This cele-
brated edifice, according to Pliny, proved more fatal
to the manners and the simplicity of the Romans than
the proscriptions and wars of Sylla had done to the
inhabitants of thecity.
brated edifice, according to Pliny, proved more fatal
to the manners and the simplicity of the Romans than
the proscriptions and wars of Sylla had done to the
inhabitants of thecity.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
--Id.
, 1, 16.
)
Satuhnus (called by the Greeks Koovoc), a son of
Coelus or Uranus, and Terra, or the goddess of the
earth. Terra bore to Uranus a mighty progeny, the
Titans, six males and six females. The youngest of
the former was Saturn. These children were hated
by their father, who, as soon as they were born, thrust
them out of his sight into a cavern of Earth. (Vblcker,
Myth, der lap. , 283. -- Compare Apollud. , 1, 1, 3. )
Earth, grieved at this unnatural conduct, produced
"the substance of hoary oteel," and, forming from it a
sickle, roused her children, the Titans, to rebellion
against their father; but fear seized on them all
except Saturn, who, lying in wait with the sickle with
which his mother had armed him, mutilated his unsus-
pecting father. The drops which fell on the earth
from the wound gave birth to the Erinnyes, the Giants,
and the Melian nymphs. (Hes? Thcog. , 155,stqq. )--
After this, Saturn obtained his father's kingdom, with
the consent of his brethren, provided he did not bring
up any male children. Pursuant to this agreement,
Saturn always devoured his sons as soon as born, be-
cause, as some observe, he dreaded from them a retal-
iation of his unkindness to his father, till his wife
Rhea, unwilling to see her children perish, concealed
from her husband the birth of Jupiter, Neptune, and
Pluto, and, instead of the children, she gave him large
stones, which he immediately swallowed, without per-
ceiving the deceit. The other Titans having been in-
formed that Saturn had concealed his male children,
made war against him, dethroned and imprisoned him
with Rhea; and Jupiter, who was secretly educated
in Crete, was no sooner grown up, than he flew to de-
liver his father, and to place him on his throne. Sat-
urn, unmindful of his son's kindness, conspired against
him; but Jupiter banished him from his throne, and the
father fled for safely into Italy, where the country re-
tained the name of Latium, as being the place of his
eynccalmcnt (from lateo, "to lie concealed"). Janus,
who was then King of Italy, received Saturn with
marks of attention. He made him his partner on the
throne; and the King of Heaven employed himself in
tivilizing the barbarous manners of the people of Italy,
and in teaching them agriculture, and the useful and
liberal arts. His reign there was so mild and popular,
so beneficent and virtuous, that mankind have called it
the golden age, to intimate tho happiness and tranquil-
lity which the earth then enjoyed. Saturn was father
of Chiron, the centaur, by Philyra, whom ho previously
changed into a mare, to avoid the observation of Rhea.
--Hesiod, in his didactic poem, savs that Saturn
ruled over the Isles of the Blessed, at the end of the
earth, by the "deep-eddying ocean" (Op. et D. , 167,
seq,. ); and Pindar gives a luxuriant description of this
blissful abode, where the departed heroes of Greece
dwelt beneath the mild rule of Saturn and his assessor
Rhadamanthus. (01. , 2, 123, seqq ) At a later pe-
riod, it was fabled that Saturn lay asleep, guarded by
Briareus, in a desert island near Britannia, in the
Western Ocean. (Plut. , de Defect. Orac. , 18. --Id. ,
de Fac. in Orb. Lun. , 26. -- Procop. , Bell. Goth. , 4,
? ? 20. --Compare Tzetz. ad Lycophr. , 1201. ) Saturn
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? SC. E
SO A
? m-nymph. 9, were the offspring of the five daughters of
the union of Hecitzus with the daughter of Phoroneus
(op. Strab. , 471;. The Laconian term for a Satyr was
Tityrus (Sc/tol. ad Theoo . 7,73), which also signified
the buck goat, cr the ram that led the flock. (Schol. ad
, Theocr. , 3, 2. ) jEschylus calls a Satyr a buck-goat
(rpiiyoc. --Fragm. , ap. Plut. , dr. Cap. , 2). --The Sa-
tyrs were associated with Bacchus, and they formed
the chorus of the species of drama which derived its
imir. e from them. It has been supposed that they
were indebted for their deification to the festivals of
this deity, and that they were originally merely the
rustics who formed the chorus, and danced at them in
their goatskin dresses. (Welckcr, Nachtr. zur Tril. ,
p. 211, seqq. --Kcightlcy's Mythology, p. 233, seq. )
SAUROMAT. S:, a people called Sarmatte by the J,ai-
ms. (Vid. Sarmalia. )
SAVUS, a river of Pannonia, rising in the Alpes Car-
nictc, and flowing into the Danube at Singjdunum. It
forms near its mouth the southeastern boundary of
Pannonia, and is now the Sau or Satae. (Plin. , 3,
18. --Appian, III. , 22. ) The Danube, after its junc-
tion with the Savus, took the name of Ister. (Vid.
Danubins. )
SAICINES, a people of Germany, whose original seats
appear to have been on the neck of the Cimbric Cher-
60! . esc. from the mouth of the Elbe to the Sinus Co-
danus and the river Chalusus (or Trave), correspond-
ing to modern Holstein. They appeared for the first
time in history about the beginning of the fourth cen-
tury, as the chief tribe among the Ingccvoncs. In the
eighth century we find them in possession of a large
part of Germany. A portion of the northwestern Sax-
ons, in the fifth century, in connexion with the Angli,
conquered England. -- For some remarks on the ety-
mology of the name of Saxones, vid. the article Scythia.
Si ,rt (scil. Porta. -- ? icaia, . <<//, -r/. ;/), one of the
gates of Troy. It received its name from oitai6f,"lcft,"
as it was on the left side of the cily, facing ihe sea and
Ihc Grecian camp. (Vid. Troja. )
Sc. sv,t, I. a centurion in Ca? sar's army, who beha-
ved with great courage at Dyrrhachium. (Cas. , B.
