Should they
hereafter
learn, that though retained on the
list of their officers, I am not in the execution of the duties
?
list of their officers, I am not in the execution of the duties
?
Hamilton - 1834 - Life on Hamilton - v1
Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-08-20 04:06 GMT / http://hdl.
handle.
net/2027/uva.
x000275470 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.
hathitrust.
org/access_use#pd-google
? HAMILTON. 385
The redoubt on the right was also taken, but with less
celerity, the Americans having the work in their posses-
sion, and being regularly formed, while their allies were
yet engaged in removing the abatis.
The fate of the enemy was now decided. The second
parallel was continued during the night, the two redoubts
enveloped, and a line of communication opened with the
first before break of day. As a last effort, a sortie was
made, towards day-light of the sixteenth, which proved un-
successful.
Cornwallis, who knew the weakness of his defences,
and had placed his only hopes on succour from New-York,
resolved to make a desperate attempt to cross to Glouces-
ter, intending to escape by land to New-York. Boats were
prepared, and a part of the troops embarked, when a vio-
lent storm arose, which drove the boats down the river, and
prevented the completion of his bold design. New batteries
were now finished by the Americans; the whole works
were mounted, and a heavy and irresistible cannonade en-
complimented at the expense of Generals Washington and La Fayette,) has
of late been revived, and has acquired a degree of importance by being repeat-
ed in different publications, as well in Europe as America, it becomes a duty to
counteract its currency and influence by an explicit disavowal.
The story imports in substance, that General La Fayette, with the appro-
bation or connivance of General Washington, ordered me, as the officer who
was to command the attack on a British redoubt, in the course of the siege of
York Town, to put to death all those of the enemy who should happen to be
taken in the redoubt, and that through motives of humanity I forbore to execute
the order.
Positively and unequivocally I declare, that no such nor similar order, nor
any intimation nor hint resembling it, was ever by me received, or understood
to have been given.
It is needless to enter into an explanation of some occurrences on the occa-
sion alluded to, which may be conjectured to have given rise to the calumny.
It is enough to say, that they were entirely disconnected with any act of either
of the Generals who have been accused.
With esteem I am, sir, your most obedient servant,
A. Hamilton.
vol. I. 49
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? 386 THE LIFE OF
sued. On the morning of the seventeenth, while the light
infantry were in the trenches, the chamade was beat, and
propositions for surrender made. It is related by Colonel
Fish, that when the sealed packet addressed to Washing-
ton, which was delivered to La Fayette, came in, the Ge-
neral was riding along the line. He had passed Hamilton,
and as soon as he had read the despatch, sent for him, and
asked his opinion as to the terms. After a short time, a
suspension of hostilities was agreed to, and the enemy capi-
tulated; Laurens, at the surrender, representing the Ame-
rican army, both as an honour due to his distinguished me-
rits, and to remind the British king, that he, whose father
was a prisoner in the Tower, held in his hands the fate of
the commander of his armies. *
Congratulations now poured in upon Washington, and
upon his allies, from every quarter of the country; the pub-
lic bodies vieing with each other, in an emulation of grati-
tude. A vote of thanks was rapturously passed by con-
gress, a marble column was ordered to be erected at York
Town, in commemoration of the event, and special honours
were conferred on both commanders.
While receiving the warmest expressions of admiration
from the whole army, Hamilton, thus modestly, in a letter
written to soothe the anxiety of his wife, adverts to what
had passed. "Two nights ago,f my Eliza, my duty and my
honour obliged me to take a step in which your happiness
was too much risked. I commanded an attack upon one
of the enemy's redoubts; we carried it in an instant, and
with little loss. You will see the particulars in the Phila-
delphia papers. There will be, certainly, nothing more of
this kind; all the rest will be by approach; and if there
should be another occasion, it will not fall to my turn to
execute it. "
* Cornwallis was, it is believed, at this time Constable of the Tower,
t October 16th.
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? HAMILTON. 387
Washington,. anxious to push his advantages, solicited
De Grasse to co-operate in the relief of Wilmington and
Charleston. The former object was at first assented to;
but the French admiral conceiving it his duty to return to
the West Indies, changed his views. The plan was aban-
doned, and after having completed the arrangements for
the disposal of the captured army, while the French re-
mained in Virginia, the Americans returned to the north,
and were cantoned, in the latter part of November, in
New-Jersey and in New-York.
Washington, having concerted measures for the next
campaign in a personal interview with congress, revisited
Mount Vernon, loaded with laurels, and crowned with glo-
ry, while Hamilton returned on furlough to his home.
Gratifying as had been the result of this campaign, which
sealed the national independence, and proud as were his
reflections in reviewing the long series of services he had
rendered his country, and in being connected so conspicu-
ously with an event which may be regarded as the closing
scene of the revolution, yet those reflections were not un-
mingled with others of a deeply painful character. Though,
with every uncorrupted mind, he deplored the miseries of
war,* yet long service had confirmed in his bosom a fond-
ness for military life. As an eloquent friend has well re-
marked, "his early education was in the camp; there his
earliest and most cordial friendships were formed; there
he became enamoured of glory, and was admitted to her
? In a letter to a friend, written after the close of the campaign of 1776, he
observes: "Tour sentiments respecting war are perfectly j ust. I don't wonder
at your antipathy to it. Every fine feeling of a delicate mind revolts from the
idea of shedding human blood, and multiplying'the common evils of life by
the artificial methods incident to that state. Were it not for the evident ne-
cessity, and in defence of all that is valuable in society, I could never be re-
conciled to a military character, and shall rejoice when the restoration of
peace, on the basis of freedom and independence, shall put it in my power to
renounce it. "
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? 888 THE LIFE OF
embrace. "* This life was now soon to end, and those
friendships, so warmly cherished, could be cultivated only
at intervals.
Knowing also that the army was not a favourite of con-
gress, he could not but survey, for the last time, with pain,
the war-worn faces of those faithful men, who, while win-
ning the liberties of their country, had won for her such im-
perishable renown, requited, as he felt they were to be, by
the grossest ingratitude.
Of his immediate companions in the family of Washing-
ton, with two he had already parted. Early in the year,
Meade, who had recently married, retired from the service,
and except by his gallantry in rushing to the aid of Steuben,
and repulsing the advances of Arnold from his native state,
was no longer known as a public man.
The " Old Secretary," Harrison, as he was familiarly call-
ed, left the army the previous spring, having been appoint-
ed, by the state of Maryland, Chief Justice of its Supreme
Court; which situation he filled until the adoption of the
Federal Constitution, when such was Washington's estimate
of the claims of this meritorious individual upon his country,
that he nominated him a Judge of the Supreme Court of
the United States, immediately after its organization, which
he declined. f
* Fisher Ames.
t The following letter, written by Colonel Harrison to Hamilton, as a vin-
dication of his motives for leaving the army, may not be deemed inappropriate,
as an act of justice to an early friend.
"New-Windsor, , 1781.
"I came here, my dear Hamilton, on Friday night to bid adieu to the Gene-
ral, to you, and to my other friends as a military man, and regretted much that
I had not the happiness of seeing you. To-morrow I am obliged to depart,
and it is possible our separation may be forever. But be this as it may, it can
only be with respect to our persons, for as to affection, mine for you will con-
tinue to my latest breath. This event will probably surprise you, but from
your knowledge of me, I rely you will conclude at the instant, that no light
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? HAMILTON.
