Leda
produced
goose's eggs; and so he wanders on Only one original MS.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
companied him in his flight.
He was retaken, but
Bilicrb. i. p. 46, &c. ; Welcker, Zeitschrift für Gesch. pardoned by Augustus, as there was no evidence
der alten Kunst, p. 256, &c. )
(L. S. ] of his having taken a more active part in the plot.
ATHENAEUS ('Aonvaios), historical. The lle is perhaps the same with the writer mentioned
name differed in pronunciation from the Greek by Diodorus. (ii. 20. )
adjective for Athenian, the former being accentu- 5. A stoic philosopher, mentioned by Porphy-
ated 'Abývanos, and the latter 'Aonvaios. (Eustath. rius in his life of Plotinus. (c. 20. ) There was
ud 11. B. p. 237. ) ). Son of Pericleidas, a Lace also an Epicurean philosopher of this name. (Diog.
daemonian, was one of the commissioners, who, on Laërt. x. 22. 12. )
(C. P. M. ]
the part of the Lacedaemonians and their allies, ATHENAEUS ('AOńvaios), a native of Nau-
ratified the truce for one year which in B. C. 423 cratis, a town on the left side of the Canopic
was made between the Lacedaemonians and Athe- mouth of the Nile, is called by Suidas a ypauuato-
nians and their allies; and afterwards with Aris kós, a term which may be best rendered into
tonymus, an Athenian, went round to announce English, a literary man. Suidas places him in the
the truce to Brasidas and other officers of the times of Marcus,” but whether by this is meant
belligerent parties. (Thuc. ir. 119, 122. ) The Marcus Aurelius is uncertain, as Caracalla was
names Athenaeus and Pericleidas mark the friendly also Marcus Antoninus. We know, however, that
relations which subsisted between this family and Oppian, who wrote a work called Halieutica in-
the Athenians, and more especially the family of scribed to Caracalla, was a little anterior to him
Pericles.
(Athen. i. p. 13), and that Commodus was dead
2. A lieutenant of Antigonus, who was sent when he wrote (xii. p. 537), so that he may have
against the Nabataeans, an Arabian people. (B. C. been born in the reign of Aurelius, but flourished
312. ) He surprised the stronghold of Petra, but under his successors. Part of his work must have
afterwards suffered himself to be surprised in the been written after a. D. 228, the date given by
night, and his army was almost entirely destroyed. Dion Cassius for the death of Ulpian the lawyer,
(Diod. xix. 91. )
which event he mentions. (xv. p. 686. )
3. A general in the service of Antiochus VII. His extant work is entitled the Deipnosophistae,
He accompanied him on bis expedition against the i. e. the Banquet of the Learnel, or else, perhaps, as
Parthians, and was one of the first to fly in the has lately been suggested, The Contrivers of Feasts.
battle in which Antiochus lost his life, B. c. 128. It may be considered one of the earliest collections
He, however, perished with hunger in his flight, of what are called Ana, being an immense mass of
as in consequence of some previous excesses, none anecdotes, extracts from the writings of poets, his-
of those to whom he fied would furnish him with torians, dramatists, philosophers, orators, and phy-
the necessaries of life. (Diod. Exc. de Virt. et sicians, of facts in natural history, criticisms, and
Vit. p. 603, ed. Wess. )
discussions on almost every conceivable subject,
4. Son of Attalus 1. , king of Pergamus. [Eu especially on Gastronomy, upon which noble science
MENES ; ATTALUS. ] His name occurs not un- he mentions a work (now lost) of Archestratus
frequently in connexion with the events of his [ARCHESTRATUS), whose place his own 15 books
time. He was on various occasions sent as am- have probably supplied. It is in short a collection
bassador to Rome by his brothers Eumenes and of stories from the memory and common-place book
Attalus. (Polyb. xxiv. 1, xxxi. 9, xxxii. 26, of a Greek gentleman of the third century of the
xxxiii. 11; Liv. xxxviii. 12, 13, xlii. 55, xlv. 27. ) Christian era, of enormous reading, extreme love
5. A Cappadocian, who had been banished at of good eating, and respectable ability. Sorne no-
the instance of queen Athenais, but through the tion of the materials which he had amassed for
influence of Cicero was restored, B. C. 51. (Cic. the work, may be formed from the fact, which he
ad Fam. xv. 4. )
[C. P. M. ] tells us himself, that he had read and made extracts
ATHENAEUS ('Ao hvalos ), literary. 1. A from 800 plays of the middle comedy only. (viii.
