JBut
^^fchines hath fo far exceeded the reft of Mankind in Cruelty
and Slander, that he hath imputed to me as Crimes, thofe very
Events, which he once afrribed to the Power of Fortune.
^^fchines hath fo far exceeded the reft of Mankind in Cruelty
and Slander, that he hath imputed to me as Crimes, thofe very
Events, which he once afrribed to the Power of Fortune.
Demosthenes - Orations - v2
Thus,
when 1 was impeached of Treafon, and when you acquitted
me, nor gave the fifth Part of your Suffrages to my Accufers,
you then pronounced in Favour of my Adminiftration. When
you acquitted me upon the Indidments for having preferred a
Decree in Oppofition to your eftablifhed Laws, you then
openly declared, whatever I had decreed, whatever I had pro-
pofed in my Orations, was perfeflly legal ; and when you
audited my Accounts, you gave public Teftimony, that I had
adled with Probity and an Honefty, not to be corrupted. In
3 fiich
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 473
fuch Circumftances therefore, what Name could Ctefiphon
have given with Juftice and Propriety to my Adminiftration ?
Not that, which he faw given by the People ? Not that, de-
termined by our Judges upon their Oaths ? Not that, con-
firmed by Truth itfelf, and by the united Voice of all our Ci-
tizens ? Undoubtedly, replies ^fchines, but it was the Glory
of Cephalus, that he never was indided ; yes ; by the Gods, and
his good Fortune too. But becaufe a Man hath often been accufed,
though never convided, can he for that Reafon be juftly liable
to Blame ? However, O Men of Athens, I may boldly aflume
to myfelf this Glory, that feems peculiar to Cephalus, as far as JEC-
chines is concerned, becaule he never preferred any regular In-
didment, or entered any Profecution againft me. Thus by
your own Confeflion, iEfchines, I am acknowledged not infe-
rior even to Cephalus in the Charader of an upright and valu-
able Citizen.
Although the Malignity and Envy of my Accufer are
obfervable in a thoufand Inftances, yet in none more remark-
ably, than in his Harangue upon Fortune. For whoever, while
he confefTes himfelf a Man, and liable to the Accidents of
Humanity, reproaches any other Mortal with the Difpleafure
of Fortune, I am abfolutely convinced is not in his perfedl
Mind. Becaufe if he, who now imagines the Goddefs moft
bounteous to his Wifhes ; who flatters himfelf, that he poffef-
fes Her moft abfolutely, is ignorant whether her Favour and her
Vol. II. P P P Bountv'
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? 474 DEMOSTHENES
Bounty fLall continue to him 'till the Evening, ought he to
boaft of her Favours, or reproach others with her Severity. But
fince i^fchines hath talked upon this Subjed, as upon many
others, in a Style of Infolence and Arrogance, behold, O Men
of Athens, and conlider, how much more agreeable to Truth,
and to the general Circumftances of Humanity, are the Senti-
ments, which I fhall now lay before you, with regard to For-
tune. That the Deftiny of this Republic is eminently glorious,
I verily believe, and behold it confirmed by the Oracles of
Dodonaean Jove, and Pythian Apollo ; but the Deftiny, that
now governs all human kind, I apprehend to be moft cruel
and oppreflive. For, where is the Grecian ; where is the Bar-
barian, who hath not experienced, during this Period, a thou-
fand Calamities ? That you have always determined to choofe
the moft honourable Meafures, and that we have received
better Terms from the Conqueror, than the other Grecian
States, who imagined they could fix their future Happinefs by
abandoning the Fate of Athens, I afcribe to the good Fortune
of the Republic i but that we have encountered fome dreadful
Accidents, and have not always been fuccefsful in our Defigns,
I conceive to be that Proportion allotted to the Commonwealth
in the general Calamities of Greece. But my particular Def-
tiny, or that of any other private Citizen, I think fhould be
determined by an Examination into private and perfonal Cir-
cumftances. In this Manner we ought, in my Opinion, to
reafon concerning Fortune ; thus rightly and juftly to make an
3 Eftimate
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? IN DEFENCE OF C T E S I P H O N. 475
Eftimate of her Power ; and I prefume you will concur with
me in thefe Sentiments. Yet yEfchines aflerts, that my parti-
cular Deftiny, inconfiderable as it is and infignificant, hath
overpowered the great and glorious Fate of the Republic
How is this poflible ? But if you are determined, j3i^fchines,
pundlually to examine the whole Fortune of my Life, confider
it however, and compare it with your own ; and if you find
it hath any fuperior Advantage to yours, forbear to rail againft
it hereafter. This Moment therefore confider them both from
their firft Origin. But here, let me conjure you by all our
Deities, not to imagine, I mean to utter any thing offenfive to
this Affembly. For whoever talks of Poverty'with Contumely
and Derifion, or infolently boafts him of the Affluence, in
which he was educated, in my Opinion, is not Mafter of his
proper Underftanding. Yet I am compelled by the injurious
Invectives and Slanders of this cruel Detradter to defcend into
fuch a Difpute ; in which however I fliall preferve the utmoft
Moderation, that the Nature of my Subjed will allow.
It was therefore my Fortune, iEfchines, avhen I was a Boy,
to frequent the Schools moft proper for my Infl:ru<51:ion ; to en-
joy that Affluence, which alone can preferve us from the Ne-
cefflty of committing any bafe or diflionourable Adion ; and
afterwards, when I came to age, to ad in a Manner fuitable
to the generous Education I had received j to exhibit Games to
the People; to build Galleys; to contribute voluntarily to the
P p p 2 Neceffities
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? 476 DEMOSTHENES
Neceflities of the State, nor ever to negled: any private or pub-
lic Occafion of fhewing my Liberality, but to render myfelf
ufeful both to the Commonwealth, and to my Friends. When
I entered into Miniftry, I determined to choofe a Syftem of
Adminiftration, in which I might frequently be crowned by my
Country, and the other States of Greece ; and in which even
you, my moft inveterate Enemies, fhould not dare to afiert,
that the Meafures I propofed v/qtc difhonourable. Such was
the Fortune of my whole Life, of which I could give many
other Proofs, were I not cautious of offending by an Appearance
of boafting. Here then, illuftrious Mortal, who treat others
fo contemptuouily, compare with mine the honourable Fortune
you have enjoyed. ' You were educated, when a Boy,, in the
moft fordid Penury ; an Afliftant to your Father in his Pro-
fcflion of teaching Grammar j grinding the Ink- Powder, wafh-
ing the Benches with Spunges ; fweeping the School, and em-
ployed in all Offices of a domeftic Slave, not of a Youth, libe-
rally born. When you commenced Man, you read her holy
Rituals to your Mother, when fhe was initiating her Difciples,
and were employed in all the other Duties of her Miniftry. At
Night you covered the initiated with Skins of Deer ; you poured
out the confecrated Wine, and aflifted them in the Solemnities
of their Purification. You compofed, of Clay and Bran, the
facred Images of Bacchus. Then making your Difciples arife
to the laft Ceremonies of their Initiation, you commanded
them to chaunt the hallowed Hymn.
The
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTE SIPHON. 477
The Rites are clos'd ; the worft is o'er ;
ril now a better Fate explore,
in which you folemnly boaftcd, that no Man ever howled To
exquifitdy. This I verily believe, for impoflible to conceive,
thathe,- who fpeaks in this AlTembly with a Voice of fuch fo-
norous Dignity, muft not have howled in fuch a Concert moft
melodioufly. In the Day- Time you led the honourable Pro-
cefllon of your Bacchanalians, crowned w^ith Fennel and Po-
plar, through the Streets ; grafping in your Hands the fvvollen-
cheeked Serpents ; holding them high over your Head, and
clamouroufly repeating, " Glory to thee, great Bacchus. "
Then dancing to the myftick Surnames of the God, " Hyes
" Attes, Attes Hyes," you were complimented by many an
old Beldam with the Title of " Prince and Leader of the Cho-
** nis; the Ivy-Bearer; the Van-Carrier," and other fuch
illuftrious Appellations ; receiving befides, as a Reward for your
Labours, Crufts, fopped in Wine, and Cheefe- Cakes, and
Grape-Tarts, fweetened with Honey. Who would not then
have pronounced him truly happy , and have envied his good
Fortune ? Being afterwards enrolled, by whatever infamous
Pradices (for I fhall not mention them at prefent) but being
enrolled among our Citizens, you immediately chofe the moft
honourable of all Employments, that of being an Under- Clerk
and Secretary to our Courts of Regiftry. When you were dif-
miffed from this Office, where you committed every Villainy,
for which you drew up Indictments againft others, you did not
however
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? 478 DEMOSTHENES
however do any Diflionour in your next Employment to the
Adions of your paft Life, but hired yourfelf to the deep-groan-
ing Tragedians, Simylus and Socrates, to whom you played
fome under-Charadlers. Then, as you ftrolled through the
Country, you gathered out of other People's Grounds, Figs,
Grapes and Olives, as if you meant to turn Fruiterer ; and for
thefe Plunderings, received more Wounds, than in all your the-
atrical Skirmifhes, where you, and the Folks of your Profef-
iion, fight for their Lives. For there hath ever been an im-
placable and irreconcilable War between you Players, and your
Spectators, from whom you have received fo many honourable
Wounds, that you now with fome Degree of Juftice make a
Mockery of thofe, who never experienced fucli Dangers. (24)
'? 'But paffing over thefe Villainies, which may be perhaps
imputed to his Poverty, I fhall now proceed to Crimes, that
demonftrate his natural Genius, and the depravity of his Man-
ners. As foon as it entered into his Imagination to engage in the
Adminiftration, he chofe fuch a Syftem of Politics, that when his
Country was fortunate in her Meafurcs he lived the very Life of
a Hare,
(24) Never have any Set of People ters of Jupiter, Neptune, or Minerva by
been treated in all Ages and Countries their Performance, m'ght be the Refent-
in a Manner fo unaccountable to com- ment of a pious and religious Zeal,
men Senfe, as Players. In /Athens they But furely the Profedlon itfelf, to which
were employed in the moft important every polite People are indebted for the
Offices of the Republic, yet were ex- moft pleafmg, as well as rational, En-
pofed, upon the Stage, to every Kind tertainment they are capable of receiving,
of Infult and Contempt. That tliey fhould have protefted even its worft Per-
were publicly whipped, as Lucian in- formers from perlbna! Crailty and Out-
forms us, for diflionouring th? Charac- r<igc.
