he
accompanied
Alexander op his eastern ex- A.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
C.
196 (Polyb.
xviii.
26), and another Christian, to be deroured by wild beasts
was sent by the Aetolians, in B. c. 192, to obtain in the amphitheatre, and died (as the historian
possession of Lacedaemon. He succeeded in his expresses it) “neither uttering a groan nor a syl-
object, and killed Nabis, the tyrant of Lacedae lable, but conversing in his heart with God. ”
mon; but the Lacedaemonians rising against him (Bzorius, Nomenclator Sanctorum Professione Me
shortly after, he and most of his troops were killed. dicorum ; Martyrol. Roman. ed. Baron. ; Acta Sanc-
(Liv. xxxv. 34-36. )
torum, June 2. )
(W. A. G. )
ALEXA'MENUS ('Ale Equevós), of Teos, ALEXANDER, an ACARNANIAN, who had
was, according to Aristotle, in his work upon once been a friend of Philip III. of Macedonia
poets (Tepl Tointwv), the first person who wrote but forsook him, and insinuated himself so much
dialogues in the Socratic style before the time of into the favour of Antiochus the Great, that he
Plato. (Athen. xi. p. 505, b. c. ; Diog. Laërt. iii. 48. ) was admitted to his most secret deliberations. He
ALEXANDER. [Paris. ]
advised the king to invade Greece, holding out to
ALEXANDER ('Allégavdpos), the defender of him the most brilliant prospects of victory over the
men, a surname of Hera under which she was Romans, B. c. 192. (Liv. xxxv. 18. ) Antiochus
worshipped at Sicyon. A temple had been built followed his adrice. In the battle of Cynoscephalae,
there to Hera Alexandros by Adrastus after his in which Antiochus was defeated by the Romans,
fight from Argos. (Schol. ad Pind. Nem. ix. 30 ; Alexander was covered with wounds, and in this
comp. Apollod. ii. 12. & 5. )
[L. S. ] state he carried the news of the defeat to his king,
ALEXANDER ('Anekavāpos), a man whom who was staying at Thronium, on the Maliac gulf.
Mithridates is charged by Sulla with having sent When the king, on his retreat from Greece, had
to assassinate Nicomedes. (Appian, De Bell. Mithr. reached Cenacum in Euboca, Alexander died and
57. ) He seems to be the same person as Alexan- was buried there, B, C. 191. (xxxvi. 20. ) [L. S. ]
der the Paphlagonian, who is afterwards (76, &c. ) ALEXANDER of AEGAE ('Alétav&pos Al-
mentioned as one of the generals of Mithridates, yaſos), a peripatetic philosopher, who fiourished at
and was made prisoner by Lucullus, who kept him Rome in the first century, and a disciple of the
to adorn his triumph at Rome. (L. S. ] celebrated mathematician Sosigenes, whose calcula-
## p. 111 (#131) ############################################
ALEXANDER.
11
ALEXANDER.
:
tions were used by Julius Caesar for his correction | who, in conjunction with Dorymachus, put himself
of the year. He was tutor to the enperor Nero. in possession of the town of Acgeira in Achaiit,
(Saidus, s. r. 'Anégavåpos Aiyaios ; Suet. Til. 57. ) during the Social war, in B. C. 220. But the con-
Two treatises on the writings of Aristotle are attri- duct of Alexander and his associates was so inso-
buted to him by somc, but are assigned by others lent and rapacious, that the inhabitants of the
to Alexander Aphrodisiensis. I. On the Meteoro- town rose to expel the small band of the Actolians.