contemporary of Archimedes, the author of an ex. p. 336. )
tant work Περί Μηχανημάτων (on warlike engines), Athenaeus represents himself as describing to
addressed to Marcellus (probably the conqueror of his friend Timocrates, a banquet given at the house
Syracuse). He is perhaps the same with Athe of Laurentius (napřvolos), a noble Roman, to
naeus of Cyzicus, mentioned by Proclus (in several guests, of whom the best known are Galen,
Euclid. p. 19) as a distinguished mathematician. a physician, and Ulpian, the lawyer. The work
The above-mentioned work is printed in Thevenot's is in the form of a dialogue, in which these guests
Mathematici Veteres, Paris, 1693. (Fabric. Bibl. are the interlocutors, related to Timocrates: a
Graec. iv. p. 222, &c. )
double machinery, which would have been incon-
2. An BPIGRAMMATIC poet, mentioned by venient to an author who had a real talent for dra-
Diogenes Laërtius. (ri. 14, vii. 30. ) He was the matic writing, but which in the bands of Athe
author of two epigrams in the Greek Anthology. naeus, who had none, is wholly unmanageable.
(Brunck, Anal. ii. p. 257. )
As a work of art the failure is complete. Unity
3. ARHETORICIAN, the contemporary and oppo- of time and dramatic probability are utterly violated
nent of Hermagoras. He defined rhetoric to be the by the supposition that so immense a work is the
art of deceiving. (Quintil. iii. 1. $ 16, ii. 15. $ 23. ) / record of the conversation at a single banquet, and
a
## p. 401 (#421) ############################################
ATHENAEUS.
401
ATHENAEUS.
2. 6775
erkere
܊ the
hert 13
2. 1. 1
Croatia
Bet
25 dar
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by the absurdity of collecting at it the produce of grammatical discussion on the word rápixos,
every season of the year. Long quotations and in- whether it is masculine in Attic or not. Some-
tricate discussions introduced apropos of some times antiquarian points are discussed, especially
trifling incident, entirely destroy the form of the Homeric. Thus, he examines the times of day at
dialogue, so that before we have finished a speech which the Homeric mcals took place, and the
we forget who was the speaker. And when in genuineness of some of the lines in the Iliad and
addition to this confusion we are suddenly brought Odyssey, as
back to the tiresome Timocrates, we are quite pro- ήδεε γαρ κατα θυμον αδελφέον, ως επονείτο,
voked at the clumsy way in which the book is put which he pronounces spurious, and only introduced
together. But as a work illustrative of ancient
to explain
manners, as a collection of curious facts, names of
authors and fragments, which, but for Athenaeus,
αυτόματος δε οι ήλθε βοήν αγαθός Μενέλαος.
would utterly have perished ; in short, as a body His etymological conjectures are in the usual
of amusing antiquarian research, it would be diffi- style of ancient philology. In proving the reli-
cult to praise the Deipnosophistae too highly. gious duty of drunkenness, as he considers it, he
The work begins, somewhat absurdly, consider- | derives θοίνη from θεών ένεκα οινούσθαι and μεθύειν
ing the difference between a discussion on the Im- from petà tò Búelv. We often obtain from him
mortality of the Soul, and one on the Pleasures of curious pieces of information on subjects connected
the Stomach, with an exact imitation of the open- with ancient art, as that the kind of drinking-cup
ing of Plato's Phaedo,-Athenaeus and Timocrates called butóy was first devised by Ptolemy Phila-
being substituted for Phaedo and Echecrates. delphus as an ornament for the statues of his
The praises of Laurentius are then introduced, and queen, Arsinoë. (ARSINOE, No. 2. ) At the end
the conversation of the savans begins. It would of the work is a collection of scolia and other
be impossible to give an account of the contents of songs, which the savans recite. One of these is
the book; a few specimens therefore must suffice. a real curiosity,—a song by Aristotle in praise of
We have anecdotes of gourmands, as of Apicius dpetý.
(the second of the three illustrious gluttons of that Among the authors, whose works are now lost
name), who is said to have spent many thousands from whom Athenaeus gives extracts, are Alcaeus,
on his stomach, and to have lived at Minturnae in Agathon the tragic poet, Antisthenes the philo-
the reign of Tiberius, whence he sailed to Africa, sopher, Archilochus the inventor of jambics, Me-
in search of good lobsters ; but finding, as he ap- nander and his contemporary Diphilus, Epime-
proached the shore, that they were no larger than nides of Crete, Empedocles of Agrigentum, Cra-
those which he ate in Italy, he turned back with tinus, Eupolis (Hor. Sat. i. 4. 1), Alcman, Epicurus
out landing. Sometimes we have anecdotes to (whom he represents as a wasteful glutton), and
prove assertions in natural history, e. g. it is shewn many others whose names are well known. In
that water is nutritious (1), by the statement that all, he cites nearly 800 authors and more than
it nourishes the TéTTIE, and (2) because fluids ge- 1200 separate works. Athenaeus was also the
nerally are so, as milk and honey, by the latter of author of a lost book nepi TÔ èv Evolą Basievo-
which Democritus of Abdera allowed himself to be dytwy, which probably, from the specimen of it in
kept alive over the Thesmophoria (though he had the Deipnosophists, and the obvious unfitness of
determined to starve himself), in order that the Athenaeus to be a historian, was rather a collec-
mourning for his death might not prevent his maid- tion of anecdotes than a connected history.
