348
LOISEAU - LONGFELLOW
man Race in the World's History) (1847); (His-
tory of the Germans in America) (1848). He
wrote also: Land and People in the Old and
New Worlds) (1854); (The Magyars and Other
Hungarians' (1874); ' Cyprus! (1878); and many
other sketches of history and notes of travel.
Loiseau, Jeanne (lwä-zo'). ["Daniel Les-
ueur. ”] A celebrated French poet and ro-
mantic writer. She ranks among the best of
French contemporary poets, being compared
to Meurne, Ackermann, and Sully-Prudhomme.
Her (Flowers of April, Dreams and Visions,
and a translation of the Works of Lord Byron)
(of which two volumes have appeared), were
crowned by the French Academy. Among her
successful romances are: (The Neurotic); Pas-
sion's Slave); “Woman's Justice); (The Hatred
of Love.
Lokmân (lok-män'). An Arabian sage an-
terior to Mohammed. In legendary story he
figures now as King of Yemen, then as a prophet,
again as an Abyssinian slave. Under his name
we have, besides certain sayings contained in
the Koran or current in the common speech, a
small collection of Fables, which in no wise
merit the praises bestowed upon them. They
are an awkward adaptation of Æsop's fables,
and are not of earlier date than the sixteenth
or the fifteenth century.
Lolli, Giambattista (lol'lē). A celebrated
Italian chess-player. He was a native of Mo-
dena. His classical work (The Game of Chess)
appeared in 1763.
Loman, Abraham Dirk (lo'män). A Dutch
theologian; born at The Hague, Dec. 16, 1813.
He became professor of theology in the Uni-
versity of Amsterdam in 1877. He is one of
the foremost of the Dutch Radical critics of the
Scriptures. He wrote : (The Testimony of the
Muratorian Canon (1865); “Protestantism and
the Authority of the Church) (1868); (The
Gospel of John (1873); (Symbol and Fact in
the Gospel History) (1884).
Lombardi, Eliodoro (lom-bär'dē). An Ital-
ian poet and man of letters; born at Marsala,
18– His (Songs) (1884), and Evolutionary
Process in Literature) (1888), are well known.
Lombroso, Cesare (lom-bro'ső). An Italian
scientist ; born in Venice, November 1836. He
has attained world-wide celebrity as an investi-
gator of pathology, psychiatry, nervous diseases,
and allied departments of science. His principal
works are: (Researches on Cretinism in Lom-
bardy) (1859); (Genius and Insanity) (1864);
(Clinical Studies on Mental Diseases) (1865);
(Microcephaly and Cretinism) (1873); Love
in Suicide and in Crime) (1881); “The Crimi-
nal as related to Anthropology, Jurisprudence,
and Prison Discipline) (4th ed. 1889); (The
Man of Genius as Related to Psychiatry) (1889);
(Female Criminals) (1893); (Anti-Semitism and
the Modern Sciences) (1894); "The Anarchists)
(1894).
Loménie, Louis Léonard de (lo-mă-nē'). A
French man of letters; born at St. Yrieix, Haute
Vienne, 1815; died 1878. He had an intimate
acquaintance with contemporary European lit.
erature. His writings were "Gallery of Con-
temporaries) (1840-47); “Beaumarchais and his
Time' (1855); and many more.
Lomonossov, Michail Vasilyevich (lo-mo-
nos'ov). A Russian poet and man of science;
born at Dennisowka, Archangel, 1711 or 1712;
died at St. Petersburg, April 15, 1765. He is
« father of Russian grammar and literature. ”
He was made instructor in chemistry and phys-
ics in the Academy in 1742, and professor of
chemistry in 1745. He was the first to write
polished lyric verse in Russian: his models
were the classic poets of France. Among his
odes is the celebrated one "On the Taking of
Chotin. He wrote also songs, didactic poems,
and poetical epistles. He failed in tragedy.
His principal scientific works are: Atmospheric
Phenomena Produced by Electricity); Ele-
ments of Metallurgy); (Causes of Heat and
Cold"; etc. Of very great importance are his
philological writings; among them are 'On the
Utility of Church Slavic for Study of the Rus-
sian Language); (Russian Grammar, the pub-
lication of which marked an epoch.
Long, Charles Chaillé. An American sol-
dier and author; born at Princess Anne, Som-
erset County, Md. , 1842. He enlisted in the
Union army in the Civil War, and attained the
rank of captain. In 1869 he was appointed
lieutenant-colonel in the Egyptian army; in
1874 he was made chief of staff to General Gor-
don, and employed on a diplomatic and geo-
graphical mission to the interior of Africa. In
1877 he returned to the United States, studied
at the Columbia Law School, and was admitted
to the bar. He was appointed consul-general in
Corea in 1887. His works are: (Central Africa)
(1876); “The Three Prophets - Chinese Gordon,
the Mahdi, and Arabi Pasha) (1884).
Long, George. An English classical scholar;
born at Poulton, Lancashire, 1800; died 1879.
He was distinguished for his knowledge of Latin
and Greek literature. He published an admir-
able translation of "Thoughts of the Emperor
M. Aurelius Antoninus) (1862-79) and Dis-
courses of Epictetus) (1877).
