152 gave
Jonathan
still greater power.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
c.
xii.
; Ceillier, Auteurs
Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 370 ; Cave, Hist. Litt. Sacrés, vol. iv. 181, &c. )
ad ann. 1420. )
15. MAGNUS. (No. 1. ]
14. MAGNES. Some extracts from a work en- 16. MARTYRII SCRIPTOR. A supplement to
titled Apologia adversus Theosthenem Evangeliorum the Acta Proconsularia Beatorum Martyrum Tha-
Calumniatorem, by a writer whom he termed Mag- raci Probi et Andronici, of which Baronius has given
NETES, were given in a Latin version by Fran. a Latin version in his Annales Ecclesiastici, ad ann.
ciscus Turrianus, in his tract De Sanctissima 290, is said by him to have been drawn up by
Eucharistia contra Volanum Polonum, Florence, Macarius, Felix, and Verus, Christians, who were
1575; but nothing was at that time known of the spectators of the Martyrdom ; but a reference
writer, of whom there was not any ascertained to the original Acta (which were published, with a
notice in the writers of the first eight centuries Latin version, by Emericus Bigotius, Paris, 1680,
after Christ. Cave found in a MS. work of Ger- and by Ruinart in his Acta Martyrum Sincera, and
manus of Constantinople (he does not say which by the Bollandists, in the Acta Sanctorum Octobri,
Germanus), mention of “one MAGNES, a presbyter vol. v. p. 560, &c. ) shows that the name of the
of Jerusalem,” who was present at the synod of writer was Marcion (Mapkiwv), not Macarius.
Antioch, A. D. 265, at which Paul of Samosata 17. Monachus. According to Gennadius of
was deposed and excommunicated ; and he iden- Marseilles, Macarius, a Roman monk, wrote Liber
tified this Magnes, but without reason, with the adversus Muthematicos, or as it is described by
writer of the Apologia. Tillemont (Hist. des Em- Rufinus, Opuscula adversus Fatum et Mathesin, now
péreurs, vol. iv. p. 308, &c. ) has devoted a section to lost. He lived about the end of the fourth century,
this obscure writer, and Magnus Crusius of Göttingen and was the intimate friend of Rufinus, who in-
has most fully discussed the subject in two disser- scribed to him his Latin version of the Ilepl doxw
tations, Notitia Macarü Magnetis, and De Jeono- of Origen, and his Apologia pro Origene. (Gen-
govuévois Macarii Magnetis, 4to. Göttingen, 1737 vadius, De Viris Illustr. c. 28 ; Fabric. Biblioth.
and 1745. The name of the author is found in Graec. vol. viii. p. 372 ; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann.
the various forms of MACARIUS MAGNETES (TOû 401. )
Μακαρίου Μαγνήτου), MACARIUS MAGNES (του 18. The MONOTHELITE. [No. 4. ]
Μακαρίου Μάγνητος), and MACARIUs (του αγίου 19. PATRIARCHA. [Nos. 4, 9, 11. )
Makaplov), the last showing that Macarius is 20. Of PHILADELPHIA. [CHRYSOCEPHALUS. ]
a name, not a title (“ Beatus"); but it is doubt- 21. ROMANUS. (No. 17. )
ful whether Magnes is to be understood as a 22. RUFINI Amicus. (No. 17. ]
name or as a local designation," the Magnesian;" Many other Macarii are enumerated by Fabricius,
and this uncertainty existed as early as the ninth Biblioth. Graec. vol. viii. p. 367, &c. (J. C. M. ].
century, when both the writer and his work, MACATUS, M. LI'VIUS, was appointed by
which was cited by the Iconoclasts, had become the propraetor M. Valerius, in B. c. 214, com-
obscure. In a copy of his work, which was found mander of the town and citadel of Tarentum, and
with difficulty by the orthodox of that day, the defended both with success against the attacks of
author was called lepapxuls, “bishop," and was Hannibal in that year. But two years afterwards
delineated in episcopal vestments ; but his see (B. c. 212) the town was taken by a surprise, and
appears to have been altogether unknown. He is Livius fled for refuge into the citadel, which he
thought by Crusius to have lived near the end of maintained, notwithstanding all the attempts of
the third or the beginning of the fourth century. Hannibal to dislodge him. In course of time
There was a Macarius bishop of Magnesia, early the Roman troops suffered dreadfully, from want of
66
## p. 878 (#894) ############################################
878
MACCABAEI.
MACCABAEI.
provisions. In B. c. 210, D. Quintius was sent making a certain though slow progress among the
with a fleet to convey provisions to the citadel, Jewish nation also. Under the sovereignty of the
but was defeated by the Tarentines ; this disaster, early Ptolemies and Seleucidae, who had allowed
however, was counterbalanced by a victory which the Jews liberty of religious worship, an influential
Livius gained at the same time by land. Livius party had adopted the Greek religion and Greek
continued in possession of the citadel till the town habits ; and their example would probably have
was retaken by Q. Fabius Maximus in B. c. 209. been followed by still greater numbers, had not the
In the following year there was a warm debate in attempts of Antiochus (IV. ) Epiphanes to root out
the senate respecting Livius Macatus; some main- entirely by persecution the worship of Jehovah
taining that he ought to be punished for losing the roused the religious patriotism of the great body of
town, others that he deserved to be rewarded for the people, who still remained stedfust to their
having kept the citadel for five years, and a third ancient faith.