servants from celebrating the festival. The story Of the Deipnosophists the first two books, and
of the Pinna and Pinnoteer (TWVvOPúka or TIVVO parts of the third, eleventh, and fifteenth, exist
thons) is told in the course of the disquisitions only in an Epitome, whose date and author are
on shell-fish. The pinna is a bivalve shell-fish unknown. The original work, however, was rare
(Dotpeov), the pinnoteer a small crab, who inhabits in the time of Eustathius (latter part of 12th cent. );
the pinna's shell
. As soon as the small fish on for Bentley has shewn, by examining nearly a
which the pinna subsists have swum in, the pinna hundred of his references to Athenaeus, that his
teer bites the pinna as a signal to him to close his only knowledge of him was through the Epitome.
shell and secure them. Grammatical discussions (Phalaris
, p. 130, &c. ) Perizonius (preface to
are mixed up with gastronomic; e. g. the account | Aelian quoted by Schweighäuser) has proved that
of the duvydánn begins with the laws of its accen- Aelian transferred large portions of the work to
tuation; of eggs, by an inquiry into the spelling of his Various Histories (middle of 3rd cent. ), a rob-
the word, whether wov, öïov, weov, or wépiov. bery which -must have been committed almost in
Quotations are made in support of each, and we the life-time of the pillaged author. The Deipno-
are told that wc was formerly the same as útepowa, sophists also furnished to Macrobius the idea and
from which fact he deduces an explanation of the much of the matter of his Saturnalia (end of 4th
story of Helen's birth from an egg. This suggests cent. ); but no one has availed himself so largely
to him a quotation from Eriphus, who says that of Athenaeus's erudition as Eustathius.
Leda produced goose's eggs; and so he wanders on Only one original MS. of Athenaeus now exists,
through every variety of subject connected with called by Schweighäuser the Codex Veneto-Parisi-
eggs. This will give some notion of the discursive ensis. From this all the others which we now
manner in which he extracts all kinds of facts possess are copies ; 80 that the text of the work,
from the vast stores of his erudition. Sometimes especially in the poetical parts, is in a very un-
he connects different pieces of knowledge by a seitled state. The MS. was brought from Greece
mere similarity of sounds. Cynulcus, one of the by cardinal Bessarion, and after his death was
guests, calls for bread (óptos), “ not however for placed in the library of St. Mark at Venice, whence
Artus king of the Messapians;" and then we are it was taken to Paris by order of Napoleon, and
led back from Artus the king to Artus the eatable, there for the first time collated by Schweighäuser's
and from that to salted meats, which brings in a son. It is probably of the date of the 10th cen-
rbase
經過。
and phr
5 baada
collecmua
Per
Totke
244
be isez
Gales
he was
of 4th
-Dazz
* !
2 D
que ad
## p. 402 (#422) ############################################
402
ATHENAGORAS.
ATHENAGORAS.
tury. The subscript is always placed after, instead ATHENA'GORAS('Aonvayópas). 1. A Samian,
of under, the vowel with which it is connected, the son of Archestratides, was one of the ambaska-
and the whole is written without contractions. dors sent by the Samians to Leotychides shortly be
The first edition of Athenaeus was that of Aldus, fore the battle of Mycale, B. C. 479. (Herod. ix. 90. )
Venice, 1514; a second published at Basle, 1535; 2. A Milesian, was sent by Ptolemy at the head
a third by Casaubon at Geneva, 1597, with the of some mercenary troops to the assistance of the
Latin version of Dalecampius (Jacques Dalechamp Rhodians, when they were attacked by Demetrius
of Caen), and a commentary published in 1600 ; Poliorcetes (B. C. 305), and commanded the guard
a fourth by Schweighäuser, Strasburg, 14 vols. 8vo. of the counter-mine which was dug by the Rho-
1801-1807, founded on a collation of the above dians. Demetrius attempted to bribe him, but he
mentioned MS. and also of a valuable copy of the disclosed his overtures to the Rhodians, and ena-
Epitome; a fifth by W. Dindorf, 3 vols. 8vo. , bled them to make prisoner Alexander, an officer
Leipsic, 1827. The last is the best, Schweig- of high rank in the service of Demetrius. (Diod.
häuser not having availed himself sufficiently of xx. 94. )
the sagacity of previous critics in amending the 3. An officer in the service of Philip, king of
text, and being himself apparently very ignorant Macedonia, B. C. 200. His name occurs not un-
of metrical laws. There is a translation of Athe-frequently in the history of the war between that
naeus into French by M. Lefevre de Villebrune, prince and the Romans. (Liv. xxxi. 27, 35, 43,
under the title “ Banquet des Savans, par Athenee," xxxii. 5, xxxiii. 7; Polyb. xviii. 5. )
1789-1791, 5 vols. 4to. A good article on Schweig- 4. There was an officer of the same name in the
häuser's edition will be found in the Edinburgh service of Perseus, who commanded at Thessalonica
Review, vol. iji. 1803.
