No More Learning

Vega, Lope de (Lope Felix de Vega Carpio).
A celebrated Spanish dramatist; born in Mad-
rid, Nov. 25, 1562; died Aug. 21, 1635. He is
credited with 1,500 comedies, of which over
500 are extant and 340 well known; King
and Peasant) is most frequently acted. He
also wrote two narrative poems, Angelica
and 'Jerusalem Conquered); five mythological
poems, Circe, Andromeda, Philomela,
(Orpheus, and Proserpine); three historical
poems, “San Isidro, (The Dragon,' and (The
Maid of Almudena'; and a comic-heroic poem,
"Gatomachy) (War of Cats); besides sonnets,
and several novels, including Journey through
my Country *
Vega de la Ventura (vā'gä dā lä vān-to'rä).
An Argentine poet; born in Buenos Ayres,
July 14, 1807; died in Madrid, Spain, in 1865.
After political imprisonment he held places
in the Spanish government; was secretary to
Queen Maria Christina, and in 1856 was ap-
pointed director of the Royal Conservatory.
He wrote: The Song of Songs, Madrid,
1826); An Epithalamic Cantata) (1827); (Agi-
tation,' an ode (1834); (The 18th of June
(1837); (The Defense of Seville,' an ode (1838);
(The Man of the World,' a comedy (1840);
and the tragedies (The Death of Cæsar)
(1842); «Don Fernando de Antequera' (1845).
He is considered one of the best modern
Spanish poets.
Vegetius Renatus, Flavius (ve-je'tē-us re-
nā'tus). A Latin writer on the art of war,
fourth and fifth centuries. He compiled in
four books an “Epitome of the Military Art. '
There is an ancient treatise, "On the Veteri-
nary Art,' credited to him.
Vehse, Karl Eduard (vā'zė). A German
historian; born at Freiburg, Saxony, Dec. 18,
1802; died at Striesen near Dresden, June 18,
1870. He was archivist in Dresden, 1825;
later settled in Berlin; but was imprisoned
and banished for his "History of the German
Courts since the Reformation) (48 vols. , 1851-
58). Besides this monumental work, he wrote:
History of the Emperor Otho the Great!
(1828); “Tables of Universal History) (1834);
Course of Universal History) (1842); and
(Shakespeare as Protestant, Politician, Psy-
chologist, and Poet) (2 vols. , 1851).
Veitch, John. A Scottish poet, littérateur,
and philosophical writer ; born in Peebles, 1829;
died there, Sept. 3, 1894. A memoir of his
friend Sir William Hamilton first brought him
into notice; but he will be best remembered
for his poetical and literary works: (Hillside
Rhymes) (1872);( The Tweed and Other Poems)
(
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VELEZ-HERRERA-- VERNE
545
(
(1875); (The History and Poetry of the Scottish
Border) (1878; new ed. 1893), a monumental
work ; ( Merlin, and Other Poems) ; (The The-
ism of Wordsworth); (The Feeling for Nature
in Scottish Poetry, a delightful book.
Velez-Herrera, Ramon (vāʼleth-ā-rā'rä). A
Cuban author; born in Havana in 1808; died
there in 1887. He abandoned law for literature.
The first collection of his poems was published
at Havana in 1833, a second in 1837, and a
third in 1838. He also published: (Elvira de
Oquendo); (The Two Bridegrooms, a comedy
(1848); Autumn Flowers,' a collection of poems
(1849); "Cuban Romances) (1856); Napoleon
in Berlin, a tragedy (1860); and Flowers of
Winter,' poems (1882).
Velleius Paterculus (vel-ē'yus pā-ter'kū-
lus). A Latin historian of the first century.
He wrote a (History of Rome,' a synopsis of
Roman history from the fabled migration of
Æneas to 30 A. D. The latter half of the
work is not without value for the early empire.
Venable, William Henry. An American
author; born in Warren County, Ohio, April 29,
1836. He began to teach at 17, and taught
until 1886, afterward devoting himself to liter-
ature and lecturing. He has published : June
on the Miami, and Other Poems) (1871); (A
History of the United States) (1872); (The
School Stage, a collection of juvenile acting
plays (1873); Melodies of the Heart, and Other
Poems) (1884); (Footprints of the Pioneers in
the Ohio Valley) (1888); Biography of William
D. Gallagher) (1888); several pamphlets, ad-
dresses, etc. He edited (The Dramatic Actor,
a collection of plays (1874); and Dramatic
Scenes from the Best Authors) (1874).
