The name is not de- rived from the yellow colour of the sands around it, as Grammay
incorrectly
states.
O'Hanlon - Lives of the Irish Saints - v5
Having spiritedly accomplished this object, their next course was to ask the Bishop of Cambray to arrange a grand ceremonial, for the translation of St.
Dynipna's relics.
This request was graciously and cordially complied with ; and, the prelate gave necessary directions for such a ceremony as they required, by appointing both the day and hour for its jierformance.
That venerable bishop, clothed in full pontificals, a great number of abbots, clerics, nobles, with the populace of both sexes, and of every age, rank, and condition, attended on
" This account must forcibly remind the of many primitive Irish churches, the ruins reader to recollect the contracted dimensions of which yet exist.
May I S. J LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 317
this occasion. The body of St. Dynipna was taken from her stone cofifin, and placed in a golden shrine, wrought by skilful artists. Thus, the Jewish legis- lator, Moses, set up the brazen serpent on a pole, in the desert, so that those persons, who had been bitten by fiery serpents, when looking on that image, might be healed from their wounds. '^ It would seem, that Canon Peter, after diligent search through the popular books of history in his day, and even among these less known, could not record the date of this grand cele- bration, nor give the names of those distinguished persons, who participated in that ceremony. But, he was able to aver with certainty, that when the beautiful stone sarcophagus, having previously no joint or fracture, was broken, the remains of this venerable virgin and martyr of Christ were found within it. When the bishop of that diocese approached with religious rever- ence and awe to raise the relics, he found a red tile resting over the breast of our saint, and bearing the following inscript'on : " Here lies the holy virgin and martyr, Dympna. "^s It seemed mystically to indicate that bright robe of chastity, which adorned the virgin, so that her body should issue from the white marble sarcophagus, and that the colour of a martyr should be desig- nated by the red tile, which covered her breast. This translation of her re- mains took place, on the 15th of May, according to popular tradition, and some centuries after her martyrdom. '^
In point of fact, a sort of necessity required the people of Gheel, to place the remains of their patron saint, in a golden case. It is probable, the doubt, expressed by a particular individual, was also entertained by many incredu- lous persons. For we are told, while the people bore that coffin containing our saint's relics, a certain unlettered and sceptical man uttered these words of doubt and reproach, before the pious multitude : " Oh ! what folly hath taken possession of you, to carry this coffin, while you are ignorant whether ornotitcontainsthehonouredrelicsofSt. Dympna? " Whenthesewords were heard, the porters felt somewhat distrustful, and having set down her sacred remains, they stood there for some time. Then, having endeavoured once more to raise the precious burden on their shoulders, the body of our holy virgin, as if fastened to the ground, remained perfectly immovable. Even with an increased number of strong men, the bearers could not move it, though they almost exhausted themselves with fatigue, in making the effort. When they had laboured for a long time in vain, one of them vexed at this delay remarked, that it must have occurred, on account of the want of faith already expressed. These words of pious reproof induced all who were pre- sent, to betake themselves to the arms of prayer. Falling on their knees, they humbly besought our holy virgin and rjiartyr, that she would allow them todepartwiththeirdearly-prizedtreasure. Havingfinishedthisprayer,they arose and put their hands to the coffin ; when, to their renewed surprise, they found, what had resisted their first efforts was capable of being moved to any place, without a feeling of the slightest weight or inconvenience. This circumstance made it apparent to all, that faith, found united with persever- ingprayer,canbringstrengthtotheweak. Thus,Eliseusstruckwithblind- ness a whole army of the Syrian king, when their monarch had sent them withhorsesandchariotstoarresttheholyprophet. ^7 Asermonwaspreached before the rejoicing multitude, when the relics of St. Dympna were brought in procession without her church.
'3 See Exodus, xxv. , 17.
'* Numbers, xxi. , 9.
'S Canon Peter gives it thus in Latin:
'* This day was that of St. Gerebern's and of her martyrdom. See Father Stephen White's " Apologia pro Hibernia," cap. iv. ,
"Hie jacet sancta Virgo et Martyr, p. 42.
Dympna. "
'' IV. Kings, vi.
3i8 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [May 15.
It seems, that the Church of St. Dympna had been anciently roofed with \YOod—probably shingled—and that a certain pious man, who was accustomed to the business of plastering, and who lived by manual labour on other days of the week, was accustomed to spend his Sundays in repairing the roof of this structure, when its materials were worn widi age, or when it was pervious to the rain. He always devoted particular care, to stopping the chinks and crannies, without earthly fee or reward, and only induced by his own devout feelings towards the holy Dympna, who had been so signally favoured as the servant of God. This good man trusted to obtain mercy and salvation, being the faithful client of our glorious martyr. However, on a certain Sabbath- day, when he had climbed the roof to proceed with his usual labours of re- paration, it so happened, that he cut off his own thumb, with an iron instru- ment he had been using. When diis separated member rolled from the roof to the ground, that poor man invoked devoutly the name and aid of his holy patroness. Immediately, in the most miraculous manner, the missing thumb was restored to its former position ; and pain being altogether removed, not
even a trace of the wound remained on the plasterer's hand.
A certain waggon-maker,'^ named Henry Suagher, often prayed to St. Dympna during his working hours. This man was unjustly arrested, guarded and committed to prison, where he was cruelly chained to a wall by a cliain hanging from his neck. Deprived of any hope througli human relief, he began to conceive the idea of liberation, by addressing St. Dympna with pious tears and supplications. While persisting in these prayers and lamen- tations, the glorious Virgin Dympna appeared and wonderfully consoled him ; for, having broken the chain and opened the door of his prison, she directed the captive to escape. Thus was the man delivered from the power of his cruel masters, and he ever gratefully preserved a recollection of the blessings
of liberty bestowed on him by his glorious deliverer, the virgin and martyr of God,St. Dympna.
A certain woman, supposed to have been possessed by a wicked spirit, terrified all her friends and neighbours, by her screams and threatening actions. Charitably-disposed persons believed the just Creator would not suffer this miserable woman to perish everlastingly, for her mischievous pro- pensities and horrid outcries ; but, they supposed, that He would accept her temporal sufferings, as a means of atonement, to relieve her from future evil influences. Her friends, taking counsel together, and entertaining a great devotion towards St. Dympna, resolved to bring this poor creature to the shrine, where it was believed no wicked spirit could long prevail by his malici- ous arts. The afflicted woman was accordingly laid down, before the body of our holy saint, while her weeping friends poured forth prayers to Dympna. To their great joy and admiration, the possessed woman recovered the use of her senses, and with great delight she was conducted home, perfectly restored to health and to tiie exercise of her mental faculties.
Canon Peter thought it desirable, to proclaim another of these wonders wrought by God through the intercession of His holy servant, St. Dympna, in the case of a certain nun, who was twice afflicted with a disease, called the sacredfire. '^'^ This was a wasting kind of disease, separating and rotting away
'* Latinized in the text, Carpentator. At this word, Ilensclicnius tell. , us, that in the title to the chapter, where the account given in the text is contained, he found the head- ing, " Carpentarius. " The history of our saint's miracles, by Canon Peter, is con- tained in eleven cbajiters, the titles of which are omitted by Ilenschcnius as being un-
necessary,
"' The writer tells us, that this peculiar
form of disease " sacer ignis," is also known amongst the first physicians as the " ignis Persicus," the "ignis infernalis," and by the Greeks the word esttr—or . is the editor Hensclienius corrects his author, " A((Tr7jp Cnrtv, torris, lilio,"—is applied to denote it.
May 15. ] LIVES OP THE IRISH SAINTS.
