*
Amiel, Henri Frédéric (ä-mē-el').
Amiel, Henri Frédéric (ä-mē-el').
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
, 1879); (Outline of Christ-
ian History) (1884); (Our Liberal Movement
in Theology) (1889); Positive Religion, Es-
says, Fragments, and Hints) (1891). He was
editor of the well-known Allen and Greenough
series of Latin classics, and of the Unitarian
Review ; senior editor of the History of Uni-
tarianism. He had parishes at Jamaica Plain,
Mass. , Washington, D. C. , and Bangor, Me. ;
and lectured for several years on ecclesiastical
history in Harvard University.
:
(
>
## p. 15 (#31) ##############################################
ALLEN – ALMQUIST
15
(
Allen, Karl Ferdinand. A Danish histo-
rian; born at Copenhagen, April 23, 1811; died
there, Dec. 27, 1871. He became professor of
history and northern archæology at the Uni-
versity of Copenhagen in 1862. His principal
works, Handbook of the History of the
Fatherland) (1840), very democratic in tone,
and History of the Three Northern King-
doms) (1864-72), produced a marked impres-
sion, as did also minor writings relating to
Schleswig.
Allen, Paul. An American miscellaneous
writer and journalist ; born at Providence, R. I. ,
Feb. 15, 1775; died at Baltimore, Aug. 18,
1826. He studied law originally, but became
a journalist, and edited newspapers in Phila-
delphia and Baltimore. He wrote: Poems)
(1801); Lewis and Clark's Travels) (1814);
"Life of Alexander I. (1818), etc.
Allen, William. An American preacher and
miscellaneous writer ; born at Pittsfield, Mass. ,
Jan. 2, 1784; died at Northampton, Mass. , July
16, 1868. He became president of Dartmouth
University in 1817 ; was president of Bowdoin
College, 1820–39. Of numerous works, both in
prose and verse, the best known is (American
Biographical and Historical Dictionary) (3d
ed. , 1857).
Allen, Willis Boyd. An American writer;
born in Maine in 1855. Besides a collection
of verse, entitled 'In the Morning,' he has
written a large number of works for young
people, among which are : (The Red Mountain
of Alaska); Pine Cones) (1885); (Silver Rags)
(1886); (Kelp' (1888); (The Mammoth Hunters. )
Allibone, Samuel Austin (al'i-bon). An
American bibliographer; born at Philadelphia,
April 17, 1816; died at Lucerne, Switzerland,
Sept. 2, 1889. He was at one time librarian
of the Lenox Library, New York. He was
the author of a 'Dictionary of English Litera-
ture, and British and American Authors' (3 vols. ,
1854-71; Supplement by Dr. John Foster Kirk,
2 vols. , 1891); (Poetical Quotations ); Prose
Quotations, etc. It took twenty years to write
the Dictionary, which is familiar in libraries
the world over wherever English is spoken.
Allies, Jabez. An English antiquary and
one of the earliest writers on folklore ; born at
Sulsley, Worcestershire, Oct. 22, 1787 ; died at
Cheltenham, Jan. 29, 1856. He devoted nearly
his entire life to the study of Roman and
Saxon antiquities in Worcestershire, the re-
sults being embodied in his monumental work,
(The Ancient British, Roman, and Saxon An-
tiquities and Folklore of Worcestershire (1852).
Allingham, William. An Irish poet; born
at Ballyshannon, March 19, 1828; died at
Hampstead, near London, Nov. 18, 1889. Hav-
ing for some years been an officer in the
Customs, he became assistant editor of Fraser's
Magazine in 1871 and succeeded Froude as
editor in 1874, when he also married Helen
Paterson, the illustrator and water-color artist.
His graceful poems excel in descriptions of
Irish scenery and life; some of them were
illustrated by Rossetti, Kate Greenaway, and
other distinguished artists. Prominent among
his works is Lawrence Bloomfield in Ireland)
(1864), a narrative poem on contemporary Irish
life.
Allmers, Hermann (äl'mers). A German
poet; born at Rechtenfleth, near Bremen, Feb.
II, 1821.
He wrote: (Book of the Marshes)
(1857), a faithful portrayal of nature and men
in his native country; Poems) (1860); Ro.
man Sauntering Days) (1869), subtle delinea-
tions of Italian life; (Electra) (1872), a drama,
continuing and concluding the plot of Goethe's
(Iphigenia.
Allston, Washington. An eminent American
painter, poet, and romancer; born at Wacca-
maw, S. C. , Nov. 5, 1779; died in Cambridge,
Mass. , July 9, 1843. He graduated at Harvard
in 1800; studied at the Royal Academy, Lon-
don, and in Rome, and returned to Boston in
1809. He is the author of: (The Sylph of the
Seasons and Other Poems) (1813); Monaldi,
a romance (1841), and (Lectures on Art and
Poems) (1850). See his (Life) by Flagg.