party thinking that it was a matter which did not Antiochus IV. had sold the priesthood succes-
belong to the senate, and that if punishment was sively to Joshua, who assumed the Greek name of
deserved, it ought to be inflicted by the censorial Jason, and subsequently to Onias, who also changed
Lou. The latter view was the one adopted by the his name into that of Menelaus, under the con-
majority of the senate. Macatus was warmly dition of their introducing into Jerusalem Greek
supported on this occasion by his relative M. Livius rites and institutions. Onias, in order to obtain
Salinator ; and a saying of Q. Fabius Maximus in the money to pay for the priesthood, had purloined
the course of the debate is recorded by several the sacred vessels of the temple, and sold them at
writers. When the friends of Macatus were Tyre. This act of sacrilege, united with other
maintaining that Maximus was indebted for his circumstances, caused a formidable insurrection at
conquest of the town to Macatus, because he had Jerusalem, for which, however, the inhabitants had
possession of the citadel, Maximus replied, “ Certe, to pay dearly. Antiochus was just returning from
nam nisi ille amisisset, ego nunquam recepissem. ” his Egyptian campaign when he heard of the
(Liv. xxiv. 20, xxv. 9, 10, 11, xxvi. 39, xxvii. revolt. He forth with marched against the city,
25, 34 ; Appian, Annib. 32 ; Polyb. viii. 27, &c. , which he easily took (B. c. 170), put to death a
who calls him Caius Livius ; Cic. de Senect. 4, de vast number of the inhabitants, pillaged the temple,
Orat. ii. 67, 'who erroneously calls him Livius and profaned it by offering a sow on the altar of
Saiinator ; Plut. Fab. 21. )
burnt sacrifices. Two years afterwards, when he
MACCABAEI (Maxkabaîoi), the name gene- was forced by the Romans to retire from Egypt, he
rally given to the descendants of the family of the resolved to root out entirely the Jewish religion,
heroic Judas Maccabi or Maccabaeus, a surname and to put to death every one who still adhered to
which he obtained from his glorious victories. it. He again took possession of Jerusalem, and
(From the Hebrew 2P? , makkab, “ a hammer;" commanded a general massacre of the inhabitants
see Winer, Biblisches Realwörterbuch, vol. i. on tbe Sabbath ; he set fire to the city in many
p.
745. ) They were also called Asamonaci ('Agauw places, and built a strong fortress in the highest
valoi), from Asamonaeus, or Chasmon, the great part of Mount Sion, to command the whole of the
grandfather of Mattathias, the father of Judas surrounding country. He then published an edict,
Maccabaeus, or, in a shorter form, Asmonaei or which enjoined uniformity of worship throughout
Hasmonaci. This family, which eventually ob- his dominions ; and the most frightful cruelties
tained the kingly dignity, first occurs in history in
were perpetrated on those who refused obedience.
B. C. 167, when Mattathias raised the standard of
The barbarities committed in every part of
revolt against the Syrian kings. According to Judaea soon produced a reaction. At Modin, a
Josephus (Ant. xiv. 16) the Asmonaean dynasty town not far from Lydda, on the road which leads
lasted for 126 years ; and as he places its ter-
from Joppa to Jerusalem, lived Mattathias, a man
mination in B. c. 37, the year in which Antigonus, of the priestly line and of deep religious feeling,
king of Judaea, was put to death by M. Antony, who had five sons in the vigour of their days,
it would have commenced in B. c. 163, when Judas John, Simon, Judas, Eleazar, and Jonathan.
Maccabaeus took Jerusalem, and restored the wor-
When the officer of the Syrian king visited Modin,
ship of the temple. At the death of Antigonus to enforce obedience to the royal edict, Mattathias
there were only two members of the Asmonaean not only refused to desert the religion of his fore.
race surviving, namely, Aristobulus and his sister fathers, but with his own hand struck dead the
Mariamne, the former of whom was put to death first renegade who attempted to offer sacrifice on
by Herod in B. c. 35, and the latter was married the heathen altar. He then put to death the king's
to the murderer of her brother, to whom she bore officer, and retired to the mountains with his five
several children.
sons (B. c. 167). Their numbers daily increased ;
The history of the Maccabees is related at length and as opportunities occurred, they issued from
by Josephus (xii. 6—xiv. 16), and the war of their mountain fastnesses, cut off detachments of
independence against the Syrian kings down to the Syrian army, destroyed heathen altars, and
the time of Simon in the first and second books of restored in many places the synagogues and the
Maccabees. It is only necessary here to give a open worship of the Jewish religion. Within a
brief account of the founders of this family, since few months the insurrection at Modin had grown
the various members of it, who obtained the kingly into a war for national independence. But the
dignity, are given under their proper names.
å toils of such a war were too much for the aged
genealogical table of the whole family will be found frame of Mattathias, who died in the first year of
in Vol. II. p. 543.
the revolt, leaving the conduct of it to Judas, his
From the death of Alexander the Great the third son.
Greek language, religion, and civilisation, which 1. Judas, who assumed the surname of Mac-
had been spread more or less throughout the whole cabaeus, as has been mentioned above, carried on
of Asia, from the Indus to the Aegaean, had been the war with the same prudence and energy with
## p. 879 (#895) ############################################
MACCABAEI.
879
MACCABAEI.
C.
which it had been commenced. Antiochus had brother Simon carried on a harassing and desultory
collected a powerful army to put down the revolt, warfare against the Syrians. About the same
but being called to the eastern provinces of his time another of the brothers, John, fell in battle.
empire (B. c. 166), he left the conduct of it to his Jonathan, however, gradually grew in strength ;
friend and minister Lysias, who was also entrusted and Bacchides, who had met with several disasters,
with the guardianship of his son and the govern. at length concluded a peace with Jonathan, al-
ment of the provinces from the Euphrates to the though Jerusalem and several other important
sea. (LYSIAS, No. 4. ] Lysias sent against the towns still continued in the possession of the Syrian
Jews a large force under the command of Ptolemy, party: A revolution in the Syrian monarchy in
the son of Dorymenes, Nicanor, and Gorgias, but B. c.