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPFI ON. 479
a Hare, fearful and trembling and perpetually apprehenfive of
that Chaftifement, he was confcious he had merited. On the
contrary, when Philip and his Adherents were fuccefsful in their
Projedls, he grew confident and afTured. He therefore, who
could aflume this Air of Confidence upon the Death of a thou-
fand Citizens, what Vengeance does he not juftly deferve from
the living ?
Many other Inftances of his Guilt I fliall pafs over, for I do
not hold it fitting to mention every Adion in his Life of Bafe-
nefs and Turpitude, but thofe only, that I can mention with-
out Diflionour to myfelf. For this Reafon, iEfchines, I defire
you will compare, with Temper and without Bitternefs, all
the Circumf^ances of our Lives, that have any Refemblance
between the n, and then afk our Audience, which they would
choofe for themfelves. You taught Children their Alphabet ;
I was a Scholar. You initiated others into the loweft Myfteries
of our Religion ; I was initiated into the moft folemn. You
were a Performer, and I was a Dire6lor, in our public Games.
You were a Clerk, and I was an Orator in our AfTemblies.
You were a villainous Comedian, and I was a Spedlator. You
blundered in your Part, and I hifled. You exerted your Po-
litics in Favour of our Enemies; I employed my Adminiftration
for the Prefervation of my Country. I fhall carry the Compa-
rifon no farther, and fhall only mention, that I am this Day
thought worthy of the Honour of a Crown, and am already
publicly
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? 480 DEMOSTHENES
publickly acknowledged never to have committed any Crime
againft the RepubHc ; while you are adjudged an abfolute In-
former, and are in Danger, either of continuing in this odious
Employment, or of having an eternal Silence impofed upon
you by the Sentence of our Judges. ' An honourable Fortune,
is it not, which you, for your whole Life, enjoyed; and in
Comparifon of which, you efteem mine vile and delpicable ?
But I fhall now produce the Teftimonials of my Behaviour in
all the public Offices I have held, and do you compare, in Op-
portion to them, the Verfes you have repeated upon the Stage,
and murdered.
" From Hell's Abyfs and Darknefs, lo ! I come. (25)
and
and.
" Behold th' unwilling Meflenger of Fate.
" Mifchiefs" May the good Gods rather, and this Af-
fembly, inflid thofe Mifchiefs upon thee, pernicious Citizen,
thou Traitor, thou very villainous Comedian. Now read the
Teftimonials.
The Testimonials.
Such hath ever been my Conduct towards the Republic.
But in my private Charader, if you do not all acknowledge
me
(25) Our unfortunate Adtor blunders, expe<5l:edly breaks the Line and turns
E^e-n-tT7TB(, in the firfl: Line of his Part, the ExprefTion into a violent Execration
and leaves out the Word vsk^uv. ^ku againft his Adverfaiy. This laft Re-
uBn^wu tcevBf^uva. In his third Speech mark, certainly a very happy one, be-
he begins with the Word ^cocov Mif- '""S^ originally to Wolfius, and is con-
. . , , r\ . c i\ \ 1 firmed by Dodor Markland.
cviefy when our Orator fuddenly and un- ^
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 481
me to have been goodnaturcd, humane, and always ready to
relieve the diflreflcd, I fliall be filcnt. I will not utter any
thing in my ov/n Defence, or produce a {ingle Witnefs either
of my having ranfomed any of my Fellow- Citizens from the
Enemy, or portioned out their Daughters in Marriage, or any
other Inftance of my Liberality. For I have ever held it as a
Maxim, that he, who received an Obligation, fhould remem-
ber it for ever ; but he, who conferred, fhould inftantly forget
- it, if the firfl: would deferve the Reputation of being grateful,
or the other avoid the Appearance of a mean and contradled
Spirit. To recolledl, and to repeat with Oftentation, the Fa-
vours we have perfonally beftowed, I conceive to be very little
different from upbraiding and Reproach. I will- not a6t in this
Manner. I will not be [o far tranfported ; but content myfclf
with whatever Opinion my Fellow- Citizens entertain of me at
this Moment. Leaving then thefe Inftances of private Cha-
ra6ler, I fhall briefly fpeak to the Affairs of the Republic. ' If
you can therefore, ^fchines, produce any one Nation, whe-
Greek or Barbarian, beneath yonder Sun, that did not formerly
experience the Tyranny of Philip, and at this Moment docs
not feel the Power of Alexander, I fliall readily acknowledge,
that either my Fortune, or if you rather pleafe to call it, my
unhappy Def^iny, hath been the ible Occafion of all our Dif-
treffes. I But if many, who never law me; never heard my
Voice, not only fingle Perfons, but whole Cities and Nations,
have fuffered numberlefs and the fevereft Calamities under their
Vol. IL 0^4 9. Tyranny,
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? 482 D E M O S T H E N E S
Tyranny, how much morcjuft, and more agreeable to Triitfl^
were it to imagine, that the comm^on Fortune, as it a! . pears,
of human kind, and the rapid fmpctuonty of particular Con-
jundurcs, cruel and unaccountable, have been the real Caufe'
of our common Ruin ? feut rcgardlefs of thefe Confidcrations,
you accufe me, as the fole Author of this univcrflil Roin, be-
caufe I had fome Share in the Admlnifl:ration at that dangerous
Crifis ; ^ although you are confcious, that if not abfolutely the-
whole, yet certainly a confiderable Part, of your Invedives falls
upon our Citizens in general, and upon you more particular! }''.
For if I had afTumed tomyfelf the fole Dire6lion of our Coun-
fels, it was in your Power undoubtedly, and that of our other
Magiflrates, to have infliantly aecufed me. But if you were
conftantly prefent in all our Airemblies ; if the Commonwealth
propofed every Meafure to public Debate, and every Refolution
was univerfally approved of, and efpecially by you (though
furely not from any perfonal Kindnefs to me did you encou-
rage the People in their Hopes of Succefs, and permit me to
receive thofe Praifes and Honours beftowed on my Admi-
niftration, but becaufe you were manifeftly compelled by the
Force of Truth, and had no better Expedients to propole) are
you not guilty of Injuflice and Inhumanity, in now blaming
thofe very Mcafures, than which you then knew no other more
ufeful to the Public.
The following Maxims I have ever found inconteftably fixed
and
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 483
and determined among Mankind. Are we guilty of a volun-
tary Crime ? Indignation and Punifhment is our Portion.
Have we committed an involuntary Midake } Inilcad of
being puniflied, we are pardoned. Is there a Man, wlio
has neither been guilty of any voluntary Crime, nor com-
mitted even an involuntary Miftake j who hath totally given
himfclf to the Execution of thofe Meafures, which were univer-
fally thought moft expedient, and hath been unfuccefsl'ul, not
fingly, but with all his Fellow-Citizens in general ? He cer-
tainly deferves Compaflion, not the Severity of Cenfure and
Reproach. All thefe Sentiments are apparent, not in our Laws
alone, but Nature hath impreffed them upon her own un-
written Dictates, and the univerfil Ufages of human kind.
