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Final ES.
Es dabitur longis. -- Breviat sed tertia rectum,
Cum patrii brevis est crescens penultimates hinc
Excipitur, paries, arils, abicsque, Ceresque.
Corripe et es de sum, penes, et neutralia Graeca.
His quintum et rectum numeri dent Graeca secundi.
The final vowel in es is long ; as, res, quies, Alcides,
sermones, doces, esses, decies ; with the nomin. and vocat.
plur. of Greek nouns, (corning from the genitive sing, in
eos), originally written with etg, contracted from eeg; as,
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? 54 FINAL ES.
hereses, crises, phrases. The following also have es long:
genitives of nouns in e, of the first declen. , as, Eurydices,
Penelopes, Ides, Calliopes ; -- plural cases of Latin nouns
of the third and fifth declensions, as, Libyes, Alphes, res ;
and the antique genitive in es of the fifth declension ; as,
dies, rabies.
Excep. 1. Nouns in es of the third declension, increas-
ing short in the genitive, have es in the nominative short:
as, hospes, ales, ? niles, prcepes, limes.
Oeserv. 1. Aries, abies, paries, Ceres and pes, with its
compounds [sonipes, quadrupes, &c. ,] are long, according
to the rule.
Excep. 2. Es in the present tense of the verb sum,, is
short ; as are also its compounds, potes, abes, ades, pro-
des, &c. ; likewise the finales in the preposition, penes;
and in Greek neuters, as, cacoethes, hippomanes, &c. ; in
Greek nominatives and vocatives plur. of nouns in the
third declension, increasing in the genitive sing. , but not
forming that case in eos ; as, Tritones, rhetor es, d&mories,
Arcades, Troes : and Greek vocatives sing. , coming from
nominatives in es, and forming the gen. in eos ; as, De-
mosthenes, Socrates, &c.
Observ. 2. Wherever the Latin termination es repre-
sents the Greek termination ^c, it is of course long; as,
Alcides, Brontes, Palamedes.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Nubes, artes, Joannes, locuples, quoties, jubes ,
haereses, metamorphoses ; Calliopes, Ides, (both gen. ) \
syrtes, dies ; rabies, dies, (both gen. ) : Excep. 1. Dives,
pedes, seges. Obser. 1. Abies, paries, cornipes. Excep.
2. Es, potes, ades, penes ; cacoethes, hippomanes ; heroes,
Amazones, Troades ; Demosthenes, Socrates. Obser. 2.
Brontes, Palamedes.
Promiscuous Examples. Perituro [11,9, 26, 30], Area-
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? FINAL IS AND YS. 56
das [3, Gr. 16, 36], arietes [1, 17, 37], sepibus [17, 22],
Michaelis [17], velitis [verb 25], sumus [26], nisi [6 -- fr.
ne,-- 29], Perses [3, 37], habitabas [5,-- fr. habeo,-- 25,
23, 36], paUper [2, 35], ^Enean [2, Gr. 1, 34], ades [11,
37], fama [5,-- fr. Mm,-- 27].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION. #
Rule. Orbits es, et locuples et Bruto consule dignus. Mart.
Anchises alacris palmas utrasque tetendit. Virg.
Alpes Me quatit; Rhodopeia culmina lassat. Claud.
Exc. 1. Vivitur ex rapto : nan kospes ab hospite tutus. Ov.
Mtherea quos lapsa plaga Joins ales aperto. Virg.
Obs. 1. Populus in fluviis, abies in montibus altis. Id.
Stat sonipes et frana ferox spumantia mandit. Id.
Exc. 2. Quisquis es, amissos hincjam obliviscere Graios. Id.
Quern penes arbitrium est, etjus et norma loquendi.
Hor.
Scribendi cacoetkes, et cegro in corde senescit. Juv.
Ambo Jlorentes mtatibus, Arcades ambo. Virg.
Ob. 2. Meferus Alcides, tunc quu/n custode remoto. Stat.
rule xxxvm.
Final IS and YS.
Corripies is et ys. -- Plurales excipe casus.
Gils, sis, vis, verbum ac nomen, nolisque, velisque ;
Audis, cum sociis ; quorum et genitivus in -inis,
-entisve, aut -Itis longum, producito semper.
ris conjunctivum mos est variare poetis.
Final syllables in is and ys, have the vowel short ; as
apis, turris, Jovis, militis, aspicis, creditis, bis, is, and
quis, (nominatives), Itys, Capys, Typhys.
Excep. 1. All plural cases ending in is have the final
vowel long ; as, rnusls, viris, armis, vobls, illls, amaris,
(adject. ), quis or quels for quibus, omnls for omnes, and
6*
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? 56 FINAL IS AND YS.
urbis for urbes. Contracted plurals, as Erinnys for Erin-
nyes or Erinnyas havs ys long.
Observ. 1. The adverbs forls, gratis, and ingratls,
have the final syllable long. *
Excep. 2. Gils, sis, (with its compounds! ), vis -- whether
verb or noun -- nolis, veils, (with its compounds), audls,
and every second person singular of the fourth conjuga-
tion ; as, nescis, sentls, &c, have the final vowel long.