319
flesh from the bones, under a hvidly-coloured skin. After running on for some time, a great and burning pain is felt, which brings the unfortunate sufferer to the very jaws of death. Yet, even when death is most desired by the patient, it is deferred until the limbs are wasted away, when it seizes on the vitals. The holy nun already spoken of suffered from this most dreadful malady, so that her body was reduced to a deplorable state of weakness. Hav- ing a great devotion for St. Dympna, she visited the shrine of this holy virgin and martyr, and through the Divine clemency, that consuming fire ceased, and her health was restored. On returning to her dwelling, after some time, the nun apprehended a return of this disease, as a painful burning heat was felt in that part of her body, which had been at first indisposed. Again, with devout confidence, this religious sought the shrine of her holy patroness, and after a long time spent in earnest prayer, the nun returned home perfectly cured. Not long after this occurrence, a boy was attacked with the sacredfire. His friends brought him near the body of St. Dympna. At the moment when he arrived, a priest happened to be engaged preaching to the people.
Certain pious men, on seeing the wretched state of this child, offered their prayers for his recovery of health, through the intercession of St. Dympna. The sacred fire was extinguished immediately, and the boy was restored to the full enjoy-
ment of health.
Few persons seem to recollect, that the sacred Scriptures warn parents to
have a care of their children, and that these should be well and religiously educated in their youth,^° so that they may not be seduced afterwards into error and crime. The venerable Sarah, wife of the patriarch Abraham, did not neglect this admonition, when she saw Ismael, son of Agar, playing with her only beloved son, Isaac ; but, with a just severity, and being lauded by the Almighty for this act, she banished the strange boy from her house. '^' Hence, parents should draw a moral lesson, which should teach them to counteract the first germs of evil in their children, lest these dear pledges should be involved afterwards in many crimes, and should be punished with grave chastisements. Two young boys happened to be playmates. them,beingdeprivedofreason,wasengagedinsomewildsports. Thatboy possessing the use of reason offered his companion something unfit to drink, and as a punishment, he was immediately afflicted with a similar mental in- firmity. The parents of this latter boy were inconsolable with grief, at what had happened to their son ; but, they at length resolved on visiting the shrine of St. Dympna, to implore her assistance. Our saint never denied her succour to the afflicted ; for, well could she say, with the, holy and suffering Job : " Mercy hath grown with me from my infancy. "^^ The illustrious martyr and virgin asked of her dear Spouse, Jesus Christ, the cure of this afflicted boy, to promotethegreatergloryofGod. Weneednotwonderatthechildreceiv- ing the use of his mental faculties, when her Divine Savour heard the prayers of our saint, who had so vehemently loved Him during life, that for love, she not only bore all affliction, but even suffered death itself.
Having related the foregoing miracles, from many that were doubtless cur- rent in his time, Canon Peter adds one more remarkable, he says, than the rest. A little child, whilst incautiously running along, fell into water, where hewasdrowned. Whenhisparentsheardofthisaccident,theysorrowfully drew the dead body of their boy from the water. But, they had faith in St.
Canon Peter also remarks on this disease: " Verius tamen dixerit, quihsec prrescripta, genera illius ignis appellaverit : ester vero si pervasi corpus circumcinxerit,^ statim oc-
cidit. "
*° I. Timothy, v. , 8.
" Genesis, xx. , 9, 10, n, 12. "Job. xxxi. , 18.
One of
: —A
320 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [May 15.
Dympna's advocacy, and therefore they entreated her to restore their child to life, through her gracious intercession and patronage. This prayer was offered with sighs and tears, whilst a great multitude of people surrounded them. To the great delight and admiration of all present, the illustrious patroness of Gheel was not unmindful of her clients, and tlie infant was once more restored alive to the embraces of his loving parents. ^3
CHAPTER IV.
SUBSEQUENT MEMORIALS OF ST. DYMPXA—EXCURSION TO GHEEL—HISTORICAL NOTICES OF THIS CITY—ANCIENT REGISTERS AND MSS. —FORMER CELEIiRITY OF GHEEL ITS GENERAL APPEARANCE—RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS—PARISH CHURCH OF ST. AMAND—ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION OF ST. DYMPNa'S CHURCH—CHAPELS AND ALTARS—THE CALVINISTS DESTROY OBJECTS OF ART IN OUR SAINT's CHURCH— THE HIGH ALTAR AND ITS ACCESSORIES—THE COFFER BEHIND THIS ALTAR— DESCRIPTION OF ST. DYMPNA'S ALTAR \VITHIN THE LITTLE CHOIR—CURIOUS WOODEN SCULPTURES—MARTYRDOM OF ST. DYMPNA AND OF ST. GEREBERN REPRESENTED IN THE BLESSED VIRGIN'S CHAPEL—CHAPEL OF ST. DYMPNA RELICS OF ST DYMPNA AND OF ST. GEREBERN—THE GREAT SILVER SHRINE OF ST. DYMPNA—OTHER ARTISTIC OBJECTS WITHIN HER CHURCH—CONSECRATION OF SIX ALTARS IN 153I—FOUNDATION OF THE COLLEGE OF VICARS—ERECTION OF THE CHAPTER OF CANONS—LOSSES SUSTAINED BY THEIR CHURCH—VISIT BY THE BISHOP OF BOIS-LE-DUC TO GHEEL—SALE AND PURCHASE OF ST. DYMPNA'S CHURCH AFTER THE FRENCH REVOLUTION—THE HADSCOT HOSPITAL AND AUGUS- TINIAN CONVENT, AT GHEEL—VARIOUS MIRACULOUS CURES.
After the time when Canon Peter wrote his account of our saint, some cen- turies appear to have passed, witliout special record or memorials of St. Dympna. However, Popes John the Twenty-second, who ruled over the Church, from a. d. 13 i6 to 1334, John the Twenty-third, from a. d. 1410 to 141 5, and Eugenius the Fourth, from a. d. 143 i to 1447, testify in Apostolic Documents to her miracles. ' References are made, especially to her etfica- cious power, in liberating possessed persons from evil influences. ^"
During the middle ages, and even to a comparatively recent period, before the nature of epilepsy and insanity had been thoroughly investigated, those afflicted with such physical and mental infirmities were oftentimes popularly supposed to have been possessed by an evil spirit. The incoherent ravings or blasphemies, uttered by the insane, and the dreadful bodily contortions of epileptics, tended to strengthen this opinion, in many instances. Our saint has always been regarded as the special patroness and liberator of demented, disabled, and demoniac persons. Frequent pilgrimages have been made to her shrine, in order to obtain desiredrelief of body and of mind. We can hardly question the efificacy of her intercession being manifested, by signs and won- ders, frequently wrought among the people, who had selected her as their special patroness.
'3 Thus ends Canon Peter's narrative of cui cum Deo Patre et Spiritu Sancto sit laus, miracles, and he concludes his tract with honor et potestas. Per infinita swculoruni this sentence: " Hrec autem paucula de sxcula. Amen. "—"Acta Sanctorum," multitudine signorum, qua; Dominus Deus
noster per sanctissimam Dympnam operari dignatus est, piout potuimus, decerpsimus, ad honorem ipsius, qui saiictos suos non solum ylorilicat in coelestibus, etiam in prce- senti ncquam seculohonorificarcnon cessat
tomus iii. , Maii xv. , pp. 486 to 489.