Jogy of Aristotle, edited in Greek by F. Asulanus, In the ensuing contest Alexander was killed while
Ven. 1527, in Latin by Alex. Piccolomini, 1540, fighting. (Polyb. iv. 57, 58. ). [L. S. )
fol. II. A commentary on the Metaphysics. The ALEXANDER AETOʻLUS ('Allé avopos ó
Greek has never been published, but there is a Aitwós), a Greek poet and grammarian, who lived
Latin version by Sepulredin Rom. 1527. (B. J. ) in the reign of Prolemaeus Philadelphus. He was
ALEXANDER AEGUS. (ALEXANDER IV. , the son of Satyrus and Stratocleia, and a native of
KING OF MACEDONIA. )
Pleuron in Aetolia, but spent the greater part of
ALEXANDER ('étav&pos), a son of AEME- his life at Alexandria, where he was reckoned one
Tus, was one of the comminders of the Macedo of the seven tragic poets who constituted the tragic
nian xalneotides in the army of Antigonus Doson pleiad. (Suid. s. r. ; Eudoc. p. 62; Paus. ii. 22. $ 7;
during the battle of Sellasia against Cleomenes III. Schol. ad Hom. Il. xvi. 233. ) He had an office
of Sparta, in B. c. 222. (Polyb. ii. 66. ) [L. S. ] in the library at Alexandria, and was commis-
ALEXANDER AEMILIANUS. (AEMILI- sioned by the king to make a collection of all the
ANUS, No. 3. )
tragedies and satyric dramas that were extant.
ALEXANDER ('Alétavopos), son of Afro He spent soine time, together with Antagoras and
PUs, a native of the Macedonian district called Aratus, at the court of Antigonus Gonatas. (Ara-
Lyncestis, whence he is usually called Alexander tus, Phaenomena ct Diosem. ii. pp. 431, 443, &c.
Lyncestes. Justin (xi. 1) makes the singular 446, ed. Buhle. ) Notwithstanding the distinction
mistake of calling him a brother of Lyncestas, he enjoyed as a tragic poet, he appears to have had
while in other passages (xi. 7, xii. 14) he uses the greater merit as a writer of epic poems, elegies,
correct expression. He was a contemporary of epigrams, and cynacdi. Among his epic poems,
Philip of Macedonia and Alexander the Great. we possess the titles and some fragments of three
He had two brothers, Heromenes and Arrhabacus ; pieces : the Fisherman (edievs, Athen. vii. p. 296),
all three were known to have been accomplices in Kirka or Krika (Athen. vii. p. 283), which, how-
the murder of Philip, in B. C. 336. Alexander ever, is designated by Athenacus as doubtful, and
the Great on his accession put to death all those Helena (Bekker, Anecd. p. 96. ) Of his elegies,
who had taken part in the murder, and Alexander some beautiful fragments are still extant. (Athen.
the Lyncestian was the only one that was par- iv. p. 170, xi. p. 496, xv. p. 899; Strab. xii. p. 556,
doned, because he was the first who did homage to xiv. p. 681; Parthen. Erot. 4 ; Tzetz. ad. Lycophr.
Alexander the Great as his king. (Arrian, Anab. 266; Schol. and Eustath. ad Il. iii. 314. ) His
i. 25; Curtius, vii. 1; Justin, xi. 2. ) But king Cynaedi, or 'I wikà poijuara, are mentioned by
Alexander not only pardoned him, but even made Strabo (xiv. p. 648) and Athenaeus. (xiv. p. 620. )
him his friend and raised him to high honours. Some anapzestic verses in praise of Euripides are
He was first entrusted with the command of an preserved in Gellius. (xv. 20. )
army in Thrace, and afterwards received the com- All the fragments of Alexander Aetolus are col-
mand of the Thessalian horse. In this capacity lected in “ Alcxandri Aetoli fragmenta coll. et ill.
he accompanied Alexander op his eastern ex- A. Capellmann," Bonn, 1829, 8vo. ; comp. Welc-
pedition. In B. C. 334, when Alexander was ker, Die Griech. Tragödien, p. 1263, &c. ; Düntzer,
staying at Phaselis, he was informed, that the Die Fragm. der Episch. Poesie der Griechen, von
Lyncestian was carrying on a secret correspondence Alexand. dem Grossen, &c. p. 7, &c. [L. S. )
with king Darius, and that a large sum of money ALEXANDER ('Aréfavopos), (ST. ,) of ALEX-
was promised, for which he was to murder his ANDRIA, succeeded as patriarch of that city St.