Venables. Edmund. An English clergyman
and archæologist; born in London, 1819; died
there, March 5, 1895. He was canon of Lincoln
Cathedral from 1867, and wrote much on archi-
tecture and archæology, among his works be-
ing: (Walks through the Streets of Lincoln,'
widely popular; “History of the Isle of Wight)
(1860); (The Church of England : Its Plant-
ing, Settlement, Reformation, Renewed Life)
(1886); “Bunyan (1888).
Venedey, Jakob (ven'e-di). A German mis-
cellaneous writer; born at Cologne, May 24,
1805; died at Badenweiler, Feb. 8, 1871. He
wrote: Days of Travel and Rest in Normandy)
(1838); (France, Germany, and the Holy Al-
liance) (1842); (Germans and Frenchmen ac-
cording to their Languages and their Proverbs)
(1842); John Hampden) (1843); (Ireland)
(1844); History of the German People) (4
vols. , 1854-62); Machiavelli, Montesquieu, and
Rousseau) (2 vols. , 1850); (Frederick the Great
and Voltaire ) (1859); (Biographies) of Wash-
ington (1862), Franklin (1863), Stein (1868);
(The German Republicans under the French
Republic) (1870).
Vennor, Henry George. A Canadian mete-
orologist and writer; born in Montreal, Dec.
30, 1840; died there, July 8, 1884. He was
attached to the Geological Survey office till
1881. He published `Vennor's Almanac) from
1876, which attained a large circulation; and
wrote (Our Birds of Prey) (1875) and many
reports for the Geological Survey and the Ca.
nadian Naturalist.
Ventignano, Cesare Della Valle, Duke of
(ven-tēn-yä' nõ). An Italian poet and miscel.
laneous writer; born in Naples, 1777; died
about 1860. Among his works are the trage-
dies (The Siege of Corinth) and (Medea); an
(Essay on the Education of the Aristocracy
and the Laboring Classes); and a Philo.
sophic View of the History of the Human
Race) (1853).
Verdy du Vernois, Julius von (vār-de'dü
văr-nwä'). A Prussian soldier; born at Frei-
stadt in Silesia, July 19, 1832. He was made
general of infantry in 1888, and in 1889 Prus-
sian minister of war. He wrote: (The Second
Army in the Campaign of 1866); (Studies in
the History of War) (1876); Contribution to
the Game of War) (1876); (Studies on War)
(1891-92); Personal Reminiscences of the War
of 1870-71) (1895). His tragedy (Alaric) was
played at Strasburg in 1894.
Vere, Aubrey Thomas de. See De Vere. .
Verena, Sophie (ve-rā'nä). Pseudonym of
Sophie Alberti, a German miscellaneous writer;
born in Potsdam, Aug. 5, 1826; died there,
Aug. 15, 1892. She wrote the popular novel
(A Son of the South) (1859), and a collection
of tales entitled “Old and New) (1879).
Verga, Giovanni (vår'gä). A celebrated
Italian poet and novelist; born in Sicily, 1840.
His works include: "Story of a Cricket)
(1872); (Eva) (1873); (Stories) (1874); (Nedda)
(1874); Eros) (1875); "Royal Tiger' (1876);
(Helen's Husband (1877); Life in the Fields)
(1880); (I Malavoglia' (1881), translated as
(The House under the Medlar Tree); (Rustic
Tales) (1883); Rustic Chivalry) (1884), from
which the libretto of Mascagni's famous opera
(Cavalleria Rusticana) was derived; (The
How, the When, and the Wherefore); etc. *
Verlaine, Paul (văr-lān'). A French poet
and story-writer ; born at Metz, March 30,
1844; died at Paris, Jan. 8, 1896. He led a
life of vagabondage, vibrating between prison
and hospital. He wrote: (Saturnine Poems)
(1866); "Gay Festivals) (1869);(Accursed Poets)
(1884); (Of Old and of Late) (1885). Among
his stories are: Louise Leclercq? (1886);
(Memoirs of a Widower) (1887); “Stories With-
out Words) (1887); (Love) (1888); Dedica-
tions) (1890); (Good Luck) (1891); (My Hos-
pitals) (1891). *
Verne, Jules (vārn). A French writer; born
in Nantes, Feb. 8, 1828. He has written a
comedy in verse entitled (The Falling-Out)
followed by (Eleven Days at Liège, and (The
Uncle from America, and several comic operas;
but his fame rests chiefly on his more than
sixty romances of science and adventure, many of
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546
VERPLANCK- VICTOR
them translated into many other languages, even
Japanese and Arabic. The first was 'Five Weeks
in a Balloon (1863). Among the others are:
(A Journey to the Centre of the Earth' (1872);
(Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea)
(1873); Meridiana); Around the World in
Eighty Days) (1874); (The Mysterious Island)
(1875); (Michael Strogoff (1876); “The Pur-
chase of the North Pole) (1890).