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. An emi-
nent American poet; born at Portland, Me. ,
Feb. 27, 1807 ; died at Cambridge, Mass. , March
24, 1882. He was a graduate of Bowdoin Col-
lege in 1825. His early years were occupied
in travel, and in studies in Spanish, French,
and Italian literatures, and translations from
each of them. Outre Mer, a Pilgrimage Be-
yond the Sea) was published in serial form
in 1833-34 anonymously, but under his own
name in 1835; Hyperion) followed (1839);
(Voices of the Night) (1839); (Ballads and
Other Poems) (1842); Poems on Slavery)
(1842); «The Spanish Student) (1843). His
important collection Poets and Poetry of Eu-
rope,' still a favorite anthology, was published
in 1845. Then came (The Belfry of Bruges
and Other Poems) (1846); (Evangeline, a
## p. 349 (#365) ############################################
LONGFELLOW - LOPES
349
Tale of Acadie) (1847); Kavanagh, a Tale)
(1849); “The Seaside and the Fireside (1850);
A Volume of Poems) (1850); “The Golden
Legend) (1851); (Song of Hiawatha) (1855);
(Prose Works, a series of essays, collected
(1857); Poems, complete edition (1857);'Court-
ship of Miles Standish) (1858); (Tales of a
Wayside Inn) (1863); Household Poems)
(1865). He translated and published Dante's
(Divine Comedy) in 1867 ; (A New England
Tragedy) came next (1868); “The Building of
a Ship) (1870); (Excelsior) (1872); Christus :
a Mystery, in a volume comprising several of
the foregoing (1872); (Aftermath) (1873); (The
Hanging of the Crane) (1875); (The Masque of
Pandora and Other Poems) (1875). He edited
his (Poems of Places) in 31 vols. (1876-79);
(Poems of the Old South Church) (1877);
(The Skeleton in Armor) (1878); Kéramos
and Other Poems) (1879). (From my Arm-
Chair) was printed in 1879; the volume (Ul.
tima Thule) in 1880; Michael Angelo) in
1884: Complete Poetical and Prose Works with
Later Poems, with a biographical sketch by
Octavius B. Frothingham, in 1880-83. *
Longfellow, Samuel. An American clergy-
man, poet, and author, brother of Henry W. ;
born in Portland, Me. , June 18, 1819; died there,
Oct. 3, 1892. He graduated from Harvard in
1839, and from the Divinity School in 1846. He
held pastorates in Unitarian churches in Fall
River, Mass. , Brooklyn, N. Y. , and German-
town, Pa. Later he settled in Cambridge, Mass.
As a hymn-writer he had few equals. Among
his works are : (Hymns of the Spirit) (with
the Rev. Samuel Johnson), published in 1848;
Life of H. W. Longfellow) (1886); (A Few
Verses of Many Years) (1887).
Longinus, Cassius (lon-ji'nus). A celebrated
Greek philosopher and rhetorician; lived about
210-273 A. D. ; born at Athens. He taught at
Athens till called to Palmyra by Queen Zeno-
bia to be her counselor; he confirmed the
Queen in her resolve to resist Roman domina-
tion, and on that account was beheaded by
order of the Emperor Aurelian.
He was a
man of vast learning : his biographer calls him
a living library," a "walking museum. Of his
voluminous writings, all that have come down
to us are the prolegomena to Hephæstion's
(Metrics,' and a fragment of a treatise on rhet-
oric. The valuable little essay on (The Sub-
lime, commonly attributed to him, is the work
of some unknown writer of the first century of
born in Augusta, Ga. , Sept. 22, 1790; died at
Oxford, Miss. , Sept. 9, 1870. He graduated at
Yale in 1813, studied law at Litchfield, Conn. ,
and was admitted to the bar in Richmond County,
Ga. , in 1815. In 1822 he removed to Augusta,
Ga. , and founded the Sentinel. In 1838 he
entered the Methodist Episcopal ministry, and
later was president of several Southern uni.
versities, chief among them being the Univer:
sity of Mississippi. His works include: 'Georgia
Scenes) (1840); "Letters from Georgia to Massa-
chusetts.
Longus (long'gus). A Greek romancer; be-
longs probably to the fifth century of our era.
The pastoral romance (Daphnis and Chloe,'
the prototype of "Paul and Virginia) and sim-
ilar sentimental tales, is ascribed to him. *
Lönnrot, Elias (lėn'rot). A Finnish philolo-
gist; born at Sammatti, in Nyland, April 9, 1802 ;
died there, March 19, 1884. Recognizing the
value of the people's songs and ballads for
Finnish language-study, he spent years in col-
lecting such material in Finland, Lapland, and
adjoining provinces, and published the fruits
of his researches in a series of volumes. Among
his «finds » is to be numbered the great pop-
ular epic 'Kalevala,' of which only a few cantos
were previously known to the learned world.
He wrote a (Finnish-Swedish Dictionary) (2
vols. , 1866-80). * (See (Kalevala. ')
Loosjes, Adriaan (los'yes). A Dutch poet
and novelist; born on the island of Texel in
1761; died at Haarlem in 1818. He was in-
tended for the Church, but abandoned theology
for the trade of bookseller, devoting his leisure
to the composition of poems and especially
historical romances which made him a favorite
in Holland. Among the most popular were :
Charlotte of Bourbon (1792); Louise de Co.
ligny' (1803); Johann de Witt' (1805); (Maurice
Lynslager' (1808). "Love Songs) (1783); De
Ruyter) (1784), an epic; and several dramas,
constitute his other important works.