C. , 3, 53. --Sudan. , Vit. Jul. , 68. -- Val Max. , 3, 2. )
--II. Memor, a I,aim poet in the reign of Titus and
Domitian. --III. A friend of Horace, to whom the poet
Addressed Ep. 1, 17.
SC*VOLA, the surname of the most celebrated branch
of the house of the Muni, and said to have been de-
rived from that individual of the line who acted with
eo much heroic firmness in the presence of Porsenpa.
(Vid. Porsenna. ) The most distinguished of the name
were the following: I. Caius Mucius Scsevola. (Vid.
Porsenna. )--II. Quintus Mucius Scsevola, was praetor
in 216 B. C. The next year he received Sardinia as a
province. He died 209 B. C. , while holding the of-
fice of " Decemvir sacris faciundis. "--III. Publius Mu-
cius Scaevola, the younger son of the preceding, was
quaestor 188 B. C. , tribune of the commons 183 B. C. ,
prajor urbanus 179 B. C. , and finally consul with M.
. ? Mmiliiis Lepidus, 175 B. C. In conjunction with his
colleague, he carried on the war successfully in Cisal-
pine Gaul, especially against the Ligurians, and ob-
tained the honours of a three days' thanksgiving and a
. triumph. This last circumstance is confirmed by the
C'apitoline fragments, and also by some consular med-
i s. --IV. P. Mucius Scsevola, elder son of the prece-
ding, and a calebrated jurist He was conspicuous
? ? also as a defender of the good old-Roman virtues and
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? SCE
SCI
n. s banishment, and employed himself in arranging the
materials for bis history. (Marcel! in , Vit. Tkucyd. ,
p. 10, ed. Bip Plat. , de Extl. , p. 605. )
ScaEDus or Scokdus, a ridge of lofty mountains,
forming the natural boundary of Illvria on the aide of
Macedonia. It was connected on the north with the
great chain extending from the head ot the Adriatic
to the Euiine, and so well known in ancient times
under the names of Orbelus, Rhodope, and Haemus;
while to the south its prolongation assumed the appel-
lation of Pindus. The Turks and Servians call the
range of Scardus Tchar Dagh. (Cramer's Anc. Gr. ,
Tol. 1, p. 79, seqq. )
Scaurus, I. M. ^Emilius, a Roman consul, who
, distinguished himself by his eloquence at the bar, and
by his successes in Spain in the capacity of command-
er. He was sent against Jugurtha, and was, some
time after, accused of suffering himself to be bribed
by the Numidian prince. According to Sallust, this
nobleman tarnished the lustre of his splendid talents
by avarice and other degrading passions; while Cice-
ro, on the contrary, speaks of him in the highest terms
in various parts of his writings. Sallust's known dis-
like to the nobility may account, in some degree, for
this discrepance. Scaurus wrote a work in three
books, recording the principal occurrences and trans-
actions of his own life, which Cicero commends, and
considers equal to Xenophon's Life of Cyrus. Scau-
rus conquered the Ligurians, and in his censorship he
built the Milvian bridge at Rome, and began to pave
the road which, from him, was called the . Emihan.
His son, of the same name, made himself known by
the large theatre he built during his tedileship. This
theatre, which could contain 30,000 spectators, was
supported by 360 columns of marble, 38 feet in height,
and adorned with 3000 brazen statues.
This cele-
brated edifice, according to Pliny, proved more fatal
to the manners and the simplicity of the Romans than
the proscriptions and wars of Sylla had done to the
inhabitants of thecity. (Cic, Brut. ,29--Val. Max. ,
4, 4. -- Plin. , 34, 7; 36, 2. )--II. A Roman of consu-
lar dignity. When the Cimbri invaded Italy, the son
if Scaurus behaved with great cowardice, upon which
''. he father sternly ordered him never to appear again
in the field of battle. The severity of the father's re-
proach induced the son to destroy himself.
Sceleratus, I. Campus, a plain at Rome near the
Colline gate, where the vestal Minucia was buried
alive when convicted of unchastity, and where a sim-
ilar punishment was afterward accustomed to be in-
flicted on other similarly offending vestals. (Lib , 8,
14. )--II. One of the gates of Rome was called See-
Urala, because the 300 Fahii who were killed at the
river Cremera had passed through it when they went
to attack the enemy. It was before named Carmen-
talis. --III. There was also a street at Rome which
received the name of the Sceleratus Vicus, because
there Tullia had ordered her charioteer to drive over
the body of her father, Servius Tullius. (Lib. , 1,48.
-Thid, lb. , 365. )
Sckna or Scenus, a river of Hibernia, now the
Shannon. (Oros. , 1, 2. )
Scenjt, I. a city of Mesopotamia, on the borders
of Babylonia. (Strabo, 748. )--II. Mandrae, a city of
Middle Egypt, the seat of a bishopric, between Aph-
rodltopolis and Babylon. (Iltn. Ant. , p. 163, 169. )
--III. Veteranorum, a village in Lower Egypt, on
? ? the east side of the Nile, between Heliopolis and Vi-
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? SCIPIO.
SCIPIO.
Scipio, a celebrated family at Rome, whose name
it identified with some of the most splendid triumphs
of the Roman arms. They were a branch of the
Cornelian House, and are said to have derived their
family appellation from the Latin term scipio, "a
staff," because one of their number, Cornelius, had
guided his blind father, and been to him as a staff;
or, as Macrobius expresses it, "Non alitcr dicli
Scipioncs; nisi quod Cornelius, qui cognominem pa-
srem luminibus carentem pro baculo rcgcbal, Scipio
tognominatus, nomen ex cognominc posteris dcdit. "
, {Sat. , 1,-0. )--The most eminent of the name were, I.