Tilghman, McIIenry, and Laurens remained in the ser-
vice.
The first, whose social virtues were only equalled by his
military daring, continued with the commander-in-chief un-
til his resignation, from whom he received the warmest ac-
knowledgements of gratitude. He then established himself
in Baltimore, where he died in seventeen hundred and eigh-
ty-six.
McHenry, whom Hamilton described "as sensible, judi-
cious, well informed, of an intrepidity never questioned, and
of a temper, which though firm in the support of principles,
was full of moderation and amenity," returned to Maryland,
where he exercised a salutary influence in the councils of
that state, filled a seat in congress a short time, and closed
his public life as Secretary at War.
But the individual who held the first place in Hamilton's
considerations would have taken me from the army; and, I think, I might
safely have rested the matter here. However, as the friendship between us,
gives you a claim to something more, and as I am not indifferent about cha-
racter, and shall be anxious to have the esteem of all who are good and virtu-
ously great, I shall detail to you, my friend, the more substantial reasons which
have led to my present conduct. I go from the army, then, because I have
found, on examination, that my little fortune, earned by an honest and hard
industry, was becoming embarrassed; to attend to the education of my chil-
dren; to provide, if possible, for the payment of a considerable sum of money,
with which I stand charged in the partition of my father's estate; to save a
house which I had begun, and without instant attention would be ruined; and
because the state of Maryland, in a flattering manner, have been pleased to
appoint me to a place, very respectable in its nature, corresponding with my
former, and interesting to my whole future life and support: -- they have ap-
pointed me to the chair of the Supreme Court. These, my friend, are the mo-
tives to my present resolution. My own feelings are satisfied on the occasion,
though I cannot but regret parting with the most valuable acquaintances I
have, and I hope they will justify me most fully to you, my Hamilton, espe-
pecially when you consider the time I have been in the service, and the com-
pensation I have received * * *. Adieu.
"Yours, in haste, most affectionately,
"Robt. H. Harrison. "
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? THE LIFE OF
affections was Laurens,with whom he now parted, not again
to meet.
This heroic soldier joined the army in the beginning of
seventeen hundred and seventy-seven; distinguished him-
self at Brandywine, and at Germantown only retired after
an impetuous, though unadvised attempt upon Chew's house,
from which Hamilton endeavoured to dissuade him, after
having received a severe wound, and having left two-thirds
of his men upon the field.
At Monmouth, where every member of Washington's staff
contended not only for their country, but for the honour of
their chief, he was conspicuous in leading the soldiers to the
charge, and rallying them on the retreat. At Rhode-Island,
he commanded a regiment of infantry, and received the es-
pecial thanks of Sullivan for his order and gallantry.
He was incessantly employed in various operations while
at the south. At the siege of Savannah, he gave a singular
instance of his high-wrought feelings. After the defeat, he
stood lost in abstraction, with his arms wide extended, in
the midst of a heavy fire, and replied to a remonstrance on
his rashness, "My honour does not permit me to survive the
disgrace of this day;" and was only recalled to his duty, by
a peremptory order to cover the retreat. At Charleston,
he sallied from the town, and frequently repulsed the be-
siegers, and was again wounded. Having twice received
the thanks of congress, he returned, after the surrender at
York Town, to Carolina, where hearing of the approach of
a party of the enemy, he arose from his sick bed, threw
himself at the head of his corps, and fell in a trifling skir-
mish near the banks of the Combahee. A short time before
his death, he writes to Hamilton, complaining " that the ene-
my's system was perfectly defensive, and rendered the cam-
paign insipid. Many of our sanguine citizens have flatter-
ed themselves with the idea of a prompt evacuation of
Charleston. I wish the garrison would either withdraw or
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? HAMILTON. 391
fight us. Adieu, my dear friend. While circumstances
place so great a distance between us, I entreat you not to
withdraw the consolation of your letters. You know the
unalterable sentiments of your affectionate Laurens. "
Of all the youthful soldiers of the revolution, there is not
one upon whose story the recollections of his contemporaries
have more fondly dwelt. His distinguished place in the
affections of Washington, and the repeated public honours
proffered to him by congress, his numerous and varied ser-
vices, his address in negotiation, his gallantry in battle, his
exalted zeal, and his lofty spirit, elevated him so far above
his fellow-soldiers, that at his name every youthful aspira-
tion of ambition was kindled.
But Laurens was not alone a gallant soldier, a distinguish-
ed patriot, a skilful diplomatist. To these he added all the
endearing and social affections, all the attractions of a noble
nature, all the graces of a refined and cultivated intellect,
and an address which possessed an irresistable, an endless
charm.
Qualities which in other men might have offended by
their contrast, in him only served to give richness of cha-
racter, and create variety of interest. His intrepid spirit
was coupled with a self-distrust, a confiding weakness of
temper, which awakened in his friends surprise and love.
While to others his heart was all kindness and benevolence,
he was unjust only to himself; and while the world saw
him graced with every virtue, he was still aspiring to some
higher excellence, -- an ideal perfection, which is denied to
our nature, and exists only in the warm conceptions of a
mind deeply tinged with romance. Nothing can more fully
express this inward struggle for superior excellence, than
his letter to Hamilton, and the latter's elegant rebuke, that
"he refined on the refinements of sensibility. "
With a bosom not less alive to the most generous emo-
tions, but with a mind of a firmer texture, Hamilton repro-
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? 392 TUB LIFE OF
ved, in the noble spirit of his friend, an excess of that deli-
cacy which he himself cherished.
In the intercourse of these martial youths, there was a
deep fondness of friendship, which approached the tender-
ness of feminine attachment. On the annunciation of his
sad fate, Hamilton writes to La Fayette, -- " Poor Laurens!
he has fallen a sacrifice to his ardour, in a 1 rifling skirmish
in South Carolina. You know how truly I loved him, and
will judge how much I regret him. "
This simple tribute of affection, conveyed a deeper mean-
ing than is expressed; for while his country deplored the
untimely fate of this their favourite youth, cut off in the ca-
reer of honour, his friend knew the deep wound he had re-
ceived at an early period of his life, and that there was that
upon his memory which made the latest moment the most
desired of his existence.
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? HAMILTON.
3U
CHAPTER XV.
(1732. ]
?
At the close of the year, Hamilton, as has been previously
mentioned, returned to Albany.
There, amidst a circle of friends, to whom his social vir-
tues more endeared him than the lustre of his reputation,
he, whose lot from infancy had been cast among strangers,
enjoyed all the happiness of finding in General Schuyler
and his family a second parent, and new relatives.
In this hospitable abode he remained until the ensuing
spring, mingling cheerfully with the small society of a place,
where a simplicity of manners then prevailed, almost patri-
archal; and strengthening the intimacy he had already
formed with Schuyler, who saw, with pride, the develope-
ment of the powers of his mind, and with whom his life
was a continued scene of uninterrupted regard, harmony,
and confidence.
Although no definitive opinion could be formed in the
course of the winter, as to the conclusion of a treaty, and
the measures of congress, prompted by the zealous exhor-
tations of General Washington, indicated a determination
to prepare for a vigorous prosecution of the war, which the
proceedings of the English parliament, at the beginning of
its session evinced no disposition to discontinue, yet the
advices received by Colonel Hamilton from the Marquis
De La Fayette, who wras in close conference with the Ame-
rican negotiators, and lending all his influence to promote
their views, and from the Viscount Dc Noailles, of the tem-
per of the continental powers, with the situation of the Bri-
tish army in the northern states, gave little reason to ex-
pect an active campaign in that quarter.
vol. I. 50
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? 394 THE LIFE OF
The birth of a son imposed on him new obligations; and,
influenced by these considerations, he determined to pre-
pare himself for the duties of private life. He selected the
profession of the law, -- a pursuit which was justly deemed
the most honourable in the country, and in which had been
formed the largest number of its most conspicuous charac-
ters.
