No More Learning

Potvin, Charles (põ-van'). A Belgian poet,
and historian of literature; born at Mons, Dec.
2, 1818. He wrote several volumes of lyric
poetry : (Poems and Amours) (1838); Poems,
Historical and Romantic) (2 vols. , 1840); (Po.
litical and Elegiac Poems) (1849); “Satires)
(1852); (The Beggar-Woman) (1856). On the
drama he wrote: (The Theatre in Belgium)
(1862); (Essays on Dramatic Literature ) (2
vols. , 1880); and some comedies, as (Choice
of an Occupation) and (War. He also wrote
many volumes of literary history and criticism,
among them (Our Early Literary Periods) (2
vols. , 1870), and French Literature in Belgium
before 1830.
Pougin, François-Auguste Arthur (pö-
zhan'). A French musician and author ; born
at Chateauroux, 1834. Besides pseudonymous
contributions to various journals, he published
among others the following volumes : (French
Musicians of the 18th Century) (1863); Meyer-
beer: A Biographical Sketch) (1864); (William
Vincent Wallace) (1865); (F. Halévy, Writer)
(1865); (Bellini, his Life and Works) (1867);
(Rossini' (1869); (Musical Literature in France)
(1869); and (Albert Grisar) (1870).
Poujol, Adolph (pö-zhol'). A French dra.
matic author ; born at Paris, 1811 (? ). He wrote
very many plays in collaboration. Among his
writings are: "A Service of Love) (1840);
The Pastry-Cook of Danaustadt) (1842); (Re-
sults of a Fault! (1842); (Jeanne de Naples!
(1842); A Daughter of the Legion of Honor
(1843); December 10) (1849); Marguerite !
(1851); (A Maiden's Heart) (1854); Doctor
Momus) (1857); and (The Art of Managing
Women (1859).
Poujoulat, Jean Joseph François (pö-zhö-
lä'). A French historian; born at La Fare,
Bouches-du-Rhône, Jan. 26, 1800; died at Paris,
Jan. 5, 1880. His principal works are : (His-
tory of Jerusalem (2 vols. , 1840-42); (Cardinal
Maury) (1855); (History of the French Revolu-
tion) (2 vols. , 1855); History of France from
1814' (4 vols. , 1865-67); "Insanities of the Pres.
ent Time regarding Religion ( 1877 ); (The
Bedawîn Woman' (2 vols. , 1835), a novel,
crowned by the Academy.
Pouvillon, Émile (pö-vē-yôn'). A French
novelist; born at Montauban, 1840. His novel
(Césette) (1880), a tale of village life, won the
Academy's Lambert prize. It was followed
by (Jennie's John (1886); (The Blue Horse)
(1888); (Singing-Weeping'; and "Bernadotte,
a cabinet drama,- an antithesis of Zola's
(Lourdes.
Powell, John Wesley. An American soldier,
geologist, and author; born in Mount Morris,
N. Y. , March 24, 1834. He was educated at
Oberlin College; was a lieutenant-colonel of
artillery at the close of the Civil War; pro-
fessor of geology in the Illinois Wesleyan Uni.
versity, 1865; explored the cañon of the Colo-
rado River in 1867, and again in 1870–74. He
succeeded Clarence King as director of the
the United States Geological Survey (1879-96).
The special volumes of reports written by
Major Powell are: (Exploration of the Colorado
River in 1869-72) (1875); (Geology of the
Uinta Mountains) (1876); (The Arid Regions
of the United States) (1879); (Introduction to
Study of Indian Languages) (1880).
Powell, Thomas. An American playwright
and author; born in London, Sept. 3, 1809;
died in Newark, N. J. , Jan. 13, 1887. For


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POWERS--PRENTICE
439
(
many years he was connected with the Frank
Leslie publications. Besides two acted plays,
(True at Last) and (The Shepherd's Well," he
published: (Florentine Tales) (1847); Living
Authors of England) (1849); Living Authors
of America) (1850).
Powers, Horatio Nelson. An American
clergyman, literary critic, and poet; born at
Amenia, N. Y. , April 30, 1826; died in 1890.