152 gave Jonathan still greater power. In
they were entirely defeated by Judas near Em- that year an adventurer, Alexander Bulas, laid
maus in B. C. 165. In the next year (B. c. 164) claim to the throne of the Seleucidae. (ALEX-
Lysias took the field in person with a still larger ANDER Bilas, Vol. I. p. 114. ] Alexander and
army, but he met with the same fate as his the reigning monarch, Demetrius Soter, engerly
generals, and was overthrown a little to the north courted the assistance of Jonathan. He espoused
of Hebron. The death of Antiochus Epiphanes, the side of Alexander, who offered him the high-
which happened in this year at Tabae in Persia, priesthood, and various immunities and advantages.
and the struggle which arose between Lysias and As Alexander eventually drove Demetrius out of
Philip for the guardianship of the young Antiochus his kingdom, Jonathan shared in his good fortune,
Eupator and for the administration of the empire, and became recognised as the high-priest of the
paralysed for the time the exertions of the Syrians. Jewish people. After the death of Alexander,
Judas and his brothers entered Jerusalem in B. c. which followed soon after, Jonathan played a dig-
163 and purified the temple ; they then proceeded tinguished part in the struggle for the Syrian
to expel the Syrians and Hellenising Jews from throne between Demetrius Nicator, the son of
every part of Judaea. Meantime, however, Lysias, Soter, and Antiochus VI. , the youthful son of
with the aid of the apostate Jews, had again col. Alexander Balas. He first supported the former ;
lected a formidable army, with which he marched but subsequently espoused the side of Antiochus;
against Judas, accompanied by the young king. and it was mainly owing to his energy and ability
His forces were arrested by the strong fortress of that Demetrius was obliged to take to flight, and
Bethsura, which commands the narrow passes that yield the throne to his young rival. Tryphon, the
lead to Jerusalem ; and notwithstanding an heroic minister of Antiochus, wished, however, to sup-
battle near this place, in which Eleazar, the brother plant his master, and obtain the Syrian throne for
of Judas, perished, the town was obliged to ca- himself; and finding Jonathan the chief obstacle
pitulate and Judas to retire to Jerusalem. Here to his ambitious views, he treacherously got him
Judas shut himself up, and successfully resisted all into his power, B. c. 144, and put him to death in
the attempts of Lysias to take the place ; but as the following year. Jonathan was succeeded in
both parties suffered dreadfully from famine, and the high-priesthood by his brother,
the approach of Philip made Lysias anxious to be 3. Simon. Simon immediately declared for De-
at liberty to oppose his rival, a treaty was con- metrius, and was confirmed by the latter in the
cluded between Judas and Lysias, and the latter bigh-priesthood. He was the most fortunate of the
withdrew his troops.
heroic sons of Mattathias. He renewed the alliance
This peace, however, was of short duration with the Romans, fortified many towns, and ex-
Demetrius, who was the rightful heir to the throne pelled eventually the Syrian garrison from the
of Syria, had escaped from Rome, where he had fortress in Jerusalem. Under his fostering care
been a hostage, and on his arrival in Syria suc- the country began to recover from the ravages of
ceeded in getting into his power Lysias and the the long protracted wars, and gradually increased
young Antiochus, both of whom he put to death, in wealth and prosperity. Still he was not des
B. 2. 162. He then proceeded to sow dissension tined to end his days in peace. In B. C. 137,
among the patriotic party in Judaea, by proclaim-Antiochus VII. , who had succeeded his brother
ing Alcimus high-priest. Several of the zealots Demetrius Nicator, unwilling to lose Judaea, which
for the law declared in favour of the latter, and his had now become an independent state, sent an
claims were supported by a Syrian army. But as army, under his general Cenbedeus, to invade the
Judas would not own the authority of a high- country. The aged Simon entrusted the conduct of
priest who owed his appointment to the Syrians, the war to his sons Judas and Joannes Hyrcanus,
the war broke out again. At first the Maccabee who conquered Cenbedeus, and drove him out of
met with great success ; he defeated the Syrians the country. But Simon did not long enjoy the
under Nicanor in two successive battles, and then fruits of his victory. His son-in-law Ptolemy,
sent an embassy to Rome to form an alliance with the governor of Jericho, instigated by Antiochus,
the republic. His offer was eagerly accepted by formed a plot to obtain the government of Judaea.
the Roman senate ; but before this alliance became | He treacherously seized Şimon at a banquet, and
known, he was attacked by an overwhelming put him to death with two of his sons, Judas and
Syrian force under the command of Bacchides, and Mattathias, B. c. 135. His other son Joannes
having only 800 men with him, fell in battle Hyrcanus escaped, and succeeded his father.
after performing prodigies of valour, B. c. 160. He 4. JOANNES HYRCANUS I. was high-priest B. C.
was succeeded in the command of the patriotic | 135—106. He did not assume the title of king,
party by his brother,
but was to all intents and purposes an independent
2. JONATHAN. As Bacchides and Alcimus monarch. His life is given under HYRCANUS.
were in possession of almost the whole of the He was succeeded by his son,
country, Jonathan was obliged to act on the de- 5. ARISTOBULUS I. , who was the first of the
fensive. He took up a strong position in the Maccabees who assumed the kingly title, which
wilderness of Tekoah, and in conjunction with his was henceforth borne by his successors. His reign
## p. 880 (#896) ############################################
880
MACEDONIUS.
MACEDONIUS.