P. Cornelius Scipio, who served, B. C. 393, under the
. dictator Camillus, and distinguished himself at the
taking of Veii. In 392 B. C. ho was chosen military
tribune with consular power, and, in conjunction with
bis colleague Cossus, ravaged the territory of the Fa-
lisci, and compelled them to sue for peace. --II. P.
Cornelius Scipio, son of the preceding, was curule
aedile 363 B. C. --III. P. Cornelius Scipio, son of the
preceding, was master of the horse to the dictator
Camillus, 346 B. C. --IV. P. Cornelius Scipio, son of
the preceding, was dictator 305 B. C. ; having been
appointed such, not so much with a view to any war-
like operations, as for the purpose of holding the con-
sular comma, the two consuls being absent in the
field --V. L. Cornelius Scipio, son of the preceding,
was chosen interrex on the refusal of the dictator
Manlius to hold the election for consuls under the Li-
cinian law. He softened down the irritated feelings
of the commons by procuring the election of C. Mar
cius Rutilius, a plebeian, to the consulship. He ob-
tained the consulship himself 348 B. C. , but, being
prevented by severe illness from conducting the war
against the Gauls, he transferred the command to bis
plebeian colleague, M. Popilius Lsnas. -- VI. L. Cor-
nelius Scipio Barbatus, grandson of the preceding,
was consul 298 B. C. He fought a bloody but inde-
cisive battle with the Etrurians, near Volaterra. The
? nemy, however, having abandoned their camp in the
bight-season, the consul laid waste the adjacent coun-
Sry with fire and sword. He also reduced Samnium
ami Lucania. His tomb was discovered in 1780, con-
taining an epitaph in very early Latin, commemorating
the events of his life and his many virtues. (Dun-
lop's Rom. Lit. , vol. 1, p. 62, seq. )--VII. Cn. Cor-
nelius Scipio Asina, so called from his having brought
into the forum, on the back of a she-ass (asina), the
money for a piece of ground which he had purchased,
or, according to another account, his daughter's mar-
riage-portion, in order to display it before the eyes of
suiters. He was the son of the preceding. In 260
B. C. he superintended, with Duilius the consul, the
building of the first Roman fleet, and subsequently
sailed with 17 ships, in advance of the main fleet, to
Messana in Sicily. He was taken, however, by a
Carthaginian squadron, and carried t<< Africa. Hav-
ing been at length released from cor,. 'incment in Car-
thage, he returned home and obtained the consulship;
ard he now avenged his former disgrace by taking
many places in Sicily, and particularly Panormus.
He conquered also great part of Sardinia and Corsica.
He was father to Publius and Cneus Scipio. Publius,
in the beginning of the second Punic war, was sent
with an army to Spain to oppose Hannibal; but, when
bo heard that his enemy had passed over into Italy, be
attempted, by his quick marches and secret evolutions,
? ? to stop his progress. He was conquered by Hannibal
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? scipi;,.
srif,u.
tod humiliating terms. The conqueror after this re-
lumed to Rome, where he was received with the most
unbounded applause, honoured with a triumph, and
dignified with the appellation of Africanus. Here he
enjoyed for some time the tranquillity and the honours
which his exploits merited; but in him also, as in other
great men, fortune showed herself inconstant. Scipio
offended the populace in wishing to distinguish the
senators from the rest of the people at the public ex-
hibitions; and when he canvassed for the consulship
for two of his friends, Scipio Nasica and Caius Laelius,
he had the mortification to see his application slighted,
and the honours which he claimed bestowed on a man
of no character, and recommended neither by abilities
nor meritorious actions. He retired from Rome no
longer to be a spectator of-ihe ingratitude of his coun-
trymen, and in the capacity of lieutenant he accom-
panied his brother against Antiocbus, king of Syria.
In this expedition his arms were attended with his
usual success, and the Asiatic monarch submitted to
the conditions which the conquerors dictated. At his
return to Rome Africanus found the malevolence of
his enemies still unabated. Cato, his inveterate rival,
seemed bent on his ruin; and he urged on the Petilii,
wo tribunes of the commons, to move in the senate
mat Africanus should be cited to give an account of
all the money he had received from Antiochus, to-
gether with such spoil as was taken in that war. As
soon as the Petilii had preferred their charge in the
senate, Scipio arose, and, taking a roll of papers out of
nis bosom, which had been drawn up by his brother,
be said, "In this is contained an accurate statement
of all you wish to know; in it you will find a particu-
lar account both of the money and plunder received
from Antiochus. "--"Read it aloud," was the cry of the
tribunes, "and sfterward let it be deposited in the treas-
ury. " '* That I will not do," said Scipio; "nor will I
so insult myself;" and, without saying a word more,
he toro it in pieces in the presence of all. It is not
improbable that this tearing of his accounts furnished
his enemies with the chief advantage they subsequent-
ly had against him. Not long after this, a tribune of
the name of Natvius cited Scipio to answer before the
ps jplc to the same charges as those which the Petilii
nac brought forward, and to other additional ones of a
similar purport. The first day was spent in hearing
the different charges. On the second day the trib-
unes took their seats at a very early hour. The ac-
cused soon after arrived, with a numerous train of
friends and clients; and, passing through the midst of
the assembly to the rostra, ascended without the least
emotion, and, with that air of dignity and confidence
which conscious innocence and superior virtue alone
ire able to inspire, addressed the assembly as follows:
"On this day, tribunes of the people, and you, Ro-
mans, I conquered Hannibal' ind the Carthaginians.