JBut
^^fchines hath fo far exceeded the reft of Mankind in Cruelty
and Slander, that he hath imputed to me as Crimes, thofe very
Events, which he once afrribed to the Power of Fortune. Bc-
lides, while he profefTed, that all his own Orations are pro-
nounced in perfed Simplicity of Heart, and AfFeclion to his
Country, he advifed you to be cautious and obfervant, that I
did not deceive and impofe upon you. He then called me, among
many other Appellations of the fame Kind, a terrible Im-
poftor ; a dangerous and fubtle Difputant, as if whoever fpeaks
hrft could give his Adverfary all his own ill Qualities ; could
leally fix them upon him ; or as if his Audience would not
examine into the Reputation of the Perfon, who thus boldly
pronounces upon the Charadler of others. But I am perfuaded,
Q^q q 2 you
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? 4S4 DEMOSTHENES
you all Co perfeftly well know my Accufer, as to be convinced,
that thefe Names are far more fuitabls to his Chara6ler, than
mine. Bciidcs, I am confcious, that my Eloquence (for
I mufc allow the Charge, although I am lenfible the Re-
putation of an Orator al mod wholly depends upon his Audience,
and that his Influence rifes in Proportion to the Attention and
Complacency, with which you receive him) if however I have
acquired by long Experience any Degree of Eloquence, you
will conftantly find it employed, whether in public or private
Caufes, for your Intereft alone ; while that of iEfchines, on
the contrary, hath not only been exerted in Favour of your
Enemies, but whoever olTended or provoked him, againft them
hath it been employed : never in Defence of private Juftice, or
for the public Advantage. Yet it becomes not the Chara6ter
of a reputable and valuable Citizen to demand of the Judges,
who enter into thefe Courts to pronounce Sentence upon the
Affairs of the R. epublic, to authorize his perfonal Rcfentment,
his Hatred, or any other fuch Paffion. He fliould not himfelf
enter into thefe Courts from fuch Motives. Better not to have
thefe Paflions in his Nature ; but if he have, to govern them
with Temper and Moderation.
In what Inftances therefore fiiould a public Minifler or an
Orator employ the Terrors of his Eloquence ? When the Con-
ftitution is in Danger, or the Conteft maintained between the
People and their Enemies. In thefe Inftances ; for thefe de-
mand a generous and honefl Citizen. But if j^fchines never
preferred
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 485
preferred any Profccutioii againft me, either of a public or
private Nature ; either in his own Name, or in that of the
Commonwealth, yet now comes forward with an Indidment
iramcd on Purpofe to deprive me of the Crov/n, you had de-
creed me, and the Fraifes I have deferved ; if lie hath confu-
med fucli an Abundance of Words upon the Occafion,, it is a
Proot of perfonal Enmity, and Envy, and Meannefs of Spirit ;
certainly of Nothing reputable or eftimable. But his avoiding
to enter into the Conteft with me, and his attackino- Ctcfiphon,
includes every Kind ot Bafencfs and Villainy. Yet in Truth,
iEfchines, it appears to me, by your Oration, that you have
entered into this Controverfy merely with an Intention of giving
us a Specimen of the Strength and Sweetnefs of your Voice, not
to take Vengeance of any Crime committed againft the Public.
But it is not his Language, vEfchines, or his Tone of Voice, that
does Honour to an Orator, but his px-eferring the Sentiments and
Inclinations of the People to his own ; in hating and lovino-
thofe, whom his Country loves or hates. An Orator, whofe
Soul is thus affedled, will for everfpeak the Language, that his
AfFedlion did:ates ; while he, who fervilely cultivates the
FriendiTiip ol thofe, from whom the Commonwealth forefees
fome imminent Danger, does not caft Anchor in the fame Har-
bour with the People, nor confequcntly can have the fame
Views and Expedations of Safety. How different has been my
Condud ? I always propofed to nryfAi^ the fime comm. on Ad-
vantages with thefe my Fellow- Citizens, nor ever acted upon
Views
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? 4f^6 DEMOSTHENES
Views of feparate or perfonal Ir? terefl:s. " But did not you al-
<' ways a6l in the fame Manner ? " How is it poflible ? Imme-
diately after the Battle, you went Ambaffador to Philip, at
that Moment the fole Author of all the Diftrefles of your
Country, even though you had before, as all the World is
convinced, obftinately refufed that Office. Who therefore de-
ceives the Republic ? Is it not he, who does not utter what
he thinks ? Againft whom does the public Crier, at the open-
ing of our Affemblies, juflly denounce his Execrations? Is it
not againfl the Man of this deteftcd Charader ? What more
enormous Crime can be imputed to an Orator, than that his
Thoughts and Words are perpetually different ? Convided,
as thou art, of this Crime, haft thou AfTurance enough to
fpeak, or to lift up your Eyes in the Prcfence ol this Aflembly ?
Can you imagine they are ignorant, what a Villain thou art,
or that Sleep and Oblivion have fo totally poffefted them, that
they no longer remember the Harangues you pronounced before
the People, in which with direful Curfes and Imprecations
you forfvvore all Correfpondence with Philip, and vowed, that
I had falfely accufed you of that detefted Crime, in meer per-
fonal Enmity ? Yet the Moment our Advices of the Battle
arrived, wholly regardlefs of thefe Proteftations, you acknow-
ledged, and even boafted an ancient Friendfhip and Hofpi-
tality with Philip, covering under thefe fpecious Titles your
infamous Venality and Corruption. For upon what juft or ho-
nourable Pretence could Philip be the Gueft and Friend, or
even
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? IN DEFENCE OF C T E 5 I P H N. 487
even the Acquaintance of iEfchincSj the Son of Gbucothca,
the Minflrel ? For my own Part, I cannot conceive. But
verily you fold yourfclf to him for tlie wicked Purpofe of per-
verting all Conjuiidures, that might poilibly arife in Favour of
the Republic. FTowever, although you were fo maiiifcftly dc-
tcded in being a Traitor, and, frnce thcfc Events happened, ha\^
been even an Informer againfl yourfclf, yet you can outrage me
with Invedives,, and impute to me fuch Crimes, of which,
among all our Citizens, you (hall yourfeFf acknowledge, I
am leaft culpable.
^Many great and glorious Enterprizes, ^^jfchines, did the
Republic wifely refolve, and happily execute under my Admi-
niftration, nor hath flie been forgetful of them. Let this be a
fufficient Proof, that when the People, immediate! v after our
unhappy Defeat, proceeded to the Election of a Perfon to pro-
nounce their funeral Oration over the Dead, they did not clecl
you, although you were propofed ; although you excelled in
the Sweetnefs of your Voice ; neither did they choofe Demades,
who had lately negotiated the Peace ; nor Hegemon, nor any
other of your Faction ; but me they eleded. | When you and
Pythocles afterwards came forward, and (cruelly and lliamc-
lefly, I call the Gods to wknefs ! ) accufed me of thofe very
Crimes, which are at prcfent the Subjed of your [iididmcnt,
your Slanders rather confirmed them in their Rcfc. iution to eled:
me. You are not ignorant of the Motives to this Rcfolution ;
I Hiall
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? 4f58 DEMOSTHENES
I fliall however repeat them. They were equally confclous of
my Zeal and Ardour in the Adminiftration of Afiairs, as of
your Improbity, and that of Pythocles. For what in our
Profperity you denied with Oaths and Execrations, when the
Republic fell into Adverfity, you daringly profeffed. The Peo-
ple therefore juftly concluded, that they, whom the public
Calamities alone could oblige to difcover their real Sentiments,
had been long the fecret Enemies of their Country, and were
aiow openly deteded. Befides, they held it not decent, that
he, who was to pronounce the funeral Oration over the de-
ceafed, and to do Honour to their Virtue, fliould ever have
dvvelt under the fame Roof, or performed the Libations of
Hofpitality and Religion with thofe, who had fatally oppofed
them in the Day of Battle. They held it not decent, that the
Perfons, who had revelled and fung Hymns of Vidlory in Ma-
cedonia over the Defolatlon of Greece with thofe very Barbarians,
whofe Hands were drenched in the Slaughter of their Fellow-
Citizens, fliould come hither to receive fuch diftinguifhed FIo-
nours ; or that the Misfortune of thofe Citizens fhould be la-
mented with counterfeit Sounds of Sorrow, and diffembled
Tears, but v/ith a Spirit, that fympathizcd with the Public in
this great Calamity. Thofe Emotions of Afflidion, which they
fenfibly felt in their own Bofoms, they perceived in me, but
neither in you, nor in any of your Fadlion. For thefe Reafons,
they eleded me to that fad Office, not you, nor any of your
Affociates. Neither did the People only judge in this Manner^
but
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 489
but the Fathers and Brothers of the deceafed, who were ap-
pointed to perform their Obfequies, entertained, with regard
to me, the fame favourable Sentiments ; and when they were
obHged to give a funeral Supper in Honour of the dead, which,
according to ancient Cuftom, was to be given in the Houfe of
their neareft Relation, they gave it in mine, and certainly with
the utmoft Juftice. Becaufe, though each of them feparatcly
was more nearly related in Blood to each of the deceafed, yet
none of them in general was fo nearly allied to them all, either
In Affedion or Intereft. For he, to whom their Safety and
Succefs were of greateft Importance, mufl certainly have born
for their Misfortune, would to the Gods, that fuch Misfortune
had never happened ! a greater Proportion of the public Sorrow.