Among his works are: (Through the Year)
(1875); Poems, Early and Late) (1876); (Ten
Years of Song) (1887); (Lyrics of the Hudson.
Pradon, Nicolas (prä-dôn'). A French tragic
poet; born at Rouen, 1632 ; died at Paris, 1698.
Besides many fugitive poems, he wrote : (Tam-
erlane (1677); Phædra and Hippolytus' (1677);
(The Troad) (1679); (Statira) (1683); “Regu-
lus' (1688); (Scipio Africanus) (1697); and his
most famous work, Pyramus and Thisbe.
Pradt, Dominique Dufour de (prät). A
French statesman and historian; born at Al-
lanches in Auvergne, April 23, 1759; died March
18, 1837. He wrote: (Historic Narrative of
the Restoration of Royalty in France (1814);
History of the Embassy to the Grand Duchy
of Warsaw in 1812) (1815); (The Congress of
Vienna' (2 vols. , 1815-16); (Historical Memoirs
on the Spanish Revolution' (1816); (The Colo-
nies and the Present Revolution in [Spanish]
America) (2 vols. , 1817); (The Congress of
Carlsbad) (2 vols. , 1819-20).
Praed, Mrs. Campbell Mackworth (prād)
(Rose Caroline Murray - Prior ). An Aus-
tralian novelist, wife of the nephew of W. M.
Praed; born in Bromelton, Queensland, March
27, 1852. In 1876 she came to London and
began to write her noted Australian stories.
Her most popular works are: An Austra-
lian Heroine) (1880); Moloch) (1883); (The
Head Station (1885); December Roses)
(1892); "Outlaw and Lawmaker (1893);
Nulma) (1897). In collaboration with Justin
McCarthy she has written (The Right Hon-
ourable) (1886), and “The Ladies' Gallery)
(1889), novels of political and social life.
Praed, Winthrop Mackworth. An English
poet (1802-39); born in London. He wrote
society verse and occasional poetry. Among
his best-known pieces are: (The Red Fisher-
man”; “Every-Day Characters); Private The-
atricals); (School and Schoolfellows); A Let-
ter of Advice); (Our Ball); My Partner);
My Little Cousins); etc.
Pram, Christen Henriksen (präm). А
Danish poet; born at Gudbrandsdal in Nor-
way, 1756; died in the island of St. Thomas,
W. I. , 1821. He was editor of the periodical
Minerva, at Copenhagen; wrote the romantic
epic (Staerkodder) (1785), and two tragedies,
'Damon and Pythias) and Frode and Fingal. ”
Prati, Giovanni (prä'tē). An Italian lyric
poet; born at Dascindo near Trent, Jan. 27,
1815; died at Rome, May 9, 1884. He wrote (Ed.
menegarda) (1841), a powerful narrative poem
after the Byronic manner, which was received
with extraordinary favor. Then followed sev-
eral volumes of lyric poetry, which still further
enhanced the poet's reputation. His satire
"Satan and the Graces) (1855), and his epics
(Count Riga) (1856), (Rudolf (1858), Aribert)
(1860), were equally successful.
Pratt, Anne. An English nature-writer,
whose numerous books achieved great pop-
ularity. Among them are: (Flowers and their
Associations) (new ed. 1840); (Field, Garden,
and Woodland) (for the young, new ed. 1843);
(Chapters on Common Things of the Seaside)
(1850); (Green Fields, their Grasses) (1852);
(Our Native Songsters) (1852); “Wild Flowers)
(1853); (Flowering Plants, Grasses, and Ferns
of Great Britain (1854); Haunts of the Wild
Flowers) (1863).
Pratt, Mrs. Ella (Farman). An American
writer of juvenile literature. She has been
editor of Wide Awake, and at present has
charge of Our Little Men and Women. Among
her works are: Anna Maylie) (1873); (A
White Hand' (1875); (Good-for-Nothing Polly)
(1877); (A Girl's Money. )
Pratt, Orson. A Mormon apostle, educator,
and professor; born in Hartford, Conn. , Sept.