sovereign. The bearer of the letters from Darius Achillas, (as bis predecessor, St. Peter, bad pre-
was taken by Parmenion and brought before Alex- dicted, Martyr. S. Petri, ap. Surium, vol. vi. p. 577. )
ander, and the treachery was manifest. Yet A. D. 312. He, “the noble Champion of Apostolic
Alexander, dreading to create any hostile feeling Doctrine,” (Theodt. Hist. Eccl. i. 2,) first laid baie
in Antipater, the regent of Macedonia, whose the irreligion of Arius, and condemned him in his
daughter was married to the Lyncestian, thought | dispute with Alexander Baucalis. St. Alexander
it advisable not to put him to death, and had him was at the Oecumenical Council of Nicaca, A. D.
merely deposed from his office and kept in cus- 325, with his deacon, Si. Athanasius, and, scarcely
tody. In this manner he was dragged about for five months after, died, April 17th, A. D. 326.
three years with the army in Asia, until in B. C. St. Epiphanius (adv. Hueres. 69. & 4) says he wrote
330, when, Philotas having been put to death for some seventy circular epistles against Arius, and
a similar crime, the Macedonians demanded that Socrates (H. E. i. 6), and Sozomen (H. E. i. 1),
Alexander the Lyncestian should likewise be tried that he collected them into one volume. Two
and punished according to his desert. King Alex. epistles remain ; 1. to Alexander, bishop of Con-
ander gave way, and as the traitor was nnable to stantinople, written after the Council at Alexan-
exculpate himself, he was put to death at Proph-dria which condemned Arius, and before the other
thasia, in the country of the Drangae. (Curtius, circular letters to the various bishops. (See Theodt.
1. c. , and viii. 1 ; Justin. xii. 14; Diod. xvi. 32, 80. ) H. E. i. 4; Galland. Bill. Patr. vol. iv. p. 441. )
The object of this traitor was probably, with the 2. The Encyclic letter announcing Arius's depo-
aid of Persia, to gain possession of the throne of sition (Socr. 11. E. i. 6, and Galland. 1. c. p. 451),
Macedonia, which previous to the reign of Amyn with the subscriptions from Gelasius Cyzicen.
tas 11. had for a time belonged to his family. [L. S. ] (Hist. Con. Nicaen. ii. 3, ap. Mans. Concilia. vol. ii.
ALEXANDER ('Axécar opos), an AETOLIAX, p. 301. ) There reinains, too, The Deposition of
3
## p. 112 (#132) ############################################
112
ALEXANDER.
ALEXANDER.
Arins and his, i. e. an Address to the Priests and served of several others, whose titles may be scen
Deacons, desiring their concurrence therein (ap. in the Bibliotheca of Casiri. (Vol. i. p. 243. )
S. Athanas. vol. i. Ps. 1. p. 396, Paris, 1698 ; sce If we view him as a philosopher, his merit con-
Galland. I. c. p. 455). Two fragments more, apud not be mied highly. His excellencies and defects
Galland. (l. c. p. 456. ) St. Athanasius also gives are all on the model of his great master; there is
the second epistle. (1. c. p. 397. ), (A. J. C. ) the same perspicuity and power of analysis, united
ALEXANDER ('Allégavāpos), commander of with almost more than Aristotelian plainness of
the horse in the army of ANTIGONUS Dosos dur- style; everywhere “a fiat surface," with nothing
ing the war against Cleomenes III. of Sparta. to interrupt or strike the attention. In a mind so
(Polyb. ii. 66. ) He fought against Philopocmen, thoroughly imbued with Aristotle, it cannot be ex-
then a young man, whose prudence and valour pected there should be much place for original
forced him to a disadvantageous engagement at thought. llis only endeavour is to adap: the
Sellasia. (ii. C8. ) This Alexander is probably the works of his master to the spirit and language of
same person as the one whom Antigonus, as the his own age ; but in doing so he is constantly re-
guardian of Philip, had appointed commander of called to the earlier philosophy, and attacks by-
Philip's body-guard, and who was calumniated by gone opinions, as though they had the same living
Apelies. (iv: 87. ) Subsequently he was sent by power as when the writings of Aristotle were di