Excep. 3. The final is is long in all nouns forming
their genitive in entis, inis, or itis, with the penultima
long; as, Siinols, (Simoentis), Salamls, (Salaminis), Us,
(litis).
Observ. 2. The termination ris in the second future
indicative and perfect subjunctive, has the i common ; as,
amaveris, dixerh, miscuerxs.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Lapis, dulcis, ais, inquis, magis, cis, chelys,
Erinnys. Excep. 1. Puerls, glebis, siccis, quis or quels
for quibus. Observ. 1. Forls, gratis. Excep. 2. GITs,
fls, nescis, vis, quamvis, sis, adsls. Excep. 3. Lis, dis,
Pyrols, Quirls. Observ. 2. Vitaverls, egens, attulerls.
Promiscuous Examples. Profundens [11, 3, 3], procu-
ravit [11, 5 -- fr. ciira -- 23, 31], nequam [12], ubique
[12, 28], hodie [13, 1, 28], setatis [2, 15, 38], Amllcarl
[3, 15, 29], lampadis [3, 16, 38], quamvis [3, 38], Othrys
[38], tuleris [7, 24, 38], steterunt [7, 24, 3], Imber [3, 3o].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Kule. Dulcis inexpertis cultura potentis amid. Hor.
Non apis inde tulit collectos sedulaflores. Ovid.
* These adverbs are in reality, datives or ablatives plural.
t Such as; adsls,possls, mails, nolis quamvis, &c.
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? FINAL OS. 57
Donee erisfelix, multos numerabis amicos. Id.
Atque utinam ex vobis unus, vestriquefuissem. YiTg.
At Capys, et quorum melior sententia menti. Id.
Exc. 1. Prcese? itemque viris intentant omnia mortem. Id.
Nobis kcec portent a Dcum dedit ipse creator. Cic.
Ob. 1. Effugere haudpotis est, ingratis h&ret et angit. Luc.
Exc. 2. Sivisessealiquis. -- Probitas laudatur et alget. Juv.
JSesc'is lieu I nescis domince fastidia Roma. Mart.
Exc. 3. Samriis in ludo ac rudibus causis satis asper. Lucil.
Obs. 2. Grajculus esuriens in caelum, jusseris, ibit. Juv.
Miscuerls elixa, simul conchylia turdis. Hor.
RULE XXXIX.
OS Final.
Vult os produci. -- Compos breviatur, et impos,
Osque ossis : -- Graium neutralia jungito, ut Argos --
Et quot in os Latiae flectuntur more secundse,
Scripta per o parvum : -- patrios, quibus adde Pelasgos.
Words terminating in os have the final vowel long ; as,
fids, nepos, viros, bonds, vos, os, (oris), Tros, Minds,
Athos, and all other words which, in Greek, are written
with m; as, Androgeos ; with all proper names which
change laos to leds [Attically ;] as, Peneleos, Demoleos,
Meneleos.
Excep. 1. The final os is short in compos, impos, and
os, (ossis), with its compound exos ; and in Greek neu-
ters ; as, Argos, Chaos, melds.
Excep. 2. All Greek nouns of the second declension --
which in Greek are written with an omicron -- have the
final vowel short ; as, Tyros, Arctds, Bids.
Excep. 3. All genitives in os, whatever be the nomi-
native, are short ; as, Palladds, O'ileds, Orpheds, Tethyds.
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? 58 FINAL US.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Ride. Custos, ventos, jactatos, nos ; Erectos, heros,
Androgeos, Nicoleos. Excep. 1. Compos, impos, 6s
(ossis) ; chaos, epos. Excep. 2. Claros, Tenedos, Atro-
pos. Excep. 3. Arcados, Tereos, Tethyos.
Promiscuous Examples. Honos [39], viros [14, 39],
mulierls [1, 17, 38], lichenes [Gr. 17, 37], Iberis [17,
38], legi [dat. fr. lex, 17, 19], cita [fr. cieo, 9, 27], dabitur
[23, 25, 35], llttoris [3, 20, 38], Argonautas [3, 13, 2, 36,]
me [28], cervlcibus [3, 19, 22], donis [5, -- fr. daqor, " a
gift," the q being changed into n y -- 38].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Ut fids inseptis secretus nascitur hortis. Catullus.
Os homini sublime dedit, codumque tueri. Ovid.
Androgeos offert nobis, soda agmina credens. Virg.
Ex. 1. Exos et exsanguis tumidos perfluctuat artus. Lucret.
Et Chads, et Phlegethon, loca node silentia late. Vir.
Ex. 2. Et Tyros instabilis, pretiosaque murice Sidon. Luc.
Ex. 3. O furor ! o homines! dirique Prometheos artesl
Stat.
RULE XL.
Pinal US.