19, 1811; died in Salt Lake City, Oct. 3, 1881.
He was one of the twelve apostles of the Mor-
mon Church (1835), and was in charge of Euro-
pean missions from 1840, many successive years.
He was professor of mathematics in Deseret
University; also church historian and recorder.
His writings include : Divine Authenticity of
the Book of Mormon) (6 parts, 1851); (Patri-
archal Order, or Plurality of Wives) (1853);
"Cubic and Biquadratic Equations? ( 1866 );
(Key to the Universe) (1879); and (The Great
First Cause. He left in manuscript a (Trea-
tise on the Differential Calculus. )
Pratt, Samuel Jackson. An English poet
and novelist; born at St. Ives, Cornwall, Dec.
25, 1749; died at Birmingham, Oct. 4, 1814.
Besides his translation Goethe's "Sorrows
of Werther' (1813), his books are: (Sympathy,'
a poem ; (Tears of Genius) (1774), a poem on
Goldsmith; (Landscapes in Verse); Liberal
Opinion' (1775), a novel; (Emma Corbett)
(1776), a novel; Apology for David Hume)
(1777); Pupils of Pleasure) (1779), a novel;
(Gleanings through Wales, Holland,' etc. (1795);
Gleanings in England (1796); (The Fair Cir-
cassian,' a tragedy ; (Family Secrets) (1797), a
novel; (Cabinet of Poetry) (1808).
Prentice, George Denison. An American
journalist, author, and poet; born at Preston,
Conn. , Dec. 18, 1802; died at Louisville, Ky. ,
Jan. 22, 1870. He was on the staff of the Hart-
ford Weekly Review from 1828 to 1830, when
he became editor of the Louisville Journal, and
held that position until his death, making the
paper famous for satiric wit and exuberant fun.
His best-known work is a volume of witticisms
entitled Prenticeana) (1859). His other pub-
lications are "Life of Henry Clay) (1831), and
(Poems) (1876).


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440
PRENTISS - PRIDEAUX
Prentiss, Mrs. Elizabeth (Payson). An
American writer of fiction; born at Portland,
Me. , Oct. 26, 1818; died at Dorset, Vt. , Aug. 13,
1878. Her most popular work was “Stepping
Heavenward (1869), which was translated into
several languages. She also published: (Little
Susy's Six Birthdays) (1853); (Fred and Maria
and Me) (1867); (Aunt Jane's Hero) (1871);
(Pemaquid) (1877); "Gentleman Jim (1878).
Preradović, Peter (prer-a-do'vich). The
most eminent of modern Croatian lyric poets;
born at Grabonitza, March 19, 1818; died Aug.
18, 1872. He wrote : Firstlings,' a collection of
short poems (1846); New Songs) (1851); "The
First Men) and (The Slavic Dioscuri, epics.
Prescott, William Hickling. An eminent
American historian; born at Salem, Mass. ,
May 4, 1796; died at New York, Jan. 28, 1859.
His works are: (History of Ferdinand and Is-
abella) (3 vols. , 1838); (History of the Conquest
of Mexico) (3 vols. , 1843); History of the
Conquest of Peru) (3 vols. , 1847); (History of
the Reign of Philip II. of Spain' (3 vols. , 1855-
58); Biographical and Critical Miscellanies)
(1843); “Critical Essays) (1852). *
Pressensé, Edmond Déhoult de (prā-son-
sā'). An eminent French theologian and his-
torian; born at Paris, Jan. 7, 1824; died there,
April 8, 1891. Among his numerous writings
are : (The Church and the French Revolution)
(1864); Jesus Christ, his Life and his Work)
(1866; 7th ed. 1884), written in opposition to
Renan's Life of Jesus); (History of the First
Three Centuries of the Christian Church' (6
vols. , 1858–77); (The Council of the Vatican)
(1872); Origins : The Problem of Cognition,
the Cosmologic Problem,' etc. (1883); Moral
and Political Miscellanies) (1885); (Alexander
Vinet and his Unpublished Correspondence
with H. Lutteroth) (1890).