Philip as ambassador to Thebes, to persecute Me- rected against them. (Ritter, Geschichte der Philo
galeas. (v. 28. ) Polybius states, that at all times sophie, vol. iv. p. 255. )
he manifested a most extraordinary attachment to The Platonists and earlier Stoics are his chief
his king. (vii. 12. )
[L. S. ) opponents, for he regarded the Epicureans as too
ALEXANDER ('Aré avepos), of Antiochia, sensual and unphilosophical to be worth a serious
a friend of M. Antonius, who being acquainted answer. Against the notion of the first, that the
with the Syriac language, acted twice as interpreter world, although created, might yet by the will of
between Antonius and one Mithridates, who be- God be made imperishable, he urged that God could
trayed to him the plans of the Parthians, to save not alter the nature of things, and quoted the
the Romans. This happened in B. C. 36. (Pseudo Platonist doctrine of the necessary coexistence of
Appian, Parth. pp. 93, 96, ed. Schweigh. ) [L. S. ] evil in all corruptible things. (Ritter, p. 262. )
ALEXANDER ('Anégavdpos), son of Anto- God himself, he said, was the very form of
NIUS, the triumvir, and Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. things. Yet, however difficult it may be to
He and his twin-sister Cleopatra were born B. C. enter into this abstract notion of God, it would
40. Antonius bestowed on him the titles of “He be unjust, as some hare done, to charge him with
lios," and "King of Kings," and called his sister atheism, as in many passages he attributes mind
“ Selene. ” He also destined for him, as an inde- and intelligence to the divine Being. This is
pendent kingdom, Armenia, and such countries as one of the points in which he has brought out
might yet be conquered between the Euphrates the views of Aristotle more clearly, from his living
and Indus, and wrote to the senate to have his in the light of a later age. God, he says (in Meta-
grants confirmed; but his letter was not suffered phys. ix. p. 320), is “ properly and simply one, the
to be read in public. (B. C. 34. ) After the con- self-existent substance, the author of motion him-
quest of Armenia Antonius betrothed Jotape, the self unmoved, the great and good Deity, without
daughter of the Median king Artavasdes, to his beginning and without end:" and again (in Metaph.
was sent by the Aetolians, in B. c. 192, to obtain in the amphitheatre, and died (as the historian
possession of Lacedaemon. He succeeded in his expresses it) “neither uttering a groan nor a syl-
object, and killed Nabis, the tyrant of Lacedae lable, but conversing in his heart with God. ”
mon; but the Lacedaemonians rising against him (Bzorius, Nomenclator Sanctorum Professione Me
shortly after, he and most of his troops were killed. dicorum ; Martyrol. Roman. ed. Baron. ; Acta Sanc-
(Liv. xxxv. 34-36. )
torum, June 2. )
(W. A. G. )
ALEXA'MENUS ('Ale Equevós), of Teos, ALEXANDER, an ACARNANIAN, who had
was, according to Aristotle, in his work upon once been a friend of Philip III. of Macedonia
poets (Tepl Tointwv), the first person who wrote but forsook him, and insinuated himself so much
dialogues in the Socratic style before the time of into the favour of Antiochus the Great, that he
Plato. (Athen. xi. p. 505, b. c. ; Diog. Laërt. iii. 48. ) was admitted to his most secret deliberations. He
ALEXANDER. [Paris. ]
advised the king to invade Greece, holding out to
ALEXANDER ('Allégavdpos), the defender of him the most brilliant prospects of victory over the
men, a surname of Hera under which she was Romans, B. c. 192. (Liv. xxxv. 18. ) Antiochus
worshipped at Sicyon. A temple had been built followed his adrice. In the battle of Cynoscephalae,
there to Hera Alexandros by Adrastus after his in which Antiochus was defeated by the Romans,
fight from Argos. (Schol. ad Pind. Nem. ix. 30 ; Alexander was covered with wounds, and in this
comp. Apollod. ii. 12. & 5. )
[L. S. ] state he carried the news of the defeat to his king,
ALEXANDER ('Anekavāpos), a man whom who was staying at Thronium, on the Maliac gulf.