[G. E. L. C. ] in the war with the Romans, B. C. 168. (Liv.
ATHENAEUS ('Aohvalos), a celebrated physi- xliv. 32. )
cian, who was the founder of the sect of the Pneuma- There were several other persons of this name,
tici. He was born in Cilicia, at Attaleia. according among whom we may mention a native of Cumae,
to Galen (De Element. ex Hippocr. i. 6. vol. i. p. spoken of by Cicero (pro Flacc. c. 7); a Platonic
457 ; Defin. Med. prooem. vol. xix. pp. 347, 356 ; philosopher, to whom Boëthus dedicated his work
De Trem. Palpit. , fc. c. 6. vol. vii. p. 609; De Tepl TWV hapa fladtwvi atopovuévwv nékewv (Pho-
Differ. Puls. iv. 10. vol. viii. p. 749), or at Tarsus tius, Cod. 155); and a bishop of Byzantium.
according to Caelius Aurelianus. (De Morb. Acut. (Philipp. Cypr. Chron. p. 4; Fabric. Bibl. Graec.
ii. 1. p. 74. ) The exact years of his birth and vii. p. 101. )
(C. P. M. ]
death are unknown, but as Agathinus was one of ATHENA'GORAS ('A@nvayópas), a Grecian
his followers (AGATHINUS], he must have lived in philosopher converted to the Christian religion,
the first century after Christ. (Gal. De Digosc. flourished in the second century of our era. His
Puls. i. 3. vol. viii. p. 787. ) He was tutor to name is unaccountably passed over by Eusebius
Theodorus (Diog. Laërt. ii. 104), and appears to and Jerome ; and the only ancient biographical
have practised at Rome with great success. Some notice of him is contained in a fragment of Philip-
account of his doctrines and those of the Pneumatici pus Sidetes, published by Henry Dodwell along
is given in the Dict. of Ant. s. v. Pneumatici, but with his Dissertationes in Irenaeum. In this doo
of his personal history no further particulars are cument it is stated, that Athenagoras was the first
known. He appears to have been a voluminous master of the catechetical school at Alexandria,
writer, as the twenty-fourth volume of one of his and that he flourished in the days of Hadrian and
works is quoted by Galen (De Caus. Symptom. ii. Antoninus, to whom he addressed an Apology on
3. vol. vii. p. 165), and the twenty-pinth by behalf of the Christians. It is added that he had,
Oribasius. (Coll
. Medic. ix. 5. p. 366. ) Nothing, before Celsus, intended to write against the Chris-
however, remains but the titles, and some frag- tians; but when he examined the Holy Scriptures
ments preserved by Oribasius. (Coll. Medic. i. 2. with this view, he became a convert to the faith
p. 206, v. 5. p. 263, ix. 5. 12. pp. 366, 368. ) For he bad purposed to destroy. It is further asserted
further information the reader may consult Le by this writer, that Clemens Alexandrinus was the
Clerc's Hist. de la Méd. ; Haller's Biblioth. Medic. disciple of Athenagoras, and Pantaenus the disci-
Pract. vol. i. p. 190; Osterhausen, De Sectae ple of Clemens. The authority of Philippus
Pneumaticorum Medicorum Historia, Altorf, 1791, Sidetes was lightly esteemed, even in ancient
8vo. ; and Sprengel's Hist. de la Méd.
times; and there are some manifest inaccuracies
There is in the Royal Library at Paris a Greek in the foregoing statement. Athenagoras's defence
MS. of the sixteenth century, containing a treatise of the Christians was certainly not addressed to
on Urine, lepi Oůpwv úvoyıs 'Axpibńs, by a per-Hadrian and Antoninus. It has been contended
son of the name of Athenaens, but it is not known by some modern scholars, that it was presented to
for certain whether he is the same individual as Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus; but it has
the founder of the Pneumatici. (W. A. G. ] been shewn by irrefragable proofs, that the em-
ATHENAEUS, a statuary of distinction, who perors to whom it was addressed were Marcus
flourished about the 155th Olympiad. (Plin. A. N. Aurelius and his son Commodus. In this view
xxxiv, 8. s. 19. )
[C.