Preston, Harriet Waters. An American
scholar, translator, and writer ; born in Danvers,
Mass. , about 1843; now resident at Leland Stan-
ford University, California. At an early age she
became noted as a linguist, and now has achieved
a brilliant reputation as a translator from the
Latin and Provençal languages, and as an essay-
ist. Besides her translations of Mistral's (Mi-
rèio (1873), Virgil's (Georgics) (1881), and sev-
eral others, she has published of her own ori-
ginal work : (Aspendale) (1881); «Troubadours
and Trouvères) (1876); (A Year in Eden,
with Louise Dodge (1886); 'Private Life of the
Romans) (1893); and "Love in the Nineteenth
Century.
Preston, Mrs. Margaret (Junkin). An
American poet and miscellaneous writer; born
in Philadelphia about 1825; died 1897. She
was a resident of Lexington, Va. , and later of
Baltimore, Md. Her writings deal chiefly with
the period of the Civil War, the best known
being : (Silverwood (1856), a novel; (Beechen-
brook, a Rhyme of the War) (1866); (Cartoons)
(1875); “Colonial Ballads) (1887); Aunt Dor-
othy) (1890).
Prévost, Eugène Marcel (prā-võ'). A French
novelist; born at Paris, May 1, 1862. His first
story, 'The Scorpion (1887), the tragic history
of a clerical tutor in a Jesuit school, made a
deep impression because of the fine psycho-
logical insight and intimate knowledge of the
priestly life it displayed. It was followed by
(Our Helpmate: Provincials and Parisiennes)
(1885); (Chonchette) (1888); (Mlle. Jaufre)
(1889), perhaps his best work; (Cousin Laura:
Stage Morality) (1890); (A Lover's Confession
(1891); “Women's Letters) (1892); “A Woman's
Autumn) ( 1893 ); (The Mill at Nazareth
(1894); (The Demi-Virgins) (1894); More of
the Women's Letters) (1894).
Prévost d'Exiles, Antoine François (prā-vo-
deg-zēl'), commonly called Abbé Prévost. A
notable French novelist; born at Hesdin in
Artois, April 1, 1697; died near Chantilly, Nov.
23, 1763. He gained great celebrity through his
remarkable novels : Memoirs of a Man of
Quality) (1728); (Cleveland); Manon Lescaut,'
his greatest work (1731); (Story of a Modern
Greek Woman' (1741). He also wrote some
historical works and moral essays, and trans-
lated Richardson's (Pamela' and (Clarissa. ' *
Prévost-Paradol, Lucien Anatole (prā-võ'
pä-rä-dol'). A distinguished French journalist;
born at Paris, Aug. 8, 1829; died by suicide at
Washington, D. C. , July 20, 1870, while he was
French envoy to the United States. He wrote:
Essay on Universal History) (2 vols. , 1854);
(Rôle of the Family in Education (1857);
(Essays on Politics and Literature) (3 vols. ,
1859–63); (Pages of Contemporary History) (4
vols. , 1862–64); (Studies on the French Moral-
ists) (1865); (The New France) (1868).
Price, Eleanor C. An English novelist; born
18–. Her books are: (One Only) (1874);
(Constantia) (1875); (A French Heiress in her
Own Château) (1878); (Mrs. Lancaster's Rival
(1879);(Valentina : A Sketch' (1882); (The For-
eigners) (1883); (High Aims) (1884); "Gerald'
(1885); (Alexia) (1887); (Red Towers) (1888).
Price, Richard. A notable English philoso-
pher and man of science; born at Tynton in
Glamorganshire, Feb. 22, 1723; died April 19,
1791. He was a Dissenting minister, and was
pastor of a congregation at Hackney. He was
the friend of Benjamin Franklin, and sympa-
thized warmly with the American colonists.
His tables of vital statistics and calculations
of expectancy of life were the basis of modern
annuities and life insurance ; his economic and
financial writings were of a high order, and
the younger Pitt consulted him on finance.