But read him the Infcription, which the Republic ordered to
be engraved on the Monument eredled to their Memory, that
you may be obliged, i$)fchines, to acknowledge yourfelf a
proftitute Slanderer and Informer.
The Inscription.
To fave their Country from impending Shame,
To guard her Freedom, and aflert her Fame,
They fhone in Arms ; the dreadful Battle led,
And the fierce Foe beneath their Valour bled.
All Care of Life, indignant, they defpife ;
Their Umpire Death, and Liberty the Prize.
They fought, that Greece her Freedom might maintain,
Nor feel the haughty Vigor's galling Chain.
Vol. H. R r r But
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? 490 DEMOSTHENES
But now their Parent-Earth, fo Jove ordains.
To her fad Breaft receives their laft Remains.
Unerring Wifdom and Siiccefs await
The Gods alone ; but Man muft yield to Fate.
Dost thou hear, i^fchines, that in this Infcription, unerring
Wifdom and Succefs await the Gods alone? Nor does it
afcribe the good Fortune of the Combatants to him, by whofe
Counfels the Battle was fought, but wholly to the Gods.
Wherefore then, execrable Wretch, doft thou purfue me with
thefe Slanders, and utter fuch Expreflions of Virulence againffc
me, as may the righteous Gods in their Vengeance retort upon
your own Head, and upon the Heads of your Aflbciates ?
But amidft the Multitude of his Calumnies and Falfehoods,
O Men of Athens, one Circumftanee I particularly admired ,
that while he recited the Misfortune, which at that Period hap-
pened to the Republic, he felt not the Emotions of a zealous and
faithful Citizen ; he wept not, neither was his Soul affedled ; but
raifing his Voice, with a Tone of Exultation, and clamoroufly
diftending his Throat, he fancied he was accuUng me, when
in reality he gave a convincing Proof, that his Sentiments upon
thefe unfortunate Events were very different from thofe of others.
Yet certainly the Man, who profefles that Anxiety for the Laws
and Conftitution of his Country, which iEfchines hath juft now
profeffed, though he has not any other good Quality, fhould
at
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 491
at leaft pofTefs that of* fympathizing with his Fellow-Citizens in
their Joys and their Afflidlions ; but in whatever Meafures the
public Welfare is concerned, he certainly fliould not engage in
the Party with her Enemies. Yet while he ftands convicled
of this Crime, he boldly afferts, that I am the fole Author of
our Ruin, and that by my Adminiftration the Republic is in-
volved in her prefent Difficulties, though neither by my Poli-
tics, nor my Direction of your Affairs, did you firft engage to
fuccour the States of Greece in their Diftrefs. Let it be granted,
that you were infpired by my Counfels to form fo glorious an
Oppofition to the Tyranny, that was prepared for Greece, it
will be a nobler Gift, than ever you beflowed on any other Ci-
tizen. But I will not arrogate fuch Honour to myfelf. I will
not do you fuch Injuftice. / Neither, I am perfuaded, would
you confent to fuch a Claim ; nor would jEfchines, if he
had a juft regard for your Glory, have thus wounded your
Reputation in perfonal Enmity to me, or calumniated the faireft
Annals in your Hiftory.
But why do I reproach him with thefe Inflances of his Ma-
lignity, when he falfely accufes me of Crimes infinitely more
opprobrious ? For he, who accufes me, O Earth and Heaven !
of fupporting the Interefls of Philip, what will he not afTert }
I Yet by Hercules and all our Deities, if we could remove far
from us the Malevolence of Lying, and perfonal Refentments ;
if we could examine with Impartiality the Charaders of thofe,
R r r 2 to
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? 492 DEMOSTHENES
to whom Greece with Juftice and Propriety might attribute her
Misfortunes, we ihiould find them in every RepubHc to be fuch,
whofe Manners refembled thofe of ^fchines, not mine. For
while the Power of PhiHp was yet weak and inconfiderable,
although we frequently admoniflied them of their Danger ; ex-
horted them to better Counfels, and inftruded them in the
wifeft, moft honourable Meafures, yet, from a fordid Attention
to their private Advantage, they betrayed the general Interefts
of Greece ; deceived and corrupted their Fellow-Citizens, un-
til they had reduced them to the moft abjed: Slavery. Thus
Daochus, Cineas, and Thrafydteus enflaved the ThefTalians;
Circidas, Hieronymus, and Eucalpidas the Arcadians ; Myrtis,
Teledamus, and Mnafeas, the Argives ; Euxitheus, Cleotimus
and Arift^echmus, the Eleans ; Neon and Thrafylochus, Sons
of that Enemy of the Gods, Philiades, the Meflenians ; Arif-
tratus and Epichares, the Sicyonians ; Dinarchus and Dema-
ratus, the Corinthians ; Ptoeodorus, Helixus and Perilaus, the
Megareans j Timolaus, Theogiton, and Anemoetas, the
Thebans ; Hipparchus, Clitarchus, and Sofiftratus, the Eu-
bceans. The Day would fail me even in repeating the Names
of thcfe Traitors. ;Each of them, O Men of Athens, in
their rcfpedive Countries have purfued the fame pernicious
Meafures, which ^fchines and his Faction fupported here ;
proftitutcd Wretches, perfidious Flatterers, Daemons of Cruel-
ty, who tore to pieces, and difmembered their Country ; who>>
formerly betrayed the Liberties of Greece to Phihp, and now
I to
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 493
to Alexander ; who meafured their Happinefs by their Appe-
tites, and infamous Excefles ; who totally ruined that Spirit of
Independence ; i that Refolution never to endure a Mafter, in
which our Forefathers bounded their Ideas of Happinefs, and
made the great Rule of all their Actions. Yet never was this
Confpiracy, fo fhameful and fo notorious ; never was this A(fl
of Villainy, this Treafon rather (for fuch the proper Languao-e)
againft the Liberties of Greece, attributed by the reft of Man-
kind, to the RepubHc, for following my Counfels, nor by you
imputed to my Adminiftration. /Doft thou demand then, for
what Virtue, I think myfelf worthy of Honour ? This is my
Anfwer ; becaufe, when every other Magiftrate, employed in
conducing the Affairs of Greece, and you among the fir/l,
was corrupted, formerly by Philip, and now by Alexander,
never did the Difficulties of Conjundures, nor the Blandifh-
ments of Words, nor the Mightinefs of Rromifes, nor Hope,
nor Fear, nor Favour, nor any other Motive, influence or in-
duce me to betray whatever I thought juft in itfelf,; or ufeful to
my Country ;| becaufe, in all the Counfels I have given the
Athenians, I never inclined, as you and your Aflbciates have
done, like the Ballance to its Weight, but gave my Advice
with an upright, honeft, and uncorrupted Spirit ; becaufe,|I
have been intrufled with the Direction of more important
Affairs than any other Man of this Age, and have executed every
Truft with a religious Purity ; with Integrity, and Simplici-
ty. For thefe Reafons I do efleem myfelf worthy of Honour. /
In
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? 494- DEMOSTHENES
In regard to repairing our Walls and Intrenchments, which
you have made the Subjed of your Ridicule, I really think it
deferves Gratitude and Applaufe. Why (hould it not ? How-
ever, I am far from placing it among the more important Ser-
vices of my Adminiftration. I did not fortify the Republic
with Bricks or Stones, nor from thence do I derive my princi-
pal Glory. But if you will accurately inquire what were the
Fortifications I have eredled, you will find them to confift in
Arms, and Cities, and Fortrefies, and Harbours, and Gallies,
and numerous Levies of Cavalry and Infantry, that fought in De-
fence of the Athenians. / Thefe were the Bulwarks, which, as
far as pofiible to human Wifdom, I oppofed to the Enemies of
Attica ; thefe were the Ramparts, with which I furrounded, not
only the Pyraeum and the City, but all our Dominions. Never
did Philip gain any Superiority over me either in his political or
military Capacity. Far otherwife. He was indebted to For-
tune for whatever Advantages he gained over the Generals of
our Confederates, and their Army. But what Proofs of thele
Aflertions ? They are obvious and evident.