Bilicrb. i. p. 46, &c. ; Welcker, Zeitschrift für Gesch. pardoned by Augustus, as there was no evidence
der alten Kunst, p. 256, &c. )
(L. S. ] of his having taken a more active part in the plot.
ATHENAEUS ('Aonvaios), historical. The lle is perhaps the same with the writer mentioned
name differed in pronunciation from the Greek by Diodorus. (ii. 20. )
adjective for Athenian, the former being accentu- 5. A stoic philosopher, mentioned by Porphy-
ated 'Abývanos, and the latter 'Aonvaios. (Eustath. rius in his life of Plotinus. (c. 20. ) There was
ud 11. B. p. 237. ) ). Son of Pericleidas, a Lace also an Epicurean philosopher of this name. (Diog.
daemonian, was one of the commissioners, who, on Laërt. x. 22. 12. )
(C. P. M. ]
the part of the Lacedaemonians and their allies, ATHENAEUS ('AOńvaios), a native of Nau-
ratified the truce for one year which in B. C. 423 cratis, a town on the left side of the Canopic
was made between the Lacedaemonians and Athe- mouth of the Nile, is called by Suidas a ypauuato-
nians and their allies; and afterwards with Aris kós, a term which may be best rendered into
tonymus, an Athenian, went round to announce English, a literary man. Suidas places him in the
the truce to Brasidas and other officers of the times of Marcus,” but whether by this is meant
belligerent parties. (Thuc. ir. 119, 122. ) The Marcus Aurelius is uncertain, as Caracalla was
names Athenaeus and Pericleidas mark the friendly also Marcus Antoninus. We know, however, that
relations which subsisted between this family and Oppian, who wrote a work called Halieutica in-
the Athenians, and more especially the family of scribed to Caracalla, was a little anterior to him
Pericles.
(Athen. i. p. 13), and that Commodus was dead
2. A lieutenant of Antigonus, who was sent when he wrote (xii. p. 537), so that he may have
against the Nabataeans, an Arabian people. (B. C. been born in the reign of Aurelius, but flourished
312. ) He surprised the stronghold of Petra, but under his successors. Part of his work must have
afterwards suffered himself to be surprised in the been written after a. D. 228, the date given by
night, and his army was almost entirely destroyed. Dion Cassius for the death of Ulpian the lawyer,
(Diod. xix. 91. )
which event he mentions. (xv. p. 686. )
3. A general in the service of Antiochus VII. His extant work is entitled the Deipnosophistae,
He accompanied him on bis expedition against the i. e. the Banquet of the Learnel, or else, perhaps, as
Parthians, and was one of the first to fly in the has lately been suggested, The Contrivers of Feasts.
battle in which Antiochus lost his life, B. c. 128. It may be considered one of the earliest collections
He, however, perished with hunger in his flight, of what are called Ana, being an immense mass of
as in consequence of some previous excesses, none anecdotes, extracts from the writings of poets, his-
of those to whom he fied would furnish him with torians, dramatists, philosophers, orators, and phy-
the necessaries of life. (Diod. Exc. de Virt. et sicians, of facts in natural history, criticisms, and
Vit. p. 603, ed. Wess. )
discussions on almost every conceivable subject,
4. Son of Attalus 1. , king of Pergamus. [Eu especially on Gastronomy, upon which noble science
MENES ; ATTALUS. ] His name occurs not un- he mentions a work (now lost) of Archestratus
frequently in connexion with the events of his [ARCHESTRATUS), whose place his own 15 books
time. He was on various occasions sent as am- have probably supplied. It is in short a collection
bassador to Rome by his brothers Eumenes and of stories from the memory and common-place book
Attalus. (Polyb. xxiv. 1, xxxi. 9, xxxii. 26, of a Greek gentleman of the third century of the
xxxiii. 11; Liv. xxxviii. 12, 13, xlii. 55, xlv. 27. ) Christian era, of enormous reading, extreme love
5. A Cappadocian, who had been banished at of good eating, and respectable ability. Sorne no-
the instance of queen Athenais, but through the tion of the materials which he had amassed for
influence of Cicero was restored, B. C. 51. (Cic. the work, may be formed from the fact, which he
ad Fam. xv. 4. )
[C. P. M. ] tells us himself, that he had read and made extracts
ATHENAEUS ('Ao hvalos ), literary. 1. A from 800 plays of the middle comedy only. (viii.