Verplanck, Gulian C. An American scholar
and writer; born in New York in 1786; died
March 1870. He published anonymously in
1819 a brilliant satirical work, entitled (The
State Triumvirate. In 1825 he was elected to
Congress, and published, 1827-30, conjointly
with William Cullen Bryant and Robert C.
Sands, a miscellany entitled The Talisman.
Among his other works are his address before
the New York Historical Society entitled (The
Early European Friends of America) (1818);
(Essays on the Nature and Uses of the Evi-
dences of Revealed Religion (1824); and (Dis-
courses and Addresses on Subjects of American
History, Art, and Literature) (1833). In 1846
he brought out his edition of Shakespeare,
with notes, esteemed one of the best that had
ever appeared.
Vertot d'Aubeuf, René Aubert de (vår-to'
do-bėf'). A French priest and historian; born
at Château Benetot (Eure), Nov. 25, 1655; died
in Paris, June 15, 1735. He was historiographer
of the Order of Malta. He published a (His-
tory of the Revolutions of Portugal) (1689);
(History of the Revolutions of Sweden) (1696);
(History of the Revolutions of the Roman Re-
public) (1719); History of the Order of Malta)
(1726); all more dramatic and fuent than re-
liable.
Very, Jones. An American poet; born in
Salem, Mass. , in 1813; died May 8, 1880. He
published some essays and poems in 1839, and
was a contributor to the Christian Register, a
monthly religious magazine, and other jour-
nals. A complete edition of his essays and
poems, with a biographical note of the author,
was published by James Freeman Clarke, Bos-
ton, 1886. *
Very, Lydia Louisa Anna. An American
poet, sister of Jones Very; born in Massachu-
setts, and residing in Salem, Mass. She is the
author of many poems, and her writings have
appeared in book form under the title (Prose
and Verse. )
Vesalius, Andreas (ve-sā'lē-us). A cele-
brated physician, founder of the modern sci-
ence of anatomy; born at Brussels, Dec. 31,
1514; lost at sea in shipwreck off the isle of
Zante, on the return from a pilgrimage im-
posed by the Inquisition in lieu of death, Oct.
15, 1564. His great work (Of the Structure of
the Human Body,' in seven books, illustrated
with magnificent plates by Calcar, a pupil of
Titian, was published at Basle (3d ed. 1568).
(Complete works, edited by Boerhaave and
Albinus, 2 vols. , 1727. )
Vespucci, Amerigo, Latinized Americus
Vespucius (ves-pö'che). The celebrated Ital-
ian navigator, eponymus of the New World;
born at Florence, March 9, 1451; died at Se-
ville, Feb. 22, 1512. His Letters' (1502), giving
an account of his voyages, especially of the voy-
age of 1501, were translated into Latin, Italian,
French, and German, and were widely circu-
lated. He wrote a diary called (The Four
Journals, after his fourth voyage. The sugges-
tion to name the newly discovered continent
“Americawas first offered by Martin Wald-
seemüller of St. Dié in Lorraine, in his work
(Introduction to Cosmography) (1507).
Veuillot, Louis (vė-yo'). An eminent
French journalist; born in Boynes (Loiret),
1813; died in Paris, April 7, 1883. His works
include: (Pilgrimages in Switzerland) (1839);
(Rome and Loretto) (1841); (The Virtuous
Woman) (1844); "The French in Algeria
(1845); Free-Thinkers) (1848); "Vindex the
Slave) (1849); (The Day after the Victory)
(1850); (The Droit du Seigneur in the Middle
Ages (1854); “The Perfume of Rome) (1861);
(The Odors of Paris) (1866); Paris during the
Two Sieges) (1871); Molière and Bourdaloue)
(1877); (Poetic Works) (1878); etc. *
Viardot, Louis (vyär-do'). A French his-
torian and art critic; born at Dijon, July 31,
1800; died at Paris, May 5, 1883. He wrote:
(History of the Arabs and Moors of Spain
(2 vols. , 1851); “The Traditional Rise of Mod-
ern Painting in Italy) (1840); (The Museums
of France) (1855); “Spain and the Fine Arts)
(1866); “Wonders of Painting' (2 vols. , 1868–
69).