On the first intimation of this purpose, liis friends, un-
willing to lose his services to the public, strongly urged
him to defer his purpose. The idea of his being appointed
a commissioner to conclude a peace, was suggested to him,
and the slow advances of the legal profession, in an impo-
verished and inactive community were depicted, to deter him
from making what was then deemed a sacrifice.
But his ideas of personal independence, induced him to
decline the most generous offers of aid from Schuyler, and
to the dark professional prospects which were held up, he
replied, with a modest, but confident expression of his re-
liance on the certainties of perseverance.
With these views, he proceeded to Philadelphia, and, al-
though his sole resources were in himself, addressed the fol-
lowing letters to General Washington, strongly illustrative
of the pride and disinterestedness of his character.
: . r,3t:'-<iU ? ,? ;"! !
HAMILTON TO WASHINGTON.
SIR, -m, c
I need not observe to your excellency, that respect for
the opinion of congress will not permit me to be indifferent
to the impressions they may receive of my conduct. On
this principle, though I do not think the subject of the en-
closed letter of sufficient importance to request an official
communication of it, yet I should be happy it might in some
way be known to the members of that honourable body.
Should they hereafter learn, that though retained on the
list of their officers, I am not in the execution of the duties
?
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? HAMILTON. 395
of my station, I wish them to be sensible, that it is not a di-
minished zeal which induces me voluntarily to withdraw
my services, but that I only refrain from intruding them,
when circumstances seem to have made them either not ne-
cessary, or not desired; and that I shall not receive emolu-
ments, without performing the conditions to which they
were annexed. I also wish them to be apprized, upon
what footing my future continuance in the army is placed,
that they may judge how far it is expedient to permit it. I
therefore take the liberty to request the favour of your ex-
cellency to impart the knowledge of my situation, in such
manner as you think most convenient.
I have the honour to be,
With perfect respect,
Your excellency's
Most obedient and humble servant.
HAMILTON TO WASHINGTON.
SIR,
. Your excellency will, I am persuaded, readily admit the
force of this sentiment, that though it is the duty of a good
citizen to devote his services to the public, when it has oc-
casion for them, he cannot, with propriety or delicacy to
himself, obtrude them, when it either has, or appears to
have, none.
The difficulties I experienced last campaign in obtaining
a command, will not suffer me to make any farther applica-
tion on that head.
As I have many reasons to consider my being employed
hereafter in a precarious light, the bare possibility of render-
ing an equivalent, will not justify to my scruples, the receiv-
ing any future emoluments from my commission. I there-
fore renounce, from this time, all claim to the Compensations
attached to my military station during the war, or after it.
But I have motives which will not permit me to resolve on
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? 396 THE LIFE OF
a total resignation. I sincerely hope a prosperous train of
affairs may continue to make it no inconvenience to decline
the services of persons, whose zeal in worse times was found
not altogether useless; but as the most promising appear-
ances are often reversed by unforeseen disasters, and as un-
fortunate events may again make the same zeal of some
value, I am unwilling to put it out of my power to renew
my exertions in the common cause, in the line in which I
have hitherto acted.
I shall, accordingly, retain my rank, while I am permit-
ted to do it; and take this opportunity to declare, that I shall
be at all times ready to obey the call of the public, in any
capacity, civil or military, (consistent with what I owe to
myself,) in which there may be a prospect of my contribut-
ing to the final attainment of the object for which I em-
barked in the service. I have the honour to be,
Very respectfully,
Your excellency's
Most obedient servant,
A. Hamilton.
Philadelphia, March 1, 1782.
While at Philadelphia, he received a letter relating to the
same subject, from his friend Colonel Meade, to which the
following is a reply.
HAMILTON TO MEADE.
Philadelphia, March, 1782.
An half hour since brought me the pleasure of your let-
ter of December last. It went to Albany and came from
thence to this place. I heartily felicitate you on the birth
of your daughter. I can well conceive your happiness upon
that occasion, by that which I feel on a similar one.
Indeed, the sensations of a tender father of the child of a
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? HAMILTON. 897
beloved mother, can only be conceived by those who have
experienced them.
Your heart, my Meade, is peculiarly formed for enjoy-
ments of this kind. You have every right to be a happy
husband, a happy father. You have every prospect of be-
ing so. I hope your felicity may never be interrupted.
You cannot imagine how entirely domestic I am grow-
ing. I lose all taste for the pursuits of ambition. I sigh
for nothing but the company of my wife and my baby. The
ties of duty alone, or imagined duty, keep me from renoun-
cing public life altogether. It is, however, probable, I may
not be any longer actively engaged in it.
I have explained to you the difficulties which I met with
in obtaining a command last campaign. I thought it in-
compatible with the delicacy due to myself to make any
application this campaign. I have expressed this senti-
ment in a letter to the General, and, retaining my rank only,
have relinquished the emoluments of my commission, de-
claring myself, notwithstanding, ready at all times to obey
the calls of the public. I do not expect to hear any of
these, unless the state of our affairs should change for the
worse, and lest, by any unforeseen accident that should
happen, I choose to keep myself in a situation again to con-
tribute my aid. This prevents a total resignation.
You were right in supposing I neglected to prepare what
I promised you at Philadelphia. The truth is, I was in
such a hurry to get home, that I could think of nothing else.
As I set out to-morrow morning for Albany, I cannot,
from this place, send you the matter you wish.
Imagine, my dear Meade, what pleasure it must give
Eliza and myself to know that Mrs. Meade interests herself
in us. Without a personal acquaintance, we have been
long attached to her. My visit at Mr. Fitzhugh's confirmed
my partiality. Betsey is so fond of your family, that she
proposes to form a match between her boy and your girl,
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? 398 THE LIFE OF
provided you will engage to make the latter as amiable as
her mother.
Truly, my dear Meade, I often regret that fortune has
cast our residence at such a distance from each other, i It
would be a serious addition to my happiness if we lived
where I could see you every day^) but fate has determined
it otherwise. I am a little hurried, and can only request,
in addition, that you will present me most affectionately to
Mrs. Meade, and believe me to be, with the warmest and
most unalterable friendship,
Yours,
A. Hamilton.
Having completed his business at Philadelphia, he return-
ed to Albany ; took a house in the vicinity of General Schuy-
ler, to which he invited, as an inmate, his friend Colonel
Troup, who had previously studied the law, and with his
aid commenced to prepare himself for the practice of it.
To this dull pursuit, so foreign to all his previous habits,
such was his control of the powers of his intellect, that he
devoted himself with the most unremitting labour. His
retentive memory was tasked to its utmost. His habit
was to read while walking to and fro, and so incessant were
his labours, that his intimates would smile at the idea, that
while prosecuting this study, with the same diligence, he
might almost have marched from one end to the other of
the confederacy. At the ensuing July term of the supreme
court, he obtained a licence to practise.