Lope de Vega. See Vega
Lopes or Lopez, Fernão (lö'pāth). The
oldest of the Portuguese chroniclers; born
about 1380; died after 1459. Appointed chief
archivist of the kingdom by Dom João I. in
1434, he devoted his life to historical research
and to the composition of chronicles, which
for literary and critical value were unsurpassed
in his century. His Chronicle of Señor Don
John I. ,' describing the great struggle between
Portugal and Castile, has invited comparison
with Froissart's writings on account of its pict-
uresqueness and dramatic reality. Equally
vigorous are his chronicles of Dom Pedro I.
and Don Fernando.
Lopes, Caetano (lo-pes). A Brazilian histo-
rian; born in Bahia, October 1780; died in Paris,
Dec. 22, 1860. He was a mulatto, educated in
Bahia and Paris; he settled in the latter in
1822 and became corresponding member of the
Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-lettres.
The emperor Pedro held him in high esteem.
:
our era.
Longnon, Auguste Honoré (lôn-yôr'). A
French historian and philologist ; born at Paris,
Oct.
City: New York — Its Upper Ten and Lower New System of Political Economy) (1827). He
Million) were companion pieces. He wrote went to Leipsic (1833) as American consul, and
also (Paul Ardenheim,' a Rosicrucian romance; did not return to America. He published (1841)
(Legends of Mexico) and (Legends of the Vol. i. of (The National System of Political
Revolution) (1847); “Washington and his Gen- Economy) (7th ed. 1884).
erals); and others.
Lista y Aragon, Alberto (lēs'tä ē ä-rä-gon').
Lippert, Julius (lip'ert). A German his- A distinguished Spanish poet; born at Triana,
torian ; born at Braunau in Bohemia, April 12, near Seville, Oct. 15, 1775; died there, Oct. 5,
>
## p. 345 (#361) ############################################
LISTER-LIVINGSTONE
345
1848. He was one of the best lyric poets of
his time in Spain, with a rich fancy, deep
sensibility, and a philosophic mind. His
(Poems) were published in 2 vols. (2d ed.
1837). He wrote a (Course of Universal His-
tory,' an adaptation of Ségur's work; and
(Literary and Critical Essays) (2 vols. , 1884).
Lister, Sir Joseph. An eminent English
surgeon; born April 5, 1827. He first sug-
gested the antiseptic mode of treating surgical
cases. Among his writings are : 'Early Stages
of Inflammation (1859); "Ligature of Arteries
and the Antiseptic System (1869); (The Germ
Theory of Fermentative Changes) (1875); (Lac-
tic Fermentation and its Bearings on Pathol-
ogy) (1878).
Liszt, Franz (list). A great Hungarian
pianist and composer; born at Raiding, near
Odenburg, Oct. 22, 1811; died at Bayreuth, July
31, 1886. At 13 he composed the operetta (Don
Sancho,' which was successfully produced at
the Paris Grand Opera in 1825. His chief
contributions to the literature of music are :
(Wagner's Lohengrin) and (Tannhäuser))
(1851); (The Gipsies and their Music in Hun-
gary) (1859); (Robert Franz) (1872). There is
a collection of his "Letters) (3 vols. , 1892-93);
also of his correspondence with Richard Wag-
ner (2 vols. , 1887).
Litchfield, Grace Denio. An American
novelist; born in New York city, 1849. She has
lived in Europe for a number of years, and now
resides in Washington, D. C. Among her works
are : (Only an Incident) (1883); «The Knight
of the Black Forest) (1885); Criss Cross )
(1885); A Hard-Won Victory) (1888); “In the
Crucible.
Litta, Pompeo, Count (lēt'ä). An Italian
writer of history ; born at Milan, Sept. 27, 1781;
died Aug. 17, 1852. After his death, was pub-
lished in 183 parts his great work (Celebrated
Italian Families) (1819-82), containing memoirs
of 75 noble families.
Littledale, Richard Frederick. An Eng-
lish clergyman and religious writer ; born in
Dublin in 1833 ; died in 1890. He was curate
of St. Mary Virgin, London, from 1857 to 1861,
when he resigned on account of ill-health and
devoted himself to the study of religious sub-
jects, particularly the Anglican ritual. Among
a number of polemical, historical, exegetic, and
other publications, are: (The Catholic Ritual
in the Church of England) (1865); (Pharisaic
Proselytism' (1870); Plain Reasons against
Joining the Church of Rome) (1880); (A Short
History of the Council of Trent) (1888).
Littleton, Sir Thomas. An English jurist;
born in Frankley, Worcestershire, 1402 ; died
there, Aug. 23, 1481. He wrote a treatise on
tenures, known through Coke's Commentaries.
"Coke on Littleton) is a secondary course in
the bringing up of young lawyers.