lasted only a year (B. C. 106-105). (ARISTO accompanied by bloodshed, were excited either by
BULUS, No. 1. ] He was succeeded by his brother, his partisans or those of Paul ; and the attempt to
6. ALEXANDER JANNAEUS, who reigned & c. put these down by Hermogenes, magister equitum,
105–78. (ALEXANDER JANNAEUS, Vol. I. p. who had been ordered by the emperor Constantius
117. ) He was succeeded by his widow,
II. to expel Paul, led to still further seditions, and
7. ALEXANDRA, who appointed her son Hyr- to the murder of Hermogenes. These events com-
canus II. to the priesthood, and held the supreme pelled Constantius, then at Antioch, to return to
power B. c. 78—69. On her death in the latter Constantinople, and an end was put to the disturb
year her son,
ances by the banishment of Paul Constantius
8. HYRCANUS II. , obtained the kingdom, B. C. was, however, much displeased at the unauthorized
69, but was supplanted almost immediately after election of Macedonius, and delayed to recognize
wards by his brother,
him as patriarch, but he was allowed to officiate in
9. ARISTOBULUS II. , who obtained the throne the church in which he had been ordained. These
B. C. 68. [ARISTOBULUS, No. 2. ) For the re- events occurred in A. D. 342. On the departure of
mainder of the history of the house of the Mac- Constantius Paul returned, but was soon again
cabees see HYRCANUS II. and HERODES 1. banished, and Macedonius and his partisans were
MACEDON (Mareduv), a son of Zeus and then by the imperial officers put in possession of
Thyia, and a brother of Magnes, from whom the churches, though not without the loss of
Macedonia was believed to have derived its name. several hundred lives, through the resistance of the
(Steph. Byz. s. v. Makedovla. ) [L. S. ) multitude,
MACEDOʻNICUS, an agnomen of Q. Caecilius Macedonius retained possession of the patriarch-
Metellus, consul B. C. 143. [METELLUS. ) ate and the churches till A. D. 348, when the
MACEDOʻNICUS CE'STIUS. [CEST s, interposition and threats of Constans obliged Con-
No. 2. ]
stantius to restore Paul, whose title had been
MACEDO'NIUS (Makedóvios). ). Of An- confirmed by the council of Sardica (A. D. 347),
TIOCH. [No. 6. ]
and Macedonius was only allowed to officiate in
2. Of Antioch. Macedonius, a Monothelite, one church, which appears to have been his own
was patriarch of Antioch from A. D. 639 or 640, private property ; but in A. D. 350, after the death
till 655 or later. He was appointed to the patri- of Constans, be regained possession of bis see, and
archate by the influence, if not by the nomination, of commenced a vigorous persecution of his opponents,
Sergius, patriarch of Constantinople, by whom also chased them from the churches in his patriarchate,
he was consecrated. The year of his death is not and banished or tortured them, in some instances
certain. Macarius, who was his successor (though to death. On the re-establishment of orthodoxy
perhaps not immediately), stated in his Expositio these unhappy persons were reverenced as martyrs,
Fidei, read at the sixth general council, A. D. 681 and their memory is still celebrated by the Greek and
(MACARIUS, No. 4), that Macedonius was present Latin churches on the 30th March and the 25th Oct.
at a synod held while Peter was patriarch of Con- respectively. By these cruelties Macedonius became
stantinople, i. e. some time from A. D. 655 to 666, hateful even to his own party, and an unexpected
which shows he could not have died before 655. event increased the odium in which he was held.
Macedonius appears to have spent the whole of He removed the body of the emperor Constantine
his patriarchate at Constantinople, Antioch being the Great from the Church of the Apostles, in
in the power of the Saraceng. (Le Quien, Oriens which it had been buried, and which (though built
Christian. vol. ii. col. 740, 74ì ; Bolland. Acta only twenty years before) was in a very dilapidated
Sanctor. Julii, vol. iv. Tractat. Praelim. p. 109. ) state. The removal was made in order to prevent
3. Of ConsTANTINOPLE (1). On the death the corpse being injured by the apprehended fall of
of Eusebius, patriarch of Constantinople, better the church ; but it led to a tumult, in which the
known as Eusebius of Nicomedeia [EUSEBIUS of people appear to have been influenced by hatred of
NICOMEDEIA), A. D. 341 or 342, the orthodox, Macedonius, and many persons were killed in the
which appears to have been the popular party, church to which the body had been removed.
restored the patriarch Paul, who had been deposed Constantius was very angry with Macedonius, both
shortly after his election (A. D. 339) to make room for his removing the body without orders and for
for Eusebius ; while the leaders of the Arian party the serious consequences to which his act had led;
elected Macedonius, who had been deacon, and and the emperor's displeasure prepared the way for
perhaps priest, of the church of Constantinople, his downſal. At the council of Seleuceia (a. D.
and was already advanced in years. Jerome, in 359), where the Acacian or pure Arian party and
his additions to the Chronicon of Eusebius, says the semi-Arians were openly divided and seceded
that Macedonius had been an embroiderer, “ artis from each other, some charges against him, ap
plumariae," an art which Tillemont supposes he parently of cruelty, are said to bave been contem-
might have carried on while in bis office of deacon plated. He did not appear at the first sitting of
or priest, but which Scaliger supposed to be attri- the council, alleging sickness, but he was present
buted to him, by Jerome's mistaking the meaning afterwards ; and if any hostile proceedings were
of the term FOLKLÓTeXvos," which perhaps some contemplated, no steps appear to have been openly
Greek writer had applied to Macedonius. . Accord- taken against him. In a. D. 360, however, in a
ing to the account of the orthodox party, Alexander council held at Constantinople, he was deposed by
the patriarch had described Macedonius as a man the Acacians, who were favoured by Constantius,
having the exterior of piety, and possessing much on the plea that he had been the occasion of many
address in secular affairs ; but, according to the murders, and because he had admitted to com-
Arians, Alexander had commended his piety. He munion a deacon convicted of adultery ; but in
had been one of the adversaries of Paul during the reality to gratify Constantius, who was irritated
first patriarchate of that prelate.
against him, and perhaps also because he would
Upon the election of Macedonius great tumults, not adopt their views. Though expelled from Con-
## p. 881 (#897) ############################################
MACEDONIUS.
881
MACEDONIUS.
stantinople he was not disposed to remain quiet, | Arian ascendency under Valens, to court the or-
but sought to unite himself more closely with the thodox, by approximating towards orthodoxy, led
semi-Arans, in opposition to the Acacians. (ACA- them, now that orthodoxy was in the ascendant
cius, No. 3. ] He appears to have resided in the under Theodosius, to draw nearer to the Arians, in
neighbourhood of Constantinople till his death, of order to secure their alliance and support. The
the date of which there is no account. Facundus Macedonians were also sometimes called Mara-
asserts that he was summoned in A. D. 381 thoniane, Mapaowviavoí, from Marathonius, one of
before the second oecumenical, or first council of their leaders. (Socrates, H.
Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 370 ; Cave, Hist. Litt. Sacrés, vol. iv. 181, &c. )
ad ann. 1420. )
15. MAGNUS. (No. 1. ]
14. MAGNES. Some extracts from a work en- 16. MARTYRII SCRIPTOR. A supplement to
titled Apologia adversus Theosthenem Evangeliorum the Acta Proconsularia Beatorum Martyrum Tha-
Calumniatorem, by a writer whom he termed Mag- raci Probi et Andronici, of which Baronius has given
NETES, were given in a Latin version by Fran. a Latin version in his Annales Ecclesiastici, ad ann.
ciscus Turrianus, in his tract De Sanctissima 290, is said by him to have been drawn up by
Eucharistia contra Volanum Polonum, Florence, Macarius, Felix, and Verus, Christians, who were
1575; but nothing was at that time known of the spectators of the Martyrdom ; but a reference
writer, of whom there was not any ascertained to the original Acta (which were published, with a
notice in the writers of the first eight centuries Latin version, by Emericus Bigotius, Paris, 1680,
after Christ. Cave found in a MS. work of Ger- and by Ruinart in his Acta Martyrum Sincera, and
manus of Constantinople (he does not say which by the Bollandists, in the Acta Sanctorum Octobri,
Germanus), mention of “one MAGNES, a presbyter vol. v. p. 560, &c. ) shows that the name of the
of Jerusalem,” who was present at the synod of writer was Marcion (Mapkiwv), not Macarius.
Antioch, A. D. 265, at which Paul of Samosata 17. Monachus. According to Gennadius of
was deposed and excommunicated ; and he iden- Marseilles, Macarius, a Roman monk, wrote Liber
tified this Magnes, but without reason, with the adversus Muthematicos, or as it is described by
writer of the Apologia. Tillemont (Hist. des Em- Rufinus, Opuscula adversus Fatum et Mathesin, now
péreurs, vol. iv. p. 308, &c. ) has devoted a section to lost. He lived about the end of the fourth century,
this obscure writer, and Magnus Crusius of Göttingen and was the intimate friend of Rufinus, who in-
has most fully discussed the subject in two disser- scribed to him his Latin version of the Ilepl doxw
tations, Notitia Macarü Magnetis, and De Jeono- of Origen, and his Apologia pro Origene. (Gen-
govuévois Macarii Magnetis, 4to. Göttingen, 1737 vadius, De Viris Illustr. c. 28 ; Fabric. Biblioth.
and 1745. The name of the author is found in Graec. vol. viii. p. 372 ; Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann.
the various forms of MACARIUS MAGNETES (TOû 401. )
Μακαρίου Μαγνήτου), MACARIUS MAGNES (του 18. The MONOTHELITE. [No. 4. ]
Μακαρίου Μάγνητος), and MACARIUs (του αγίου 19. PATRIARCHA. [Nos. 4, 9, 11. )
Makaplov), the last showing that Macarius is 20. Of PHILADELPHIA. [CHRYSOCEPHALUS. ]
a name, not a title (“ Beatus"); but it is doubt- 21. ROMANUS. (No. 17. )
ful whether Magnes is to be understood as a 22. RUFINI Amicus. (No. 17. ]
name or as a local designation," the Magnesian;" Many other Macarii are enumerated by Fabricius,
and this uncertainty existed as early as the ninth Biblioth. Graec. vol. viii. p. 367, &c. (J. C. M. ].
century, when both the writer and his work, MACATUS, M. LI'VIUS, was appointed by
which was cited by the Iconoclasts, had become the propraetor M. Valerius, in B. c. 214, com-
obscure. In a copy of his work, which was found mander of the town and citadel of Tarentum, and
with difficulty by the orthodox of that day, the defended both with success against the attacks of
author was called lepapxuls, “bishop," and was Hannibal in that year. But two years afterwards
delineated in episcopal vestments ; but his see (B. c. 212) the town was taken by a surprise, and
appears to have been altogether unknown. He is Livius fled for refuge into the citadel, which he
thought by Crusius to have lived near the end of maintained, notwithstanding all the attempts of
the third or the beginning of the fourth century. Hannibal to dislodge him. In course of time
There was a Macarius bishop of Magnesia, early the Roman troops suffered dreadfully, from want of
66
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MACCABAEI.
MACCABAEI.
provisions. In B. c. 210, D. Quintius was sent making a certain though slow progress among the
with a fleet to convey provisions to the citadel, Jewish nation also. Under the sovereignty of the
but was defeated by the Tarentines ; this disaster, early Ptolemies and Seleucidae, who had allowed
however, was counterbalanced by a victory which the Jews liberty of religious worship, an influential
Livius gained at the same time by land. Livius party had adopted the Greek religion and Greek
continued in possession of the citadel till the town habits ; and their example would probably have
was retaken by Q. Fabius Maximus in B. c. 209. been followed by still greater numbers, had not the
In the following year there was a warm debate in attempts of Antiochus (IV. ) Epiphanes to root out
the senate respecting Livius Macatus; some main- entirely by persecution the worship of Jehovah
taining that he ought to be punished for losing the roused the religious patriotism of the great body of
town, others that he deserved to be rewarded for the people, who still remained stedfust to their
having kept the citadel for five years, and a third ancient faith.