Mithridates is charged by Sulla with having sent When the king, on his retreat from Greece, had
to assassinate Nicomedes. (Appian, De Bell. Mithr. reached Cenacum in Euboca, Alexander died and
57. ) He seems to be the same person as Alexan- was buried there, B, C. 191. (xxxvi. 20. ) [L. S. ]
der the Paphlagonian, who is afterwards (76, &c. ) ALEXANDER of AEGAE ('Alétav&pos Al-
mentioned as one of the generals of Mithridates, yaſos), a peripatetic philosopher, who fiourished at
and was made prisoner by Lucullus, who kept him Rome in the first century, and a disciple of the
to adorn his triumph at Rome. (L. S. ] celebrated mathematician Sosigenes, whose calcula-
## p. 111 (#131) ############################################
ALEXANDER.
11
ALEXANDER.
:
tions were used by Julius Caesar for his correction | who, in conjunction with Dorymachus, put himself
of the year. He was tutor to the enperor Nero. in possession of the town of Acgeira in Achaiit,
(Saidus, s. r. 'Anégavåpos Aiyaios ; Suet. Til. 57. ) during the Social war, in B. C. 220. But the con-
Two treatises on the writings of Aristotle are attri- duct of Alexander and his associates was so inso-
buted to him by somc, but are assigned by others lent and rapacious, that the inhabitants of the
to Alexander Aphrodisiensis. I. On the Meteoro- town rose to expel the small band of the Actolians.
Jogy of Aristotle, edited in Greek by F. Asulanus, In the ensuing contest Alexander was killed while
Ven. 1527, in Latin by Alex. Piccolomini, 1540, fighting. (Polyb. iv. 57, 58. ). [L. S. )
fol. II. A commentary on the Metaphysics. The ALEXANDER AETOʻLUS ('Allé avopos ó
Greek has never been published, but there is a Aitwós), a Greek poet and grammarian, who lived
Latin version by Sepulredin Rom. 1527. (B. J. ) in the reign of Prolemaeus Philadelphus. He was
ALEXANDER AEGUS. (ALEXANDER IV. , the son of Satyrus and Stratocleia, and a native of
KING OF MACEDONIA. )
Pleuron in Aetolia, but spent the greater part of
ALEXANDER ('étav&pos), a son of AEME- his life at Alexandria, where he was reckoned one
Tus, was one of the comminders of the Macedo of the seven tragic poets who constituted the tragic
nian xalneotides in the army of Antigonus Doson pleiad. (Suid. s. r. ; Eudoc. p. 62; Paus. ii. 22. $ 7;
during the battle of Sellasia against Cleomenes III. Schol. ad Hom. Il. xvi. 233. ) He had an office
of Sparta, in B. c. 222. (Polyb. ii. 66. ) [L. S. ] in the library at Alexandria, and was commis-
ALEXANDER AEMILIANUS. (AEMILI- sioned by the king to make a collection of all the
ANUS, No. 3. )
tragedies and satyric dramas that were extant.
ALEXANDER ('Alétavopos), son of Afro He spent soine time, together with Antagoras and
PUs, a native of the Macedonian district called Aratus, at the court of Antigonus Gonatas. (Ara-
Lyncestis, whence he is usually called Alexander tus, Phaenomena ct Diosem. ii. pp. 431, 443, &c.
Lyncestes. Justin (xi. 1) makes the singular 446, ed. Buhle. ) Notwithstanding the distinction
mistake of calling him a brother of Lyncestas, he enjoyed as a tragic poet, he appears to have had
while in other passages (xi. 7, xii. 14) he uses the greater merit as a writer of epic poems, elegies,
correct expression. He was a contemporary of epigrams, and cynacdi. Among his epic poems,
Philip of Macedonia and Alexander the Great. we possess the titles and some fragments of three
He had two brothers, Heromenes and Arrhabacus ; pieces : the Fisherman (edievs, Athen. vii. p. 296),
all three were known to have been accomplices in Kirka or Krika (Athen. vii. p. 283), which, how-
the murder of Philip, in B. C. 336. Alexander ever, is designated by Athenacus as doubtful, and
the Great on his accession put to death all those Helena (Bekker, Anecd. p. 96. ) Of his elegies,
who had taken part in the murder, and Alexander some beautiful fragments are still extant. (Athen.
the Lyncestian was the only one that was par- iv. p. 170, xi. p. 496, xv. p. 899; Strab. xii. p. 556,
doned, because he was the first who did homage to xiv. p. 681; Parthen. Erot. 4 ; Tzetz. ad. Lycophr.