contemporary of Archimedes, the author of an ex. p. 336. )
tant work Περί Μηχανημάτων (on warlike engines), Athenaeus represents himself as describing to
addressed to Marcellus (probably the conqueror of his friend Timocrates, a banquet given at the house
Syracuse). He is perhaps the same with Athe of Laurentius (napřvolos), a noble Roman, to
naeus of Cyzicus, mentioned by Proclus (in several guests, of whom the best known are Galen,
Euclid. p. 19) as a distinguished mathematician. a physician, and Ulpian, the lawyer. The work
The above-mentioned work is printed in Thevenot's is in the form of a dialogue, in which these guests
Mathematici Veteres, Paris, 1693. (Fabric. Bibl. are the interlocutors, related to Timocrates: a
Graec. iv. p. 222, &c. )
double machinery, which would have been incon-
2. An BPIGRAMMATIC poet, mentioned by venient to an author who had a real talent for dra-
Diogenes Laërtius. (ri. 14, vii. 30. ) He was the matic writing, but which in the bands of Athe
author of two epigrams in the Greek Anthology. naeus, who had none, is wholly unmanageable.
(Brunck, Anal. ii. p. 257. )
As a work of art the failure is complete. Unity
3. ARHETORICIAN, the contemporary and oppo- of time and dramatic probability are utterly violated
nent of Hermagoras. He defined rhetoric to be the by the supposition that so immense a work is the
art of deceiving. (Quintil. iii. 1. $ 16, ii. 15. $ 23. ) / record of the conversation at a single banquet, and
a
## p. 401 (#421) ############################################
ATHENAEUS.
401
ATHENAEUS.
2. 6775
erkere
܊ the
hert 13
2. 1. 1
Croatia
Bet
25 dar
zarar
astame
TTC BY
shra
by the absurdity of collecting at it the produce of grammatical discussion on the word rápixos,
every season of the year. Long quotations and in- whether it is masculine in Attic or not. Some-
tricate discussions introduced apropos of some times antiquarian points are discussed, especially
trifling incident, entirely destroy the form of the Homeric. Thus, he examines the times of day at
dialogue, so that before we have finished a speech which the Homeric mcals took place, and the
we forget who was the speaker. And when in genuineness of some of the lines in the Iliad and
addition to this confusion we are suddenly brought Odyssey, as
back to the tiresome Timocrates, we are quite pro- ήδεε γαρ κατα θυμον αδελφέον, ως επονείτο,
voked at the clumsy way in which the book is put which he pronounces spurious, and only introduced
together. But as a work illustrative of ancient
to explain
manners, as a collection of curious facts, names of
authors and fragments, which, but for Athenaeus,
αυτόματος δε οι ήλθε βοήν αγαθός Μενέλαος.
would utterly have perished ; in short, as a body His etymological conjectures are in the usual
of amusing antiquarian research, it would be diffi- style of ancient philology. In proving the reli-
cult to praise the Deipnosophistae too highly. gious duty of drunkenness, as he considers it, he
The work begins, somewhat absurdly, consider- | derives θοίνη from θεών ένεκα οινούσθαι and μεθύειν
ing the difference between a discussion on the Im- from petà tò Búelv. We often obtain from him
mortality of the Soul, and one on the Pleasures of curious pieces of information on subjects connected
the Stomach, with an exact imitation of the open- with ancient art, as that the kind of drinking-cup
ing of Plato's Phaedo,-Athenaeus and Timocrates called butóy was first devised by Ptolemy Phila-
being substituted for Phaedo and Echecrates. delphus as an ornament for the statues of his
The praises of Laurentius are then introduced, and queen, Arsinoë. (ARSINOE, No. 2. ) At the end
the conversation of the savans begins. It would of the work is a collection of scolia and other
be impossible to give an account of the contents of songs, which the savans recite. One of these is
the book; a few specimens therefore must suffice. a real curiosity,—a song by Aristotle in praise of
We have anecdotes of gourmands, as of Apicius dpetý.
(the second of the three illustrious gluttons of that Among the authors, whose works are now lost
name), who is said to have spent many thousands from whom Athenaeus gives extracts, are Alcaeus,
on his stomach, and to have lived at Minturnae in Agathon the tragic poet, Antisthenes the philo-
the reign of Tiberius, whence he sailed to Africa, sopher, Archilochus the inventor of jambics, Me-
in search of good lobsters ; but finding, as he ap- nander and his contemporary Diphilus, Epime-
proached the shore, that they were no larger than nides of Crete, Empedocles of Agrigentum, Cra-
those which he ate in Italy, he turned back with tinus, Eupolis (Hor. Sat. i. 4. 1), Alcman, Epicurus
out landing. Sometimes we have anecdotes to (whom he represents as a wasteful glutton), and
prove assertions in natural history, e. g. it is shewn many others whose names are well known. In
that water is nutritious (1), by the statement that all, he cites nearly 800 authors and more than
it nourishes the TéTTIE, and (2) because fluids ge- 1200 separate works. Athenaeus was also the
nerally are so, as milk and honey, by the latter of author of a lost book nepi TÔ èv Evolą Basievo-
which Democritus of Abdera allowed himself to be dytwy, which probably, from the specimen of it in
kept alive over the Thesmophoria (though he had the Deipnosophists, and the obvious unfitness of
determined to starve himself), in order that the Athenaeus to be a historian, was rather a collec-
mourning for his death might not prevent his maid- tion of anecdotes than a connected history.