Let it be confidered, in what Manner ought a Citizen,
zealous for your Welfare, to have a6led ? He, who propofed
to ferve his Country with all poflible Diligence, Adlivity and
Integrity ? Should he not have covered our Sea-Coafts with
Euboea, our inland Territories with Bceotia, and our Frontiers,
towards Peloponnefus, with the Places adjacent ? Should he
not
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? IN DEFENCE OF C T E S I P H O N.
when 1 was impeached of Treafon, and when you acquitted
me, nor gave the fifth Part of your Suffrages to my Accufers,
you then pronounced in Favour of my Adminiftration. When
you acquitted me upon the Indidments for having preferred a
Decree in Oppofition to your eftablifhed Laws, you then
openly declared, whatever I had decreed, whatever I had pro-
pofed in my Orations, was perfeflly legal ; and when you
audited my Accounts, you gave public Teftimony, that I had
adled with Probity and an Honefty, not to be corrupted. In
3 fiich
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 473
fuch Circumftances therefore, what Name could Ctefiphon
have given with Juftice and Propriety to my Adminiftration ?
Not that, which he faw given by the People ? Not that, de-
termined by our Judges upon their Oaths ? Not that, con-
firmed by Truth itfelf, and by the united Voice of all our Ci-
tizens ? Undoubtedly, replies ^fchines, but it was the Glory
of Cephalus, that he never was indided ; yes ; by the Gods, and
his good Fortune too. But becaufe a Man hath often been accufed,
though never convided, can he for that Reafon be juftly liable
to Blame ? However, O Men of Athens, I may boldly aflume
to myfelf this Glory, that feems peculiar to Cephalus, as far as JEC-
chines is concerned, becaule he never preferred any regular In-
didment, or entered any Profecution againft me. Thus by
your own Confeflion, iEfchines, I am acknowledged not infe-
rior even to Cephalus in the Charader of an upright and valu-
able Citizen.
Although the Malignity and Envy of my Accufer are
obfervable in a thoufand Inftances, yet in none more remark-
ably, than in his Harangue upon Fortune. For whoever, while
he confefTes himfelf a Man, and liable to the Accidents of
Humanity, reproaches any other Mortal with the Difpleafure
of Fortune, I am abfolutely convinced is not in his perfedl
Mind. Becaufe if he, who now imagines the Goddefs moft
bounteous to his Wifhes ; who flatters himfelf, that he poffef-
fes Her moft abfolutely, is ignorant whether her Favour and her
Vol. II. P P P Bountv'
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? 474 DEMOSTHENES
Bounty fLall continue to him 'till the Evening, ought he to
boaft of her Favours, or reproach others with her Severity. But
fince i^fchines hath talked upon this Subjed, as upon many
others, in a Style of Infolence and Arrogance, behold, O Men
of Athens, and conlider, how much more agreeable to Truth,
and to the general Circumftances of Humanity, are the Senti-
ments, which I fhall now lay before you, with regard to For-
tune. That the Deftiny of this Republic is eminently glorious,
I verily believe, and behold it confirmed by the Oracles of
Dodonaean Jove, and Pythian Apollo ; but the Deftiny, that
now governs all human kind, I apprehend to be moft cruel
and oppreflive. For, where is the Grecian ; where is the Bar-
barian, who hath not experienced, during this Period, a thou-
fand Calamities ? That you have always determined to choofe
the moft honourable Meafures, and that we have received
better Terms from the Conqueror, than the other Grecian
States, who imagined they could fix their future Happinefs by
abandoning the Fate of Athens, I afcribe to the good Fortune
of the Republic i but that we have encountered fome dreadful
Accidents, and have not always been fuccefsful in our Defigns,
I conceive to be that Proportion allotted to the Commonwealth
in the general Calamities of Greece. But my particular Def-
tiny, or that of any other private Citizen, I think fhould be
determined by an Examination into private and perfonal Cir-
cumftances. In this Manner we ought, in my Opinion, to
reafon concerning Fortune ; thus rightly and juftly to make an
3 Eftimate
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? IN DEFENCE OF C T E S I P H O N. 475
Eftimate of her Power ; and I prefume you will concur with
me in thefe Sentiments. Yet yEfchines aflerts, that my parti-
cular Deftiny, inconfiderable as it is and infignificant, hath
overpowered the great and glorious Fate of the Republic
How is this poflible ? But if you are determined, j3i^fchines,
pundlually to examine the whole Fortune of my Life, confider
it however, and compare it with your own ; and if you find
it hath any fuperior Advantage to yours, forbear to rail againft
it hereafter. This Moment therefore confider them both from
their firft Origin. But here, let me conjure you by all our
Deities, not to imagine, I mean to utter any thing offenfive to
this Affembly. For whoever talks of Poverty'with Contumely
and Derifion, or infolently boafts him of the Affluence, in
which he was educated, in my Opinion, is not Mafter of his
proper Underftanding. Yet I am compelled by the injurious
Invectives and Slanders of this cruel Detradter to defcend into
fuch a Difpute ; in which however I fliall preferve the utmoft
Moderation, that the Nature of my Subjed will allow.
It was therefore my Fortune, iEfchines, avhen I was a Boy,
to frequent the Schools moft proper for my Infl:ru<51:ion ; to en-
joy that Affluence, which alone can preferve us from the Ne-
cefflty of committing any bafe or diflionourable Adion ; and
afterwards, when I came to age, to ad in a Manner fuitable
to the generous Education I had received j to exhibit Games to
the People; to build Galleys; to contribute voluntarily to the
P p p 2 Neceffities
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? 476 DEMOSTHENES
Neceflities of the State, nor ever to negled: any private or pub-
lic Occafion of fhewing my Liberality, but to render myfelf
ufeful both to the Commonwealth, and to my Friends. When
I entered into Miniftry, I determined to choofe a Syftem of
Adminiftration, in which I might frequently be crowned by my
Country, and the other States of Greece ; and in which even
you, my moft inveterate Enemies, fhould not dare to afiert,
that the Meafures I propofed v/qtc difhonourable. Such was
the Fortune of my whole Life, of which I could give many
other Proofs, were I not cautious of offending by an Appearance
of boafting. Here then, illuftrious Mortal, who treat others
fo contemptuouily, compare with mine the honourable Fortune
you have enjoyed. ' You were educated, when a Boy,, in the
moft fordid Penury ; an Afliftant to your Father in his Pro-
fcflion of teaching Grammar j grinding the Ink- Powder, wafh-
ing the Benches with Spunges ; fweeping the School, and em-
ployed in all Offices of a domeftic Slave, not of a Youth, libe-
rally born. When you commenced Man, you read her holy
Rituals to your Mother, when fhe was initiating her Difciples,
and were employed in all the other Duties of her Miniftry. At
Night you covered the initiated with Skins of Deer ; you poured
out the confecrated Wine, and aflifted them in the Solemnities
of their Purification. You compofed, of Clay and Bran, the
facred Images of Bacchus. Then making your Difciples arife
to the laft Ceremonies of their Initiation, you commanded
them to chaunt the hallowed Hymn.
The
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTE SIPHON. 477
The Rites are clos'd ; the worft is o'er ;
ril now a better Fate explore,
in which you folemnly boaftcd, that no Man ever howled To
exquifitdy. This I verily believe, for impoflible to conceive,
thathe,- who fpeaks in this AlTembly with a Voice of fuch fo-
norous Dignity, muft not have howled in fuch a Concert moft
melodioufly. In the Day- Time you led the honourable Pro-
cefllon of your Bacchanalians, crowned w^ith Fennel and Po-
plar, through the Streets ; grafping in your Hands the fvvollen-
cheeked Serpents ; holding them high over your Head, and
clamouroufly repeating, " Glory to thee, great Bacchus. "
Then dancing to the myftick Surnames of the God, " Hyes
" Attes, Attes Hyes," you were complimented by many an
old Beldam with the Title of " Prince and Leader of the Cho-
** nis; the Ivy-Bearer; the Van-Carrier," and other fuch
illuftrious Appellations ; receiving befides, as a Reward for your
Labours, Crufts, fopped in Wine, and Cheefe- Cakes, and
Grape-Tarts, fweetened with Honey. Who would not then
have pronounced him truly happy , and have envied his good
Fortune ? Being afterwards enrolled, by whatever infamous
Pradices (for I fhall not mention them at prefent) but being
enrolled among our Citizens, you immediately chofe the moft
honourable of all Employments, that of being an Under- Clerk
and Secretary to our Courts of Regiftry. When you were dif-
miffed from this Office, where you committed every Villainy,
for which you drew up Indictments againft others, you did not
however
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? 478 DEMOSTHENES
however do any Diflionour in your next Employment to the
Adions of your paft Life, but hired yourfelf to the deep-groan-
ing Tragedians, Simylus and Socrates, to whom you played
fome under-Charadlers. Then, as you ftrolled through the
Country, you gathered out of other People's Grounds, Figs,
Grapes and Olives, as if you meant to turn Fruiterer ; and for
thefe Plunderings, received more Wounds, than in all your the-
atrical Skirmifhes, where you, and the Folks of your Profef-
iion, fight for their Lives. For there hath ever been an im-
placable and irreconcilable War between you Players, and your
Spectators, from whom you have received fo many honourable
Wounds, that you now with fome Degree of Juftice make a
Mockery of thofe, who never experienced fucli Dangers. (24)
'? 'But paffing over thefe Villainies, which may be perhaps
imputed to his Poverty, I fhall now proceed to Crimes, that
demonftrate his natural Genius, and the depravity of his Man-
ners. As foon as it entered into his Imagination to engage in the
Adminiftration, he chofe fuch a Syftem of Politics, that when his
Country was fortunate in her Meafurcs he lived the very Life of
a Hare,
(24) Never have any Set of People ters of Jupiter, Neptune, or Minerva by
been treated in all Ages and Countries their Performance, m'ght be the Refent-
in a Manner fo unaccountable to com- ment of a pious and religious Zeal,
men Senfe, as Players. In /Athens they But furely the Profedlon itfelf, to which
were employed in the moft important every polite People are indebted for the
Offices of the Republic, yet were ex- moft pleafmg, as well as rational, En-
pofed, upon the Stage, to every Kind tertainment they are capable of receiving,
of Infult and Contempt. That tliey fhould have protefted even its worft Per-
were publicly whipped, as Lucian in- formers from perlbna! Crailty and Out-
forms us, for diflionouring th? Charac- r<igc.