His principal writings are : An Appeal to the
Public on the Subject of the National Debt'
(1771); (Civil Liberty and the Justice and
Policy of the War with America) (1776); (Re-
view of the Principal Questions in Morals) (3d
ed. 1787); (The American Revolution and the
Means of Rendering It a Benefit to the World
(1784).
Prideaux, Humphrey. An English theolo-
gian and historical writer; born at Place in
:


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PRIEST -- PROCOPIUS
441
>
Cornwall, May 2, 1648; died at Norwich, Nov.
1, 1724. He was a minister of the established
Church, and became dean of Norwich in 1702.
His chief writings are : (Validity of the Orders
of the Church of England) (1088); (The Case
of Clandestine Marriages Stated’ (1691); Life
of Mahomet! ( 1697 ); (The Old and New
Testament Connected in the History of the
Jews,' a work of great research and learning
(1716).
Priest, Josiah. An American writer ; born
in New York, about 1790; died about 1850.
He was an unschooled man, a harness-maker
by trade; but published several books, some of
which became very popular. Among them
were : (Wonders of Nature) (1826); «View of
the Millennium) (1828); "Stories of the Revo-
lution (1836); (American Antiquities) (1838);
and "Slavery in the Light of History and
Scripture) (1843).
Priestley, Joseph. A celebrated English
philosopher, theologian, physicist, and chemist;
born at Fieldhead near Leeds, March 13, 1733;
died near Philadelphia, Feb. 6, 1804. He was
a Dissenting minister of Unitarian or Socinian
principles, and served as such in various towns,
the last being Hackney, a London suburb.
Among his writings are: Institutes of Natural
and Revealed Religion (1754); History of
Electricity) (1767); Disquisitions on Matter
and Spirit,' his most noteworthy philosophical
treatise (1777); “History of the Corruptions of
Christianity) (1782); «Observations on Differ-
ent kinds of Air) (3 vols. , 1774-77); (The
Doctrine of Phlogiston Established) (1800).
Prime, Samuel Irenæus. An American
clergyman, editor, and author; born at Balls-
ton, N. Y. , Nov. 4, 1812; died at Manchester,
Vt. , July 18, 1885. He was first a minister in
the Presbyterian Church. About 1840 he be-
came editor of the New York Observer, and
remained in charge until his death. He is the
author of over forty volumes, the best known
being : (Travels in Europe and the East)
(1855); "Letters from Switzerland) (1860); (The
Alhambra and the Kremlin (1873); Life of
Samuel F. B. Morse) (1874).
Prime, William Cowper. An American man
of letters; born at Cambridge, N. Y. . Oct. 31,
1825. He wrote : "Owl Creek Letters) (1848);
(The Old House by the River) (1853); Later
Years) (1854); (Boat Life in Egypt and Nubia)
(1857); (Tent Life in the Holy Land); “Coins,
Medals, and Seals) (1861); a work on the
hymn O Mother Dear, Jerusalem) (1865); (I
Go a-Fishing) (1873); (The Holy Cross) (1877);
(Pottery and Porcelain of all Times and Na-
tions) (1878). He edited (McClellan's Own
Story, with biography (1886). *
Prince, Mrs. Helen Choate (Pratt). An
American novelist, granddaughter of Rufus
Choate; born in Massachusetts in 1857. She
is at present residing in France. Her works
are: 'The Story of Christine Rochefort) (1895);
(A Transatlantic Châtelaine) (1897).
Prince, John Critchley. An English poet-
workingman; born in 1808; died in 1866; a
Lancashireman. He wrote: Hours with the
Muses) (1842); (Dreams and Realities); Poetic
Rosary' (1851); and Autumn Leaves) (1856).
Prince, Le Baron Bradford. An American
historical writer, descendant of William Brad-
ford of the Mayflower; born in Flushing, L. I. ,
July 3, 1840. He was a prominent jurist of
New Mexico. His works include : (E Pluribus
Unum; or, American Nationality) (1868); (A
Nation, or a League) (1880); History of New
Mexico) (1883); and (The American Church
and its Name) (1887).
Principe, Miguel Agustin (prēn'the-pā).