Chapter iv. —' "
Plures etiam Romani Pontifices," says Henschenius, " ibidem a m;ilit;nis spiritibuset d. vmouibus vexatos in- tcrccssione . S. Dympn. v liberari, tcstaii in suis Bullis sunt; atque inter illos Joannes
May 15. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 321
An Irish Catholic pilgrim to the shrine of St. Dympna, who desires acquaintance with primitive Flemish manners and customs, after having visited the fine cities and routes usually frequented by the herd of Belgian tourists, can easily accomplish his object without any considerable delay or inconvenience, while combining information and amusement with philanthro- pic feeling or interest, as also with national predilections or religious emotions. Antwerp is never omitted from his memoratida, for a resting place in the tourist's itinerary ; and, by starting at an early yet suitable hour from this city, the morning train to Turnhout will leave the traveller at Herenthals station. There, a well-appointed omnibus is to be found, waiting to receive its contin- gent of passengers, baggage, and mail packets, destined for the quaint old cityofGheel. Offataspankingpacestartthevigorousroadsters,overthe paved highway, bounded on either side with a broad and much frequented path for foot passengers, whilst extending under long and regular lines of oak and elm trees. No elevation, deserving the name of a hill, can be seen rising
over the level plain, that lies between the cities of Antwerp and of Gheel. It is true, at certain points along the road, from Herenthals to the latter munici- pality, a few broken embankments of light sand-hills diversify this scene, on
but, they soon disappear, amidst the dark pine woods, moors, and marshes, that spread over this tract of country. This wild and dreary district, known as the Campine, extends through portions of the pro-
vinces of Antwerp, Limbourgand South Brabant, as also, into the kingdom of Holland. 3 All this natural waste is not, however, unproductive and monoto- nous. Hedgerows along the road side are neatly trimmed ; white cottages, withtheirred-tiledroofs,gleamunderthewarmsunshineofsummer;4 fields wave with heavy crops of wheat, oats, rye and other vegetable esculents patches of verdure contrast with bare yellow sandbanks and heath-covered moorlands ; while from morning dawn to dewy eve, the moving human figures of all ages and of both sexes, through rich corn fields, proclaim the steady and tireless industry of these Campinois. At various intervals, signposts, indices, and figures, mark the direction and distances of neighbouring cities, by kilo- metres. The country immediately around the old city of Gheel s is teeming with fertility, and in the harvest time, it is loaded with the finest crops, cover- ing a deep, rich, sandy, loam soil.
The fame of St. Dympna's veneration and miracles had so far extended, and such a concourse of people came on pilgrimages, that some ages after her time,^ Gheel grew to be a considerable town. Through the bounty and pa- tronage of the Dukes of Brabant, it was erected into a baronial district, and had annexed to it as dependencies some villages. In the twelfth century, it
XXII. , Joannes XXIIL, et Eugenius IV. , therein conveyed, and those inferences
the left hand side
;
annis respective MCCCXXX. , MCCCCXII. , et Mccccxxxi.
^ See De Burgo's " Officia Propria Sane-
torum Hibernige," Noct. ii. , Lect. vi. ,
p. 57,
3 For an interesting, well-written and
generally accurate description of another trip, taken by way of Malines, Contich and Herenthals to Gheel, the reader is referred to an article, entitled "The Shrine of St. Dympna,''whichformerlyappearedinDuffy's " Hibernian Sixpenny Magazine," No. 20, August, 1863, pp. 144 to 153. The author- ship of this article is unknown, to the pre- sent writer; but, later observations and in- quiry fully confirm the correct information
Vol. v. —No. 6.
drawn, regarding the soil and scenery, with the material, moral and religious state of Gheel, and of its immediate neighbour- hood.
4 These observations were made by the writer, during his excursion to and from Gheel, on the 27th and 28th of July, 1863.
5 According to the Rev. Mr. Kuyl, Gheel means a fertile place.
The name is not de- rived from the yellow colour of the sands around it, as Grammay incorrectly states. The earth around Gheel is of a very dark colour.
* According to an enumeration, made some years before 1863, Gheel and its immediate
x
;
:
322 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [May 15.
had grown into a city, with its dependencies, Bel, Zammel, Milleghem, Eyn- thout, Veerle, Oevel, Oosterloo, Zoerle-Parwys, Echelpoel, etc. Then it belonged to the powerful family of the Bertholds, patron lords of Malines. The numerous miracles, wrought through the intercession of St. Dympna, in- ducedamemberofthisnoblehouse,toerectachurchinherhonour. 7 Itis said, that Gheel obtained the privilege of becoming a municipal city, through the favour of Henry, Duke of Brabant. ^ Three dukes, bearing this title, flourished in the thirteenth century. The Emperor Charles V. , renewed its im- munities, which had been abolished, or which had been forgotten, during the course of passing ages. There were three principal families, possessing great
power and influence over Gheel, viz. : the Bertholds, descended from the BaronsofMechlin,aslikewisetheHornanandMerodehouses. 9 Thislatter family '° was in the ascendant at Gheel, when Grammay wrote. " This family at present resides, in a magnificent chateau, near Westerloo, and not far re- moved from Gheel. The tourist may procure an extensive and a picturesque view of the surrounding country, from the tower of that proud castle. The Merodes have ceased to exercise proprietorial influence in Gheel, since the period of the French Revolution.
This populous city, formerly of Brabant, but at present included within the province of Antwerp, is situated about two or three leagues distance, from the town of Herentals. There are still extant at Gheel several large paper folio and manuscript tomes, which admirably serve to illustrate the mediaeval and subsequent history of that interesting city. These are intituled, " Archie- ven der Kerkvan S. Dympna tot Gheel. "" The first of these volumes contains 431 pages, consisting of documents, extending from a. d. 1270 to 1646, with a tableofcontentsprefixed. Thecharactersinitarelegiblyandelegantlywritten. The second volume is not paged, but it comprises 122 different articles or docu- ments ; it contains, also, a long stitched book, loosely laid within thecover. This latter appears to be a sort of calendar, for private use, and it was interspersed with notes. The third register contains ninety-one different tracts, unpaged, but extending from a. d. 1538 to 1628, as may be seen in the index. '3
The fourth volume has, from No. 22 to 167, documents unpaged, and ex-
tending from the year 1559 to 1644.
environscontainedapopulationof li,502per- sons. The population has doubtless in- creased considerably since that date.
7 See Stroobant's^ "Notice Histoiique sur le Chapitre Collegial de Sainte Dympne, a Gheel, "p. 10.
* Grammay thus commences his descrip- tion of the Barony and District of Gheel : '* Hactenus Urbesct Territoriadcscripsimus aliquatenus nunc aut olim obnoxia Marchire Aniwerpiensi, nunc capitibus tnbus daturi loca ilia quae olim fuere Bei tholdorum Mech- linise dominantium ut sunt Baronatus Gelce, ComitatusHcochstrati, DynastiaTurnhouti a Gela itaque incipiam. Baronatus hie est ex 18. antiquioribus Brabantix, Territorium ex amplissimis, municipium ex antiquissimis. Municipium dico, hoc etenim vocabulo lo- cum dignati jam inde a quatuor seculis Henricus Dux, el libertates vitio tcmporum obiiteratas aut oblitas renovavit Casar Caro- lus. "—" Anlverpite Antiquitates," cap. x. , P- 141-
9 The genealogical pedigree of these dis- tinguishcd families is drawn, by Miireus, in
The fifth commences, at a. d. 1646, it
" Donationum Belgicanim," lib. i. , cap. 128.
'" The wife of the celebrated Comte de Montalembert was a daughter of this noble house.
"He adds: " Ita niuiirum Catharina Bertholdia, Henrici et Beatricis Wesemalix filia, nupta Hornano Parwy. -^ii Domino, Dominium secum traxit : cujus abnepote Henrico sine liberis defuncto, heres Elisa- betha soror, Joanni Rotzelario, Domino in Vorsselaer, Rethi et Lichtert (qui pagi exinde Baronibus accesserunt) Gelam altulit. Horum denique nepotibus vita functis sine prole, devoluta est hereditas ad Merodios, ex Aleide Hornana Henrici supradicti sorore procreatos. "—Grammayus " De Antiquitati- bus Anlverpiae," lib. ii. , cap. x. , pp. 145, 146.
'• In English, Archives of St. Dympna's Church at Gheel.
'^ To which these words are appended, Colligite—fragmenta nc pereant. C. Stroo- bant, Vicarius in Lembecq, 1S52.
'^ This book was in possession of the Rev.
^
Amandus, at Gheel, in 1863.
's At the house of the Rev. Mr. Aerts.
'* The Rev. Mr. Aerts conjectures, that
many of these were Irish students, belong- ing to the Louvain University.
'7 At the request of the writer, a list of these Irish names, entered on St. Dympna's confraternity book, was obligingly furnished by the Rev. Mr. Aerts. As few Irish travel- lers to this part of Belgium may have like facilities for obtaining access to this record, and as a transcript of those names here pub- lished might serve to elucidate the biography ofour exiled brethren, during the seventeenth century, I deem it opportune to preserve these entries, under the years, and in the order they occur. Thus, at a. d. 1636 : Cornelius Mahonii, Thomas Duhy, Cornelio O'Sulli- van, Davis, Richard Scott, Eurialus Kelly, Phillip O'Hassy, Andrew Corry, Laurence Morrissy, Florence O'Driscoll, Frater Patrick, Ord. str. obs. ; Fr. John Kearney, ej. ord. ; Fr. Anthony Gearnon, ej. ord. ; Fr. Valentine O'Connor, ej. ord.