Is it becoming to spend a day like this in wrangling
and contention? Let us not then, I beseech you, be
ungrateful to the gods, but let us leave this man here,
and go to the Capitol, to thank them for the many fa-
vours they have vouchsafed us. " These words had
the desired effect. The tribes and all the assembly
followed Scipio; the court was deserted, and the trib-
unes were left alone in the seat of judgment. Yet,
when this memorable day was past and forgotten, Af-
ricanus was a third time summoned to appear; but
he had fled before the impending storm, and retired to
? ? bis country-house at Liternum. The accusation was
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? SCIPIO
scino.
prmyeu that an inquiry might je I lade for the pur-
poto of ascertaining what money had been received
Iron Antiochua and from his allies. The petition
was instantly received, and Asiaticus, charged with
having suffered himself to be corrupted by Antiochus,
was summoned to appear before the tribunal of Te-
rentius Culeo, who was on this occasion created prte-
tor. The judge, who was an inveterate enemy lo the
family of the Scipios, soon found Asiaticus, with his
two lieutenants and his quaestor, guilty of having re-
ceived, the first 6000 pounds' weight of gold and 480
pounds' weight of silver, and the others nearly an equal
sum, from the monarch against whom, in the name of
the Roman people, they were enjoined to make war.
They were condemned to pay large fines; but, while
the others gave security, Scipio declared that he had
accounted to the public for all the money which he
had brought from Asia, and therefore that he was
innocent. Notwithstanding this grave protestation,
the officers of justice were ordered to convey him to
prison; but, while they were in the actual discharge
of their duty, Sempronius Gracchus, one of the trib-
unes, interfered, and declared, "that he should make
no objection to their raising the money out of his ef-
fects, but that he would never suffer a Roman general
to be dragged to the common prison, wherein the lead-
ers of the enemy, that were taken in battle by him,
. lad been confined. " When the entire property of
Lucius Scipio was seized and valued, it was found in-
adequate to the payment of the sum demanded ; and
what redounded to his honour was, that, among all his
iffects, there was not found the trace of the smallest
irticle that could be considered Asiatic. His friends
mil relations, indignant at the treatment he had re-
:eived, came and offered to make compensation for
jis loss; but he refused to accept of anything except
what was barely necessary for subsistence. Whatever
was needful, says Livy, for domestic use, was pur-
chased at the sale of his property by his nearest rela-
tions; and the public hatred now recoiled on all who
were concerned in the prosecution. (Livy, 38, 60. )
Some time after he was appointed to settle the dis-
putes between Eumenes and Scleucus; and, at his re-
turn, the Romans, ashamed of their seventy towards
him, rewarded his merit with such uncommon liberal-
ity, that Asiaticus was enabled to celebrate games, in
honour of his victory over Antiochus, for ten success-
ive days at his own expense. --X. P. Cornelius Scipio
NasTca was son of Cneus Scipio, and cousin to Scipio
Africanus. He was refused the consulship, though
supported by the interest and the fame of the conquer-
or of Hannibal; but he afterward obtained it, and in
that honourable office conquered the Boii, and gained
a triumph. He was also successful in an expedition
which he undertook in Spain. When the statue of
Cybele was brought to Rome from Phrygia, the Ro-
man senate delegated one of their body, who was the
most remarkable for the purity of his manners and the
innocence of his life, to go and meet the goddess in
the harbour of Ostia. Nasica was the object of their
choice, and, as such, he was enjoined to bring the
statue of the goddess to Rome with the greatest
pomp and solemnity. Nasica also distinguished him-
? elf by the active part he took in confuting the accu-
sations laid against the two Scipios, Africanus and
Asiaticus. There was also another of the same name,
who distinguished himself by his enmity against the
? ? Gracchi, to whom he was nearly related. --(J'aterc. , 2,
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? SCI
sco
itithoul my family you were slaves. Is this Ike re-
spect you owe to your deliverers 1 Is this your affec-
tion . ' This firmness silenced the murmurs of the as-
sembly; and, some time after, Scipio retired from the
clamours of Rome to Ca'ieta, where, with his friend
Latlius, be passed the rest of his time in innocent
pleasures and amusement, in diversions which had
pleased them when children; and these two eminent
men wero often seen on the seashore picking up light
pebbles, and throwing them on the smooth surface of
the waters. Though fond of retirement and literary
ease, Scipio often interested himself in the affairs of
state. His enemies accused him of aspiring to the
dictatorship, and the clamours were most loud against
him when he had opposed the Sempronian law, and
declared himself the patron of the inhabitants of the
provinces of Italy. This active part of Scipio was
seen with pleasure by the friends of the republic ; and
not only the senate, but also the citizens, the Latins,
and the neighbouring states, conducted their illus-
trious friend and patron to his house. It seemed al-
most the universal wish that the troubles might be
quieted by the election of Scipio to the dictatorship,
and many presumed that that honour would be on the
morrow conferred upon him. In this, however, the
expectations of Rome were frustrated: Scipio was
found dead in his bed, to the astonishment of all; and
those who inquired for the causes of this sudden
death, perceived violent marks on his neck, and con-
cluded that he had been strangled, B. C. 128. This
assassination, as it was then generally believed, was
committed by the triumvirs, Papirius Carbo, C. Grac-
chus, and Fulvius Flaccus, who supported the Sem-
pronian law, and by his wife Sempronia, who is charg-
ed with introducing the murderers into his room. No
inquiries were made after the authors of his death.
Gracchus was the favourite of the mob, and the only
atonement which the populace made for the death of
Scipio was to attend his funeral, and to show their
concern by their loud lamentations. iEmilianus, like
his grandfather, was fond of literature, and he is said
to have saved from the flames of Carthage many val-
uable compositions, written by Phoenician and Punic
luthors. In the midst of his greatneas he died poor;
and his nephew, Q. Fabius Maximus, who inherited
his estate, scarce found in his house thirty-two pounds'
weight of silver and two and. a half of gold. His
liberality to his brother and to his sisters deserves the
greatest commendations; and, indeed, no higher enco-
mium can be passed upon his character, private as
well as public, than the words of his rival Meteltus,
who told his sons, at the death of Scipio, to go and
attend the funeral of the greatest man that ever lived
or should live in Rome. --XII. Q. Metellus Scipio,
adopted son of Quintns Csecilius Metellus. His pre-
vious name was P.