Littré, Maximilien Paul Émile (lē-trā'). A
celebrated French philologist, philosopher, lexi-
cographer, and author; born at Paris, Feb. 1,
1801; died there, June 2, 1881. He was one of
the greatest linguists and scientists of the cen-
tury, best known for his celebrated Diction-
ary of the French Language) (1863-72). In
addition to his labors as a philologist he con-
tributed to various scientific and philosophical
journals, was active in politics, translated the
works of Hippocrates (10 vols. , 1839-61), which
admitted him to the Academy of Inscriptions,
and Pliny's (Natural History) (1848), and wrote
a "History of the French Language) (1862);
(Studies of the Barbarians and the Middle
Ages) (1867); Medicine and Physicians) (1872);
Literature and History) (1875); (The Estab-
lishment of the Third Republic) (1880); and
several treatises on Auguste Comte's positive
philosophy, of which he was an ardent advo-
cate. In 1871 he was elected to the French
Academy.
Littrow, Heinrich von (lit'trou). An Aus-
trian naval officer and writer on maritime af-
fairs; born at Vienna, Jan. 26, 1820; died April
25, 1895. He is author of a Maritime Dic-
tionary) (1851); (Manual of Seamanship’ (1859);
(From the Sea, a volume of verse (4th ed.
1876); (Karl Weyprecht, Austrian Polar Ex-
plorer) (1881); Pictures of Travel (4th ed.
1883).
Littrow, Josef Johann von. An Austrian
astronomer; born at Bischofsteinitz in Bohemia,
March 13, 1781; died Nov. 30, 1840. By his
writings and public lectures he contributed
largely to the diffusion of astronomical knowl.
edge in Austria. His chief works are :( Theoretic,
and Practical Astronomy) (2 vols. , 1821); 'Won.
ders of the Heavens) (1834; 8th ed. 1894);
(Atlas of the Starry Heavens) (1838; 3d ed.
1870).
Livermore, Mary Ashton (Rice). An Amer.
ican reformer and lecturer; born in Boston,
Dec. 19, 1821. In 1862 she was appointed agent
of the Northwestern branch of the United States
Sanitary Commission. Since the War she has
been conspicuous in her efforts to promote the
woman-suffrage and temperance movements.
Among her popular lectures are: (What Shall
We Do with Our Daughters? ) (Women of the
War); (The Moral Heroism of the Temper-
ance Reform. She is the author of (Pen Pict-
ures) (1865), (Thirty Years Too Late) (1878),
and a work setting forth her experiences dur-
ing the War.
Livingstone, David. A celebrated Scotch
traveler; born at Blantyre, March 19, 1813; died
in Central Africa, May 1, 1873. He first went
out to Africa in the service of the London Mis-
sionary Society, 1840. He discovered the Vic-
toria Falls of the Zambezi in 1855, and soon
afterward returned to England. He went back
to Africa in 1858, and continued his labors as
missionary and explorer till 1864; but after a
few months he was in the field again, and
there remained, without any communication
with Europe, till he was found by Stanley.
He continued his work in Africa till his death.
His works are: Missionary Travels and Re.
)
## p. 346 (#362) ############################################
346
LIVIUS-LOCKHART
searches in South Africa) (2 vols. , 1857); (Nar-
rative of an Expedition to the Zambezi and its
Tributaries) (1865); (Last Journals of David
Livingstone in Central Africa, from 1865 to his
Death' (1874).
Livius Andronicus. See Andronicus.
Livy - Titus Livius. A great Roman his-
torian; born at Patavium (Padua), 59 B. C. ;
died there, 17 A. D. He wrote the History of
Rome from the Founding of the City) in 142
(books, of which only 35 have come down to
us - books 1-10, reaching to the year 293 B. C. ,
and books 21-45, covering the years 218-167
B. C. ; of the lost books some fragments remain. *
Ljunggren, Gustaf Hakon Jordan (lyöng'-
gren). A Swedish writer on ästhetics; born
at Lund, March 6, 1823. He wrote: (Winckel-
mann and Ehrensvärd Compared as Philoso-
phers of Art) (1856); (The Leading Systems
of Æsthetics) (2 vols. , 1856); (The Swedish
Drama' (1864); (Swedish Literature since Gus-
tavus III. (5 vols. , 1873-95); History of the
Swedish Academy) (2 vols. , 1886).
Llorente, Juan Antonio Don (lyö-rān'tā).
A Spanish writer of history; born at Rincon
de Soto in Andalusia, March 30, 1756; died
at Madrid, Feb. 5, 1823. He was ordained
priest in 1770; was commissary of the Inquisi-
tion at Logroño in 1785, and general secretary
of the Inquisition at Madrid in 1789. He was
commissioned in 1793 to draw up plans for a
general reform of the procedure of the court.
His greatest work is the celebrated (Critical
History of the Spanish Inquisition) (4 vols. ,
1815-17). He wrote also Political Portraits of
the Popes); (Memoirs Relating to the History
of the Spanish Revolution' (3 vols. , 1815-19).
Lloyd, David Demarest. An American jour-
nalist and playwright; born in New York city,
1851; died at Weehawken, N. J. , 1889. He
graduated at the College of New York, and
soon after was attached to the staff of the
New York Tribune. As a correspondent at
Albany in 1875 he was prominent in exposing
the canal ring. Besides contributions to maga-
zines, he wrote four plays : For Congress)
(1883); (The Woman Hater) (1885); (The Dom-
inie's Daughter (1887); “The Senator) (1889).
Lloyd, Henry Demarest. An American
writer on economics, brother of David; born
in New York State in 1847. He received his
education at Columbia College, and shortly
after graduating joined the editorial staff of
the Chicago Tribune. At present he resides
in Winnetka, Ill. His chief work is the nota-
ble book (Wealth Against Commonwealth. '
He has also written (A Strike of Millionaires
against Miners, or the Story of Spring Valley. ?