John O'Connor, ej. ord. ; Fr. Stephen Lynch, RecoUecta ; Fr. Raphael Bris-
Edmundus O'Kennedy, Capellanus Major Hiberni Regimenti. lUus- trissimi D. Octavii Guasco, 21, 7bris, 1636. a. d. 1649: Charles Quilnan, Presbyter; John Magower, Patrick Matthew, Saceidos Hib. ; Patrick Rogan, Sac. Hib. ; John O'Daly, D. Diego Barry, Irlande ; Con- stantine Duffy, Sac. Hib. ; James Matthew, Irish soldier. This is as complete a list as could be procured of undoubtedly Irish members, while some of these seem to have been residents of the Franciscan Convent at
Louvain, which is pictured faithfully in the Frontispieceto the presentvolume. and where Fathers Hugh Ward and John Colgan lived.
'^ In 1S63, the writer had an opportunity for examining it, at the house of Rev. Mr. Kuyl, to whom the auihorities at Gheel lent it, wiih seven other Folios here noticed, for the purpose of compiling his learned History of their old city, and of their vene- rated patroness St. Dympna.
;
May 15. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
goestoA. D. 1656,anditisnotpaged. ThesixthManuscriptregister,com- mencing at A. D. 1665, extends to a. d. 1689, and it is also unpaged. There are entries and matters, apparently wanting to complete this Register, until 1709, when the seventh volume is resumed at the latter year, and then it con- tinues to 1729 : it is likewise unpaged. The eighth Manuscript commences with 1730, and it ends at 1739, without pagination ; but, it contains various entries in the appendix, old letters, and other matters, concerning the chapter of canons at Gheel. The last date, in this volume, ends with the year 1852.
TheninthvolumeformstheBookofSt. Dympna'sConfraternity. '* Within it are found names of associates and members of St. Dympna's Confrater- nity's The writer had an opportunity of inspecting it and of examining its contents, during his visit to Gheel. In this volume are found two bulls of Pope Urban VIII. ; the entry of 4,000 different names of confraternity members
;
besides various documents and registries that follow. The first date in it is 14th of May, 1636, and the last a. d. 1699. It contains 82 written folio pages. The names of several Irish pilgrims, who probably travelled to Gheel, in the seventeenth century, for the purpose of praying before the shrine of St. Dympna, and who were enrolled as members of her confraternity,^^ appear in this book. We find amongst these, laics, priests, and especially many Irish Franciscans,with the names and autographs of several individuals. '^ The tenth and last volume of this series, as numbered, is entitled : " Regis- ter van Cauwegom. Arckieven der Kerk van S. Dympna tot Gheel. " It con- tains bulls^ statutes, ordinances, etc. , relating to the canons and church of St. Dympna, in the municipality of Gheel.
A very ancient Manuscript,'^ written about the beginning of the fifteenth century, commences in red letters with " Oratio de Sancta Dympna. " It also contains, as an addition, " Juramentum Canonicorum," written a. d. 1582, besides old statutes of the canons, in still more ancient writing. Curious an- tique binding in wood covers this Record. It had a chain attached, which for- merly bound it to a fixed place, perhaps in the sacristy, so that persons com- ing to Gheel might read this book, but not take it away; for, the good citizens ever entertained a horror of sacrilegious fraud, and preserved a vivid recollec- tion of a loss they had formerly experienced, from the covetous and ill regu-
Mr. Aerts, vicaire of the church of St. Fr. Richardus Gerald ej. ord. ; Fr.
cow, ej. ord.
;
323
324
LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [May 15.
lated desires of their Xanten visitors. Even, at the present day, when distrusting smooth pretences and pious canting expressions of suspicious characters, the people of Gheel have a shrewd, good-humoured observation, referring to the past history of their city, and serving to convey a very sarcastic meaning : " Be on your guard against the holy robbers of Xanten. "
Whilst a stranger to the place takes his meditative and discursive ramble through the streets, or visits the old Flemish interiors of the quaint houses in Gheel, his attention will be arrested by grotesque tenements and tenants, never imagined, and of course never delineated, by any effort of mind or pencil, in the genre style and manner of a Teniers or of an Ostade. Old- fashioned, solid structures, with oval-headed doorways, square window frames, with stout sashes, opening under red-tiled roofs, which press heavily down- wards on the wall-plates and massive beams of single-storied houses, flank the dusty thoroughfare, along the principal streets and bye-ways of this city. Umbrageous trees, neat hedge-rows, and enclosed gardens, afford evidences of careful culture, of thrift and of busy industry, distinguishing in a remark- ablemannertheinhabitantsofthemunicipalityandofitsneighbourhood. '? But the peculiar institutions and religious establishments of Gheel are what chiefly arrest the attention of a traveller. It may be considered desirable, to give a brief description of the latter, so far as these have an intermediate or more direct bearing on the subject of this biography.
The present parish church of St. Amand, at Gheel, is a fine building, and it is richly decorated interiorly, where it has a choir, nave, transepts, and side aisles. ^° Besides the finely designed high altar, within the choir, there are four marble altars, extending in a line across the transepts. ^' Its pulpit is beautifully carved in wood. The organ and the fine oak panelling under it, near the principal door of this church, are worthy of special observation. Stations of the cross, with their several groups of figures, elaborately carved on stone and painted, deserve commendation, as remarkable works of sculp- ture. But, the most splendid artistic feature in the church is the truly mag- nificent white marble balustrade entering the choir, and which, as an inscrip- tion on it states, was executed by D. Scheemaeckers of Antwerp, in 1693. Nothing in this style of workmanship can exceed its lavish decoration and
'9 On arriving in the chief public square,
adjoining the church of St. Amand, the tra-
veller -will find excellent accommodation,
board and lodging, at the rather antiquated
Hotel de la Campine, which was built in
1644. It receives this name from tlie plain,
extending around the city in which it is
situated. When leaving this hostelry, the
moderate charges to which the tourist will
be liable must prove agreeable—especially
when contrasted with exactions of more
celebrated, but not more comfortable, guide-
book hotels, in the larger and more fre-
quented cities. Another quaint-looking but
excellent inn, with the sign of a stork in
front, may be found on the open place,
opposite the left side of St. Dympna's anno 15 17, lalas et authoritate Ccesarea pub- church, licatas. NeeproculhincGymnasiumlittera-
'° A beautiful engraving of one of the ex- rum olim floreniissimum, unde viri lectissimi terior sides of this church, and two medals prodiere hi imprimis eiiam hie nati A. containing images of St. Uynipna and of St. Ileynis laud. Ttissinius Auerbodii Archiman- Gerebern, with rays of light proceeding driia : Joannis Philippi Smeyers, Carmelita- from them, above the church, besides a rum I'rovincialis eruditus, Joannes Jaco- ground plan, on the opposite page, may be boeus Dyesta- Prepositus, ct alii complures. " seen in the Rev. Mr. Kuyl's larger work, at —" Antverpiae Antiquitates," cap. x. , p. 142.
pages 316, 317.
^' Of this church, Grammay writes:
" Regio templi Curialem habet haud inele- gantem D. Amando inscriptam, et proxima forum justje aniplitudinis ad numlinas heb- domadales diebus Saturni, et annales Sab- bato ante Dominicam in Albis, Palmarum, vigilice Natalis Doniinici, et decimo quinto die sequenti, quas litteris confirmatoriis anni 1559- Philippus Rex ait ab 200 amplius annis celebres fuisse. Curia etiam in vicino est, ubi annales per Baronem circa natalitia Baptistce Scabini creantur et jus dicunt et rempublicam adminislrant assistentibus ex quaciue municipii regione duobus juratis juxta prrescripta et leges a Joanne Merodio,
May 15. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
325
tracery, with the fine interlacing of foliage, flowers, fruits, and figures. On the right side of the high altar, there is a carved white statue of St. Dympna, and it is larger than life size.