party thinking that it was a matter which did not Antiochus IV. had sold the priesthood succes-
belong to the senate, and that if punishment was sively to Joshua, who assumed the Greek name of
deserved, it ought to be inflicted by the censorial Jason, and subsequently to Onias, who also changed
Lou. The latter view was the one adopted by the his name into that of Menelaus, under the con-
majority of the senate. Macatus was warmly dition of their introducing into Jerusalem Greek
supported on this occasion by his relative M. Livius rites and institutions. Onias, in order to obtain
Salinator ; and a saying of Q. Fabius Maximus in the money to pay for the priesthood, had purloined
the course of the debate is recorded by several the sacred vessels of the temple, and sold them at
writers. When the friends of Macatus were Tyre. This act of sacrilege, united with other
maintaining that Maximus was indebted for his circumstances, caused a formidable insurrection at
conquest of the town to Macatus, because he had Jerusalem, for which, however, the inhabitants had
possession of the citadel, Maximus replied, “ Certe, to pay dearly. Antiochus was just returning from
nam nisi ille amisisset, ego nunquam recepissem. ” his Egyptian campaign when he heard of the
(Liv. xxiv. 20, xxv. 9, 10, 11, xxvi. 39, xxvii. revolt. He forth with marched against the city,
25, 34 ; Appian, Annib. 32 ; Polyb. viii. 27, &c. , which he easily took (B. c. 170), put to death a
who calls him Caius Livius ; Cic. de Senect. 4, de vast number of the inhabitants, pillaged the temple,
Orat. ii. 67, 'who erroneously calls him Livius and profaned it by offering a sow on the altar of
Saiinator ; Plut. Fab. 21. )
burnt sacrifices. Two years afterwards, when he
MACCABAEI (Maxkabaîoi), the name gene- was forced by the Romans to retire from Egypt, he
rally given to the descendants of the family of the resolved to root out entirely the Jewish religion,
heroic Judas Maccabi or Maccabaeus, a surname and to put to death every one who still adhered to
which he obtained from his glorious victories. it. He again took possession of Jerusalem, and
(From the Hebrew 2P? , makkab, “ a hammer;" commanded a general massacre of the inhabitants
see Winer, Biblisches Realwörterbuch, vol. i. on tbe Sabbath ; he set fire to the city in many
p.
745. ) They were also called Asamonaci ('Agauw places, and built a strong fortress in the highest
valoi), from Asamonaeus, or Chasmon, the great part of Mount Sion, to command the whole of the
grandfather of Mattathias, the father of Judas surrounding country. He then published an edict,
Maccabaeus, or, in a shorter form, Asmonaei or which enjoined uniformity of worship throughout
Hasmonaci. This family, which eventually ob- his dominions ; and the most frightful cruelties
tained the kingly dignity, first occurs in history in
were perpetrated on those who refused obedience.
B. C. 167, when Mattathias raised the standard of
The barbarities committed in every part of
revolt against the Syrian kings. According to Judaea soon produced a reaction. At Modin, a
Josephus (Ant. xiv. 16) the Asmonaean dynasty town not far from Lydda, on the road which leads
lasted for 126 years ; and as he places its ter-
from Joppa to Jerusalem, lived Mattathias, a man
mination in B. c. 37, the year in which Antigonus, of the priestly line and of deep religious feeling,
king of Judaea, was put to death by M. Antony, who had five sons in the vigour of their days,
it would have commenced in B. c. 163, when Judas John, Simon, Judas, Eleazar, and Jonathan.
Maccabaeus took Jerusalem, and restored the wor-
When the officer of the Syrian king visited Modin,
ship of the temple. At the death of Antigonus to enforce obedience to the royal edict, Mattathias
there were only two members of the Asmonaean not only refused to desert the religion of his fore.
race surviving, namely, Aristobulus and his sister fathers, but with his own hand struck dead the
Mariamne, the former of whom was put to death first renegade who attempted to offer sacrifice on
by Herod in B. c. 35, and the latter was married the heathen altar. He then put to death the king's
to the murderer of her brother, to whom she bore officer, and retired to the mountains with his five
several children.
sons (B. c. 167). Their numbers daily increased ;
The history of the Maccabees is related at length and as opportunities occurred, they issued from
by Josephus (xii. 6—xiv. 16), and the war of their mountain fastnesses, cut off detachments of
independence against the Syrian kings down to the Syrian army, destroyed heathen altars, and
the time of Simon in the first and second books of restored in many places the synagogues and the
Maccabees. It is only necessary here to give a open worship of the Jewish religion. Within a
brief account of the founders of this family, since few months the insurrection at Modin had grown
the various members of it, who obtained the kingly into a war for national independence. But the
dignity, are given under their proper names.
å toils of such a war were too much for the aged
genealogical table of the whole family will be found frame of Mattathias, who died in the first year of
in Vol. II. p. 543.
the revolt, leaving the conduct of it to Judas, his
From the death of Alexander the Great the third son.
Greek language, religion, and civilisation, which 1. Judas, who assumed the surname of Mac-
had been spread more or less throughout the whole cabaeus, as has been mentioned above, carried on
of Asia, from the Indus to the Aegaean, had been the war with the same prudence and energy with
## p. 879 (#895) ############################################
MACCABAEI.
879
MACCABAEI.
C.
which it had been commenced. Antiochus had brother Simon carried on a harassing and desultory
collected a powerful army to put down the revolt, warfare against the Syrians. About the same
but being called to the eastern provinces of his time another of the brothers, John, fell in battle.
empire (B. c. 166), he left the conduct of it to his Jonathan, however, gradually grew in strength ;
friend and minister Lysias, who was also entrusted and Bacchides, who had met with several disasters,
with the guardianship of his son and the govern. at length concluded a peace with Jonathan, al-
ment of the provinces from the Euphrates to the though Jerusalem and several other important
sea. (LYSIAS, No. 4. ] Lysias sent against the towns still continued in the possession of the Syrian
Jews a large force under the command of Ptolemy, party: A revolution in the Syrian monarchy in
the son of Dorymenes, Nicanor, and Gorgias, but B. c.