A Spanish writer; born at Caspa, 1811. He
was at one time professor of literature and his-
tory at the University of Saragossa, and after-
wards connected with the Royal Library of
Madrid. He has written a "History of the War
of Independence); “Verses, Serious and Gay);
the three dramas (Count Julian,' 'Cerdan,
Judge of Aragon,' and Mauregato, as well as
several comedies, among them (Periquito and
(The House of Pero Hernandez. )
Prior, Matthew. A distinguished English
poet; born at Wimborne in Dorsetshire, July
21, 1664; died at Wimpole in Cambridgeshire,
Sept. 18, 1721. With Charles Montagu, after-
ward Lord Halifax, he wrote (The City Mouse
and the Country Mouse) (1687), in ridicule of
Dryden's 'Hind and Panther. His other works
are : (Alma; or, The Progress of the Mind
(1718); (Solomon, his most ambitious poetic
Aight (1718); Poems on Several Occasions)
(1718). *
Privat d'Anglemont, Alexandre (pré-vä'.
dängl-môn'). A French man of letters; born
at St. Rose, W. I. , about 1820 ; died at Paris,
1859. He first became known through a small
volume, (The Prado) (1846); but all his days
he led the life of a bohemian, and finally died
in a hospital. He published (Anecdotes of
Paris) (1854); and one of his friends has col.
lected and published Privat's fugitive efforts
under the title "Unknown Paris) (1861).
Proclus (prōʻklus. ) A Greek Neo-Platonic
philosopher; born at Constantinople, 412; died
there, 485. He wrote hymns and epigrams,
some of which have come down to us. He
wrote also works on astronomy and mathe-
matics, among them a Commentary on Euclid,
which is extant; and a commentary on Plato's
Dialogues, of which the commentary on 'The
Republic) has come down to our time.
Procopius (pro-ko'pē-us). An eminent Greek
historian of the sixth century, the leading au-
thority for Justinian's reign; born at Cæsarea
in Palestine. He was private secretary to
Belisarius, then chief of his commissariat and
his navy, and prefect of Constantinople under
Justinian. Of his writings we have the (His-
tories,' or as the author styles them, (Books
about the Wars) of his time,- Persian, Van-
dal, and Gothic; a treatise (On Buildings);
a


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442
PROCTER - PRUDENTICS
((
(Anecdotes) (posthumous), a supplement to the
(Histories,' consisting of political and personal
matter he dared not publish in his lifetime.
Procter, Adelaide Anne. An English poet,
daughter of Bryan W. ; born at London, Oct.
30, 1825; died Feb. 3, 1864. She wrote (Legends
and Lyrics) (1858), which went through nine
editions in seven years; and a second series
(1860), which had a like success. *
Procter, Bryan Waller. [“Barry Cornwall. ]
An English poet and man of letters; born in
Wiltshire, Nov. 21, 1787 ; died at London, Oct.
4, 1874. He wrote: (Dramatic Scenes and
Other Poems) (1819); (A Sicilian Story) (1820);
(Mirandola, a tragedy (1821); (The Flood of
Thessaly) (1823); (English Songs) (1832). His
chief prose writings are: Life of Edmund
Kean) ( 1835 ); Essays and Tales) (1851);
Charles Lamb: a Memoir) (1866). *
Proctor, Edna Dean. An American poet;
born at Henniker, N. H. , Oct. 10, 1838. She
is a resident of South Framingham, Mass. , but
was formerly of Brooklyn, N. Y. Her works
are: Poems) ( 1866 ); (A Russian Journey)
( 1872 ); (The Song of the Ancient People )
(1892).
Proctor, Richard Anthony. A distinguished
English astronomer and writer on scientific sub-
jects; born at Chelsea, March 23, 1837; died at
New York, Sept. 12, 1888. He wrote a great
many popular expositions of science; his great-
est work, 'Old and New Astronomy,' not quite
completed at his death, was carried to com-
pletion by another hand and published in
parts.