" This account must forcibly remind the of many primitive Irish churches, the ruins reader to recollect the contracted dimensions of which yet exist.
May I S. J LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 317
this occasion. The body of St. Dynipna was taken from her stone cofifin, and placed in a golden shrine, wrought by skilful artists. Thus, the Jewish legis- lator, Moses, set up the brazen serpent on a pole, in the desert, so that those persons, who had been bitten by fiery serpents, when looking on that image, might be healed from their wounds. '^ It would seem, that Canon Peter, after diligent search through the popular books of history in his day, and even among these less known, could not record the date of this grand cele- bration, nor give the names of those distinguished persons, who participated in that ceremony. But, he was able to aver with certainty, that when the beautiful stone sarcophagus, having previously no joint or fracture, was broken, the remains of this venerable virgin and martyr of Christ were found within it. When the bishop of that diocese approached with religious rever- ence and awe to raise the relics, he found a red tile resting over the breast of our saint, and bearing the following inscript'on : " Here lies the holy virgin and martyr, Dympna. "^s It seemed mystically to indicate that bright robe of chastity, which adorned the virgin, so that her body should issue from the white marble sarcophagus, and that the colour of a martyr should be desig- nated by the red tile, which covered her breast. This translation of her re- mains took place, on the 15th of May, according to popular tradition, and some centuries after her martyrdom. '^
In point of fact, a sort of necessity required the people of Gheel, to place the remains of their patron saint, in a golden case. It is probable, the doubt, expressed by a particular individual, was also entertained by many incredu- lous persons. For we are told, while the people bore that coffin containing our saint's relics, a certain unlettered and sceptical man uttered these words of doubt and reproach, before the pious multitude : " Oh ! what folly hath taken possession of you, to carry this coffin, while you are ignorant whether ornotitcontainsthehonouredrelicsofSt. Dympna? " Whenthesewords were heard, the porters felt somewhat distrustful, and having set down her sacred remains, they stood there for some time. Then, having endeavoured once more to raise the precious burden on their shoulders, the body of our holy virgin, as if fastened to the ground, remained perfectly immovable. Even with an increased number of strong men, the bearers could not move it, though they almost exhausted themselves with fatigue, in making the effort. When they had laboured for a long time in vain, one of them vexed at this delay remarked, that it must have occurred, on account of the want of faith already expressed. These words of pious reproof induced all who were pre- sent, to betake themselves to the arms of prayer. Falling on their knees, they humbly besought our holy virgin and rjiartyr, that she would allow them todepartwiththeirdearly-prizedtreasure. Havingfinishedthisprayer,they arose and put their hands to the coffin ; when, to their renewed surprise, they found, what had resisted their first efforts was capable of being moved to any place, without a feeling of the slightest weight or inconvenience. This circumstance made it apparent to all, that faith, found united with persever- ingprayer,canbringstrengthtotheweak. Thus,Eliseusstruckwithblind- ness a whole army of the Syrian king, when their monarch had sent them withhorsesandchariotstoarresttheholyprophet. ^7 Asermonwaspreached before the rejoicing multitude, when the relics of St. Dympna were brought in procession without her church.
'3 See Exodus, xxv. , 17.
'* Numbers, xxi. , 9.
'S Canon Peter gives it thus in Latin:
'* This day was that of St. Gerebern's and of her martyrdom. See Father Stephen White's " Apologia pro Hibernia," cap. iv. ,
"Hie jacet sancta Virgo et Martyr, p. 42.
Dympna. "
'' IV. Kings, vi.
3i8 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [May 15.
It seems, that the Church of St. Dympna had been anciently roofed with \YOod—probably shingled—and that a certain pious man, who was accustomed to the business of plastering, and who lived by manual labour on other days of the week, was accustomed to spend his Sundays in repairing the roof of this structure, when its materials were worn widi age, or when it was pervious to the rain. He always devoted particular care, to stopping the chinks and crannies, without earthly fee or reward, and only induced by his own devout feelings towards the holy Dympna, who had been so signally favoured as the servant of God. This good man trusted to obtain mercy and salvation, being the faithful client of our glorious martyr. However, on a certain Sabbath- day, when he had climbed the roof to proceed with his usual labours of re- paration, it so happened, that he cut off his own thumb, with an iron instru- ment he had been using. When diis separated member rolled from the roof to the ground, that poor man invoked devoutly the name and aid of his holy patroness. Immediately, in the most miraculous manner, the missing thumb was restored to its former position ; and pain being altogether removed, not
even a trace of the wound remained on the plasterer's hand.
A certain waggon-maker,'^ named Henry Suagher, often prayed to St. Dympna during his working hours. This man was unjustly arrested, guarded and committed to prison, where he was cruelly chained to a wall by a cliain hanging from his neck. Deprived of any hope througli human relief, he began to conceive the idea of liberation, by addressing St. Dympna with pious tears and supplications. While persisting in these prayers and lamen- tations, the glorious Virgin Dympna appeared and wonderfully consoled him ; for, having broken the chain and opened the door of his prison, she directed the captive to escape. Thus was the man delivered from the power of his cruel masters, and he ever gratefully preserved a recollection of the blessings
of liberty bestowed on him by his glorious deliverer, the virgin and martyr of God,St. Dympna.
A certain woman, supposed to have been possessed by a wicked spirit, terrified all her friends and neighbours, by her screams and threatening actions. Charitably-disposed persons believed the just Creator would not suffer this miserable woman to perish everlastingly, for her mischievous pro- pensities and horrid outcries ; but, they supposed, that He would accept her temporal sufferings, as a means of atonement, to relieve her from future evil influences. Her friends, taking counsel together, and entertaining a great devotion towards St. Dympna, resolved to bring this poor creature to the shrine, where it was believed no wicked spirit could long prevail by his malici- ous arts. The afflicted woman was accordingly laid down, before the body of our holy saint, while her weeping friends poured forth prayers to Dympna. To their great joy and admiration, the possessed woman recovered the use of her senses, and with great delight she was conducted home, perfectly restored to health and to tiie exercise of her mental faculties.
Canon Peter thought it desirable, to proclaim another of these wonders wrought by God through the intercession of His holy servant, St. Dympna, in the case of a certain nun, who was twice afflicted with a disease, called the sacredfire. '^'^ This was a wasting kind of disease, separating and rotting away
'* Latinized in the text, Carpentator. At this word, Ilensclicnius tell. , us, that in the title to the chapter, where the account given in the text is contained, he found the head- ing, " Carpentarius. " The history of our saint's miracles, by Canon Peter, is con- tained in eleven cbajiters, the titles of which are omitted by Ilenschcnius as being un-
necessary,
"' The writer tells us, that this peculiar
form of disease " sacer ignis," is also known amongst the first physicians as the " ignis Persicus," the "ignis infernalis," and by the Greeks the word esttr—or . is the editor Hensclienius corrects his author, " A((Tr7jp Cnrtv, torris, lilio,"—is applied to denote it.
May 15. ] LIVES OP THE IRISH SAINTS.
319
flesh from the bones, under a hvidly-coloured skin. After running on for some time, a great and burning pain is felt, which brings the unfortunate sufferer to the very jaws of death. Yet, even when death is most desired by the patient, it is deferred until the limbs are wasted away, when it seizes on the vitals. The holy nun already spoken of suffered from this most dreadful malady, so that her body was reduced to a deplorable state of weakness. Hav- ing a great devotion for St. Dympna, she visited the shrine of this holy virgin and martyr, and through the Divine clemency, that consuming fire ceased, and her health was restored. On returning to her dwelling, after some time, the nun apprehended a return of this disease, as a painful burning heat was felt in that part of her body, which had been at first indisposed. Again, with devout confidence, this religious sought the shrine of her holy patroness, and after a long time spent in earnest prayer, the nun returned home perfectly cured. Not long after this occurrence, a boy was attacked with the sacredfire. His friends brought him near the body of St. Dympna. At the moment when he arrived, a priest happened to be engaged preaching to the people.