Satuhnus (called by the Greeks Koovoc), a son of
Coelus or Uranus, and Terra, or the goddess of the
earth. Terra bore to Uranus a mighty progeny, the
Titans, six males and six females. The youngest of
the former was Saturn. These children were hated
by their father, who, as soon as they were born, thrust
them out of his sight into a cavern of Earth. (Vblcker,
Myth, der lap. , 283. -- Compare Apollud. , 1, 1, 3. )
Earth, grieved at this unnatural conduct, produced
"the substance of hoary oteel," and, forming from it a
sickle, roused her children, the Titans, to rebellion
against their father; but fear seized on them all
except Saturn, who, lying in wait with the sickle with
which his mother had armed him, mutilated his unsus-
pecting father. The drops which fell on the earth
from the wound gave birth to the Erinnyes, the Giants,
and the Melian nymphs. (Hes? Thcog. , 155,stqq. )--
After this, Saturn obtained his father's kingdom, with
the consent of his brethren, provided he did not bring
up any male children. Pursuant to this agreement,
Saturn always devoured his sons as soon as born, be-
cause, as some observe, he dreaded from them a retal-
iation of his unkindness to his father, till his wife
Rhea, unwilling to see her children perish, concealed
from her husband the birth of Jupiter, Neptune, and
Pluto, and, instead of the children, she gave him large
stones, which he immediately swallowed, without per-
ceiving the deceit. The other Titans having been in-
formed that Saturn had concealed his male children,
made war against him, dethroned and imprisoned him
with Rhea; and Jupiter, who was secretly educated
in Crete, was no sooner grown up, than he flew to de-
liver his father, and to place him on his throne. Sat-
urn, unmindful of his son's kindness, conspired against
him; but Jupiter banished him from his throne, and the
father fled for safely into Italy, where the country re-
tained the name of Latium, as being the place of his
eynccalmcnt (from lateo, "to lie concealed"). Janus,
who was then King of Italy, received Saturn with
marks of attention. He made him his partner on the
throne; and the King of Heaven employed himself in
tivilizing the barbarous manners of the people of Italy,
and in teaching them agriculture, and the useful and
liberal arts. His reign there was so mild and popular,
so beneficent and virtuous, that mankind have called it
the golden age, to intimate tho happiness and tranquil-
lity which the earth then enjoyed. Saturn was father
of Chiron, the centaur, by Philyra, whom ho previously
changed into a mare, to avoid the observation of Rhea.
--Hesiod, in his didactic poem, savs that Saturn
ruled over the Isles of the Blessed, at the end of the
earth, by the "deep-eddying ocean" (Op. et D. , 167,
seq,. ); and Pindar gives a luxuriant description of this
blissful abode, where the departed heroes of Greece
dwelt beneath the mild rule of Saturn and his assessor
Rhadamanthus. (01. , 2, 123, seqq ) At a later pe-
riod, it was fabled that Saturn lay asleep, guarded by
Briareus, in a desert island near Britannia, in the
Western Ocean. (Plut. , de Defect. Orac. , 18. --Id. ,
de Fac. in Orb. Lun. , 26. -- Procop. , Bell. Goth. , 4,
? ? 20. --Compare Tzetz. ad Lycophr. , 1201. ) Saturn
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? SC. E
SO A
? m-nymph. 9, were the offspring of the five daughters of
the union of Hecitzus with the daughter of Phoroneus
(op. Strab. , 471;. The Laconian term for a Satyr was
Tityrus (Sc/tol. ad Theoo . 7,73), which also signified
the buck goat, cr the ram that led the flock. (Schol. ad
, Theocr. , 3, 2. ) jEschylus calls a Satyr a buck-goat
(rpiiyoc. --Fragm. , ap. Plut. , dr. Cap. , 2). --The Sa-
tyrs were associated with Bacchus, and they formed
the chorus of the species of drama which derived its
imir. e from them. It has been supposed that they
were indebted for their deification to the festivals of
this deity, and that they were originally merely the
rustics who formed the chorus, and danced at them in
their goatskin dresses. (Welckcr, Nachtr. zur Tril. ,
p. 211, seqq. --Kcightlcy's Mythology, p. 233, seq. )
SAUROMAT. S:, a people called Sarmatte by the J,ai-
ms. (Vid. Sarmalia. )
SAVUS, a river of Pannonia, rising in the Alpes Car-
nictc, and flowing into the Danube at Singjdunum. It
forms near its mouth the southeastern boundary of
Pannonia, and is now the Sau or Satae. (Plin. , 3,
18. --Appian, III. , 22. ) The Danube, after its junc-
tion with the Savus, took the name of Ister. (Vid.
Danubins. )
SAICINES, a people of Germany, whose original seats
appear to have been on the neck of the Cimbric Cher-
60! . esc. from the mouth of the Elbe to the Sinus Co-
danus and the river Chalusus (or Trave), correspond-
ing to modern Holstein. They appeared for the first
time in history about the beginning of the fourth cen-
tury, as the chief tribe among the Ingccvoncs. In the
eighth century we find them in possession of a large
part of Germany. A portion of the northwestern Sax-
ons, in the fifth century, in connexion with the Angli,
conquered England. -- For some remarks on the ety-
mology of the name of Saxones, vid. the article Scythia.
Si ,rt (scil. Porta. -- ? icaia, . <<//, -r/. ;/), one of the
gates of Troy. It received its name from oitai6f,"lcft,"
as it was on the left side of the cily, facing ihe sea and
Ihc Grecian camp. (Vid. Troja. )
Sc. sv,t, I. a centurion in Ca? sar's army, who beha-
ved with great courage at Dyrrhachium. (Cas. , B.