Alexander the Great as his king. (Arrian, Anab. 266; Schol. and Eustath. ad Il. iii. 314. ) His
i. 25; Curtius, vii. 1; Justin, xi. 2. ) But king Cynaedi, or 'I wikà poijuara, are mentioned by
Alexander not only pardoned him, but even made Strabo (xiv. p. 648) and Athenaeus. (xiv. p. 620. )
him his friend and raised him to high honours. Some anapzestic verses in praise of Euripides are
He was first entrusted with the command of an preserved in Gellius. (xv. 20. )
army in Thrace, and afterwards received the com- All the fragments of Alexander Aetolus are col-
mand of the Thessalian horse. In this capacity lected in “ Alcxandri Aetoli fragmenta coll. et ill.
he accompanied Alexander op his eastern ex- A. Capellmann," Bonn, 1829, 8vo. ; comp. Welc-
pedition. In B. C. 334, when Alexander was ker, Die Griech. Tragödien, p. 1263, &c. ; Düntzer,
staying at Phaselis, he was informed, that the Die Fragm. der Episch. Poesie der Griechen, von
Lyncestian was carrying on a secret correspondence Alexand. dem Grossen, &c. p. 7, &c. [L. S. )
with king Darius, and that a large sum of money ALEXANDER ('Aréfavopos), (ST. ,) of ALEX-
was promised, for which he was to murder his ANDRIA, succeeded as patriarch of that city St.
sovereign. The bearer of the letters from Darius Achillas, (as bis predecessor, St. Peter, bad pre-
was taken by Parmenion and brought before Alex- dicted, Martyr. S. Petri, ap. Surium, vol. vi. p. 577. )
ander, and the treachery was manifest. Yet A. D. 312. He, “the noble Champion of Apostolic
Alexander, dreading to create any hostile feeling Doctrine,” (Theodt. Hist. Eccl. i. 2,) first laid baie
in Antipater, the regent of Macedonia, whose the irreligion of Arius, and condemned him in his
daughter was married to the Lyncestian, thought | dispute with Alexander Baucalis. St. Alexander
it advisable not to put him to death, and had him was at the Oecumenical Council of Nicaca, A. D.
merely deposed from his office and kept in cus- 325, with his deacon, Si. Athanasius, and, scarcely
tody. In this manner he was dragged about for five months after, died, April 17th, A. D. 326.
three years with the army in Asia, until in B. C. St. Epiphanius (adv. Hueres. 69. & 4) says he wrote
330, when, Philotas having been put to death for some seventy circular epistles against Arius, and
a similar crime, the Macedonians demanded that Socrates (H. E. i. 6), and Sozomen (H. E. i. 1),
Alexander the Lyncestian should likewise be tried that he collected them into one volume. Two
and punished according to his desert. King Alex. epistles remain ; 1. to Alexander, bishop of Con-
ander gave way, and as the traitor was nnable to stantinople, written after the Council at Alexan-
exculpate himself, he was put to death at Proph-dria which condemned Arius, and before the other
thasia, in the country of the Drangae. (Curtius, circular letters to the various bishops. (See Theodt.
1. c. , and viii. 1 ; Justin. xii. 14; Diod. xvi. 32, 80. ) H. E. i. 4; Galland. Bill. Patr. vol. iv. p. 441. )
The object of this traitor was probably, with the 2. The Encyclic letter announcing Arius's depo-
aid of Persia, to gain possession of the throne of sition (Socr. 11. E. i. 6, and Galland. 1. c. p. 451),
Macedonia, which previous to the reign of Amyn with the subscriptions from Gelasius Cyzicen.
tas 11. had for a time belonged to his family. [L. S. ] (Hist. Con. Nicaen. ii. 3, ap. Mans. Concilia. vol. ii.