Us breve ponatur. -- Produc monosyllaba, quseque
Casibus increscunt longis, et nomina quartae,
(Exceptis recto et quinto), et quibus exit in -untis,
Patrias, et conflata a novc, contractaque Graeca
In recto ac patrio, et venerandum nomen IESUS.
Final us is short ; as, annus, cultus, tempus, fontibus,
bonus, malus, illius, dicimus, intus, tenus ; and also in the
nominative and vocative sing, of the fourth declension ;
as, domus, ? nanu$.
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? FINAL US. 09
Excep. 1. In monosyllables thesis long; as, grus,
jus, rus, plus.
Excep. 2. All nouns having a long penultima in the
genitive singular, are long in the nominative singular ;
as, solas, tellus, palus, virtus.
Excep. 3. All nouns of the fourth declension (the
nominative and vocative singular excepted), have final us
long; as, aditus, vultus,fructus.
Excep. 4. In words from the Greek, forming their
genitive in untls, as, Opus, Amathus, Pessiniis, the final
u is long.
Excep. 5. Compounds from novc, forming the genitive
in podis or podos, as, Tripus, Melampus, (Edipus, have
the final u long.
Observ. Polypus, of the second declension, from the
Doric, has the u short ; as also have Melampus and
(Edipus in like circumstances.
Excep. 6. In Panthus, and other proper names, written
in Greek, with the diphthong oug, contracted from oog y the
final u is long ; -- and in genitives from nominatives fern,
in o (w) ; as, Mantus, from nom. Manto ; Clius, from nom.
Clio; Didus, nom. Dido, &c, &c.
Exce_p. 7. The final u is long in the venerable name
of JESUS.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WOFiDS.
Pule. Opus, melius, quibus, decimus, penitus ; gra-
dus, qusestiis.
Excep. 1. Siis, plus, thus. Excep. 2. Tellus, salus,
palus. Excep. 3. Fructus, domus, manus. Excep. 4.
Opus, Amathus, Pessiniis. Excep. 5. Tripus, Polypus,
CEdipus. Observ. Melampus, Polypus, (Doric 2d de-
clens. ) Excep. 6. Panthus ; Eratus, Inus, Clothus.
Excep. 7. Jesus.
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? 60 FINAL US.
Promiscuous Examples. Tellus, (gen. telluris) [3, 40],
senslbus [3, 22, 40], Pan [34], tulisti [7, 3, 29], dede-
runt [7, 24, 3], nequa (fem. of nequis,) [12, 27], profes-
tus [11, 3, 40,] judex [13, 3], erumpere [11, 3, 24, 28],
attiglt [3, 6, 31], monimentis [5, 5, 3, 38], movendus [5,
-- fr. ^moveo, -- 3, 40], movisses [-5, -- fr. movi, -- 3, 37],
mediocris [5, -- fr. medius, -- 1,4,38], frigoribus [5, -- fr.
fiyog, " cold," with the iEolie digamma (F) prefixed ; as,
Pft>g,_20, 22, 40].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Heu ! fugc crudeles terras ; fuge littus avarum, Vir.
Serius out citius sedem properamus ad unam. Ovid.
Opatria ! o divum domus Ilium, et inclyta bello. Vir.
Exc. 1. Sed rigidum jus est et inevitable mortis. Pedo.
Exc. 2. Mox etiam fruges tellus inarata ferebat. Ovid.
Regis opus; sterilisve palus* din, apt ague remis. Hor.
* The author avails himself of the opportunity afforded by the introduction of
this line from the " Art of Poetry," to make a few observations on the position
of palus, so long a bone of contention among Prosodians ancient and modern. In
most of the editions of Horace, the line is arranged thus : --
Regis opus, sterilisque diu palus, aptaque remis : --
making the final syllable of palus short, contrary to Exception 2nd. of the above
Rule. From the days of the commentator Servius, and the grammarian Pris-
cian, down to the last elaborate edition of Horace by Professor Anthon, this line
has been crux grammaticorum.
The great Bentley would read -- palus prius. -- This emendation would indeed
remedy the quantity, but at the expense of terseness and beauty. Carey sup-
poses, that Horace might have intended palus to be of the 2nd or 4th declension,
and thence make the final syllable short without any violation of quantity :
while the learned professor of Columbia College contents himself with giving the
various lections of preceding commentators without offering any thing new of his
own. But, in truth, most of the conjectures, hitherto hazarded on the matter,
are ingenious rather than satisfactory : for the only solution to the difficulty is
that afforded by the arrangement given in our text ; -- which not only preserves
the quantity, but detracts nothing from the harmony or rythmical beauty of the
poet. The hepthemimeral caesura too occurring at lus of palus, contributes at
once to the strength as well as to the sweetness of the verse. Bentley's emenda-
tion does not, to be sure, alter the position of the cassura, but the manifest inele-
gance of the us in prius, immediately succeeding the us in palus, is abhorrent
to the curiosa fellcitas of the great Lyric poet of antiquity.
The quantity of the u in diu, which is long by nature, can oppose no serious
objection to the arrangement adopted; as the instances among the classic authors
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? FINAL US. 61
Ex. 3.