C. , 3, 53. --Sudan. , Vit. Jul. , 68. -- Val Max. , 3, 2. )
--II. Memor, a I,aim poet in the reign of Titus and
Domitian. --III. A friend of Horace, to whom the poet
Addressed Ep. 1, 17.
SC*VOLA, the surname of the most celebrated branch
of the house of the Muni, and said to have been de-
rived from that individual of the line who acted with
eo much heroic firmness in the presence of Porsenpa.
(Vid. Porsenna. ) The most distinguished of the name
were the following: I. Caius Mucius Scsevola. (Vid.
Porsenna. )--II. Quintus Mucius Scsevola, was praetor
in 216 B. C. The next year he received Sardinia as a
province. He died 209 B. C. , while holding the of-
fice of " Decemvir sacris faciundis. "--III. Publius Mu-
cius Scaevola, the younger son of the preceding, was
quaestor 188 B. C. , tribune of the commons 183 B. C. ,
prajor urbanus 179 B. C. , and finally consul with M.
. ? Mmiliiis Lepidus, 175 B. C. In conjunction with his
colleague, he carried on the war successfully in Cisal-
pine Gaul, especially against the Ligurians, and ob-
tained the honours of a three days' thanksgiving and a
. triumph. This last circumstance is confirmed by the
C'apitoline fragments, and also by some consular med-
i s. --IV. P. Mucius Scsevola, elder son of the prece-
ding, and a calebrated jurist He was conspicuous
? ? also as a defender of the good old-Roman virtues and
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? SCE
SCI
n. s banishment, and employed himself in arranging the
materials for bis history. (Marcel! in , Vit. Tkucyd. ,
p. 10, ed. Bip Plat. , de Extl. , p. 605. )
ScaEDus or Scokdus, a ridge of lofty mountains,
forming the natural boundary of Illvria on the aide of
Macedonia. It was connected on the north with the
great chain extending from the head ot the Adriatic
to the Euiine, and so well known in ancient times
under the names of Orbelus, Rhodope, and Haemus;
while to the south its prolongation assumed the appel-
lation of Pindus. The Turks and Servians call the
range of Scardus Tchar Dagh. (Cramer's Anc. Gr. ,
Tol. 1, p. 79, seqq. )
Scaurus, I. M. ^Emilius, a Roman consul, who
, distinguished himself by his eloquence at the bar, and
by his successes in Spain in the capacity of command-
er. He was sent against Jugurtha, and was, some
time after, accused of suffering himself to be bribed
by the Numidian prince. According to Sallust, this
nobleman tarnished the lustre of his splendid talents
by avarice and other degrading passions; while Cice-
ro, on the contrary, speaks of him in the highest terms
in various parts of his writings. Sallust's known dis-
like to the nobility may account, in some degree, for
this discrepance. Scaurus wrote a work in three
books, recording the principal occurrences and trans-
actions of his own life, which Cicero commends, and
considers equal to Xenophon's Life of Cyrus. Scau-
rus conquered the Ligurians, and in his censorship he
built the Milvian bridge at Rome, and began to pave
the road which, from him, was called the . Emihan.
His son, of the same name, made himself known by
the large theatre he built during his tedileship. This
theatre, which could contain 30,000 spectators, was
supported by 360 columns of marble, 38 feet in height,
and adorned with 3000 brazen statues.
This cele-
brated edifice, according to Pliny, proved more fatal
to the manners and the simplicity of the Romans than
the proscriptions and wars of Sylla had done to the
inhabitants of thecity. (Cic, Brut. ,29--Val. Max. ,
4, 4. -- Plin. , 34, 7; 36, 2. )--II. A Roman of consu-
lar dignity. When the Cimbri invaded Italy, the son
if Scaurus behaved with great cowardice, upon which
''. he father sternly ordered him never to appear again
in the field of battle. The severity of the father's re-
proach induced the son to destroy himself.
Sceleratus, I. Campus, a plain at Rome near the
Colline gate, where the vestal Minucia was buried
alive when convicted of unchastity, and where a sim-
ilar punishment was afterward accustomed to be in-
flicted on other similarly offending vestals. (Lib , 8,
14. )--II. One of the gates of Rome was called See-
Urala, because the 300 Fahii who were killed at the
river Cremera had passed through it when they went
to attack the enemy. It was before named Carmen-
talis. --III. There was also a street at Rome which
received the name of the Sceleratus Vicus, because
there Tullia had ordered her charioteer to drive over
the body of her father, Servius Tullius. (Lib. , 1,48.
-Thid, lb. , 365. )
Sckna or Scenus, a river of Hibernia, now the
Shannon. (Oros. , 1, 2. )
Scenjt, I. a city of Mesopotamia, on the borders
of Babylonia. (Strabo, 748. )--II. Mandrae, a city of
Middle Egypt, the seat of a bishopric, between Aph-
rodltopolis and Babylon. (Iltn. Ant. , p. 163, 169. )
--III. Veteranorum, a village in Lower Egypt, on
? ? the east side of the Nile, between Heliopolis and Vi-
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? SCIPIO.
SCIPIO.
Scipio, a celebrated family at Rome, whose name
it identified with some of the most splendid triumphs
of the Roman arms. They were a branch of the
Cornelian House, and are said to have derived their
family appellation from the Latin term scipio, "a
staff," because one of their number, Cornelius, had
guided his blind father, and been to him as a staff;
or, as Macrobius expresses it, "Non alitcr dicli
Scipioncs; nisi quod Cornelius, qui cognominem pa-
srem luminibus carentem pro baculo rcgcbal, Scipio
tognominatus, nomen ex cognominc posteris dcdit. "
, {Sat. , 1,-0. )--The most eminent of the name were, I.