Viaud, Louis Marie Julien. See Loti.
Viaud, Théophile de (vē-7'). A French sa-
tirical poet; born in 1590; died in 1626. He
wrote elegies, tragedies, etc. In 1623 he was
accused of atheism and condemned to death,
but escaped, and the sentence was afterward
annulled.
Vicente, Gil. See Gil Vicente.
Victor, Mrs. Frances Auretta (Fuller)
(Barrett). An American poet and author,
sister of Metta V. , with whom she published
an early volume of poems. She wrote (The
River of the West) (1865); Life and Ad-
ventures in the Rocky Mountains and Oregon
(1870); “The New Penelope and Other Stories. )
She has also contributed chapters on the his-
tory of Oregon for H. H. Bancroft's (Pacific
Coast Histories.
Victor, Mrs. Metta Victoria (Fuller). An
American poet, novelist, and sketch-writer, wife
of 0. J. ; born near Erie, Pa. , March 2, 1831;
died in Hoboken, N. J. , June 26, 1886. She
published a story, 'The Silver Lute, at 13; with
her sister Frances, (Poems of Sentiment and
Imagination) (1851); alone but anonymously,
(Fresh Leaves from Western Woods) (1853);
(The Senator's Son: A Plea for the Maine Law)
(1853), which had a great circulation in England
)
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VICTOR -- VILLAVERDE
547
and America ; and (Two Mormon Wives : A Life
Story) (1856). She edited the Home Monthly
Magazine in 1856. She wrote many dime novels.
The comic sketches (Miss Slimmens's Window)
and Miss Slimmens's Boarding House) (1859),
and the story (Too True,' were reprinted from
periodicals. She wrote also the novels (Figure
Eight) and (The Dead Letter); Passing the
Portal (1877); (The Bad Boy's Diary) (1880);
(The Rasher Family) (1884); (The Naughty
Girl's Diary) (1884); (Blunders of a Bashful
Man) (1885).
Victor, Orville James. An American jour-
nalist, editor, and author; born in Sandusky,
0. , Oct. 23, 1827. He edited the Art Journal;
the United States Journal; the (Dime Bio-
graphical Library,' for which he wrote many
books; Beadle's Magazine (1866–67): and pub-
lished History of the Southern Rebellion (4
vols. , 1862–65); Incidents and Anecdotes of
the War) (1863); and History of American
Conspiracies) (1864).
Victoria, full name Alexandrina Victoria.
Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, and Em-
press of India; born in London, May 24, 1819,
the only child of the Duke of Kent, fourth son
of George III. She succeeded to the throne
June 20, 1837, on the death of her uncle, William
IV. , third son of George III. , and was crowned
June 28, 1838; married Albert, prince of Saxe-
Coburg-Gotha (who died Dec. 14, 1861), Feb.
10, 1840. She is author in part of Leaves
from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands)
(1868), and More Leaves from the Journal of
a Life in the Highlands) (1884). She super-
vised the preparation of lives of the Prince
Consort by C. Grey and Sir Theodore Martin.
Vicuña-Mackenna, Benjamin (vē-kön'yä).
A Chilian historian; born in Santiago in 1831 ;
died in Santa Rosa del Colmo, Jan. 25, 1886.
He was concerned in many revolutions, trav-
eled extensively, and held many political posi-
tions. In 1870 he acted as war correspondent
during the Franco-German war; later as corre-
spondent of the Mercurio in Berlin and Paris. At
the opening of the war with Peru he became
editor of El Nuevo Ferrocarril; and after the
conclusion of the war, his description of it be-
came well known for its impartiality. He wrote:
(The Siege of Chillan in 1813' (1849); "History
of Santiago) (2 vols. , 1868); (Francisco Moyen;
or, What the Inquisition in America Meant)
(1868); several books on the mineral riches of
Chili (1883); (Album of the Glory of Chili?