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPFI ON. 479
a Hare, fearful and trembling and perpetually apprehenfive of
that Chaftifement, he was confcious he had merited. On the
contrary, when Philip and his Adherents were fuccefsful in their
Projedls, he grew confident and afTured. He therefore, who
could aflume this Air of Confidence upon the Death of a thou-
fand Citizens, what Vengeance does he not juftly deferve from
the living ?
Many other Inftances of his Guilt I fliall pafs over, for I do
not hold it fitting to mention every Adion in his Life of Bafe-
nefs and Turpitude, but thofe only, that I can mention with-
out Diflionour to myfelf. For this Reafon, iEfchines, I defire
you will compare, with Temper and without Bitternefs, all
the Circumf^ances of our Lives, that have any Refemblance
between the n, and then afk our Audience, which they would
choofe for themfelves. You taught Children their Alphabet ;
I was a Scholar. You initiated others into the loweft Myfteries
of our Religion ; I was initiated into the moft folemn. You
were a Performer, and I was a Dire6lor, in our public Games.
You were a Clerk, and I was an Orator in our AfTemblies.
You were a villainous Comedian, and I was a Spedlator. You
blundered in your Part, and I hifled. You exerted your Po-
litics in Favour of our Enemies; I employed my Adminiftration
for the Prefervation of my Country. I fhall carry the Compa-
rifon no farther, and fhall only mention, that I am this Day
thought worthy of the Honour of a Crown, and am already
publicly
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? 480 DEMOSTHENES
publickly acknowledged never to have committed any Crime
againft the RepubHc ; while you are adjudged an abfolute In-
former, and are in Danger, either of continuing in this odious
Employment, or of having an eternal Silence impofed upon
you by the Sentence of our Judges. ' An honourable Fortune,
is it not, which you, for your whole Life, enjoyed; and in
Comparifon of which, you efteem mine vile and delpicable ?
But I fhall now produce the Teftimonials of my Behaviour in
all the public Offices I have held, and do you compare, in Op-
portion to them, the Verfes you have repeated upon the Stage,
and murdered.
" From Hell's Abyfs and Darknefs, lo ! I come. (25)
and
and.
" Behold th' unwilling Meflenger of Fate.
" Mifchiefs" May the good Gods rather, and this Af-
fembly, inflid thofe Mifchiefs upon thee, pernicious Citizen,
thou Traitor, thou very villainous Comedian. Now read the
Teftimonials.
The Testimonials.
Such hath ever been my Conduct towards the Republic.
But in my private Charader, if you do not all acknowledge
me
(25) Our unfortunate Adtor blunders, expe<5l:edly breaks the Line and turns
E^e-n-tT7TB(, in the firfl: Line of his Part, the ExprefTion into a violent Execration
and leaves out the Word vsk^uv. ^ku againft his Adverfaiy. This laft Re-
uBn^wu tcevBf^uva. In his third Speech mark, certainly a very happy one, be-
he begins with the Word ^cocov Mif- '""S^ originally to Wolfius, and is con-
. . , , r\ . c i\ \ 1 firmed by Dodor Markland.
cviefy when our Orator fuddenly and un- ^
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 481
me to have been goodnaturcd, humane, and always ready to
relieve the diflreflcd, I fliall be filcnt. I will not utter any
thing in my ov/n Defence, or produce a {ingle Witnefs either
of my having ranfomed any of my Fellow- Citizens from the
Enemy, or portioned out their Daughters in Marriage, or any
other Inftance of my Liberality. For I have ever held it as a
Maxim, that he, who received an Obligation, fhould remem-
ber it for ever ; but he, who conferred, fhould inftantly forget
- it, if the firfl: would deferve the Reputation of being grateful,
or the other avoid the Appearance of a mean and contradled
Spirit. To recolledl, and to repeat with Oftentation, the Fa-
vours we have perfonally beftowed, I conceive to be very little
different from upbraiding and Reproach. I will- not a6t in this
Manner. I will not be [o far tranfported ; but content myfclf
with whatever Opinion my Fellow- Citizens entertain of me at
this Moment. Leaving then thefe Inftances of private Cha-
ra6ler, I fhall briefly fpeak to the Affairs of the Republic. ' If
you can therefore, ^fchines, produce any one Nation, whe-
Greek or Barbarian, beneath yonder Sun, that did not formerly
experience the Tyranny of Philip, and at this Moment docs
not feel the Power of Alexander, I fliall readily acknowledge,
that either my Fortune, or if you rather pleafe to call it, my
unhappy Def^iny, hath been the ible Occafion of all our Dif-
treffes. I But if many, who never law me; never heard my
Voice, not only fingle Perfons, but whole Cities and Nations,
have fuffered numberlefs and the fevereft Calamities under their
Vol. IL 0^4 9. Tyranny,
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? 482 D E M O S T H E N E S
Tyranny, how much morcjuft, and more agreeable to Triitfl^
were it to imagine, that the comm^on Fortune, as it a! . pears,
of human kind, and the rapid fmpctuonty of particular Con-
jundurcs, cruel and unaccountable, have been the real Caufe'
of our common Ruin ? feut rcgardlefs of thefe Confidcrations,
you accufe me, as the fole Author of this univcrflil Roin, be-
caufe I had fome Share in the Admlnifl:ration at that dangerous
Crifis ; ^ although you are confcious, that if not abfolutely the-
whole, yet certainly a confiderable Part, of your Invedives falls
upon our Citizens in general, and upon you more particular! }''.
For if I had afTumed tomyfelf the fole Dire6lion of our Coun-
fels, it was in your Power undoubtedly, and that of our other
Magiflrates, to have infliantly aecufed me. But if you were
conftantly prefent in all our Airemblies ; if the Commonwealth
propofed every Meafure to public Debate, and every Refolution
was univerfally approved of, and efpecially by you (though
furely not from any perfonal Kindnefs to me did you encou-
rage the People in their Hopes of Succefs, and permit me to
receive thofe Praifes and Honours beftowed on my Admi-
niftration, but becaufe you were manifeftly compelled by the
Force of Truth, and had no better Expedients to propole) are
you not guilty of Injuflice and Inhumanity, in now blaming
thofe very Mcafures, than which you then knew no other more
ufeful to the Public.
The following Maxims I have ever found inconteftably fixed
and
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 483
and determined among Mankind. Are we guilty of a volun-
tary Crime ? Indignation and Punifhment is our Portion.
Have we committed an involuntary Midake } Inilcad of
being puniflied, we are pardoned. Is there a Man, wlio
has neither been guilty of any voluntary Crime, nor com-
mitted even an involuntary Miftake j who hath totally given
himfclf to the Execution of thofe Meafures, which were univer-
fally thought moft expedient, and hath been unfuccefsl'ul, not
fingly, but with all his Fellow-Citizens in general ? He cer-
tainly deferves Compaflion, not the Severity of Cenfure and
Reproach. All thefe Sentiments are apparent, not in our Laws
alone, but Nature hath impreffed them upon her own un-
written Dictates, and the univerfil Ufages of human kind.