Such was the knowledge he acquired during this short
period of four months, " that he composed a Manual on the
Practice of the Law," which, says Troup, "served as an
instructive grammar to future students, and became the
ground-work of subsequent enlarged practical treatises. "*
* There are gentlemen, now living, who copied this manual as their guide.
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? HAMILTON. 399
In the preceding autumn congress had recommended to
the several states to levy a separate tax for continental re-
quisitions, and had invested the Superintendent of Finance
with the power of appointing an officer in each state to re-
ceive these taxes; an idea not improbably suggested by
Hamilton's letter of September, 1780, intimating the im-
portance of appointing in each state a "continental super-
intendent. " While engaged in the prosecution of his legal
studies, he received the following letter from Robert Mor-
ris.
ROBERT MORRIS TO HAMILTON.
Office of Finance, Philadelphia, May 2d, 1782.
"SIK,
"Mr. Charles Stuart, late commissary general of issues,
has informed me that you are disposed to quit the military
line, for the purpose of entering into civil life. He, at the
same time, induced me to believe that you would accept the
office of receiver of the continental taxes in the state of New-
York. The intention of this letter is to offer you that ap-
pointment. The duties of the office will appear, in a great
degree, from the publications made by me on this subject.
In addition, it will be necessary that you correspond with
me frequently, and give accurate accounts of whatever
may be passing in your state, which it may be necessary
for this office to be acquainted with. For the trouble of
executing it, I shall allow a fourth per cent, on the monies
you receive. The amount of the quota called for from
New-York for the current year is, as you know, three hun-
dred and seventy-three thousand five hundred and ninety-
eight dollars.
"I make no professions of my confidence and esteem, be-
cause I hope none are necessary; but if they are, my wish
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? 400 THE LIFE OF
that you would accept the offer I make, is the strongest
evidence I can give of them. "
Hamilton made the following reply. "I had this day the
honour of receiving your letter of the second instant, and
am much obliged by the mark of your confidence which it
contains, and to Colonel Stuart for his friendly intentions
upon the occasion.
"My military situation has indeed become so negative,
that I have no motives to continue in it, and if my services
could be of importance to the public in any civil line, I
should cheerfully obey its command. But the plan which
I have marked out for myself is the profession of the law,
and I am now engaged in a course of studies for that purpose.
Time is so precious to me, that I could not put myself in
the way of any interruptions, unless for an object of con-
sequence to the public or to myself. The present is not of
this nature. Such are the circumstances of this state, that
the benefit arising from the office you propose, would not,
during the war, yearly exceed one hundred pounds; for
unfortunately, I am persuaded, it will not pay annually into
the continental treasury forty thousand pounds; and on a
peace establishment this will not be, for some time to come,
more than doubled. You will perceive that an engage-
ment of this kind does not correspond with my views, and
does not afford a sufficient inducement to relinquish them.
"I am not the less sensible to the obliging motives which
dictated the offer, and it will be an additional one to the
respect and esteem with which I have the honour to be,
very truly, sir,
"Your most obedient and humble servant. "
On the fourth of June Mr. Morris wrote to him, acknow-
ledging the receipt of this letter, and stating, "I am much
obliged by the friendly sentiments you express for me,
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? HAMILTON. 401
which, be assured, I shall retain a grateful sense of. I see
with you, that the office I had the pleasure of offering, will
not be equal to what your own abilities will gain in the profes-
sion of the law; but I did intend that the whole sum should
have been paid, although the whole quota of the taxes had
not been collected by the state; consequently, the object
is greater than you supposed, and the business might proba-
bly be effected without more attention than you could spare
from your studies. If so, I should still be happy in your
acceptance, and will leave the matter open until I have an
opportunity of hearing from you upon the subject. "
To which Hamilton gave the following answer:
HAMILTON TO MORRIS.
SIR,
* * * * The explanation which you give of your inten-
tion, in your late offer, makes it an object that will com-
pensate fully for the time that it will deduct from my other
occupations. In accepting it, I have only one scruple,
arising from a doubt whether the service I can render in
the present stateWJf things, will be an equivalent for the
compensation. (The whole system, (if it may be so called,)
of taxation in this state, is radically vicious, burthensome
to the people, and unproductive to governmenfe-^As the
matter now stands, there seems to be little for a continen-
tal receiver to do. The whole business appears to be
thrown into the hands of the county treasurers; nor do I
find that there is any appropriation made of any part of the
taxes collected for continental purposes, or any provision
to authorize payment to the officer you appoint. This,
however, must be made. There is only one way in which
I can imagine a prospect of being materially useful; that
is, in seconding your applications to the state. In popu-
lar assemblies much may sometimes be brought about by
personal discussions, by entering into details, and combat-
vol. i. 51
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? 402 THE LIFE OF
ing objections as they rise. If it should, at any time, be
thought advisable by you to empower me to act in this ca-
pacity, I shall be happy to do every thing that depends
upon me to effectuate your views. I flatter myself, to you,
sir, I need not profess that I suggest this, not from a desire
to augment the importance of office, but to advance the
public interest.
It is of primary moment to me, as soon as possible to
take my station in the law, and on this consideration I am
pressing to qualify myself for admission the next term,
which will be the latter end of July. After this, should you
think an interview necessary, I will wait upon you in Phila-
delphia. In the mean time, I shall be happy to receive your
instructions, and shall direct my attention more particularly
to acquiring whatever information may be useful to my fu-
ture operations. I have read your publications at different
times, but as I have not the papers containing them in my
possession, it will be necessary that their contents should
be comprised in your instructions. A meeting of the legis-
lature is summoned early in the next month, at which, if I
previously receive your orders, it may be possible to put
matters in train. I am truly indebted to you, sir, for the
disposition you have manifested upon this occasion, and I
shall only add an assurance of my endeavours to justify your
confidence.
Alex. Hamilton.
On the second of July following, Mr. Morris writes, en-
closing the warrant of appointment and instructions, to
which he adds the following observations: -- "It gives me
singular pleasure, to find that you have yourself pointed out
one of the principal objects of your appointment. You will
find that it is specified in the enclosure. I must request
you to exert your talents, in forwarding with your legisla-
ture the views of congress. Your former situation in the
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? HAMILTON. 403
army, the present situation of that very army, your con-
nexions in the state, your perfect knowledge of men and
measures, and the abilities with which heaven has blessed
you, will give you a fine opportunity to forward the public
service, by convincing the legislature of the necessity of co-
pious supplies, and by convincing all who have claims on
the justice of congress, that those claims exist only by that
hard necessity which arises from the negligence of the
states. When to this you shall superadd the conviction,
that what remains of the war being a war of finance, solid
arrangements of finance must necessarily terminate favour-
ably, not only to our hopes, but even to our wishes. Then,
sir, the governments will be disposed to lay, and the people
to bear those burthens which are necessary; and then the
utility of your office, and of the officer, will be as manifest
to others as at present to me. "
On the receipt of this communication, Hamilton wrote
the following letter.
HAMILTON TO ROBERT MORRIS.
"I shall to-morrow morning commence a journey to
Poughkeepsie, where the legislature are assembled, and I
will endeavour, by every step in my power, to second your
views, though I am sorry to add, without very sanguine ex-
pectations. I think it probable the legislature will do some-
thing, but whatever momentary effort they make, till the
entire change of their present system, very little will be
done. To effect this, mountains of prejudice and particu-
lar interest are to be levelled. For my own part, consi-
dering the late serious misfortune to our ally, the spirit of
reformation, of wisdom, and of unanimity, which seems to
have succeeded to that of blunder, perverseness, and dis-
sension in the British government, and the universal reluc-
tance of these states to do what is right, I cannot help view-
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? HAMILTON. 385
The redoubt on the right was also taken, but with less
celerity, the Americans having the work in their posses-
sion, and being regularly formed, while their allies were
yet engaged in removing the abatis.