152 gave Jonathan still greater power. In
they were entirely defeated by Judas near Em- that year an adventurer, Alexander Bulas, laid
maus in B. C. 165. In the next year (B. c. 164) claim to the throne of the Seleucidae. (ALEX-
Lysias took the field in person with a still larger ANDER Bilas, Vol. I. p. 114. ] Alexander and
army, but he met with the same fate as his the reigning monarch, Demetrius Soter, engerly
generals, and was overthrown a little to the north courted the assistance of Jonathan. He espoused
of Hebron. The death of Antiochus Epiphanes, the side of Alexander, who offered him the high-
which happened in this year at Tabae in Persia, priesthood, and various immunities and advantages.
and the struggle which arose between Lysias and As Alexander eventually drove Demetrius out of
Philip for the guardianship of the young Antiochus his kingdom, Jonathan shared in his good fortune,
Eupator and for the administration of the empire, and became recognised as the high-priest of the
paralysed for the time the exertions of the Syrians. Jewish people. After the death of Alexander,
Judas and his brothers entered Jerusalem in B. c. which followed soon after, Jonathan played a dig-
163 and purified the temple ; they then proceeded tinguished part in the struggle for the Syrian
to expel the Syrians and Hellenising Jews from throne between Demetrius Nicator, the son of
every part of Judaea. Meantime, however, Lysias, Soter, and Antiochus VI. , the youthful son of
with the aid of the apostate Jews, had again col. Alexander Balas. He first supported the former ;
lected a formidable army, with which he marched but subsequently espoused the side of Antiochus;
against Judas, accompanied by the young king. and it was mainly owing to his energy and ability
His forces were arrested by the strong fortress of that Demetrius was obliged to take to flight, and
Bethsura, which commands the narrow passes that yield the throne to his young rival. Tryphon, the
lead to Jerusalem ; and notwithstanding an heroic minister of Antiochus, wished, however, to sup-
battle near this place, in which Eleazar, the brother plant his master, and obtain the Syrian throne for
of Judas, perished, the town was obliged to ca- himself; and finding Jonathan the chief obstacle
pitulate and Judas to retire to Jerusalem. Here to his ambitious views, he treacherously got him
Judas shut himself up, and successfully resisted all into his power, B. c. 144, and put him to death in
the attempts of Lysias to take the place ; but as the following year. Jonathan was succeeded in
both parties suffered dreadfully from famine, and the high-priesthood by his brother,
the approach of Philip made Lysias anxious to be 3. Simon. Simon immediately declared for De-
at liberty to oppose his rival, a treaty was con- metrius, and was confirmed by the latter in the
cluded between Judas and Lysias, and the latter bigh-priesthood. He was the most fortunate of the
withdrew his troops.
heroic sons of Mattathias. He renewed the alliance
This peace, however, was of short duration with the Romans, fortified many towns, and ex-
Demetrius, who was the rightful heir to the throne pelled eventually the Syrian garrison from the
of Syria, had escaped from Rome, where he had fortress in Jerusalem. Under his fostering care
been a hostage, and on his arrival in Syria suc- the country began to recover from the ravages of
ceeded in getting into his power Lysias and the the long protracted wars, and gradually increased
young Antiochus, both of whom he put to death, in wealth and prosperity. Still he was not des
B. 2. 162. He then proceeded to sow dissension tined to end his days in peace. In B. C. 137,
among the patriotic party in Judaea, by proclaim-Antiochus VII. , who had succeeded his brother
ing Alcimus high-priest. Several of the zealots Demetrius Nicator, unwilling to lose Judaea, which
for the law declared in favour of the latter, and his had now become an independent state, sent an
claims were supported by a Syrian army. But as army, under his general Cenbedeus, to invade the
Judas would not own the authority of a high- country. The aged Simon entrusted the conduct of
priest who owed his appointment to the Syrians, the war to his sons Judas and Joannes Hyrcanus,
the war broke out again. At first the Maccabee who conquered Cenbedeus, and drove him out of
met with great success ; he defeated the Syrians the country. But Simon did not long enjoy the
under Nicanor in two successive battles, and then fruits of his victory. His son-in-law Ptolemy,
sent an embassy to Rome to form an alliance with the governor of Jericho, instigated by Antiochus,
the republic. His offer was eagerly accepted by formed a plot to obtain the government of Judaea.
the Roman senate ; but before this alliance became | He treacherously seized Şimon at a banquet, and
known, he was attacked by an overwhelming put him to death with two of his sons, Judas and
Syrian force under the command of Bacchides, and Mattathias, B. c. 135. His other son Joannes
having only 800 men with him, fell in battle Hyrcanus escaped, and succeeded his father.
after performing prodigies of valour, B. c. 160. He 4. JOANNES HYRCANUS I. was high-priest B. C.
was succeeded in the command of the patriotic | 135—106. He did not assume the title of king,
party by his brother,
but was to all intents and purposes an independent
2. JONATHAN. As Bacchides and Alcimus monarch. His life is given under HYRCANUS.
were in possession of almost the whole of the He was succeeded by his son,
country, Jonathan was obliged to act on the de- 5. ARISTOBULUS I. , who was the first of the
fensive. He took up a strong position in the Maccabees who assumed the kingly title, which
wilderness of Tekoah, and in conjunction with his was henceforth borne by his successors. His reign
## p. 880 (#896) ############################################
880
MACEDONIUS.
MACEDONIUS.