Propertius, Sextus (prō-per's hius). The
great Roman elegiac poet; born at Assisium,
about 50 B. C. ; died about 15 B. C. His poems
consist of four books)); the subjects are either
amatory, or political and social, or historical
and antiquarian. *
Prosper of Aquitaine. A Gallic poet of the
first half of the fifth century. He wrote a hex-
ameter poem of about a thousand lines against
the Pelagian heresy, Against the Ungrateful. ?
He was a correspondent of St. Augustine, and
after that Father's death wrote (Responsions
for Augustine.
Proth, Mario (prot). A French writer;
born at Sin, 1832. After having finished his
studies at Metz, he went to Paris, where he
always showed himself a stanch Republican
and violent opponent of the Empire. After
the revolution of 1870, he was selected to put
in order and publish the curious Papers and
Correspondence of the Imperial Family) found
in the Tuileries. Among his own works are :
(To Young People : How to do Battle) (1861);
(Love Letters of Mirabeau, Preceded by a
Study of Mirabeau) (1863); (A Silhouette of the
Revolution (1864); (The Vagabonds) (1864).
Proudfit, David Law. ["Peleg Arkwright. ”]
An American verse-writer; born in Newburg,
N. Y. , Oct. 27, 1842; died in 1897. His writings
have received popular favor. In book-form they
are : Love among the Gamins,' poems (1877);
and Mask and Domino (1888).
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph (prö-dôn'). A
French social economist; born at Besançon,
July 15, 1809; died at Passy, Jan. 19, 1865. In
his early years he was a compositor and after-
ward proof-reader in a printing-office; and in
that situation acquired a knowledge of Latin,
Greek, and Hebrew, also of Catholic and patris.
tic theology. He wrote: (An Essay toward
a General Grammar) (1837); (What Is Prop-
erty ? ) (1840), answering the question in the
words already used by Brissot, Property is
robbery”; (System of Economic Contradictions,
or Philosophy of Misery) (2 vols. , 1846), to
which Karl Marx replied with «The Misery
of Philosophy); Justice in the Revolution and
in the Church,' a violent attack on all existing
institutions of Church and State (1858).
Prout, Father. See O'Mahony, Francis.
Provancher, Léon (pro-van-shā'). A Cana-
dian priest and naturalist; born in Becancour,
P. Q. , March 10, 1820. In 1869 he retired from
the ministry, and devoted himself to literary
work and the study of natural history. He
established Le Naturalist Canadien in 1868,
and received the degree of D. Sc. in 1880. His
publications include: (Elementary Treatise on
Botany) (1858); Canadian Plant Life) (1865);
(From Quebec to Jerusalem (1882); and 'Short
History of Canada) (1887).
Proyart, Liévain Bonaventure (Abbé)
(prwä. yär'). A French religious writer and
historian; born at Artois, 1748; died at Arras,
1808. He took orders, and emigrated at the
period of the Revolution, against which some
of his writings were directed. Among his
works are: (The Virtuous Pupil, a small book
which has become a classic (1772); a Life of
the Dauphin, Father of Louis XV? (1778); (His-
tory of Stanislaus I. , King of Poland” (1782);
(The Life and Crimes of Robespierre, Sur-
named the Tyrant' (1795); and various others
on historical themes.
Prudden, Theophile Mitchell. An Ameri-
can physician and bacteriologist; born at Mid-
dlebury, Conn. , July 7, 1849. He is professor
of pathology in the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York. His works include:
(Handbook of Pathological Anatomy and His-
tology) (1885), with F. Delafield ; (Story of the
Bacteria) (1889); Dust and its Dangers !
(1891); “Water and Ice) (1891).
Prudentius, Aurelius Publius Clemens
(prö-den'shi-us). A Christian poet; born in
Spain, about 350 A. D. ; died about 410. He
wrote: (Hymns for Days and Seasons); (Apo-
theosis,' 1085 hexameter verses on the divinity
of Jesus Christ; (Hamartigenia,' the origin of
sin ; (Psychomachia,' virtue and vice contend-
ing for man's soul; Against Symmachus);
(The Martyrs' Crowns); (Diptychs,' comprising
forty-nine hexameter tetrastichs on Scriptural
events and personages.