P. Cornelius Scipio, who served, B. C. 393, under the
. dictator Camillus, and distinguished himself at the
taking of Veii. In 392 B. C. ho was chosen military
tribune with consular power, and, in conjunction with
bis colleague Cossus, ravaged the territory of the Fa-
lisci, and compelled them to sue for peace. --II. P.
Cornelius Scipio, son of the preceding, was curule
aedile 363 B. C. --III. P. Cornelius Scipio, son of the
preceding, was master of the horse to the dictator
Camillus, 346 B. C. --IV. P. Cornelius Scipio, son of
the preceding, was dictator 305 B. C. ; having been
appointed such, not so much with a view to any war-
like operations, as for the purpose of holding the con-
sular comma, the two consuls being absent in the
field --V. L. Cornelius Scipio, son of the preceding,
was chosen interrex on the refusal of the dictator
Manlius to hold the election for consuls under the Li-
cinian law. He softened down the irritated feelings
of the commons by procuring the election of C. Mar
cius Rutilius, a plebeian, to the consulship. He ob-
tained the consulship himself 348 B. C. , but, being
prevented by severe illness from conducting the war
against the Gauls, he transferred the command to bis
plebeian colleague, M. Popilius Lsnas. -- VI. L. Cor-
nelius Scipio Barbatus, grandson of the preceding,
was consul 298 B. C. He fought a bloody but inde-
cisive battle with the Etrurians, near Volaterra. The
? nemy, however, having abandoned their camp in the
bight-season, the consul laid waste the adjacent coun-
Sry with fire and sword. He also reduced Samnium
ami Lucania. His tomb was discovered in 1780, con-
taining an epitaph in very early Latin, commemorating
the events of his life and his many virtues. (Dun-
lop's Rom. Lit. , vol. 1, p. 62, seq. )--VII. Cn. Cor-
nelius Scipio Asina, so called from his having brought
into the forum, on the back of a she-ass (asina), the
money for a piece of ground which he had purchased,
or, according to another account, his daughter's mar-
riage-portion, in order to display it before the eyes of
suiters. He was the son of the preceding. In 260
B. C. he superintended, with Duilius the consul, the
building of the first Roman fleet, and subsequently
sailed with 17 ships, in advance of the main fleet, to
Messana in Sicily. He was taken, however, by a
Carthaginian squadron, and carried t<< Africa. Hav-
ing been at length released from cor,. 'incment in Car-
thage, he returned home and obtained the consulship;
ard he now avenged his former disgrace by taking
many places in Sicily, and particularly Panormus.
He conquered also great part of Sardinia and Corsica.
He was father to Publius and Cneus Scipio. Publius,
in the beginning of the second Punic war, was sent
with an army to Spain to oppose Hannibal; but, when
bo heard that his enemy had passed over into Italy, be
attempted, by his quick marches and secret evolutions,
? ? to stop his progress. He was conquered by Hannibal
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? scipi;,.
srif,u.
tod humiliating terms. The conqueror after this re-
lumed to Rome, where he was received with the most
unbounded applause, honoured with a triumph, and
dignified with the appellation of Africanus. Here he
enjoyed for some time the tranquillity and the honours
which his exploits merited; but in him also, as in other
great men, fortune showed herself inconstant. Scipio
offended the populace in wishing to distinguish the
senators from the rest of the people at the public ex-
hibitions; and when he canvassed for the consulship
for two of his friends, Scipio Nasica and Caius Laelius,
he had the mortification to see his application slighted,
and the honours which he claimed bestowed on a man
of no character, and recommended neither by abilities
nor meritorious actions. He retired from Rome no
longer to be a spectator of-ihe ingratitude of his coun-
trymen, and in the capacity of lieutenant he accom-
panied his brother against Antiocbus, king of Syria.
In this expedition his arms were attended with his
usual success, and the Asiatic monarch submitted to
the conditions which the conquerors dictated. At his
return to Rome Africanus found the malevolence of
his enemies still unabated. Cato, his inveterate rival,
seemed bent on his ruin; and he urged on the Petilii,
wo tribunes of the commons, to move in the senate
mat Africanus should be cited to give an account of
all the money he had received from Antiochus, to-
gether with such spoil as was taken in that war. As
soon as the Petilii had preferred their charge in the
senate, Scipio arose, and, taking a roll of papers out of
nis bosom, which had been drawn up by his brother,
be said, "In this is contained an accurate statement
of all you wish to know; in it you will find a particu-
lar account both of the money and plunder received
from Antiochus. "--"Read it aloud," was the cry of the
tribunes, "and sfterward let it be deposited in the treas-
ury. " '* That I will not do," said Scipio; "nor will I
so insult myself;" and, without saying a word more,
he toro it in pieces in the presence of all. It is not
improbable that this tearing of his accounts furnished
his enemies with the chief advantage they subsequent-
ly had against him. Not long after this, a tribune of
the name of Natvius cited Scipio to answer before the
ps jplc to the same charges as those which the Petilii
nac brought forward, and to other additional ones of a
similar purport. The first day was spent in hearing
the different charges. On the second day the trib-
unes took their seats at a very early hour. The ac-
cused soon after arrived, with a numerous train of
friends and clients; and, passing through the midst of
the assembly to the rostra, ascended without the least
emotion, and, with that air of dignity and confidence
which conscious innocence and superior virtue alone
ire able to inspire, addressed the assembly as follows:
"On this day, tribunes of the people, and you, Ro-
mans, I conquered Hannibal' ind the Carthaginians.