lasted only a year (B. C. 106-105). (ARISTO accompanied by bloodshed, were excited either by
BULUS, No. 1. ] He was succeeded by his brother, his partisans or those of Paul ; and the attempt to
6. ALEXANDER JANNAEUS, who reigned & c. put these down by Hermogenes, magister equitum,
105–78. (ALEXANDER JANNAEUS, Vol. I. p. who had been ordered by the emperor Constantius
117. ) He was succeeded by his widow,
II. to expel Paul, led to still further seditions, and
7. ALEXANDRA, who appointed her son Hyr- to the murder of Hermogenes. These events com-
canus II. to the priesthood, and held the supreme pelled Constantius, then at Antioch, to return to
power B. c. 78—69. On her death in the latter Constantinople, and an end was put to the disturb
year her son,
ances by the banishment of Paul Constantius
8. HYRCANUS II. , obtained the kingdom, B. C. was, however, much displeased at the unauthorized
69, but was supplanted almost immediately after election of Macedonius, and delayed to recognize
wards by his brother,
him as patriarch, but he was allowed to officiate in
9. ARISTOBULUS II. , who obtained the throne the church in which he had been ordained. These
B. C. 68. [ARISTOBULUS, No. 2. ) For the re- events occurred in A. D. 342. On the departure of
mainder of the history of the house of the Mac- Constantius Paul returned, but was soon again
cabees see HYRCANUS II. and HERODES 1. banished, and Macedonius and his partisans were
MACEDON (Mareduv), a son of Zeus and then by the imperial officers put in possession of
Thyia, and a brother of Magnes, from whom the churches, though not without the loss of
Macedonia was believed to have derived its name. several hundred lives, through the resistance of the
(Steph. Byz. s. v. Makedovla. ) [L. S. ) multitude,
MACEDOʻNICUS, an agnomen of Q. Caecilius Macedonius retained possession of the patriarch-
Metellus, consul B. C. 143. [METELLUS. ) ate and the churches till A. D. 348, when the
MACEDOʻNICUS CE'STIUS. [CEST s, interposition and threats of Constans obliged Con-
No. 2. ]
stantius to restore Paul, whose title had been
MACEDO'NIUS (Makedóvios). ). Of An- confirmed by the council of Sardica (A. D. 347),
TIOCH. [No. 6. ]
and Macedonius was only allowed to officiate in
2. Of Antioch. Macedonius, a Monothelite, one church, which appears to have been his own
was patriarch of Antioch from A. D. 639 or 640, private property ; but in A. D. 350, after the death
till 655 or later. He was appointed to the patri- of Constans, be regained possession of bis see, and
archate by the influence, if not by the nomination, of commenced a vigorous persecution of his opponents,
Sergius, patriarch of Constantinople, by whom also chased them from the churches in his patriarchate,
he was consecrated. The year of his death is not and banished or tortured them, in some instances
certain. Macarius, who was his successor (though to death. On the re-establishment of orthodoxy
perhaps not immediately), stated in his Expositio these unhappy persons were reverenced as martyrs,
Fidei, read at the sixth general council, A. D. 681 and their memory is still celebrated by the Greek and
(MACARIUS, No. 4), that Macedonius was present Latin churches on the 30th March and the 25th Oct.
at a synod held while Peter was patriarch of Con- respectively. By these cruelties Macedonius became
stantinople, i. e. some time from A. D. 655 to 666, hateful even to his own party, and an unexpected
which shows he could not have died before 655. event increased the odium in which he was held.
Macedonius appears to have spent the whole of He removed the body of the emperor Constantine
his patriarchate at Constantinople, Antioch being the Great from the Church of the Apostles, in
in the power of the Saraceng. (Le Quien, Oriens which it had been buried, and which (though built
Christian. vol. ii. col. 740, 74ì ; Bolland. Acta only twenty years before) was in a very dilapidated
Sanctor. Julii, vol. iv. Tractat. Praelim. p. 109. ) state. The removal was made in order to prevent
3. Of ConsTANTINOPLE (1). On the death the corpse being injured by the apprehended fall of
of Eusebius, patriarch of Constantinople, better the church ; but it led to a tumult, in which the
known as Eusebius of Nicomedeia [EUSEBIUS of people appear to have been influenced by hatred of
NICOMEDEIA), A. D. 341 or 342, the orthodox, Macedonius, and many persons were killed in the
which appears to have been the popular party, church to which the body had been removed.
restored the patriarch Paul, who had been deposed Constantius was very angry with Macedonius, both
shortly after his election (A. D. 339) to make room for his removing the body without orders and for
for Eusebius ; while the leaders of the Arian party the serious consequences to which his act had led;
elected Macedonius, who had been deacon, and and the emperor's displeasure prepared the way for
perhaps priest, of the church of Constantinople, his downſal. At the council of Seleuceia (a. D.
and was already advanced in years. Jerome, in 359), where the Acacian or pure Arian party and
his additions to the Chronicon of Eusebius, says the semi-Arians were openly divided and seceded
that Macedonius had been an embroiderer, “ artis from each other, some charges against him, ap
plumariae," an art which Tillemont supposes he parently of cruelty, are said to bave been contem-
might have carried on while in bis office of deacon plated. He did not appear at the first sitting of
or priest, but which Scaliger supposed to be attri- the council, alleging sickness, but he was present
buted to him, by Jerome's mistaking the meaning afterwards ; and if any hostile proceedings were
of the term FOLKLÓTeXvos," which perhaps some contemplated, no steps appear to have been openly
Greek writer had applied to Macedonius. . Accord- taken against him. In a. D. 360, however, in a
ing to the account of the orthodox party, Alexander council held at Constantinople, he was deposed by
the patriarch had described Macedonius as a man the Acacians, who were favoured by Constantius,
having the exterior of piety, and possessing much on the plea that he had been the occasion of many
address in secular affairs ; but, according to the murders, and because he had admitted to com-
Arians, Alexander had commended his piety. He munion a deacon convicted of adultery ; but in
had been one of the adversaries of Paul during the reality to gratify Constantius, who was irritated
first patriarchate of that prelate.
against him, and perhaps also because he would
Upon the election of Macedonius great tumults, not adopt their views. Though expelled from Con-
## p. 881 (#897) ############################################
MACEDONIUS.
881
MACEDONIUS.
stantinople he was not disposed to remain quiet, | Arian ascendency under Valens, to court the or-
but sought to unite himself more closely with the thodox, by approximating towards orthodoxy, led
semi-Arans, in opposition to the Acacians. (ACA- them, now that orthodoxy was in the ascendant
cius, No. 3. ] He appears to have resided in the under Theodosius, to draw nearer to the Arians, in
neighbourhood of Constantinople till his death, of order to secure their alliance and support. The
the date of which there is no account. Facundus Macedonians were also sometimes called Mara-
asserts that he was summoned in A. D. 381 thoniane, Mapaowviavoí, from Marathonius, one of
before the second oecumenical, or first council of their leaders. (Socrates, H.