The fate of the enemy was now decided. The second
parallel was continued during the night, the two redoubts
enveloped, and a line of communication opened with the
first before break of day. As a last effort, a sortie was
made, towards day-light of the sixteenth, which proved un-
successful.
Cornwallis, who knew the weakness of his defences,
and had placed his only hopes on succour from New-York,
resolved to make a desperate attempt to cross to Glouces-
ter, intending to escape by land to New-York. Boats were
prepared, and a part of the troops embarked, when a vio-
lent storm arose, which drove the boats down the river, and
prevented the completion of his bold design. New batteries
were now finished by the Americans; the whole works
were mounted, and a heavy and irresistible cannonade en-
complimented at the expense of Generals Washington and La Fayette,) has
of late been revived, and has acquired a degree of importance by being repeat-
ed in different publications, as well in Europe as America, it becomes a duty to
counteract its currency and influence by an explicit disavowal.
The story imports in substance, that General La Fayette, with the appro-
bation or connivance of General Washington, ordered me, as the officer who
was to command the attack on a British redoubt, in the course of the siege of
York Town, to put to death all those of the enemy who should happen to be
taken in the redoubt, and that through motives of humanity I forbore to execute
the order.
Positively and unequivocally I declare, that no such nor similar order, nor
any intimation nor hint resembling it, was ever by me received, or understood
to have been given.
It is needless to enter into an explanation of some occurrences on the occa-
sion alluded to, which may be conjectured to have given rise to the calumny.
It is enough to say, that they were entirely disconnected with any act of either
of the Generals who have been accused.
With esteem I am, sir, your most obedient servant,
A. Hamilton.
vol. I. 49
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? 386 THE LIFE OF
sued. On the morning of the seventeenth, while the light
infantry were in the trenches, the chamade was beat, and
propositions for surrender made. It is related by Colonel
Fish, that when the sealed packet addressed to Washing-
ton, which was delivered to La Fayette, came in, the Ge-
neral was riding along the line. He had passed Hamilton,
and as soon as he had read the despatch, sent for him, and
asked his opinion as to the terms. After a short time, a
suspension of hostilities was agreed to, and the enemy capi-
tulated; Laurens, at the surrender, representing the Ame-
rican army, both as an honour due to his distinguished me-
rits, and to remind the British king, that he, whose father
was a prisoner in the Tower, held in his hands the fate of
the commander of his armies. *
Congratulations now poured in upon Washington, and
upon his allies, from every quarter of the country; the pub-
lic bodies vieing with each other, in an emulation of grati-
tude. A vote of thanks was rapturously passed by con-
gress, a marble column was ordered to be erected at York
Town, in commemoration of the event, and special honours
were conferred on both commanders.
While receiving the warmest expressions of admiration
from the whole army, Hamilton, thus modestly, in a letter
written to soothe the anxiety of his wife, adverts to what
had passed. "Two nights ago,f my Eliza, my duty and my
honour obliged me to take a step in which your happiness
was too much risked. I commanded an attack upon one
of the enemy's redoubts; we carried it in an instant, and
with little loss. You will see the particulars in the Phila-
delphia papers. There will be, certainly, nothing more of
this kind; all the rest will be by approach; and if there
should be another occasion, it will not fall to my turn to
execute it. "
* Cornwallis was, it is believed, at this time Constable of the Tower,
t October 16th.
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? HAMILTON. 387
Washington,. anxious to push his advantages, solicited
De Grasse to co-operate in the relief of Wilmington and
Charleston. The former object was at first assented to;
but the French admiral conceiving it his duty to return to
the West Indies, changed his views. The plan was aban-
doned, and after having completed the arrangements for
the disposal of the captured army, while the French re-
mained in Virginia, the Americans returned to the north,
and were cantoned, in the latter part of November, in
New-Jersey and in New-York.
Washington, having concerted measures for the next
campaign in a personal interview with congress, revisited
Mount Vernon, loaded with laurels, and crowned with glo-
ry, while Hamilton returned on furlough to his home.
Gratifying as had been the result of this campaign, which
sealed the national independence, and proud as were his
reflections in reviewing the long series of services he had
rendered his country, and in being connected so conspicu-
ously with an event which may be regarded as the closing
scene of the revolution, yet those reflections were not un-
mingled with others of a deeply painful character. Though,
with every uncorrupted mind, he deplored the miseries of
war,* yet long service had confirmed in his bosom a fond-
ness for military life. As an eloquent friend has well re-
marked, "his early education was in the camp; there his
earliest and most cordial friendships were formed; there
he became enamoured of glory, and was admitted to her
? In a letter to a friend, written after the close of the campaign of 1776, he
observes: "Tour sentiments respecting war are perfectly j ust. I don't wonder
at your antipathy to it. Every fine feeling of a delicate mind revolts from the
idea of shedding human blood, and multiplying'the common evils of life by
the artificial methods incident to that state. Were it not for the evident ne-
cessity, and in defence of all that is valuable in society, I could never be re-
conciled to a military character, and shall rejoice when the restoration of
peace, on the basis of freedom and independence, shall put it in my power to
renounce it. "
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? 888 THE LIFE OF
embrace. "* This life was now soon to end, and those
friendships, so warmly cherished, could be cultivated only
at intervals.
Knowing also that the army was not a favourite of con-
gress, he could not but survey, for the last time, with pain,
the war-worn faces of those faithful men, who, while win-
ning the liberties of their country, had won for her such im-
perishable renown, requited, as he felt they were to be, by
the grossest ingratitude.
Of his immediate companions in the family of Washing-
ton, with two he had already parted. Early in the year,
Meade, who had recently married, retired from the service,
and except by his gallantry in rushing to the aid of Steuben,
and repulsing the advances of Arnold from his native state,
was no longer known as a public man.
The " Old Secretary," Harrison, as he was familiarly call-
ed, left the army the previous spring, having been appoint-
ed, by the state of Maryland, Chief Justice of its Supreme
Court; which situation he filled until the adoption of the
Federal Constitution, when such was Washington's estimate
of the claims of this meritorious individual upon his country,
that he nominated him a Judge of the Supreme Court of
the United States, immediately after its organization, which
he declined. f
* Fisher Ames.
t The following letter, written by Colonel Harrison to Hamilton, as a vin-
dication of his motives for leaving the army, may not be deemed inappropriate,
as an act of justice to an early friend.
"New-Windsor, , 1781.
"I came here, my dear Hamilton, on Friday night to bid adieu to the Gene-
ral, to you, and to my other friends as a military man, and regretted much that
I had not the happiness of seeing you. To-morrow I am obliged to depart,
and it is possible our separation may be forever. But be this as it may, it can
only be with respect to our persons, for as to affection, mine for you will con-
tinue to my latest breath. This event will probably surprise you, but from
your knowledge of me, I rely you will conclude at the instant, that no light
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? HAMILTON.
Tilghman, McIIenry, and Laurens remained in the ser-
vice.