servants from celebrating the festival. The story Of the Deipnosophists the first two books, and
of the Pinna and Pinnoteer (TWVvOPúka or TIVVO parts of the third, eleventh, and fifteenth, exist
thons) is told in the course of the disquisitions only in an Epitome, whose date and author are
on shell-fish. The pinna is a bivalve shell-fish unknown. The original work, however, was rare
(Dotpeov), the pinnoteer a small crab, who inhabits in the time of Eustathius (latter part of 12th cent. );
the pinna's shell
. As soon as the small fish on for Bentley has shewn, by examining nearly a
which the pinna subsists have swum in, the pinna hundred of his references to Athenaeus, that his
teer bites the pinna as a signal to him to close his only knowledge of him was through the Epitome.
shell and secure them. Grammatical discussions (Phalaris
, p. 130, &c. ) Perizonius (preface to
are mixed up with gastronomic; e. g. the account | Aelian quoted by Schweighäuser) has proved that
of the duvydánn begins with the laws of its accen- Aelian transferred large portions of the work to
tuation; of eggs, by an inquiry into the spelling of his Various Histories (middle of 3rd cent. ), a rob-
the word, whether wov, öïov, weov, or wépiov. bery which -must have been committed almost in
Quotations are made in support of each, and we the life-time of the pillaged author. The Deipno-
are told that wc was formerly the same as útepowa, sophists also furnished to Macrobius the idea and
from which fact he deduces an explanation of the much of the matter of his Saturnalia (end of 4th
story of Helen's birth from an egg. This suggests cent. ); but no one has availed himself so largely
to him a quotation from Eriphus, who says that of Athenaeus's erudition as Eustathius.
Leda produced goose's eggs; and so he wanders on Only one original MS. of Athenaeus now exists,
through every variety of subject connected with called by Schweighäuser the Codex Veneto-Parisi-
eggs. This will give some notion of the discursive ensis. From this all the others which we now
manner in which he extracts all kinds of facts possess are copies ; 80 that the text of the work,
from the vast stores of his erudition. Sometimes especially in the poetical parts, is in a very un-
he connects different pieces of knowledge by a seitled state. The MS. was brought from Greece
mere similarity of sounds. Cynulcus, one of the by cardinal Bessarion, and after his death was
guests, calls for bread (óptos), “ not however for placed in the library of St. Mark at Venice, whence
Artus king of the Messapians;" and then we are it was taken to Paris by order of Napoleon, and
led back from Artus the king to Artus the eatable, there for the first time collated by Schweighäuser's
and from that to salted meats, which brings in a son. It is probably of the date of the 10th cen-
rbase
經過。
and phr
5 baada
collecmua
Per
Totke
244
be isez
Gales
he was
of 4th
-Dazz
* !
2 D
que ad
## p. 402 (#422) ############################################
402
ATHENAGORAS.
ATHENAGORAS.
tury. The subscript is always placed after, instead ATHENA'GORAS('Aonvayópas). 1. A Samian,
of under, the vowel with which it is connected, the son of Archestratides, was one of the ambaska-
and the whole is written without contractions. dors sent by the Samians to Leotychides shortly be
The first edition of Athenaeus was that of Aldus, fore the battle of Mycale, B. C. 479. (Herod. ix. 90. )
Venice, 1514; a second published at Basle, 1535; 2. A Milesian, was sent by Ptolemy at the head
a third by Casaubon at Geneva, 1597, with the of some mercenary troops to the assistance of the
Latin version of Dalecampius (Jacques Dalechamp Rhodians, when they were attacked by Demetrius
of Caen), and a commentary published in 1600 ; Poliorcetes (B. C. 305), and commanded the guard
a fourth by Schweighäuser, Strasburg, 14 vols. 8vo. of the counter-mine which was dug by the Rho-
1801-1807, founded on a collation of the above dians. Demetrius attempted to bribe him, but he
mentioned MS. and also of a valuable copy of the disclosed his overtures to the Rhodians, and ena-
Epitome; a fifth by W. Dindorf, 3 vols. 8vo. , bled them to make prisoner Alexander, an officer
Leipsic, 1827. The last is the best, Schweig- of high rank in the service of Demetrius. (Diod.
häuser not having availed himself sufficiently of xx. 94. )
the sagacity of previous critics in amending the 3. An officer in the service of Philip, king of
text, and being himself apparently very ignorant Macedonia, B. C. 200. His name occurs not un-
of metrical laws. There is a translation of Athe-frequently in the history of the war between that
naeus into French by M. Lefevre de Villebrune, prince and the Romans. (Liv. xxxi. 27, 35, 43,
under the title “ Banquet des Savans, par Athenee," xxxii. 5, xxxiii. 7; Polyb. xviii. 5. )
1789-1791, 5 vols. 4to. A good article on Schweig- 4. There was an officer of the same name in the
häuser's edition will be found in the Edinburgh service of Perseus, who commanded at Thessalonica
Review, vol. iji. 1803.