Lobo, Francisco Rodrigues (lö'bo). A Por-
tuguese poet; died about 1623. Practically
nothing is known of his life. He is one of
the most admired of Portuguese poets, among
his popular works being : (Romances) (1596);
(Eclogues) (1605); (Court in the Country)
(1610), long deemed his masterpiece; and va.
rious others.
Locke, David Ross. [“ Petroleum V. Nasby. ”]
An American satirist; born in Vestal, N. Y. ,
Sept. 20, 1833; died in Toledo, O. , Feb. 15,
1888. He gained celebrity as the author of
the widely known Nasby Letters) on politics,
and produced many pamphlets on literary, po-
litical, and social topics. Among his publica.
tions are: (The Moral History of America's
Life Struggle); (The Morals of Abou ben Ad.
hem, or Eastern Fruit in Western Dishes.
Locke, Jane Ermina. An American writer
of prose and verse ; born in Worthington, Mass. ,
April 25, 1805; died in Ashburnham, Mass. ,
March 8, 1859. Her contributions appeared in
the Ladies' American Magazine. (Poems) was
published in 1842; (The Recalled, or Voices
of the Past,' 1855; a (Eulogy on the Death
of Webster,' in rhyme, 1855.
Locke, John. A celebrated English philos-
opher; born at Wrington, near Bristol, Aug.
29, 1632; died at Oates (Essex), Oct. 28, 1704.
Among his philosophical writings the first place
is held by the Essay concerning Human Un-
derstanding' (1690). In the field of political
science he wrote : An Epistle on Tolerance
( 1689); a second letter (1690); a third (1092);
and (Two Treatises on Government) (1690).
On the subject of religious beliefs he wrote:
(The Reasonableness of Christianity as deliv-
ered in the Scriptures) (1695), and a first and
second (Vindication of the same (1695-97).
On education he wrote (Some Thoughts on
Education (1693), and (Some Thoughts con-
cerning Reading and Study) (1706). Among
his miscellaneous writings are (The Funda-
mental Constitutions of Carolina' (1706), and
(Elements of Natural Philosophy' (1706). *
Locke, John Staples. An American writer;
born in 1836. He is a resident of Saco, Me.
Among his works are: Picture Rhymes for
Happy Times) (1886); (A Brave Struggle, a
novel (1887); (Shores of Saco Bay); (Histor-
ical Sketches of Old Orchard. '
Locker-Lampson, Frederick. An English
poet; born at Greenwich, 1821; died 1895. He
wrote several volumes of society verses) ;
among them : (London Lyrics) (1857); (Lyra
Elegantiarum (1867); Patchwork) (1879). *
Lockhart, John Gibson. A Scotch biogra.
pher and poet, son-in-law of Sir Walter Scott;
born at Cambusnethan, Lanark, 1794; died at
Abbotsford, Nov. 25, 1854. His writings are :
(Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk) (1819); the
novels Valerius) (1821), Adam Blair) (1822).
(Reginald Dalton' (1823), Matthew Wald
(1824); a volume of translations of Ancient
Spanish Ballads) (1823); "Life of Robert Burns)
(1828); Life of Sir Walter Scott (7 vols. , 1839-
41), his most celebrated work. *
Lockhart, Laurence William Maxwell, A
British novelist, nephew of J. G. ; born in
Lanarkshire, 1831 ; died at Mentone, March 23.
## p. 347 (#363) ############################################
LOCKROY — LÖHER
347
on antiquarian subjects he successfully combines
the qualities of learning and picturesqueness,
particularly in (Round About London (1877;
4th ed. 1880); (Memorials of the Savoy) (1879);
(A History of London) (1883); Authorized
Guide to the Tower of London (1886); (The
Cathedral Churches of England (1892); (Inns
of Court and Chancery) (1894).
Logan, Cornelius Ambrosius, An Ameri-
can dramatist; born in Baltimore, Md. , 1806;
died near Wheeling, Va. , 1853. He made a
vigorous reply to Lyman Beecher's attack upon
the stage from the pulpit. He wrote successful
plays: (Yankee Land) (1834); A Hundred
Years Hence,' a burlesque. He also wrote tales
and poems.
:
>
1882. Among his novels are: Double and
Quits); (Fair to See); and (Mine Is Thine.
Lockroy, Édouard Étienne Antoine Simon
(lok-rwä'). A French journalist and states-
man; born in Paris, July 18, 1838. He was
prominent as a journalist before and after the
war with Germany, and suffered several months'
imprisonment for his radical articles published
in Figaro, The Recall, and The Sovereign Peo-
ple,-a popular political journal, of which he
was editor.
In recent years he has figured con-
spicuously in political life, having been Minister
of Commerce in 1886, and of Public Instruction
in 1888. His published volumes are composed
mainly of articles contributed to various jour-
nals, and include : (The Eagles of the Capitol
(1869); (Down with Progress) (1870); 'The
Commune and the Assembly) (1871); (The
Rebel Island) (1877); Von Moltke) (1891),
memoirs; (A Mission in the Vendée, 1793'
(1893).
Lockyer. Joseph Norman. An English as-
tronomer and physicist; born at Rugby, May
17, 1836. He is editor of Nature, the leading
scientific weekly publication in England.