ALEXANDER ('Axécar opos), an AETOLIAX, p. 301. ) There reinains, too, The Deposition of
3
## p. 112 (#132) ############################################
112
ALEXANDER.
ALEXANDER.
Arins and his, i. e. an Address to the Priests and served of several others, whose titles may be scen
Deacons, desiring their concurrence therein (ap. in the Bibliotheca of Casiri. (Vol. i. p. 243. )
S. Athanas. vol. i. Ps. 1. p. 396, Paris, 1698 ; sce If we view him as a philosopher, his merit con-
Galland. I. c. p. 455). Two fragments more, apud not be mied highly. His excellencies and defects
Galland. (l. c. p. 456. ) St. Athanasius also gives are all on the model of his great master; there is
the second epistle. (1. c. p. 397. ), (A. J. C. ) the same perspicuity and power of analysis, united
ALEXANDER ('Allégavāpos), commander of with almost more than Aristotelian plainness of
the horse in the army of ANTIGONUS Dosos dur- style; everywhere “a fiat surface," with nothing
ing the war against Cleomenes III. of Sparta. to interrupt or strike the attention. In a mind so
(Polyb. ii. 66. ) He fought against Philopocmen, thoroughly imbued with Aristotle, it cannot be ex-
then a young man, whose prudence and valour pected there should be much place for original
forced him to a disadvantageous engagement at thought. llis only endeavour is to adap: the
Sellasia. (ii. C8. ) This Alexander is probably the works of his master to the spirit and language of
same person as the one whom Antigonus, as the his own age ; but in doing so he is constantly re-
guardian of Philip, had appointed commander of called to the earlier philosophy, and attacks by-
Philip's body-guard, and who was calumniated by gone opinions, as though they had the same living
Apelies. (iv: 87. ) Subsequently he was sent by power as when the writings of Aristotle were di
Philip as ambassador to Thebes, to persecute Me- rected against them. (Ritter, Geschichte der Philo
galeas. (v. 28. ) Polybius states, that at all times sophie, vol. iv. p. 255. )
he manifested a most extraordinary attachment to The Platonists and earlier Stoics are his chief
his king. (vii. 12. )
[L. S. ) opponents, for he regarded the Epicureans as too
ALEXANDER ('Aré avepos), of Antiochia, sensual and unphilosophical to be worth a serious
a friend of M. Antonius, who being acquainted answer. Against the notion of the first, that the
with the Syriac language, acted twice as interpreter world, although created, might yet by the will of
between Antonius and one Mithridates, who be- God be made imperishable, he urged that God could
trayed to him the plans of the Parthians, to save not alter the nature of things, and quoted the
the Romans. This happened in B. C. 36. (Pseudo Platonist doctrine of the necessary coexistence of
Appian, Parth. pp. 93, 96, ed. Schweigh. ) [L. S. ] evil in all corruptible things. (Ritter, p. 262. )
ALEXANDER ('Anégavdpos), son of Anto- God himself, he said, was the very form of
NIUS, the triumvir, and Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. things. Yet, however difficult it may be to
He and his twin-sister Cleopatra were born B. C. enter into this abstract notion of God, it would
40. Antonius bestowed on him the titles of “He be unjust, as some hare done, to charge him with
lios," and "King of Kings," and called his sister atheism, as in many passages he attributes mind
“ Selene. ” He also destined for him, as an inde- and intelligence to the divine Being. This is
pendent kingdom, Armenia, and such countries as one of the points in which he has brought out
might yet be conquered between the Euphrates the views of Aristotle more clearly, from his living
and Indus, and wrote to the senate to have his in the light of a later age. God, he says (in Meta-
grants confirmed; but his letter was not suffered phys. ix. p. 320), is “ properly and simply one, the
to be read in public. (B. C. 34. ) After the con- self-existent substance, the author of motion him-
quest of Armenia Antonius betrothed Jotape, the self unmoved, the great and good Deity, without
daughter of the Median king Artavasdes, to his beginning and without end:" and again (in Metaph.