Certain pious men, on seeing the wretched state of this child, offered their prayers for his recovery of health, through the intercession of St. Dympna. The sacred fire was extinguished immediately, and the boy was restored to the full enjoy-
ment of health.
Few persons seem to recollect, that the sacred Scriptures warn parents to
have a care of their children, and that these should be well and religiously educated in their youth,^° so that they may not be seduced afterwards into error and crime. The venerable Sarah, wife of the patriarch Abraham, did not neglect this admonition, when she saw Ismael, son of Agar, playing with her only beloved son, Isaac ; but, with a just severity, and being lauded by the Almighty for this act, she banished the strange boy from her house. '^' Hence, parents should draw a moral lesson, which should teach them to counteract the first germs of evil in their children, lest these dear pledges should be involved afterwards in many crimes, and should be punished with grave chastisements. Two young boys happened to be playmates. them,beingdeprivedofreason,wasengagedinsomewildsports. Thatboy possessing the use of reason offered his companion something unfit to drink, and as a punishment, he was immediately afflicted with a similar mental in- firmity. The parents of this latter boy were inconsolable with grief, at what had happened to their son ; but, they at length resolved on visiting the shrine of St. Dympna, to implore her assistance. Our saint never denied her succour to the afflicted ; for, well could she say, with the, holy and suffering Job : " Mercy hath grown with me from my infancy. "^^ The illustrious martyr and virgin asked of her dear Spouse, Jesus Christ, the cure of this afflicted boy, to promotethegreatergloryofGod. Weneednotwonderatthechildreceiv- ing the use of his mental faculties, when her Divine Savour heard the prayers of our saint, who had so vehemently loved Him during life, that for love, she not only bore all affliction, but even suffered death itself.
Having related the foregoing miracles, from many that were doubtless cur- rent in his time, Canon Peter adds one more remarkable, he says, than the rest. A little child, whilst incautiously running along, fell into water, where hewasdrowned. Whenhisparentsheardofthisaccident,theysorrowfully drew the dead body of their boy from the water. But, they had faith in St.
Canon Peter also remarks on this disease: " Verius tamen dixerit, quihsec prrescripta, genera illius ignis appellaverit : ester vero si pervasi corpus circumcinxerit,^ statim oc-
cidit. "
*° I. Timothy, v. , 8.
" Genesis, xx. , 9, 10, n, 12. "Job. xxxi. , 18.
One of
: —A
320 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [May 15.
Dympna's advocacy, and therefore they entreated her to restore their child to life, through her gracious intercession and patronage. This prayer was offered with sighs and tears, whilst a great multitude of people surrounded them. To the great delight and admiration of all present, the illustrious patroness of Gheel was not unmindful of her clients, and tlie infant was once more restored alive to the embraces of his loving parents. ^3
CHAPTER IV.
SUBSEQUENT MEMORIALS OF ST. DYMPXA—EXCURSION TO GHEEL—HISTORICAL NOTICES OF THIS CITY—ANCIENT REGISTERS AND MSS. —FORMER CELEIiRITY OF GHEEL ITS GENERAL APPEARANCE—RELIGIOUS FOUNDATIONS—PARISH CHURCH OF ST. AMAND—ARCHITECTURAL DESCRIPTION OF ST. DYMPNa'S CHURCH—CHAPELS AND ALTARS—THE CALVINISTS DESTROY OBJECTS OF ART IN OUR SAINT's CHURCH— THE HIGH ALTAR AND ITS ACCESSORIES—THE COFFER BEHIND THIS ALTAR— DESCRIPTION OF ST. DYMPNA'S ALTAR \VITHIN THE LITTLE CHOIR—CURIOUS WOODEN SCULPTURES—MARTYRDOM OF ST. DYMPNA AND OF ST. GEREBERN REPRESENTED IN THE BLESSED VIRGIN'S CHAPEL—CHAPEL OF ST. DYMPNA RELICS OF ST DYMPNA AND OF ST. GEREBERN—THE GREAT SILVER SHRINE OF ST. DYMPNA—OTHER ARTISTIC OBJECTS WITHIN HER CHURCH—CONSECRATION OF SIX ALTARS IN 153I—FOUNDATION OF THE COLLEGE OF VICARS—ERECTION OF THE CHAPTER OF CANONS—LOSSES SUSTAINED BY THEIR CHURCH—VISIT BY THE BISHOP OF BOIS-LE-DUC TO GHEEL—SALE AND PURCHASE OF ST. DYMPNA'S CHURCH AFTER THE FRENCH REVOLUTION—THE HADSCOT HOSPITAL AND AUGUS- TINIAN CONVENT, AT GHEEL—VARIOUS MIRACULOUS CURES.
After the time when Canon Peter wrote his account of our saint, some cen- turies appear to have passed, witliout special record or memorials of St. Dympna. However, Popes John the Twenty-second, who ruled over the Church, from a. d. 13 i6 to 1334, John the Twenty-third, from a. d. 1410 to 141 5, and Eugenius the Fourth, from a. d. 143 i to 1447, testify in Apostolic Documents to her miracles. ' References are made, especially to her etfica- cious power, in liberating possessed persons from evil influences. ^"
During the middle ages, and even to a comparatively recent period, before the nature of epilepsy and insanity had been thoroughly investigated, those afflicted with such physical and mental infirmities were oftentimes popularly supposed to have been possessed by an evil spirit. The incoherent ravings or blasphemies, uttered by the insane, and the dreadful bodily contortions of epileptics, tended to strengthen this opinion, in many instances. Our saint has always been regarded as the special patroness and liberator of demented, disabled, and demoniac persons. Frequent pilgrimages have been made to her shrine, in order to obtain desiredrelief of body and of mind. We can hardly question the efificacy of her intercession being manifested, by signs and won- ders, frequently wrought among the people, who had selected her as their special patroness.
'3 Thus ends Canon Peter's narrative of cui cum Deo Patre et Spiritu Sancto sit laus, miracles, and he concludes his tract with honor et potestas. Per infinita swculoruni this sentence: " Hrec autem paucula de sxcula. Amen. "—"Acta Sanctorum," multitudine signorum, qua; Dominus Deus
noster per sanctissimam Dympnam operari dignatus est, piout potuimus, decerpsimus, ad honorem ipsius, qui saiictos suos non solum ylorilicat in coelestibus, etiam in prce- senti ncquam seculohonorificarcnon cessat
tomus iii. , Maii xv. , pp. 486 to 489.
Chapter iv. —' "
Plures etiam Romani Pontifices," says Henschenius, " ibidem a m;ilit;nis spiritibuset d. vmouibus vexatos in- tcrccssione . S. Dympn. v liberari, tcstaii in suis Bullis sunt; atque inter illos Joannes
May 15. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 321
An Irish Catholic pilgrim to the shrine of St. Dympna, who desires acquaintance with primitive Flemish manners and customs, after having visited the fine cities and routes usually frequented by the herd of Belgian tourists, can easily accomplish his object without any considerable delay or inconvenience, while combining information and amusement with philanthro- pic feeling or interest, as also with national predilections or religious emotions. Antwerp is never omitted from his memoratida, for a resting place in the tourist's itinerary ; and, by starting at an early yet suitable hour from this city, the morning train to Turnhout will leave the traveller at Herenthals station. There, a well-appointed omnibus is to be found, waiting to receive its contin- gent of passengers, baggage, and mail packets, destined for the quaint old cityofGheel. Offataspankingpacestartthevigorousroadsters,overthe paved highway, bounded on either side with a broad and much frequented path for foot passengers, whilst extending under long and regular lines of oak and elm trees. No elevation, deserving the name of a hill, can be seen rising
over the level plain, that lies between the cities of Antwerp and of Gheel. It is true, at certain points along the road, from Herenthals to the latter munici- pality, a few broken embankments of light sand-hills diversify this scene, on
but, they soon disappear, amidst the dark pine woods, moors, and marshes, that spread over this tract of country. This wild and dreary district, known as the Campine, extends through portions of the pro-
vinces of Antwerp, Limbourgand South Brabant, as also, into the kingdom of Holland. 3 All this natural waste is not, however, unproductive and monoto- nous. Hedgerows along the road side are neatly trimmed ; white cottages, withtheirred-tiledroofs,gleamunderthewarmsunshineofsummer;4 fields wave with heavy crops of wheat, oats, rye and other vegetable esculents patches of verdure contrast with bare yellow sandbanks and heath-covered moorlands ; while from morning dawn to dewy eve, the moving human figures of all ages and of both sexes, through rich corn fields, proclaim the steady and tireless industry of these Campinois. At various intervals, signposts, indices, and figures, mark the direction and distances of neighbouring cities, by kilo- metres. The country immediately around the old city of Gheel s is teeming with fertility, and in the harvest time, it is loaded with the finest crops, cover- ing a deep, rich, sandy, loam soil.