Among his works are: (Elementary Lessons in
Astronomy) (1868; 44th thousand 1894); (Con.
tributions to Solar Physics) (1873); (The Spec-
troscope and its Applications) (1873); (Star-
gazing, Past and Present' (1877); “The Dawn
of Astronomy) (1894).
Lodge, Henry Cabot. An American writer
of history and biography; born at Boston, May
12, 1850. He was lecturer on history at Har-
vard 1876–79, and editor of the North American
Review 1873–76. He then entered political
life, and in 1893 was elected United States Sen-
ator from Massachusetts. He is the author
of a Life of Daniel Webster,' and of lives of
Alexander Hamilton and George Washington;
also of (Boston) in the series of Historic
Towns); of a 'Short History of the English
Colonies in America); (Studies in History)
( 1884); "Historical and Political Essays);
(Hero Tales from American History); Cer-
tain Accepted Heroes, and Other Essays); etc.
Lodge, Thomas. An English poet, drama-
tist, and story-writer; born at London, about
1558; died there, 1625. He wrote: (A Defense
of Poetry, Music, and Stage-Plays) (1579);
(Alarum Against Usurers) (1584); the story of
(Rosalynde, Euphues' Golden Legacie) (1590),
the basis of Shakespeare's (As You Like It);
the play 'Looking-Glasse for London and Eng-
land); (History of Robin the Divell (1591);
"Life and Death of William Longbeard' (1593);
Phillis) (1593), a collection of lyrical pieces. *
Loftie, William John. An Irish clergyman,
editor, and writer on antiquities; born at Tan-
dragee, County Armagh, in 1839. After hold-
ing temporary Church appointments, he be-
came assistant minister of the Chapel Royal,
Savoy, in 1871; and in 1874 joined the staff of the
Saturday Review, besides contributing to the
Portfolio and the Magazine of Art. As a writer
a
Logan, John Alexander. An American gen-
eral and statesman; born in Jackson County,
Ill. , 1826; died in Washington, D. C. , 1886. He
distinguished himself both in the field and the
forum. He published: (The Great Conspiracy
(1866); (The Volunteer Soldier of America)
(1887).
Logan, Olive. An American miscellaneous
writer; born in Elmira, N. Y. , 1841. She began
her career as an actress in Philadelphia 1854;
retired from the stage in 1868; since then has
been a lecturer on social topics, and a contrib-
utor to newspapers and magazines. She mar-
ried W. W. Sikes, a journalist. She is the au-
thor of lectures, plays, and books. Among the
latter are: (Château Frissac) (1860); Photo-
graphs of Paris) (1860); (Women and Thea-
tres) (1869); and Before the Footlights and
Behind the Scenes : a Book about the Show
Business) (1870).
Logau, Friedrich von (lo-gou'). A German
epigrammatist; born at Brockut, Silesia, June
1604; died at Liegnitz, July 24, 1655. He wrote
under the pseudonym "Salomon von Golau,"
anagram of his true name. His works are :
( First Century of German Rhymed Adages)
(1638); (Three Thousand German Epigrams)
(1654). He was an original thinker and a force-
ful writer, but soured by adversity and by con-
templation of the evils of his time.
Lohenstein, Daniel Casper von (lõ'en-stin).
A Silesian poet; born at Nimpsch in Silesia,
Jan. 25, 1635; died at Breslau, April 28, 1683.
He wrote a volume of lyric verse, Flowers);
six tragedies; and a long hero-romance, (The
Magnanimous General Arminius or Hermann,
with his Most Illustrious Thusnelda, etc. (new
ed. 1889-90). This mammoth work, of 3076
double-column pages, and unfinished at that,
was in its day regarded as the consummate
model of the heroic-gallant romance. His lyr-
ics are tasteless; his tragedies insufferably bom-
bastic.
Löher, Franz von (lė'er). A German mis-
cellaneous writer; born at Paderborn, Oct. 15,
1818; died at Munich, March 1, 1892. He vis.
ited the United States and Canada in 1846,
to gather material for a history of the Germans
in America, and wrote (Significance of the Ger-
>
## p. 348 (#364) ############################################
348
LOISEAU - LONGFELLOW
man Race in the World's History) (1847); (His-
tory of the Germans in America) (1848). He
wrote also: Land and People in the Old and
New Worlds) (1854); (The Magyars and Other
Hungarians' (1874); ' Cyprus! (1878); and many
other sketches of history and notes of travel.
Loiseau, Jeanne (lwä-zo'). ["Daniel Les-
ueur. ”] A celebrated French poet and ro-
mantic writer. She ranks among the best of
French contemporary poets, being compared
to Meurne, Ackermann, and Sully-Prudhomme.
Her (Flowers of April, Dreams and Visions,
and a translation of the Works of Lord Byron)
(of which two volumes have appeared), were
crowned by the French Academy. Among her
successful romances are: (The Neurotic); Pas-
sion's Slave); “Woman's Justice); (The Hatred
of Love.
Lokmân (lok-män'). An Arabian sage an-
terior to Mohammed. In legendary story he
figures now as King of Yemen, then as a prophet,
again as an Abyssinian slave. Under his name
we have, besides certain sayings contained in
the Koran or current in the common speech, a
small collection of Fables, which in no wise
merit the praises bestowed upon them. They
are an awkward adaptation of Æsop's fables,
and are not of earlier date than the sixteenth
or the fifteenth century.