The first, whose social virtues were only equalled by his
military daring, continued with the commander-in-chief un-
til his resignation, from whom he received the warmest ac-
knowledgements of gratitude. He then established himself
in Baltimore, where he died in seventeen hundred and eigh-
ty-six.
McHenry, whom Hamilton described "as sensible, judi-
cious, well informed, of an intrepidity never questioned, and
of a temper, which though firm in the support of principles,
was full of moderation and amenity," returned to Maryland,
where he exercised a salutary influence in the councils of
that state, filled a seat in congress a short time, and closed
his public life as Secretary at War.
But the individual who held the first place in Hamilton's
considerations would have taken me from the army; and, I think, I might
safely have rested the matter here. However, as the friendship between us,
gives you a claim to something more, and as I am not indifferent about cha-
racter, and shall be anxious to have the esteem of all who are good and virtu-
ously great, I shall detail to you, my friend, the more substantial reasons which
have led to my present conduct. I go from the army, then, because I have
found, on examination, that my little fortune, earned by an honest and hard
industry, was becoming embarrassed; to attend to the education of my chil-
dren; to provide, if possible, for the payment of a considerable sum of money,
with which I stand charged in the partition of my father's estate; to save a
house which I had begun, and without instant attention would be ruined; and
because the state of Maryland, in a flattering manner, have been pleased to
appoint me to a place, very respectable in its nature, corresponding with my
former, and interesting to my whole future life and support: -- they have ap-
pointed me to the chair of the Supreme Court. These, my friend, are the mo-
tives to my present resolution. My own feelings are satisfied on the occasion,
though I cannot but regret parting with the most valuable acquaintances I
have, and I hope they will justify me most fully to you, my Hamilton, espe-
pecially when you consider the time I have been in the service, and the com-
pensation I have received * * *. Adieu.
"Yours, in haste, most affectionately,
"Robt. H. Harrison. "
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? THE LIFE OF
affections was Laurens,with whom he now parted, not again
to meet.
This heroic soldier joined the army in the beginning of
seventeen hundred and seventy-seven; distinguished him-
self at Brandywine, and at Germantown only retired after
an impetuous, though unadvised attempt upon Chew's house,
from which Hamilton endeavoured to dissuade him, after
having received a severe wound, and having left two-thirds
of his men upon the field.
At Monmouth, where every member of Washington's staff
contended not only for their country, but for the honour of
their chief, he was conspicuous in leading the soldiers to the
charge, and rallying them on the retreat. At Rhode-Island,
he commanded a regiment of infantry, and received the es-
pecial thanks of Sullivan for his order and gallantry.
He was incessantly employed in various operations while
at the south. At the siege of Savannah, he gave a singular
instance of his high-wrought feelings. After the defeat, he
stood lost in abstraction, with his arms wide extended, in
the midst of a heavy fire, and replied to a remonstrance on
his rashness, "My honour does not permit me to survive the
disgrace of this day;" and was only recalled to his duty, by
a peremptory order to cover the retreat. At Charleston,
he sallied from the town, and frequently repulsed the be-
siegers, and was again wounded. Having twice received
the thanks of congress, he returned, after the surrender at
York Town, to Carolina, where hearing of the approach of
a party of the enemy, he arose from his sick bed, threw
himself at the head of his corps, and fell in a trifling skir-
mish near the banks of the Combahee. A short time before
his death, he writes to Hamilton, complaining " that the ene-
my's system was perfectly defensive, and rendered the cam-
paign insipid. Many of our sanguine citizens have flatter-
ed themselves with the idea of a prompt evacuation of
Charleston. I wish the garrison would either withdraw or
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? HAMILTON. 391
fight us. Adieu, my dear friend. While circumstances
place so great a distance between us, I entreat you not to
withdraw the consolation of your letters. You know the
unalterable sentiments of your affectionate Laurens. "
Of all the youthful soldiers of the revolution, there is not
one upon whose story the recollections of his contemporaries
have more fondly dwelt. His distinguished place in the
affections of Washington, and the repeated public honours
proffered to him by congress, his numerous and varied ser-
vices, his address in negotiation, his gallantry in battle, his
exalted zeal, and his lofty spirit, elevated him so far above
his fellow-soldiers, that at his name every youthful aspira-
tion of ambition was kindled.
But Laurens was not alone a gallant soldier, a distinguish-
ed patriot, a skilful diplomatist. To these he added all the
endearing and social affections, all the attractions of a noble
nature, all the graces of a refined and cultivated intellect,
and an address which possessed an irresistable, an endless
charm.
Qualities which in other men might have offended by
their contrast, in him only served to give richness of cha-
racter, and create variety of interest. His intrepid spirit
was coupled with a self-distrust, a confiding weakness of
temper, which awakened in his friends surprise and love.
While to others his heart was all kindness and benevolence,
he was unjust only to himself; and while the world saw
him graced with every virtue, he was still aspiring to some
higher excellence, -- an ideal perfection, which is denied to
our nature, and exists only in the warm conceptions of a
mind deeply tinged with romance. Nothing can more fully
express this inward struggle for superior excellence, than
his letter to Hamilton, and the latter's elegant rebuke, that
"he refined on the refinements of sensibility. "
With a bosom not less alive to the most generous emo-
tions, but with a mind of a firmer texture, Hamilton repro-
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? 392 TUB LIFE OF
ved, in the noble spirit of his friend, an excess of that deli-
cacy which he himself cherished.
In the intercourse of these martial youths, there was a
deep fondness of friendship, which approached the tender-
ness of feminine attachment. On the annunciation of his
sad fate, Hamilton writes to La Fayette, -- " Poor Laurens!
he has fallen a sacrifice to his ardour, in a 1 rifling skirmish
in South Carolina. You know how truly I loved him, and
will judge how much I regret him. "
This simple tribute of affection, conveyed a deeper mean-
ing than is expressed; for while his country deplored the
untimely fate of this their favourite youth, cut off in the ca-
reer of honour, his friend knew the deep wound he had re-
ceived at an early period of his life, and that there was that
upon his memory which made the latest moment the most
desired of his existence.
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? HAMILTON.
3U
CHAPTER XV.
(1732. ]
?
At the close of the year, Hamilton, as has been previously
mentioned, returned to Albany.
There, amidst a circle of friends, to whom his social vir-
tues more endeared him than the lustre of his reputation,
he, whose lot from infancy had been cast among strangers,
enjoyed all the happiness of finding in General Schuyler
and his family a second parent, and new relatives.
In this hospitable abode he remained until the ensuing
spring, mingling cheerfully with the small society of a place,
where a simplicity of manners then prevailed, almost patri-
archal; and strengthening the intimacy he had already
formed with Schuyler, who saw, with pride, the develope-
ment of the powers of his mind, and with whom his life
was a continued scene of uninterrupted regard, harmony,
and confidence.
Although no definitive opinion could be formed in the
course of the winter, as to the conclusion of a treaty, and
the measures of congress, prompted by the zealous exhor-
tations of General Washington, indicated a determination
to prepare for a vigorous prosecution of the war, which the
proceedings of the English parliament, at the beginning of
its session evinced no disposition to discontinue, yet the
advices received by Colonel Hamilton from the Marquis
De La Fayette, who wras in close conference with the Ame-
rican negotiators, and lending all his influence to promote
their views, and from the Viscount Dc Noailles, of the tem-
per of the continental powers, with the situation of the Bri-
tish army in the northern states, gave little reason to ex-
pect an active campaign in that quarter.
vol. I. 50
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? 394 THE LIFE OF
The birth of a son imposed on him new obligations; and,
influenced by these considerations, he determined to pre-
pare himself for the duties of private life. He selected the
profession of the law, -- a pursuit which was justly deemed
the most honourable in the country, and in which had been
formed the largest number of its most conspicuous charac-
ters.