JBut
^^fchines hath fo far exceeded the reft of Mankind in Cruelty
and Slander, that he hath imputed to me as Crimes, thofe very
Events, which he once afrribed to the Power of Fortune. Bc-
lides, while he profefTed, that all his own Orations are pro-
nounced in perfed Simplicity of Heart, and AfFeclion to his
Country, he advifed you to be cautious and obfervant, that I
did not deceive and impofe upon you. He then called me, among
many other Appellations of the fame Kind, a terrible Im-
poftor ; a dangerous and fubtle Difputant, as if whoever fpeaks
hrft could give his Adverfary all his own ill Qualities ; could
leally fix them upon him ; or as if his Audience would not
examine into the Reputation of the Perfon, who thus boldly
pronounces upon the Charadler of others. But I am perfuaded,
Q^q q 2 you
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? 4S4 DEMOSTHENES
you all Co perfeftly well know my Accufer, as to be convinced,
that thefe Names are far more fuitabls to his Chara6ler, than
mine. Bciidcs, I am confcious, that my Eloquence (for
I mufc allow the Charge, although I am lenfible the Re-
putation of an Orator al mod wholly depends upon his Audience,
and that his Influence rifes in Proportion to the Attention and
Complacency, with which you receive him) if however I have
acquired by long Experience any Degree of Eloquence, you
will conftantly find it employed, whether in public or private
Caufes, for your Intereft alone ; while that of iEfchines, on
the contrary, hath not only been exerted in Favour of your
Enemies, but whoever olTended or provoked him, againft them
hath it been employed : never in Defence of private Juftice, or
for the public Advantage. Yet it becomes not the Chara6ter
of a reputable and valuable Citizen to demand of the Judges,
who enter into thefe Courts to pronounce Sentence upon the
Affairs of the R. epublic, to authorize his perfonal Rcfentment,
his Hatred, or any other fuch Paffion. He fliould not himfelf
enter into thefe Courts from fuch Motives. Better not to have
thefe Paflions in his Nature ; but if he have, to govern them
with Temper and Moderation.
In what Inftances therefore fiiould a public Minifler or an
Orator employ the Terrors of his Eloquence ? When the Con-
ftitution is in Danger, or the Conteft maintained between the
People and their Enemies. In thefe Inftances ; for thefe de-
mand a generous and honefl Citizen. But if j^fchines never
preferred
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 485
preferred any Profccutioii againft me, either of a public or
private Nature ; either in his own Name, or in that of the
Commonwealth, yet now comes forward with an Indidment
iramcd on Purpofe to deprive me of the Crov/n, you had de-
creed me, and the Fraifes I have deferved ; if lie hath confu-
med fucli an Abundance of Words upon the Occafion,, it is a
Proot of perfonal Enmity, and Envy, and Meannefs of Spirit ;
certainly of Nothing reputable or eftimable. But his avoiding
to enter into the Conteft with me, and his attackino- Ctcfiphon,
includes every Kind ot Bafencfs and Villainy. Yet in Truth,
iEfchines, it appears to me, by your Oration, that you have
entered into this Controverfy merely with an Intention of giving
us a Specimen of the Strength and Sweetnefs of your Voice, not
to take Vengeance of any Crime committed againft the Public.
But it is not his Language, vEfchines, or his Tone of Voice, that
does Honour to an Orator, but his px-eferring the Sentiments and
Inclinations of the People to his own ; in hating and lovino-
thofe, whom his Country loves or hates. An Orator, whofe
Soul is thus affedled, will for everfpeak the Language, that his
AfFedlion did:ates ; while he, who fervilely cultivates the
FriendiTiip ol thofe, from whom the Commonwealth forefees
fome imminent Danger, does not caft Anchor in the fame Har-
bour with the People, nor confequcntly can have the fame
Views and Expedations of Safety. How different has been my
Condud ? I always propofed to nryfAi^ the fime comm. on Ad-
vantages with thefe my Fellow- Citizens, nor ever acted upon
Views
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? 4f^6 DEMOSTHENES
Views of feparate or perfonal Ir? terefl:s. " But did not you al-
<' ways a6l in the fame Manner ? " How is it poflible ? Imme-
diately after the Battle, you went Ambaffador to Philip, at
that Moment the fole Author of all the Diftrefles of your
Country, even though you had before, as all the World is
convinced, obftinately refufed that Office. Who therefore de-
ceives the Republic ? Is it not he, who does not utter what
he thinks ? Againft whom does the public Crier, at the open-
ing of our Affemblies, juflly denounce his Execrations? Is it
not againfl the Man of this deteftcd Charader ? What more
enormous Crime can be imputed to an Orator, than that his
Thoughts and Words are perpetually different ? Convided,
as thou art, of this Crime, haft thou AfTurance enough to
fpeak, or to lift up your Eyes in the Prcfence ol this Aflembly ?
Can you imagine they are ignorant, what a Villain thou art,
or that Sleep and Oblivion have fo totally poffefted them, that
they no longer remember the Harangues you pronounced before
the People, in which with direful Curfes and Imprecations
you forfvvore all Correfpondence with Philip, and vowed, that
I had falfely accufed you of that detefted Crime, in meer per-
fonal Enmity ? Yet the Moment our Advices of the Battle
arrived, wholly regardlefs of thefe Proteftations, you acknow-
ledged, and even boafted an ancient Friendfhip and Hofpi-
tality with Philip, covering under thefe fpecious Titles your
infamous Venality and Corruption. For upon what juft or ho-
nourable Pretence could Philip be the Gueft and Friend, or
even
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? IN DEFENCE OF C T E 5 I P H N. 487
even the Acquaintance of iEfchincSj the Son of Gbucothca,
the Minflrel ? For my own Part, I cannot conceive. But
verily you fold yourfclf to him for tlie wicked Purpofe of per-
verting all Conjuiidures, that might poilibly arife in Favour of
the Republic. FTowever, although you were fo maiiifcftly dc-
tcded in being a Traitor, and, frnce thcfc Events happened, ha\^
been even an Informer againfl yourfclf, yet you can outrage me
with Invedives,, and impute to me fuch Crimes, of which,
among all our Citizens, you (hall yourfeFf acknowledge, I
am leaft culpable.
^Many great and glorious Enterprizes, ^^jfchines, did the
Republic wifely refolve, and happily execute under my Admi-
niftration, nor hath flie been forgetful of them. Let this be a
fufficient Proof, that when the People, immediate! v after our
unhappy Defeat, proceeded to the Election of a Perfon to pro-
nounce their funeral Oration over the Dead, they did not clecl
you, although you were propofed ; although you excelled in
the Sweetnefs of your Voice ; neither did they choofe Demades,
who had lately negotiated the Peace ; nor Hegemon, nor any
other of your Faction ; but me they eleded. | When you and
Pythocles afterwards came forward, and (cruelly and lliamc-
lefly, I call the Gods to wknefs ! ) accufed me of thofe very
Crimes, which are at prcfent the Subjed of your [iididmcnt,
your Slanders rather confirmed them in their Rcfc. iution to eled:
me. You are not ignorant of the Motives to this Rcfolution ;
I Hiall
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? 4f58 DEMOSTHENES
I fliall however repeat them. They were equally confclous of
my Zeal and Ardour in the Adminiftration of Afiairs, as of
your Improbity, and that of Pythocles. For what in our
Profperity you denied with Oaths and Execrations, when the
Republic fell into Adverfity, you daringly profeffed. The Peo-
ple therefore juftly concluded, that they, whom the public
Calamities alone could oblige to difcover their real Sentiments,
had been long the fecret Enemies of their Country, and were
aiow openly deteded. Befides, they held it not decent, that
he, who was to pronounce the funeral Oration over the de-
ceafed, and to do Honour to their Virtue, fliould ever have
dvvelt under the fame Roof, or performed the Libations of
Hofpitality and Religion with thofe, who had fatally oppofed
them in the Day of Battle. They held it not decent, that the
Perfons, who had revelled and fung Hymns of Vidlory in Ma-
cedonia over the Defolatlon of Greece with thofe very Barbarians,
whofe Hands were drenched in the Slaughter of their Fellow-
Citizens, fliould come hither to receive fuch diftinguifhed FIo-
nours ; or that the Misfortune of thofe Citizens fhould be la-
mented with counterfeit Sounds of Sorrow, and diffembled
Tears, but v/ith a Spirit, that fympathizcd with the Public in
this great Calamity. Thofe Emotions of Afflidion, which they
fenfibly felt in their own Bofoms, they perceived in me, but
neither in you, nor in any of your Fadlion. For thefe Reafons,
they eleded me to that fad Office, not you, nor any of your
Affociates. Neither did the People only judge in this Manner^
but
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 489
but the Fathers and Brothers of the deceafed, who were ap-
pointed to perform their Obfequies, entertained, with regard
to me, the fame favourable Sentiments ; and when they were
obHged to give a funeral Supper in Honour of the dead, which,
according to ancient Cuftom, was to be given in the Houfe of
their neareft Relation, they gave it in mine, and certainly with
the utmoft Juftice. Becaufe, though each of them feparatcly
was more nearly related in Blood to each of the deceafed, yet
none of them in general was fo nearly allied to them all, either
In Affedion or Intereft. For he, to whom their Safety and
Succefs were of greateft Importance, mufl certainly have born
for their Misfortune, would to the Gods, that fuch Misfortune
had never happened ! a greater Proportion of the public Sorrow.