The fame of St. Dympna's veneration and miracles had so far extended, and such a concourse of people came on pilgrimages, that some ages after her time,^ Gheel grew to be a considerable town. Through the bounty and pa- tronage of the Dukes of Brabant, it was erected into a baronial district, and had annexed to it as dependencies some villages. In the twelfth century, it
XXII. , Joannes XXIIL, et Eugenius IV. , therein conveyed, and those inferences
the left hand side
;
annis respective MCCCXXX. , MCCCCXII. , et Mccccxxxi.
^ See De Burgo's " Officia Propria Sane-
torum Hibernige," Noct. ii. , Lect. vi. ,
p. 57,
3 For an interesting, well-written and
generally accurate description of another trip, taken by way of Malines, Contich and Herenthals to Gheel, the reader is referred to an article, entitled "The Shrine of St. Dympna,''whichformerlyappearedinDuffy's " Hibernian Sixpenny Magazine," No. 20, August, 1863, pp. 144 to 153. The author- ship of this article is unknown, to the pre- sent writer; but, later observations and in- quiry fully confirm the correct information
Vol. v. —No. 6.
drawn, regarding the soil and scenery, with the material, moral and religious state of Gheel, and of its immediate neighbour- hood.
4 These observations were made by the writer, during his excursion to and from Gheel, on the 27th and 28th of July, 1863.
5 According to the Rev. Mr. Kuyl, Gheel means a fertile place.
The name is not de- rived from the yellow colour of the sands around it, as Grammay incorrectly states. The earth around Gheel is of a very dark colour.
* According to an enumeration, made some years before 1863, Gheel and its immediate
x
;
:
322 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [May 15.
had grown into a city, with its dependencies, Bel, Zammel, Milleghem, Eyn- thout, Veerle, Oevel, Oosterloo, Zoerle-Parwys, Echelpoel, etc. Then it belonged to the powerful family of the Bertholds, patron lords of Malines. The numerous miracles, wrought through the intercession of St. Dympna, in- ducedamemberofthisnoblehouse,toerectachurchinherhonour. 7 Itis said, that Gheel obtained the privilege of becoming a municipal city, through the favour of Henry, Duke of Brabant. ^ Three dukes, bearing this title, flourished in the thirteenth century. The Emperor Charles V. , renewed its im- munities, which had been abolished, or which had been forgotten, during the course of passing ages. There were three principal families, possessing great
power and influence over Gheel, viz. : the Bertholds, descended from the BaronsofMechlin,aslikewisetheHornanandMerodehouses. 9 Thislatter family '° was in the ascendant at Gheel, when Grammay wrote. " This family at present resides, in a magnificent chateau, near Westerloo, and not far re- moved from Gheel. The tourist may procure an extensive and a picturesque view of the surrounding country, from the tower of that proud castle. The Merodes have ceased to exercise proprietorial influence in Gheel, since the period of the French Revolution.
This populous city, formerly of Brabant, but at present included within the province of Antwerp, is situated about two or three leagues distance, from the town of Herentals. There are still extant at Gheel several large paper folio and manuscript tomes, which admirably serve to illustrate the mediaeval and subsequent history of that interesting city. These are intituled, " Archie- ven der Kerkvan S. Dympna tot Gheel. "" The first of these volumes contains 431 pages, consisting of documents, extending from a. d. 1270 to 1646, with a tableofcontentsprefixed. Thecharactersinitarelegiblyandelegantlywritten. The second volume is not paged, but it comprises 122 different articles or docu- ments ; it contains, also, a long stitched book, loosely laid within thecover. This latter appears to be a sort of calendar, for private use, and it was interspersed with notes. The third register contains ninety-one different tracts, unpaged, but extending from a. d. 1538 to 1628, as may be seen in the index. '3
The fourth volume has, from No. 22 to 167, documents unpaged, and ex-
tending from the year 1559 to 1644.
environscontainedapopulationof li,502per- sons. The population has doubtless in- creased considerably since that date.
7 See Stroobant's^ "Notice Histoiique sur le Chapitre Collegial de Sainte Dympne, a Gheel, "p. 10.
* Grammay thus commences his descrip- tion of the Barony and District of Gheel : '* Hactenus Urbesct Territoriadcscripsimus aliquatenus nunc aut olim obnoxia Marchire Aniwerpiensi, nunc capitibus tnbus daturi loca ilia quae olim fuere Bei tholdorum Mech- linise dominantium ut sunt Baronatus Gelce, ComitatusHcochstrati, DynastiaTurnhouti a Gela itaque incipiam. Baronatus hie est ex 18. antiquioribus Brabantix, Territorium ex amplissimis, municipium ex antiquissimis. Municipium dico, hoc etenim vocabulo lo- cum dignati jam inde a quatuor seculis Henricus Dux, el libertates vitio tcmporum obiiteratas aut oblitas renovavit Casar Caro- lus. "—" Anlverpite Antiquitates," cap. x. , P- 141-
9 The genealogical pedigree of these dis- tinguishcd families is drawn, by Miireus, in
The fifth commences, at a. d. 1646, it
" Donationum Belgicanim," lib. i. , cap. 128.
'" The wife of the celebrated Comte de Montalembert was a daughter of this noble house.
"He adds: " Ita niuiirum Catharina Bertholdia, Henrici et Beatricis Wesemalix filia, nupta Hornano Parwy. -^ii Domino, Dominium secum traxit : cujus abnepote Henrico sine liberis defuncto, heres Elisa- betha soror, Joanni Rotzelario, Domino in Vorsselaer, Rethi et Lichtert (qui pagi exinde Baronibus accesserunt) Gelam altulit. Horum denique nepotibus vita functis sine prole, devoluta est hereditas ad Merodios, ex Aleide Hornana Henrici supradicti sorore procreatos. "—Grammayus " De Antiquitati- bus Anlverpiae," lib. ii. , cap. x. , pp. 145, 146.
'• In English, Archives of St. Dympna's Church at Gheel.
'^ To which these words are appended, Colligite—fragmenta nc pereant. C. Stroo- bant, Vicarius in Lembecq, 1S52.
'^ This book was in possession of the Rev.
^
Amandus, at Gheel, in 1863.
's At the house of the Rev. Mr. Aerts.
'* The Rev. Mr. Aerts conjectures, that
many of these were Irish students, belong- ing to the Louvain University.
'7 At the request of the writer, a list of these Irish names, entered on St. Dympna's confraternity book, was obligingly furnished by the Rev. Mr. Aerts. As few Irish travel- lers to this part of Belgium may have like facilities for obtaining access to this record, and as a transcript of those names here pub- lished might serve to elucidate the biography ofour exiled brethren, during the seventeenth century, I deem it opportune to preserve these entries, under the years, and in the order they occur. Thus, at a. d. 1636 : Cornelius Mahonii, Thomas Duhy, Cornelio O'Sulli- van, Davis, Richard Scott, Eurialus Kelly, Phillip O'Hassy, Andrew Corry, Laurence Morrissy, Florence O'Driscoll, Frater Patrick, Ord. str. obs. ; Fr. John Kearney, ej. ord. ; Fr. Anthony Gearnon, ej. ord. ; Fr. Valentine O'Connor, ej. ord.