On the first intimation of this purpose, liis friends, un-
willing to lose his services to the public, strongly urged
him to defer his purpose. The idea of his being appointed
a commissioner to conclude a peace, was suggested to him,
and the slow advances of the legal profession, in an impo-
verished and inactive community were depicted, to deter him
from making what was then deemed a sacrifice.
But his ideas of personal independence, induced him to
decline the most generous offers of aid from Schuyler, and
to the dark professional prospects which were held up, he
replied, with a modest, but confident expression of his re-
liance on the certainties of perseverance.
With these views, he proceeded to Philadelphia, and, al-
though his sole resources were in himself, addressed the fol-
lowing letters to General Washington, strongly illustrative
of the pride and disinterestedness of his character.
: . r,3t:'-<iU ? ,? ;"! !
HAMILTON TO WASHINGTON.
SIR, -m, c
I need not observe to your excellency, that respect for
the opinion of congress will not permit me to be indifferent
to the impressions they may receive of my conduct. On
this principle, though I do not think the subject of the en-
closed letter of sufficient importance to request an official
communication of it, yet I should be happy it might in some
way be known to the members of that honourable body.
Should they hereafter learn, that though retained on the
list of their officers, I am not in the execution of the duties
?
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? HAMILTON. 395
of my station, I wish them to be sensible, that it is not a di-
minished zeal which induces me voluntarily to withdraw
my services, but that I only refrain from intruding them,
when circumstances seem to have made them either not ne-
cessary, or not desired; and that I shall not receive emolu-
ments, without performing the conditions to which they
were annexed. I also wish them to be apprized, upon
what footing my future continuance in the army is placed,
that they may judge how far it is expedient to permit it. I
therefore take the liberty to request the favour of your ex-
cellency to impart the knowledge of my situation, in such
manner as you think most convenient.
I have the honour to be,
With perfect respect,
Your excellency's
Most obedient and humble servant.
HAMILTON TO WASHINGTON.
SIR,
. Your excellency will, I am persuaded, readily admit the
force of this sentiment, that though it is the duty of a good
citizen to devote his services to the public, when it has oc-
casion for them, he cannot, with propriety or delicacy to
himself, obtrude them, when it either has, or appears to
have, none.
The difficulties I experienced last campaign in obtaining
a command, will not suffer me to make any farther applica-
tion on that head.
As I have many reasons to consider my being employed
hereafter in a precarious light, the bare possibility of render-
ing an equivalent, will not justify to my scruples, the receiv-
ing any future emoluments from my commission. I there-
fore renounce, from this time, all claim to the Compensations
attached to my military station during the war, or after it.
But I have motives which will not permit me to resolve on
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? 396 THE LIFE OF
a total resignation. I sincerely hope a prosperous train of
affairs may continue to make it no inconvenience to decline
the services of persons, whose zeal in worse times was found
not altogether useless; but as the most promising appear-
ances are often reversed by unforeseen disasters, and as un-
fortunate events may again make the same zeal of some
value, I am unwilling to put it out of my power to renew
my exertions in the common cause, in the line in which I
have hitherto acted.
I shall, accordingly, retain my rank, while I am permit-
ted to do it; and take this opportunity to declare, that I shall
be at all times ready to obey the call of the public, in any
capacity, civil or military, (consistent with what I owe to
myself,) in which there may be a prospect of my contribut-
ing to the final attainment of the object for which I em-
barked in the service. I have the honour to be,
Very respectfully,
Your excellency's
Most obedient servant,
A. Hamilton.
Philadelphia, March 1, 1782.
While at Philadelphia, he received a letter relating to the
same subject, from his friend Colonel Meade, to which the
following is a reply.
HAMILTON TO MEADE.
Philadelphia, March, 1782.
An half hour since brought me the pleasure of your let-
ter of December last. It went to Albany and came from
thence to this place. I heartily felicitate you on the birth
of your daughter. I can well conceive your happiness upon
that occasion, by that which I feel on a similar one.
Indeed, the sensations of a tender father of the child of a
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? HAMILTON. 897
beloved mother, can only be conceived by those who have
experienced them.
Your heart, my Meade, is peculiarly formed for enjoy-
ments of this kind. You have every right to be a happy
husband, a happy father. You have every prospect of be-
ing so. I hope your felicity may never be interrupted.
You cannot imagine how entirely domestic I am grow-
ing. I lose all taste for the pursuits of ambition. I sigh
for nothing but the company of my wife and my baby. The
ties of duty alone, or imagined duty, keep me from renoun-
cing public life altogether. It is, however, probable, I may
not be any longer actively engaged in it.
I have explained to you the difficulties which I met with
in obtaining a command last campaign. I thought it in-
compatible with the delicacy due to myself to make any
application this campaign. I have expressed this senti-
ment in a letter to the General, and, retaining my rank only,
have relinquished the emoluments of my commission, de-
claring myself, notwithstanding, ready at all times to obey
the calls of the public. I do not expect to hear any of
these, unless the state of our affairs should change for the
worse, and lest, by any unforeseen accident that should
happen, I choose to keep myself in a situation again to con-
tribute my aid. This prevents a total resignation.
You were right in supposing I neglected to prepare what
I promised you at Philadelphia. The truth is, I was in
such a hurry to get home, that I could think of nothing else.
As I set out to-morrow morning for Albany, I cannot,
from this place, send you the matter you wish.
Imagine, my dear Meade, what pleasure it must give
Eliza and myself to know that Mrs. Meade interests herself
in us. Without a personal acquaintance, we have been
long attached to her. My visit at Mr. Fitzhugh's confirmed
my partiality. Betsey is so fond of your family, that she
proposes to form a match between her boy and your girl,
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? 398 THE LIFE OF
provided you will engage to make the latter as amiable as
her mother.
Truly, my dear Meade, I often regret that fortune has
cast our residence at such a distance from each other, i It
would be a serious addition to my happiness if we lived
where I could see you every day^) but fate has determined
it otherwise. I am a little hurried, and can only request,
in addition, that you will present me most affectionately to
Mrs. Meade, and believe me to be, with the warmest and
most unalterable friendship,
Yours,
A. Hamilton.
Having completed his business at Philadelphia, he return-
ed to Albany ; took a house in the vicinity of General Schuy-
ler, to which he invited, as an inmate, his friend Colonel
Troup, who had previously studied the law, and with his
aid commenced to prepare himself for the practice of it.
To this dull pursuit, so foreign to all his previous habits,
such was his control of the powers of his intellect, that he
devoted himself with the most unremitting labour. His
retentive memory was tasked to its utmost. His habit
was to read while walking to and fro, and so incessant were
his labours, that his intimates would smile at the idea, that
while prosecuting this study, with the same diligence, he
might almost have marched from one end to the other of
the confederacy. At the ensuing July term of the supreme
court, he obtained a licence to practise.
Such was the knowledge he acquired during this short
period of four months, " that he composed a Manual on the
Practice of the Law," which, says Troup, "served as an
instructive grammar to future students, and became the
ground-work of subsequent enlarged practical treatises. "*
* There are gentlemen, now living, who copied this manual as their guide.