Lolli, Giambattista (lol'lē). A celebrated
Italian chess-player. He was a native of Mo-
dena. His classical work (The Game of Chess)
appeared in 1763.
Loman, Abraham Dirk (lo'män). A Dutch
theologian; born at The Hague, Dec. 16, 1813.
He became professor of theology in the Uni-
versity of Amsterdam in 1877. He is one of
the foremost of the Dutch Radical critics of the
Scriptures. He wrote : (The Testimony of the
Muratorian Canon (1865); “Protestantism and
the Authority of the Church) (1868); (The
Gospel of John (1873); (Symbol and Fact in
the Gospel History) (1884).
Lombardi, Eliodoro (lom-bär'dē). An Ital-
ian poet and man of letters; born at Marsala,
18– His (Songs) (1884), and Evolutionary
Process in Literature) (1888), are well known.
Lombroso, Cesare (lom-bro'ső). An Italian
scientist ; born in Venice, November 1836. He
has attained world-wide celebrity as an investi-
gator of pathology, psychiatry, nervous diseases,
and allied departments of science. His principal
works are: (Researches on Cretinism in Lom-
bardy) (1859); (Genius and Insanity) (1864);
(Clinical Studies on Mental Diseases) (1865);
(Microcephaly and Cretinism) (1873); Love
in Suicide and in Crime) (1881); “The Crimi-
nal as related to Anthropology, Jurisprudence,
and Prison Discipline) (4th ed. 1889); (The
Man of Genius as Related to Psychiatry) (1889);
(Female Criminals) (1893); (Anti-Semitism and
the Modern Sciences) (1894); "The Anarchists)
(1894).
Loménie, Louis Léonard de (lo-mă-nē'). A
French man of letters; born at St. Yrieix, Haute
Vienne, 1815; died 1878. He had an intimate
acquaintance with contemporary European lit.
erature. His writings were "Gallery of Con-
temporaries) (1840-47); “Beaumarchais and his
Time' (1855); and many more.
Lomonossov, Michail Vasilyevich (lo-mo-
nos'ov). A Russian poet and man of science;
born at Dennisowka, Archangel, 1711 or 1712;
died at St. Petersburg, April 15, 1765. He is
« father of Russian grammar and literature. ”
He was made instructor in chemistry and phys-
ics in the Academy in 1742, and professor of
chemistry in 1745. He was the first to write
polished lyric verse in Russian: his models
were the classic poets of France. Among his
odes is the celebrated one "On the Taking of
Chotin. He wrote also songs, didactic poems,
and poetical epistles. He failed in tragedy.
His principal scientific works are: Atmospheric
Phenomena Produced by Electricity); Ele-
ments of Metallurgy); (Causes of Heat and
Cold"; etc. Of very great importance are his
philological writings; among them are 'On the
Utility of Church Slavic for Study of the Rus-
sian Language); (Russian Grammar, the pub-
lication of which marked an epoch.
Long, Charles Chaillé. An American sol-
dier and author; born at Princess Anne, Som-
erset County, Md. , 1842. He enlisted in the
Union army in the Civil War, and attained the
rank of captain. In 1869 he was appointed
lieutenant-colonel in the Egyptian army; in
1874 he was made chief of staff to General Gor-
don, and employed on a diplomatic and geo-
graphical mission to the interior of Africa. In
1877 he returned to the United States, studied
at the Columbia Law School, and was admitted
to the bar. He was appointed consul-general in
Corea in 1887. His works are: (Central Africa)
(1876); “The Three Prophets - Chinese Gordon,
the Mahdi, and Arabi Pasha) (1884).
Long, George. An English classical scholar;
born at Poulton, Lancashire, 1800; died 1879.
He was distinguished for his knowledge of Latin
and Greek literature. He published an admir-
able translation of "Thoughts of the Emperor
M. Aurelius Antoninus) (1862-79) and Dis-
courses of Epictetus) (1877).
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. An emi-
nent American poet; born at Portland, Me. ,
Feb. 27, 1807 ; died at Cambridge, Mass. , March
24, 1882. He was a graduate of Bowdoin Col-
lege in 1825. His early years were occupied
in travel, and in studies in Spanish, French,
and Italian literatures, and translations from
each of them. Outre Mer, a Pilgrimage Be-
yond the Sea) was published in serial form
in 1833-34 anonymously, but under his own
name in 1835; Hyperion) followed (1839);
(Voices of the Night) (1839); (Ballads and
Other Poems) (1842); Poems on Slavery)
(1842); «The Spanish Student) (1843). His
important collection Poets and Poetry of Eu-
rope,' still a favorite anthology, was published
in 1845. Then came (The Belfry of Bruges
and Other Poems) (1846); (Evangeline, a
## p. 349 (#365) ############################################
LONGFELLOW - LOPES
349
Tale of Acadie) (1847); Kavanagh, a Tale)
(1849); “The Seaside and the Fireside (1850);
A Volume of Poems) (1850); “The Golden
Legend) (1851); (Song of Hiawatha) (1855);
(Prose Works, a series of essays, collected
(1857); Poems, complete edition (1857);'Court-
ship of Miles Standish) (1858); (Tales of a
Wayside Inn) (1863); Household Poems)
(1865). He translated and published Dante's
(Divine Comedy) in 1867 ; (A New England
Tragedy) came next (1868); “The Building of
a Ship) (1870); (Excelsior) (1872); Christus :
a Mystery, in a volume comprising several of
the foregoing (1872); (Aftermath) (1873); (The
Hanging of the Crane) (1875); (The Masque of
Pandora and Other Poems) (1875). He edited
his (Poems of Places) in 31 vols. (1876-79);
(Poems of the Old South Church) (1877);
(The Skeleton in Armor) (1878); Kéramos
and Other Poems) (1879). (From my Arm-
Chair) was printed in 1879; the volume (Ul.