[G. E. L. C. ] in the war with the Romans, B. C. 168. (Liv.
ATHENAEUS ('Aohvalos), a celebrated physi- xliv. 32. )
cian, who was the founder of the sect of the Pneuma- There were several other persons of this name,
tici. He was born in Cilicia, at Attaleia. according among whom we may mention a native of Cumae,
to Galen (De Element. ex Hippocr. i. 6. vol. i. p. spoken of by Cicero (pro Flacc. c. 7); a Platonic
457 ; Defin. Med. prooem. vol. xix. pp. 347, 356 ; philosopher, to whom Boëthus dedicated his work
De Trem. Palpit. , fc. c. 6. vol. vii. p. 609; De Tepl TWV hapa fladtwvi atopovuévwv nékewv (Pho-
Differ. Puls. iv. 10. vol. viii. p. 749), or at Tarsus tius, Cod. 155); and a bishop of Byzantium.
according to Caelius Aurelianus. (De Morb. Acut. (Philipp. Cypr. Chron. p. 4; Fabric. Bibl. Graec.
ii. 1. p. 74. ) The exact years of his birth and vii. p. 101. )
(C. P. M. ]
death are unknown, but as Agathinus was one of ATHENA'GORAS ('A@nvayópas), a Grecian
his followers (AGATHINUS], he must have lived in philosopher converted to the Christian religion,
the first century after Christ. (Gal. De Digosc. flourished in the second century of our era. His
Puls. i. 3. vol. viii. p. 787. ) He was tutor to name is unaccountably passed over by Eusebius
Theodorus (Diog. Laërt. ii. 104), and appears to and Jerome ; and the only ancient biographical
have practised at Rome with great success. Some notice of him is contained in a fragment of Philip-
account of his doctrines and those of the Pneumatici pus Sidetes, published by Henry Dodwell along
is given in the Dict. of Ant. s. v. Pneumatici, but with his Dissertationes in Irenaeum. In this doo
of his personal history no further particulars are cument it is stated, that Athenagoras was the first
known. He appears to have been a voluminous master of the catechetical school at Alexandria,
writer, as the twenty-fourth volume of one of his and that he flourished in the days of Hadrian and
works is quoted by Galen (De Caus. Symptom. ii. Antoninus, to whom he addressed an Apology on
3. vol. vii. p. 165), and the twenty-pinth by behalf of the Christians. It is added that he had,
Oribasius. (Coll
. Medic. ix. 5. p. 366. ) Nothing, before Celsus, intended to write against the Chris-
however, remains but the titles, and some frag- tians; but when he examined the Holy Scriptures
ments preserved by Oribasius. (Coll. Medic. i. 2. with this view, he became a convert to the faith
p. 206, v. 5. p. 263, ix. 5. 12. pp. 366, 368. ) For he bad purposed to destroy. It is further asserted
further information the reader may consult Le by this writer, that Clemens Alexandrinus was the
Clerc's Hist. de la Méd. ; Haller's Biblioth. Medic. disciple of Athenagoras, and Pantaenus the disci-
Pract. vol. i. p. 190; Osterhausen, De Sectae ple of Clemens. The authority of Philippus
Pneumaticorum Medicorum Historia, Altorf, 1791, Sidetes was lightly esteemed, even in ancient
8vo. ; and Sprengel's Hist. de la Méd.
times; and there are some manifest inaccuracies
There is in the Royal Library at Paris a Greek in the foregoing statement. Athenagoras's defence
MS. of the sixteenth century, containing a treatise of the Christians was certainly not addressed to
on Urine, lepi Oůpwv úvoyıs 'Axpibńs, by a per-Hadrian and Antoninus. It has been contended
son of the name of Athenaens, but it is not known by some modern scholars, that it was presented to
for certain whether he is the same individual as Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus; but it has
the founder of the Pneumatici. (W. A. G. ] been shewn by irrefragable proofs, that the em-
ATHENAEUS, a statuary of distinction, who perors to whom it was addressed were Marcus
flourished about the 155th Olympiad. (Plin. A. N. Aurelius and his son Commodus. In this view
xxxiv, 8. s. 19. )
[C.