(1883); Dolores) (1883); (The Isles of Juan
Fernandez) (1884); (At a Gallop) (1885); (The
War in Spain) (1887); and many others.
Vida, Marco Girolamo (vē'dä). A modern
Latin poet; born at Cremona, about 1489;
died at Alba, Sept. 27, 1566. In his early
manhood he won a European reputation with
his two didactic poems in Latin, (The Game
of Chess) and (The Silkworm. Among his
other poems are: 'On the Art of Poetry '(1527);
(The Christiad,' an epic (1535). He also
wrote a dialogue (On the Republic, in which
the interlocutors are Vida and several cardi-
nals whose society he enjoyed at the Council
of Trent.
Viehoff, Heinrich (vē'hof).
A German his-
torian of literature; born at Büttgen near
Neuss, April 28, 1804; died at Treves, 1886.
He wrote : (Introduction to the Art of Poetry)
(1860); “Goethe's Poems: with Notes) (2 vols. ,
3d ed. 1874); Manual of German National
Literature) (3 vols. , 16th ed. 1881); Life and
Works of Goethe) (2 vols. , 5th ed. 1887);
(Schiller's Poems: with Notes) (3 vols. , 6th ed.
1887); "Life of Schiller) (3 vols. , 2d ed. 1888);
(Odysseus and Nausicaa,' a tragedy in five acts,
an amplification of Goethe's play. He made
many metrical translations of all of Racine's
plays, three of Molière's, eleven of Shakes-
peare's, all the plays of Sophocles, Scott's
Lady of the Lake, Longfellow's 'Evangeline,
and Ausonius's (The Moselle. )
Vigny, Alfred Victor, Comte de (vēn-ye').
A French writer, member of the Academy;
born in Loches, March 27, 1799; died in Paris,
Sept. 18, 1863. He left military service for
literature; and his romance (Cinq-Mars) (1826)
went through several editions. He also wrote
several plays; his translation of Othello) was
acted in 1829, and his Chatterton) was a com-
plete triumph. In 1843 he published several
poems in the Revue des Deux Mondes. His
Consultations of Dr. Noir appeared in 1856. *
Villani, Giovanni (vē-lä'nē). An Italian his-
torian ; born at Florence about 1275; died there
of the plague, 1348. He began a history of
his native city, but had only brought it down
to 1346 at his death. It was continued, first
by his brother Matteo (died 1363, also of the
plague), and by Matteo's son Filippo, who
lived into the early 15th century.
Villari, Pasquale (vē-lä'rē). An Italian his-
torian; born at Naples, 1827. His principal
works are : History of Girolamo Savonarola
and his Times) (2 vols. , 1859-61; new and
much improved ed. 1887-88); Niccolò Machi-
avelli and his Times) (3 vols. , 1877-82 ; new
ed. 3 vols. , 1895); (Ancient Legends and Tradi-
tions Illustrating the Divine Comedy) (1865);
(Essays Critical, Historical, and Literary)
(1868); ( Teaching History' (1869); (The School
and the Social Question in Italy) (1872). *
Villaverde, Cirilo (vēl-yä-văr'dā). A Cuban
author; born in San Diego de Nuñez in 1812.
He graduated in law at Havana, but devoted
himself to literature and teaching. He was
condemned to death for political action in
1849, but escaped to the United States, and
contributed to literary periodicals. He pub-
lished : (El Espetori de Oro); "Los Dos Amo-
res) (1837); “El Guajiro) (1840); La Pimeta
Calada); "La Tejedora de Sombreros) (1840–
45); and (Cecilia Valdés) (1881), his master-
piece, a genuine Cuban novel, highly praised
by the most competent critics of in and
Spanish-America.


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548
VILLEGAS – VINCENT OF LERINS
Villegas, Estevan Manuel de (vēl-yā'gäs). A
celebrated Spanish lyric poet; born in Old Cas-
tile in 1596; died in 1669. He published a col-
lection of poems entitled (Amatorias) (1620);
he also translated Horace and Anacreon into
Spanish verse, and made a prose translation of
Boethius.
Villehardouin, Geoffrey de (vēl-är-dwan').
A French diplomatist and historian; born at
Arcis-sur-Aube about 1165; died about 1213.
He participated in the Fourth Crusade and
the sack of Constantinople, and wrote a most
valuable account of it, entitled (The History of
the Capture of Constantinople by the French
and Venetians. It is supposed to be the oldest
prose history in the French language.