tima Thule) in 1880; Michael Angelo) in
1884: Complete Poetical and Prose Works with
Later Poems, with a biographical sketch by
Octavius B. Frothingham, in 1880-83. *
Longfellow, Samuel. An American clergy-
man, poet, and author, brother of Henry W. ;
born in Portland, Me. , June 18, 1819; died there,
Oct. 3, 1892. He graduated from Harvard in
1839, and from the Divinity School in 1846. He
held pastorates in Unitarian churches in Fall
River, Mass. , Brooklyn, N. Y. , and German-
town, Pa. Later he settled in Cambridge, Mass.
As a hymn-writer he had few equals. Among
his works are : (Hymns of the Spirit) (with
the Rev. Samuel Johnson), published in 1848;
Life of H. W. Longfellow) (1886); (A Few
Verses of Many Years) (1887).
Longinus, Cassius (lon-ji'nus). A celebrated
Greek philosopher and rhetorician; lived about
210-273 A. D. ; born at Athens. He taught at
Athens till called to Palmyra by Queen Zeno-
bia to be her counselor; he confirmed the
Queen in her resolve to resist Roman domina-
tion, and on that account was beheaded by
order of the Emperor Aurelian.
He was a
man of vast learning : his biographer calls him
a living library," a "walking museum. Of his
voluminous writings, all that have come down
to us are the prolegomena to Hephæstion's
(Metrics,' and a fragment of a treatise on rhet-
oric. The valuable little essay on (The Sub-
lime, commonly attributed to him, is the work
of some unknown writer of the first century of
born in Augusta, Ga. , Sept. 22, 1790; died at
Oxford, Miss. , Sept. 9, 1870. He graduated at
Yale in 1813, studied law at Litchfield, Conn. ,
and was admitted to the bar in Richmond County,
Ga. , in 1815. In 1822 he removed to Augusta,
Ga. , and founded the Sentinel. In 1838 he
entered the Methodist Episcopal ministry, and
later was president of several Southern uni.
versities, chief among them being the Univer:
sity of Mississippi. His works include: 'Georgia
Scenes) (1840); "Letters from Georgia to Massa-
chusetts.
Longus (long'gus). A Greek romancer; be-
longs probably to the fifth century of our era.
The pastoral romance (Daphnis and Chloe,'
the prototype of "Paul and Virginia) and sim-
ilar sentimental tales, is ascribed to him. *
Lönnrot, Elias (lėn'rot). A Finnish philolo-
gist; born at Sammatti, in Nyland, April 9, 1802 ;
died there, March 19, 1884. Recognizing the
value of the people's songs and ballads for
Finnish language-study, he spent years in col-
lecting such material in Finland, Lapland, and
adjoining provinces, and published the fruits
of his researches in a series of volumes. Among
his «finds » is to be numbered the great pop-
ular epic 'Kalevala,' of which only a few cantos
were previously known to the learned world.
He wrote a (Finnish-Swedish Dictionary) (2
vols. , 1866-80). * (See (Kalevala. ')
Loosjes, Adriaan (los'yes). A Dutch poet
and novelist; born on the island of Texel in
1761; died at Haarlem in 1818. He was in-
tended for the Church, but abandoned theology
for the trade of bookseller, devoting his leisure
to the composition of poems and especially
historical romances which made him a favorite
in Holland. Among the most popular were :
Charlotte of Bourbon (1792); Louise de Co.
ligny' (1803); Johann de Witt' (1805); (Maurice
Lynslager' (1808). "Love Songs) (1783); De
Ruyter) (1784), an epic; and several dramas,
constitute his other important works.
Lope de Vega. See Vega
Lopes or Lopez, Fernão (lö'pāth). The
oldest of the Portuguese chroniclers; born
about 1380; died after 1459. Appointed chief
archivist of the kingdom by Dom João I. in
1434, he devoted his life to historical research
and to the composition of chronicles, which
for literary and critical value were unsurpassed
in his century. His Chronicle of Señor Don
John I. ,' describing the great struggle between
Portugal and Castile, has invited comparison
with Froissart's writings on account of its pict-
uresqueness and dramatic reality. Equally
vigorous are his chronicles of Dom Pedro I.
and Don Fernando.
Lopes, Caetano (lo-pes). A Brazilian histo-
rian; born in Bahia, October 1780; died in Paris,
Dec. 22, 1860. He was a mulatto, educated in
Bahia and Paris; he settled in the latter in
1822 and became corresponding member of the
Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-lettres.
The emperor Pedro held him in high esteem.
:
our era.
Longnon, Auguste Honoré (lôn-yôr'). A
French historian and philologist ; born at Paris,
Oct.