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? HAMILTON. 399
In the preceding autumn congress had recommended to
the several states to levy a separate tax for continental re-
quisitions, and had invested the Superintendent of Finance
with the power of appointing an officer in each state to re-
ceive these taxes; an idea not improbably suggested by
Hamilton's letter of September, 1780, intimating the im-
portance of appointing in each state a "continental super-
intendent. " While engaged in the prosecution of his legal
studies, he received the following letter from Robert Mor-
ris.
ROBERT MORRIS TO HAMILTON.
Office of Finance, Philadelphia, May 2d, 1782.
"SIK,
"Mr. Charles Stuart, late commissary general of issues,
has informed me that you are disposed to quit the military
line, for the purpose of entering into civil life. He, at the
same time, induced me to believe that you would accept the
office of receiver of the continental taxes in the state of New-
York. The intention of this letter is to offer you that ap-
pointment. The duties of the office will appear, in a great
degree, from the publications made by me on this subject.
In addition, it will be necessary that you correspond with
me frequently, and give accurate accounts of whatever
may be passing in your state, which it may be necessary
for this office to be acquainted with. For the trouble of
executing it, I shall allow a fourth per cent, on the monies
you receive. The amount of the quota called for from
New-York for the current year is, as you know, three hun-
dred and seventy-three thousand five hundred and ninety-
eight dollars.
"I make no professions of my confidence and esteem, be-
cause I hope none are necessary; but if they are, my wish
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? 400 THE LIFE OF
that you would accept the offer I make, is the strongest
evidence I can give of them. "
Hamilton made the following reply. "I had this day the
honour of receiving your letter of the second instant, and
am much obliged by the mark of your confidence which it
contains, and to Colonel Stuart for his friendly intentions
upon the occasion.
"My military situation has indeed become so negative,
that I have no motives to continue in it, and if my services
could be of importance to the public in any civil line, I
should cheerfully obey its command. But the plan which
I have marked out for myself is the profession of the law,
and I am now engaged in a course of studies for that purpose.
Time is so precious to me, that I could not put myself in
the way of any interruptions, unless for an object of con-
sequence to the public or to myself. The present is not of
this nature. Such are the circumstances of this state, that
the benefit arising from the office you propose, would not,
during the war, yearly exceed one hundred pounds; for
unfortunately, I am persuaded, it will not pay annually into
the continental treasury forty thousand pounds; and on a
peace establishment this will not be, for some time to come,
more than doubled. You will perceive that an engage-
ment of this kind does not correspond with my views, and
does not afford a sufficient inducement to relinquish them.
"I am not the less sensible to the obliging motives which
dictated the offer, and it will be an additional one to the
respect and esteem with which I have the honour to be,
very truly, sir,
"Your most obedient and humble servant. "
On the fourth of June Mr. Morris wrote to him, acknow-
ledging the receipt of this letter, and stating, "I am much
obliged by the friendly sentiments you express for me,
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? HAMILTON. 401
which, be assured, I shall retain a grateful sense of. I see
with you, that the office I had the pleasure of offering, will
not be equal to what your own abilities will gain in the profes-
sion of the law; but I did intend that the whole sum should
have been paid, although the whole quota of the taxes had
not been collected by the state; consequently, the object
is greater than you supposed, and the business might proba-
bly be effected without more attention than you could spare
from your studies. If so, I should still be happy in your
acceptance, and will leave the matter open until I have an
opportunity of hearing from you upon the subject. "
To which Hamilton gave the following answer:
HAMILTON TO MORRIS.
SIR,
* * * * The explanation which you give of your inten-
tion, in your late offer, makes it an object that will com-
pensate fully for the time that it will deduct from my other
occupations. In accepting it, I have only one scruple,
arising from a doubt whether the service I can render in
the present stateWJf things, will be an equivalent for the
compensation. (The whole system, (if it may be so called,)
of taxation in this state, is radically vicious, burthensome
to the people, and unproductive to governmenfe-^As the
matter now stands, there seems to be little for a continen-
tal receiver to do. The whole business appears to be
thrown into the hands of the county treasurers; nor do I
find that there is any appropriation made of any part of the
taxes collected for continental purposes, or any provision
to authorize payment to the officer you appoint. This,
however, must be made. There is only one way in which
I can imagine a prospect of being materially useful; that
is, in seconding your applications to the state. In popu-
lar assemblies much may sometimes be brought about by
personal discussions, by entering into details, and combat-
vol. i. 51
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? 402 THE LIFE OF
ing objections as they rise. If it should, at any time, be
thought advisable by you to empower me to act in this ca-
pacity, I shall be happy to do every thing that depends
upon me to effectuate your views. I flatter myself, to you,
sir, I need not profess that I suggest this, not from a desire
to augment the importance of office, but to advance the
public interest.
It is of primary moment to me, as soon as possible to
take my station in the law, and on this consideration I am
pressing to qualify myself for admission the next term,
which will be the latter end of July. After this, should you
think an interview necessary, I will wait upon you in Phila-
delphia. In the mean time, I shall be happy to receive your
instructions, and shall direct my attention more particularly
to acquiring whatever information may be useful to my fu-
ture operations. I have read your publications at different
times, but as I have not the papers containing them in my
possession, it will be necessary that their contents should
be comprised in your instructions. A meeting of the legis-
lature is summoned early in the next month, at which, if I
previously receive your orders, it may be possible to put
matters in train. I am truly indebted to you, sir, for the
disposition you have manifested upon this occasion, and I
shall only add an assurance of my endeavours to justify your
confidence.
Alex. Hamilton.
On the second of July following, Mr. Morris writes, en-
closing the warrant of appointment and instructions, to
which he adds the following observations: -- "It gives me
singular pleasure, to find that you have yourself pointed out
one of the principal objects of your appointment. You will
find that it is specified in the enclosure. I must request
you to exert your talents, in forwarding with your legisla-
ture the views of congress. Your former situation in the
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? HAMILTON. 403
army, the present situation of that very army, your con-
nexions in the state, your perfect knowledge of men and
measures, and the abilities with which heaven has blessed
you, will give you a fine opportunity to forward the public
service, by convincing the legislature of the necessity of co-
pious supplies, and by convincing all who have claims on
the justice of congress, that those claims exist only by that
hard necessity which arises from the negligence of the
states. When to this you shall superadd the conviction,
that what remains of the war being a war of finance, solid
arrangements of finance must necessarily terminate favour-
ably, not only to our hopes, but even to our wishes. Then,
sir, the governments will be disposed to lay, and the people
to bear those burthens which are necessary; and then the
utility of your office, and of the officer, will be as manifest
to others as at present to me. "
On the receipt of this communication, Hamilton wrote
the following letter.
HAMILTON TO ROBERT MORRIS.
"I shall to-morrow morning commence a journey to
Poughkeepsie, where the legislature are assembled, and I
will endeavour, by every step in my power, to second your
views, though I am sorry to add, without very sanguine ex-
pectations. I think it probable the legislature will do some-
thing, but whatever momentary effort they make, till the
entire change of their present system, very little will be
done. To effect this, mountains of prejudice and particu-
lar interest are to be levelled. For my own part, consi-
dering the late serious misfortune to our ally, the spirit of
reformation, of wisdom, and of unanimity, which seems to
have succeeded to that of blunder, perverseness, and dis-
sension in the British government, and the universal reluc-
tance of these states to do what is right, I cannot help view-
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