Villemain, Abel François (vēl-man'). A
French writer; born in Paris, June 11, 1790 ; died
there, May 8, 1870. He filled the chair of
rhetoric at the Lycée Charlemagne, 1810-16, and
of French eloquence at the Sorbonne, 1816–26.
With Cousin and Guizot he formed the famous
trio known as the three professors. ” He won
the prize offered by the Academy in 1812 with
his essay Eulogy of Montaigne); again in
1814 with (Advantages and Drawbacks of Criti-
cism'; and in 1816 with "Eulogy of Montes.
quieu. ' The French Academy elected him a
member in 1821. His three greatest works are :
(Course of French Literature : A View of the
18th Century); A View of Christian Eloquence
in the 4th Century); History of Gregory VII. ,
a posthumous publication (1873).
Villemarqué, Théodore Hersart, Vicomte
de la (vēl-mär-kā'). A French philologist and
antiquarian; born at Quimperté, 1815. He is
author of (Barzaz-Breiz: Popular Songs of Brit-
tany) (1840); Popular Tales of the Ancient
Bretons) (1856); (Celtic Legends of Ireland,
Wales, and Brittany) (1859); (Stories of the
Round Table); (Breton Poems of the Middle
Ages) (1879). *
Villena, Enrique de Aragon, commonly
styled Marques de (vēl-yā'nä). A Spanish
scholar and poet; born 1384; died at Madrid,
Dec. 15, 1434. He wrote: (The Troubadour's
Art); (The Art of Carving); «The Labors of
Hercules) (1483); (Treatise on Consolation);
(Fascinology) (on the evil eye); “On Leprosy. ?
He also translated the Æneid and the Divine
Comedy,
Villers, Charles François Dominique de
(ve-lā'). A French writer of history ; born at
Boulay in Lorraine, Nov. 4, 1765; left France
at the Revolution, settled in Germany and
died at Göttingen, Feb. 26, 1815. He wrote:
(Kant's Philosophy; or, Fundamental Princi-
ples of Transcendental Philosophy) (2 vols. ,
1802); (An Essay on the Spirit and Influence
of Luther's Reformation (1804); (General
View of the Universities) (1808).
Villon, François (vēl-lon'), true name prob-
ably François Montcorbier. A noted French
poet; born 1431 ; died about 146- (? ). He
wrote: (The Greater Testament) (1456), and
the (Smaller Testament: Its Codicil (1461)
both in eight-line stanzas, with ballads and
rondeaus interposed; a volume of Ballades);
and a collection of poems in a jargon to-day
unintelligible, Jargon. ' *
Vilmar, August Friedrich Christian (vēl.
mär'). A German theological writer and his-
torian of literature; born at Solz in Lower
Hesse; died at Marburg, July 30, 1868. He
was professor of Lutheran theology at Marburg,
and a resolute opponent of rationalism in
theology. He wrote: “The Theology of Facts
versus the Theology of Rhetoric) (1856); (His-
tory of German Civilization in Most Recent
Times) (3 vols. , 1858–67); (A Little Handbook
for the Friends of the German Folk Song
(1867); (Exposition of the Augsburg Confes-
sion) (1870); Moral Theology) (1871); Dog-
matic Theology) (1874); History of German
National Literature (1845; 24th ed. 1894).
Vincent, Arvede (vai-sảnº) [Varine]. A
French miscellaneous writer; born at Paris,
Nov. 17, 1840. She wrote : (Essays and Fan-
tasies) (1887); Princesses and Great Ladies :
Maria Mancini, Christina of Sweden, the
Duchess of Maine,) etc. (1890); (Bernardin de
St. Pierre) (1891); (A. de Musset) (1893).
Vincent of Beauvais, Latinized Vincentius
Bellovacensis. A great mediæval encyclo-
pedist; born about 1190; died about 1204. He
was a Dominican friar. His voluminous works
cover the whole field of mediæval science.
The chief is (The Greater Mirror) (Speculum
Majus), a vast encyclopædia of fables, science,
literature, etc. , in three huge volumes of 80
books and 9,885 chapters; it comprises Natural,
Doctrinal, Historical; another part, Moral, is
by another hand. Part i. (ed. 1473-76) con-
tains 848 folio pages, and treats of the whole
visible world, and even of the Creator, angels,
etc. ; part ii. , Doctrinal, is a summary of the
scholastic philosophy, liberal and useful arts,
government, grammar, arithmetic, theology, etc.