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>
Prudhomme, René François Armand Sully.
See Sully-Prudhomme.
Pruszakowa, Séverine Zochowska (prö-sä-
kõ'vä). A Polish woman of letters; born
about 1830. She received an excellent educa-
tion, and has acquired a style of almost classic
purity. She has published both historical and
poetical works, among them: (Tales of Our
Times) (1853); Poetic Tales) (1855); “Eliza-
beth Druzbacka, a poem (1855); a “History of
Hungary) (1863); (Sebastian Klouswieg,' one
of her finest poetical compositions; and a
(View of the Literature of the Peoples of the
Middle Ages, Particularly the Slavs and Ger-
mans) (1856).
Prutz, Hans (pröts). A German historical
writer, son of Robert Eduard; born at Jena,
May 20, 1843. He became professor of history
in the University of Königsberg in 1870. He
wrote: Henry the Lion (1865); (Kaiser Fred-
erick I. (3 vols. , 1871-74); Phænicia : Geo-
graphical Sketches and Historical Studies)
(1876); “The Possessions of the German Order
in the Holy Land? (1877); "Secret Teaching
and Secret Laws of the Templars) (1879);
(Culture-History of the Crusades) (1883); De-
velopment and Fall of the Order of Knights
Templar(1888).
Prutz, Robert Eduard.
A German poet
and historian of literature; born at Stettin,
May 30, 1816; died there, June 21, 1872. His
principal works are: (The Rhine) (1840);
i Poems, a collection of his lyrics, in great
part erotic (1841); a comedy, (The Political
Lying-in Chamber) (1843); several historical
dramas, as Charles of Bourbon, (Maurice of
Saxe, Eric, the Peasants' King); "Lectures
on the History of the German Theatre) (1847);
"Contemporary German Literature (1847);
(Men and Books: Biographical Contributions
to the History of German Literature in the
18th Century) (1862).
Przezdziecki, Alexander (pzhes-jēts’kē). A
Polish miscellaneous writer and historian; born
in Podolia, 1814; died in Cracow, 1871. He
studied in Berlin; and possessing a large for
tune, traveled in all parts of Europe for mate-
rial relating to the history of his country. He
wrote French as easily as his mother tongue.
Among his works are: (Halzka d’Ostrog, a
historical drama (1841); (The Capitalist,' a com-
edy (1841); "Hedwig,' a historical drama (1844);
(Sources for the History of Poland) (1843-44);
Monuments of the Art of the Middle Ages at
the Time of the Renaissance of Poland (1853-
62); “Dom Sebastian of Portugal,' a comedy.
Psalmanazar, George (säl-män-ä-tsär). A
noted impostor; born probably in Languedoc,
about 1679; died at London, May 3, 1763. He
pretended to be a native of Formosa, and in
that character traveled through Germany and
the Low Countries. At Sluys he made the ac-
quaintance of a Scotch parson, who brought
to England and introduced hir to the
bishop of London. He published a fictitious
(Historical and Geographical Description of
Formosa) (1704), inventing an alphabet and
a lingo professing to represent the Formosan
tongue; Dialogue between a Japanese and a
Formosan (1707); An Inquiry into the Objec-
tions against George Psalmanazar of Formosa,
with George Psalmanazar's Answer, both in-
quiry and answer doubtless written by the im-
postor; (Essays on Scriptural Subjects) (1753).
Psellus, Michael Constantine (sellus). A
Byzantine writer on miscellaneous subjects;
born at Constantinople, 1020; died about 1110.
He wore the title "prince of philosophers,”
conferred on him by the emperors. Among his
writings are : (Paraphrase of Aristotle on Inter-
pretation) (1503); (A Work Distributed to the
Four Mathematical Sciences, Arithmetic, Mu-
sic, Geometry, and Astronomy) (printed 1532);
(Synopsis of the Laws, in iambic verse (1544);
(Dialogue about the Action of Demons); Of
the Virtues of [precious] Stones.
Ptolemy, or Claudius Ptolemæus of Alex-
andria.