But read him the Infcription, which the Republic ordered to
be engraved on the Monument eredled to their Memory, that
you may be obliged, i$)fchines, to acknowledge yourfelf a
proftitute Slanderer and Informer.
The Inscription.
To fave their Country from impending Shame,
To guard her Freedom, and aflert her Fame,
They fhone in Arms ; the dreadful Battle led,
And the fierce Foe beneath their Valour bled.
All Care of Life, indignant, they defpife ;
Their Umpire Death, and Liberty the Prize.
They fought, that Greece her Freedom might maintain,
Nor feel the haughty Vigor's galling Chain.
Vol. H. R r r But
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? 490 DEMOSTHENES
But now their Parent-Earth, fo Jove ordains.
To her fad Breaft receives their laft Remains.
Unerring Wifdom and Siiccefs await
The Gods alone ; but Man muft yield to Fate.
Dost thou hear, i^fchines, that in this Infcription, unerring
Wifdom and Succefs await the Gods alone? Nor does it
afcribe the good Fortune of the Combatants to him, by whofe
Counfels the Battle was fought, but wholly to the Gods.
Wherefore then, execrable Wretch, doft thou purfue me with
thefe Slanders, and utter fuch Expreflions of Virulence againffc
me, as may the righteous Gods in their Vengeance retort upon
your own Head, and upon the Heads of your Aflbciates ?
But amidft the Multitude of his Calumnies and Falfehoods,
O Men of Athens, one Circumftanee I particularly admired ,
that while he recited the Misfortune, which at that Period hap-
pened to the Republic, he felt not the Emotions of a zealous and
faithful Citizen ; he wept not, neither was his Soul affedled ; but
raifing his Voice, with a Tone of Exultation, and clamoroufly
diftending his Throat, he fancied he was accuUng me, when
in reality he gave a convincing Proof, that his Sentiments upon
thefe unfortunate Events were very different from thofe of others.
Yet certainly the Man, who profefles that Anxiety for the Laws
and Conftitution of his Country, which iEfchines hath juft now
profeffed, though he has not any other good Quality, fhould
at
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 491
at leaft pofTefs that of* fympathizing with his Fellow-Citizens in
their Joys and their Afflidlions ; but in whatever Meafures the
public Welfare is concerned, he certainly fliould not engage in
the Party with her Enemies. Yet while he ftands convicled
of this Crime, he boldly afferts, that I am the fole Author of
our Ruin, and that by my Adminiftration the Republic is in-
volved in her prefent Difficulties, though neither by my Poli-
tics, nor my Direction of your Affairs, did you firft engage to
fuccour the States of Greece in their Diftrefs. Let it be granted,
that you were infpired by my Counfels to form fo glorious an
Oppofition to the Tyranny, that was prepared for Greece, it
will be a nobler Gift, than ever you beflowed on any other Ci-
tizen. But I will not arrogate fuch Honour to myfelf. I will
not do you fuch Injuftice. / Neither, I am perfuaded, would
you confent to fuch a Claim ; nor would jEfchines, if he
had a juft regard for your Glory, have thus wounded your
Reputation in perfonal Enmity to me, or calumniated the faireft
Annals in your Hiftory.
But why do I reproach him with thefe Inflances of his Ma-
lignity, when he falfely accufes me of Crimes infinitely more
opprobrious ? For he, who accufes me, O Earth and Heaven !
of fupporting the Interefls of Philip, what will he not afTert }
I Yet by Hercules and all our Deities, if we could remove far
from us the Malevolence of Lying, and perfonal Refentments ;
if we could examine with Impartiality the Charaders of thofe,
R r r 2 to
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? 492 DEMOSTHENES
to whom Greece with Juftice and Propriety might attribute her
Misfortunes, we ihiould find them in every RepubHc to be fuch,
whofe Manners refembled thofe of ^fchines, not mine. For
while the Power of PhiHp was yet weak and inconfiderable,
although we frequently admoniflied them of their Danger ; ex-
horted them to better Counfels, and inftruded them in the
wifeft, moft honourable Meafures, yet, from a fordid Attention
to their private Advantage, they betrayed the general Interefts
of Greece ; deceived and corrupted their Fellow-Citizens, un-
til they had reduced them to the moft abjed: Slavery. Thus
Daochus, Cineas, and Thrafydteus enflaved the ThefTalians;
Circidas, Hieronymus, and Eucalpidas the Arcadians ; Myrtis,
Teledamus, and Mnafeas, the Argives ; Euxitheus, Cleotimus
and Arift^echmus, the Eleans ; Neon and Thrafylochus, Sons
of that Enemy of the Gods, Philiades, the Meflenians ; Arif-
tratus and Epichares, the Sicyonians ; Dinarchus and Dema-
ratus, the Corinthians ; Ptoeodorus, Helixus and Perilaus, the
Megareans j Timolaus, Theogiton, and Anemoetas, the
Thebans ; Hipparchus, Clitarchus, and Sofiftratus, the Eu-
bceans. The Day would fail me even in repeating the Names
of thcfe Traitors. ;Each of them, O Men of Athens, in
their rcfpedive Countries have purfued the fame pernicious
Meafures, which ^fchines and his Faction fupported here ;
proftitutcd Wretches, perfidious Flatterers, Daemons of Cruel-
ty, who tore to pieces, and difmembered their Country ; who>>
formerly betrayed the Liberties of Greece to Phihp, and now
I to
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 493
to Alexander ; who meafured their Happinefs by their Appe-
tites, and infamous Excefles ; who totally ruined that Spirit of
Independence ; i that Refolution never to endure a Mafter, in
which our Forefathers bounded their Ideas of Happinefs, and
made the great Rule of all their Actions. Yet never was this
Confpiracy, fo fhameful and fo notorious ; never was this A(fl
of Villainy, this Treafon rather (for fuch the proper Languao-e)
againft the Liberties of Greece, attributed by the reft of Man-
kind, to the RepubHc, for following my Counfels, nor by you
imputed to my Adminiftration. /Doft thou demand then, for
what Virtue, I think myfelf worthy of Honour ? This is my
Anfwer ; becaufe, when every other Magiftrate, employed in
conducing the Affairs of Greece, and you among the fir/l,
was corrupted, formerly by Philip, and now by Alexander,
never did the Difficulties of Conjundures, nor the Blandifh-
ments of Words, nor the Mightinefs of Rromifes, nor Hope,
nor Fear, nor Favour, nor any other Motive, influence or in-
duce me to betray whatever I thought juft in itfelf,; or ufeful to
my Country ;| becaufe, in all the Counfels I have given the
Athenians, I never inclined, as you and your Aflbciates have
done, like the Ballance to its Weight, but gave my Advice
with an upright, honeft, and uncorrupted Spirit ; becaufe,|I
have been intrufled with the Direction of more important
Affairs than any other Man of this Age, and have executed every
Truft with a religious Purity ; with Integrity, and Simplici-
ty. For thefe Reafons I do efleem myfelf worthy of Honour. /
In
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-27 05:01 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/uc2. ark:/13960/t9x06c69h Public Domain / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd
? 494- DEMOSTHENES
In regard to repairing our Walls and Intrenchments, which
you have made the Subjed of your Ridicule, I really think it
deferves Gratitude and Applaufe. Why (hould it not ? How-
ever, I am far from placing it among the more important Ser-
vices of my Adminiftration. I did not fortify the Republic
with Bricks or Stones, nor from thence do I derive my princi-
pal Glory. But if you will accurately inquire what were the
Fortifications I have eredled, you will find them to confift in
Arms, and Cities, and Fortrefies, and Harbours, and Gallies,
and numerous Levies of Cavalry and Infantry, that fought in De-
fence of the Athenians. / Thefe were the Bulwarks, which, as
far as pofiible to human Wifdom, I oppofed to the Enemies of
Attica ; thefe were the Ramparts, with which I furrounded, not
only the Pyraeum and the City, but all our Dominions. Never
did Philip gain any Superiority over me either in his political or
military Capacity. Far otherwife. He was indebted to For-
tune for whatever Advantages he gained over the Generals of
our Confederates, and their Army. But what Proofs of thele
Aflertions ? They are obvious and evident.
Let it be confidered, in what Manner ought a Citizen,
zealous for your Welfare, to have a6led ? He, who propofed
to ferve his Country with all poflible Diligence, Adlivity and
Integrity ? Should he not have covered our Sea-Coafts with
Euboea, our inland Territories with Bceotia, and our Frontiers,
towards Peloponnefus, with the Places adjacent ? Should he
not
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? IN DEFENCE OF C T E S I P H O N.