The third part gives the Bible account of crea-
tion, the world's secular history down to Con-
stantine, and histories of the German, Frank,
English, and other nations.
Vincent of Lerins, or Vincentius Lerinensis.
An ecclesiastical writer of the first half of the
fifth century; he was a native of Gaul and a
monk of the monastery of Lerinum, an island
(now St. Honorat) opposite Cannes. He is au-
thor of a (Warning against the Profane Novel-
ties of all Heretics. In that work is for the first
time laid down formally the test of Catholicity
of doctrine, which is that the Catholic doctrine
is “what everywhere, what always, what by
all hath been believed » (quod ubique, quod
semper, and quod ab omnibus creditum est).
He is by some critics believed to be also the
author of a treatise favoring the heretical opin-
ions of the Semipelagians, which is the subject
of Prosper the Aquitanian's (Replies, on behalf
of Augustine's Teaching, to the Heads of the
Vincentian Objections.
>


## p. 549 (#565) ############################################

VINCENT - VIRGIL
549
Vincent, Frank. An American traveler and
writer; born in Brooklyn, N. Y. , April 2, 1848.
Yale, his alma mater, gave him an A. M. in
1875. He is a member of many geographical,
ethnological, and archæological societies, and
has received decorations from the kings of
Burmah, Cambodia, and Siam. He has pub-
lished (The Land of the White Elephant
(1874); (Through and Through the Tropics)
(1876); (Two Months in Burmah) (1877); “The
Wonderful Ruins of Cambodia) (1878); Norsk,
Lapp, Finn (1881); (Around and About South
America' (1888); and (The Republics of South
America) (1889).
Vincent, John Heyl. An American cler-
gyman, bishop of the Methodist Episcopal
Church ; and founder of the Chautauqua Assem-
bly. He was born Feb. 23, 1832, at Tuscaloosa,
Ala. ; educated at the Wesleyan Institute, and
began to preach at 18. He was pastor at Ga-
lena, Ili. , and Chicago, and in 1865 established
the Sunday School Quarterly, and in 1866 the
Sunday School Teacher, which contained the
lesson system since become international. He
was general secretary of the Methodist Sunday
School Union, and also of the Tract Society.
In 1874, with the Hon. Lewis Miller of Akron,
O. , he established the Chautauqua Assembly,
and has been superintendent of instruction and
chancellor up to the present time. In 1888 he
became bishop, with residence at Topeka, Kan.
Among his published works are: (Little Foot-
prints in Bible Lands) (1861); (The Chautau-
qua Movement (1886); (The Home Book)
(1886); (The Modern Sunday School (1887);
(Better Not); a series of Chautauqua text-
books (1887); (The Church at-Home.
Royal Academy in London, illustrates in detail
the anatomy of the human body.
Vincke, Karl Friedrich Gisbert, Freiherr
von (vink'ė). A German story-writer and poet;
born at Hagen, Sept. 6, 1813; died at Freiburg,
Baden, Feb. 6, 1892. He wrote (Legends and
Pictures of Westphalia) (1856); Poems' (1860);
(Comedies) (2 vols. , 1869 and 1881); A Little
List of Sins) (4th ed. 1889); and adapted some
of Shakespeare's plays.
Vinet, Alexandre Rodolphe (vē-nā'). A
Swiss Protestant theologian and historian of
literature; born at Ouchy, Vaud, June 17, 1797 ;
died at Clarens, May 4, 1847. He wrote: (A
Memoir in Favor of Freedom of Worship)
(1826); “History of Preaching in the Reformed
Churches of France in the 17th Century) (1860);
(Studies on Blaise Pascal) (1848); “Studies on
the Literature of France in the 18th Century)
(2 vols. , 1853); (Moralists of the 16th and 17th
Centuries) (1859); "Poets of the Age of Louis
XIV. (1861).
Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène Emanuel (vē-7-lā'-
le-düc). A French architect and historian of
art; born at Paris, Jan. 27, 1814; died Sept.