Is it becoming to spend a day like this in wrangling
and contention? Let us not then, I beseech you, be
ungrateful to the gods, but let us leave this man here,
and go to the Capitol, to thank them for the many fa-
vours they have vouchsafed us. " These words had
the desired effect. The tribes and all the assembly
followed Scipio; the court was deserted, and the trib-
unes were left alone in the seat of judgment. Yet,
when this memorable day was past and forgotten, Af-
ricanus was a third time summoned to appear; but
he had fled before the impending storm, and retired to
? ? bis country-house at Liternum. The accusation was
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? SCIPIO
scino.
prmyeu that an inquiry might je I lade for the pur-
poto of ascertaining what money had been received
Iron Antiochua and from his allies. The petition
was instantly received, and Asiaticus, charged with
having suffered himself to be corrupted by Antiochus,
was summoned to appear before the tribunal of Te-
rentius Culeo, who was on this occasion created prte-
tor. The judge, who was an inveterate enemy lo the
family of the Scipios, soon found Asiaticus, with his
two lieutenants and his quaestor, guilty of having re-
ceived, the first 6000 pounds' weight of gold and 480
pounds' weight of silver, and the others nearly an equal
sum, from the monarch against whom, in the name of
the Roman people, they were enjoined to make war.
They were condemned to pay large fines; but, while
the others gave security, Scipio declared that he had
accounted to the public for all the money which he
had brought from Asia, and therefore that he was
innocent. Notwithstanding this grave protestation,
the officers of justice were ordered to convey him to
prison; but, while they were in the actual discharge
of their duty, Sempronius Gracchus, one of the trib-
unes, interfered, and declared, "that he should make
no objection to their raising the money out of his ef-
fects, but that he would never suffer a Roman general
to be dragged to the common prison, wherein the lead-
ers of the enemy, that were taken in battle by him,
. lad been confined. " When the entire property of
Lucius Scipio was seized and valued, it was found in-
adequate to the payment of the sum demanded ; and
what redounded to his honour was, that, among all his
iffects, there was not found the trace of the smallest
irticle that could be considered Asiatic. His friends
mil relations, indignant at the treatment he had re-
:eived, came and offered to make compensation for
jis loss; but he refused to accept of anything except
what was barely necessary for subsistence. Whatever
was needful, says Livy, for domestic use, was pur-
chased at the sale of his property by his nearest rela-
tions; and the public hatred now recoiled on all who
were concerned in the prosecution. (Livy, 38, 60. )
Some time after he was appointed to settle the dis-
putes between Eumenes and Scleucus; and, at his re-
turn, the Romans, ashamed of their seventy towards
him, rewarded his merit with such uncommon liberal-
ity, that Asiaticus was enabled to celebrate games, in
honour of his victory over Antiochus, for ten success-
ive days at his own expense. --X. P. Cornelius Scipio
NasTca was son of Cneus Scipio, and cousin to Scipio
Africanus. He was refused the consulship, though
supported by the interest and the fame of the conquer-
or of Hannibal; but he afterward obtained it, and in
that honourable office conquered the Boii, and gained
a triumph. He was also successful in an expedition
which he undertook in Spain. When the statue of
Cybele was brought to Rome from Phrygia, the Ro-
man senate delegated one of their body, who was the
most remarkable for the purity of his manners and the
innocence of his life, to go and meet the goddess in
the harbour of Ostia. Nasica was the object of their
choice, and, as such, he was enjoined to bring the
statue of the goddess to Rome with the greatest
pomp and solemnity. Nasica also distinguished him-
? elf by the active part he took in confuting the accu-
sations laid against the two Scipios, Africanus and
Asiaticus. There was also another of the same name,
who distinguished himself by his enmity against the
? ? Gracchi, to whom he was nearly related. --(J'aterc. , 2,
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? SCI
sco
itithoul my family you were slaves. Is this Ike re-
spect you owe to your deliverers 1 Is this your affec-
tion . ' This firmness silenced the murmurs of the as-
sembly; and, some time after, Scipio retired from the
clamours of Rome to Ca'ieta, where, with his friend
Latlius, be passed the rest of his time in innocent
pleasures and amusement, in diversions which had
pleased them when children; and these two eminent
men wero often seen on the seashore picking up light
pebbles, and throwing them on the smooth surface of
the waters. Though fond of retirement and literary
ease, Scipio often interested himself in the affairs of
state. His enemies accused him of aspiring to the
dictatorship, and the clamours were most loud against
him when he had opposed the Sempronian law, and
declared himself the patron of the inhabitants of the
provinces of Italy. This active part of Scipio was
seen with pleasure by the friends of the republic ; and
not only the senate, but also the citizens, the Latins,
and the neighbouring states, conducted their illus-
trious friend and patron to his house. It seemed al-
most the universal wish that the troubles might be
quieted by the election of Scipio to the dictatorship,
and many presumed that that honour would be on the
morrow conferred upon him. In this, however, the
expectations of Rome were frustrated: Scipio was
found dead in his bed, to the astonishment of all; and
those who inquired for the causes of this sudden
death, perceived violent marks on his neck, and con-
cluded that he had been strangled, B. C. 128. This
assassination, as it was then generally believed, was
committed by the triumvirs, Papirius Carbo, C. Grac-
chus, and Fulvius Flaccus, who supported the Sem-
pronian law, and by his wife Sempronia, who is charg-
ed with introducing the murderers into his room. No
inquiries were made after the authors of his death.
Gracchus was the favourite of the mob, and the only
atonement which the populace made for the death of
Scipio was to attend his funeral, and to show their
concern by their loud lamentations. iEmilianus, like
his grandfather, was fond of literature, and he is said
to have saved from the flames of Carthage many val-
uable compositions, written by Phoenician and Punic
luthors. In the midst of his greatneas he died poor;
and his nephew, Q. Fabius Maximus, who inherited
his estate, scarce found in his house thirty-two pounds'
weight of silver and two and. a half of gold. His
liberality to his brother and to his sisters deserves the
greatest commendations; and, indeed, no higher enco-
mium can be passed upon his character, private as
well as public, than the words of his rival Meteltus,
who told his sons, at the death of Scipio, to go and
attend the funeral of the greatest man that ever lived
or should live in Rome. --XII. Q. Metellus Scipio,
adopted son of Quintns Csecilius Metellus. His pre-
vious name was P.