John O'Connor, ej. ord. ; Fr. Stephen Lynch, RecoUecta ; Fr. Raphael Bris-
Edmundus O'Kennedy, Capellanus Major Hiberni Regimenti. lUus- trissimi D. Octavii Guasco, 21, 7bris, 1636. a. d. 1649: Charles Quilnan, Presbyter; John Magower, Patrick Matthew, Saceidos Hib. ; Patrick Rogan, Sac. Hib. ; John O'Daly, D. Diego Barry, Irlande ; Con- stantine Duffy, Sac. Hib. ; James Matthew, Irish soldier. This is as complete a list as could be procured of undoubtedly Irish members, while some of these seem to have been residents of the Franciscan Convent at
Louvain, which is pictured faithfully in the Frontispieceto the presentvolume. and where Fathers Hugh Ward and John Colgan lived.
'^ In 1S63, the writer had an opportunity for examining it, at the house of Rev. Mr. Kuyl, to whom the auihorities at Gheel lent it, wiih seven other Folios here noticed, for the purpose of compiling his learned History of their old city, and of their vene- rated patroness St. Dympna.
;
May 15. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
goestoA. D. 1656,anditisnotpaged. ThesixthManuscriptregister,com- mencing at A. D. 1665, extends to a. d. 1689, and it is also unpaged. There are entries and matters, apparently wanting to complete this Register, until 1709, when the seventh volume is resumed at the latter year, and then it con- tinues to 1729 : it is likewise unpaged. The eighth Manuscript commences with 1730, and it ends at 1739, without pagination ; but, it contains various entries in the appendix, old letters, and other matters, concerning the chapter of canons at Gheel. The last date, in this volume, ends with the year 1852.
TheninthvolumeformstheBookofSt. Dympna'sConfraternity. '* Within it are found names of associates and members of St. Dympna's Confrater- nity's The writer had an opportunity of inspecting it and of examining its contents, during his visit to Gheel. In this volume are found two bulls of Pope Urban VIII. ; the entry of 4,000 different names of confraternity members
;
besides various documents and registries that follow. The first date in it is 14th of May, 1636, and the last a. d. 1699. It contains 82 written folio pages. The names of several Irish pilgrims, who probably travelled to Gheel, in the seventeenth century, for the purpose of praying before the shrine of St. Dympna, and who were enrolled as members of her confraternity,^^ appear in this book. We find amongst these, laics, priests, and especially many Irish Franciscans,with the names and autographs of several individuals. '^ The tenth and last volume of this series, as numbered, is entitled : " Regis- ter van Cauwegom. Arckieven der Kerk van S. Dympna tot Gheel. " It con- tains bulls^ statutes, ordinances, etc. , relating to the canons and church of St. Dympna, in the municipality of Gheel.
A very ancient Manuscript,'^ written about the beginning of the fifteenth century, commences in red letters with " Oratio de Sancta Dympna. " It also contains, as an addition, " Juramentum Canonicorum," written a. d. 1582, besides old statutes of the canons, in still more ancient writing. Curious an- tique binding in wood covers this Record. It had a chain attached, which for- merly bound it to a fixed place, perhaps in the sacristy, so that persons com- ing to Gheel might read this book, but not take it away; for, the good citizens ever entertained a horror of sacrilegious fraud, and preserved a vivid recollec- tion of a loss they had formerly experienced, from the covetous and ill regu-
Mr. Aerts, vicaire of the church of St. Fr. Richardus Gerald ej. ord. ; Fr.
cow, ej. ord.
;
323
324
LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [May 15.
lated desires of their Xanten visitors. Even, at the present day, when distrusting smooth pretences and pious canting expressions of suspicious characters, the people of Gheel have a shrewd, good-humoured observation, referring to the past history of their city, and serving to convey a very sarcastic meaning : " Be on your guard against the holy robbers of Xanten. "
Whilst a stranger to the place takes his meditative and discursive ramble through the streets, or visits the old Flemish interiors of the quaint houses in Gheel, his attention will be arrested by grotesque tenements and tenants, never imagined, and of course never delineated, by any effort of mind or pencil, in the genre style and manner of a Teniers or of an Ostade. Old- fashioned, solid structures, with oval-headed doorways, square window frames, with stout sashes, opening under red-tiled roofs, which press heavily down- wards on the wall-plates and massive beams of single-storied houses, flank the dusty thoroughfare, along the principal streets and bye-ways of this city. Umbrageous trees, neat hedge-rows, and enclosed gardens, afford evidences of careful culture, of thrift and of busy industry, distinguishing in a remark- ablemannertheinhabitantsofthemunicipalityandofitsneighbourhood. '? But the peculiar institutions and religious establishments of Gheel are what chiefly arrest the attention of a traveller. It may be considered desirable, to give a brief description of the latter, so far as these have an intermediate or more direct bearing on the subject of this biography.
The present parish church of St. Amand, at Gheel, is a fine building, and it is richly decorated interiorly, where it has a choir, nave, transepts, and side aisles. ^° Besides the finely designed high altar, within the choir, there are four marble altars, extending in a line across the transepts. ^' Its pulpit is beautifully carved in wood. The organ and the fine oak panelling under it, near the principal door of this church, are worthy of special observation. Stations of the cross, with their several groups of figures, elaborately carved on stone and painted, deserve commendation, as remarkable works of sculp- ture. But, the most splendid artistic feature in the church is the truly mag- nificent white marble balustrade entering the choir, and which, as an inscrip- tion on it states, was executed by D. Scheemaeckers of Antwerp, in 1693. Nothing in this style of workmanship can exceed its lavish decoration and
'9 On arriving in the chief public square,
adjoining the church of St. Amand, the tra-
veller -will find excellent accommodation,
board and lodging, at the rather antiquated
Hotel de la Campine, which was built in
1644. It receives this name from tlie plain,
extending around the city in which it is
situated. When leaving this hostelry, the
moderate charges to which the tourist will
be liable must prove agreeable—especially
when contrasted with exactions of more
celebrated, but not more comfortable, guide-
book hotels, in the larger and more fre-
quented cities. Another quaint-looking but
excellent inn, with the sign of a stork in
front, may be found on the open place,
opposite the left side of St. Dympna's anno 15 17, lalas et authoritate Ccesarea pub- church, licatas. NeeproculhincGymnasiumlittera-
'° A beautiful engraving of one of the ex- rum olim floreniissimum, unde viri lectissimi terior sides of this church, and two medals prodiere hi imprimis eiiam hie nati A. containing images of St. Uynipna and of St. Ileynis laud. Ttissinius Auerbodii Archiman- Gerebern, with rays of light proceeding driia : Joannis Philippi Smeyers, Carmelita- from them, above the church, besides a rum I'rovincialis eruditus, Joannes Jaco- ground plan, on the opposite page, may be boeus Dyesta- Prepositus, ct alii complures. " seen in the Rev. Mr. Kuyl's larger work, at —" Antverpiae Antiquitates," cap. x. , p. 142.
pages 316, 317.
^' Of this church, Grammay writes:
" Regio templi Curialem habet haud inele- gantem D. Amando inscriptam, et proxima forum justje aniplitudinis ad numlinas heb- domadales diebus Saturni, et annales Sab- bato ante Dominicam in Albis, Palmarum, vigilice Natalis Doniinici, et decimo quinto die sequenti, quas litteris confirmatoriis anni 1559- Philippus Rex ait ab 200 amplius annis celebres fuisse. Curia etiam in vicino est, ubi annales per Baronem circa natalitia Baptistce Scabini creantur et jus dicunt et rempublicam adminislrant assistentibus ex quaciue municipii regione duobus juratis juxta prrescripta et leges a Joanne Merodio,
May 15. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
325
tracery, with the fine interlacing of foliage, flowers, fruits, and figures. On the right side of the high altar, there is a carved white statue of St. Dympna, and it is larger than life size.