17, 1879. He made special and profound study
of mediæval architecture in Italy and South-
ern France; and became professor in the École
des Beaux Arts, 1863. His great work is Dic-
tionary of French Architecture from the nith
to the 16th Century) (10 vols. , 1854-69). His
other chief works are : “Essay on the Military
Architecture of the Middle Ages) (1854);
(Dictionary of French House Furniture from
the Carlovingian Epoch to the Renaissance)
(6 vols. , 1854-75); “Discourses on Architecture
(2 vols. , 1858–72); Chapels of Notre Dame de
Paris) (1867–69); Memoir on the Defense of
Paris) (1872); (History of a House, (History
a Fortress,' (History of Human Dwelling-
Places,' (History of a City Mansion and of a
Cathedral) (4 vols. , 1873-78).
Virchow, Rudolf (fēr'cho). A distinguished
German pathologist and anthropologist; born
at Schivelbein, in Pomerania, Oct. 13, 1821.
Among his numerous writings are : (Col-
lected Essays on Scientific Medicine) (1856);
(Four Discourses on Life and Disease) (1862);
(On the Education of Woman for her Calling'
(1865); (On Certain Tokens of Lower Human
Races in the Cranium (1875); (Freedom of
Science in the Modern State) (1877).
Virgil, Polydore. A celebrated writer and
ecclesiastic; born in Urbino, Italy, about 1470;
died about 1550. He was sent about 1502 to
England by Pope Alexander VI. to collect the
tax called “Peter's Pence, and continued to
reside there for the greater part of his life.
He was successively created archdeacon of
Wells; prebendary in the Cathedral of Here-
ford, Lincoln, and St. Paul's. His principal
works are his History of Inventions) ; His-
toria Anglica, a history of England brought
down to the end of the reign of Henry VII. ;
(
Vincent, Marvin Richardson. An American
clergyman; born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. , Sep-
tember, 1834. With Charlton T. Lewis, he trans-
lated Johann Albrecht Bengel's (Gnomon of
the New Testament) (2 vols. , 1860-62). He
has since published, besides tracts, sermons,
and review articles, Amusement a Force in
Christian Training) (1867); “The Two Prodi-
gals) (1876); (Gates into the Psalm Country,
a series of descriptions (1878); (Stranger and
Guest); (1879); Faith and Character) (1880);
(The Minister's Handbook) (1882); (Christ as
a Teacher) (1886); and “Word Studies in the
New Testament) (3 vols. , 1887-89).
Vinci, Leonardo da (vinche'). A great Ital-
ian painter, one of the greatest artists of the
world ; born at the castle of Vinci in Tuscany,
1452; died in France, May 2, 1519, at the court
of Francis I. He lived at Florence; but,
brought by an invitation from Ludovico il
Moro about 1489 to settle in Milan, he there
painted his famous (Last Supper. His por-
trait, painted by himself, is in the Royal
Library, Turin. A 'Treatise on Painting); and
his various works on the art of perspective
and on the laws of architecture and mathe-
matics are well known. A series of over two
hundred drawings of his now belonging to the


## p. 550 (#566) ############################################

VIRGIL- VOGT
550
and a treatise against divination, entitled "De
Prodigiis.
Virgil, or more properly Vergil - Publius
Vergilius Maro. The greatest of Roman
epic poets; born at Andes, a little village near
Mantua, Oct. 5, 70 B. C. ; died at Brundisium,
Sept. 21, 19 B. C. He wrote the epic Æneid,
in 12 books; several (Eclogues) or (Bucolics,'
pastoral poems in imitation of the idylls of
Theocritus ; and the 'Georgics,' a didactic poem
on husbandry, in four books. *
Visconti, Ennio Quirino (vis-kon'tē). An
Italian archæologist ; born at Rome, Nov. I,
1751; died Feb. 7, 1818. In his 14th year he
translated into Italian verse the Hecuba) of
Euripides. His greatest work is (Grecian Ico-
nography) (3 vols. , 1808). He visited London
at the invitation of Lord Elgin to inspect the
Elgin Marbles, 1817, and wrote (Memoirs on the
Works of Sculpture from the Parthenon (1818).
Vitet, Ludovic (vē-tā'). A French states-
man, poet, and author, member of the Acad-
emy; born in Paris, Oct. 18, 1802; died there,
June 5, 1873. While a journalist on L'Univers,
he wrote three dramatic poems, (The Day of
the Barricades) (1826), (The States of Blois)
(1827), and the Death of Henri III. (1829),
which gave him reputation. Subsequently he
held official posts until the revolution of 1848.