Almeida, Nicolao Tolentino de (äl-mā'ē-dä).
A Portuguese poet (1741-181), noted for his
satires, ridiculing the manners of his day. One
of them, on the ex-Minister Pombal, procured
for him a position as secretary in the Ministry
of the Interior. (Poetical Works) (Lisbon,
1802; new ed. , 1861).
Almeida-Garrett, João Baptista de Silva
Leitão de (äl-mā'ē-dä gär-ret'). A distin-
guished Portuguese poet, dramatist, and pol.
itician; born in Oporto, Feb. 4, 1799; died in
Lisbon, Dec. 10, 1854. He studied law at Coim.
bra, and joining the democratic movement in
1820, became minister of public instruction when
scarcely twenty-one, but on the restoration in
1823 was banished and went to England. He
subsequently returned, and experienced many
vicissitudes owing to his political activity. As
a man of letters he endeavored to free Por-
tuguese poetry from the shackles of pseudo-
classicism and to inspire it with new life by
basing it on national forms and traditions.
His efforts were also directed towards the
creation of a purely national drama. His prin-
cipal works are: (Catão, a tragedy (1820),
among the best in Portuguese literature; (Ca-
mões, a romantic epic (1825), glorifying the
life and death of Portugal's greatest poet;
(Dona Branca, a satirical epic (1826), scour-
ging monasticism; (Adozinda, a lyrical epic
(1828); (Bernal Francez, a cycle of romances
(1829); (Auto de Gil Vicente) (1838), pro-
nounced the first purely Portuguese drama;
(O Arco de Sant' Anna, a historical novel
(1846); (Romancerio,' a collection of Portu-
guese ballads (3 vols. , 1851-53).
Almquist, Karl Jonas Ludvig (älm'kvist).
A notable Swedish poet, novelist, and miscel-
laneous writer ; born in Stockholm, Nov. 28,
1793; died in Bremen, Sept. 26, 1866. A writer
of great versatility, author of a series of
## p. 16 (#32) ##############################################
16
ALPUCHE - AMES
.
educational works, treatises on the mental, moral,
and political sciences, on philology, religion,
mathematics, philosophy, and national econ-
omy, etc. , of novels and tales, dramas, poems,
lyric and epical. (The Book of the Rose, a
collection of dramatic and lyric pieces, is his
best known work. It's All Right) and (The
Palace, novels, “Araminta May) and (Skäll.
nora's Will, tales, are also popular. *
Alpuche, Wenceslao (äl-pö'che). A Mexican
poet (1804-41). His first poems, published
when he was little more than a youth, brought
him great popularity. The best among his
works are: (Hidalgo) and the odes: 'Inde.
pendence) and (The Return from Exile.
Alsop, Richard (âl'sop). An American poet
and scholar; born at Middletown, Conn. , Jan.
23, 1761; died at Flatbush, L. I. , Aug. 20, 1815.
In conjunction with Theodore Dwight he
edited from 1791 to 1795 the Echo, a satirical
journal. Among his works are: (The Charms
of Fancy'; 'A Monody on the Death of Wash-
ington) (1800); and the translations entitled
(The Enchanted Lake of the Fairy Morgana)
(1808), and Molina's (Geographical, Natural,
and Civil History of Chili. ?
Altamirano, Ignacio Manuel (äl-tä-me-rä-'
no). A Mexican poet, orator, and journalist;
born in Guerrero, about 1835; died in Italy,
Feb. 1893. He wrote (Clemencia); Julia', etc.
He held political office, rose to the rank of
colonel in the army during the French invas.
ion, and was of pure Indian blood, said to
have been descended from the ancient Aztec
monarchs.
Altaroche, Marie Michel (ältä-rosh'). A
French poet and journalist (1811-84), studied
law in Paris, then turned to journalism and
in 1834-48 was editor-in-chief of the Charivari,
which owed to his witty articles a good deal
of its brilliant success. In 1850-52 he managed
several theatrical enterprises. His works in-
clude: Political Songs and Verses) (1835);
(Democratic Tales) (1837); Adventures of
Victor Augerol) (1838), an imitation of Lou-
vet's famous (Faublas) romance.
Alvarez do Oriente, Fernan (äl'vä- reth do
õ-ré-en-te). A Portuguese poet (1540-99) of
the school of Camoens. His life-work, Lusi-
tania Transformed, is a pastoral romance in
the manner of Sannazaro's (Arcadia,' com-
posed of prose and poetry and containing
elegies, sonnets, and idyls of such beauty as to
have caused some of them to be ascribed to
Camoens.
Alvin, Louis Joseph (al-van'). A Belgian
poet and art critic (1806–87); became secretary
(1830), then chief, of a department in the min-
istry of public instruction, member of the Bel-
gian Academy in 1845, and chief librarian of
the royal library in Brussels in 1850. Among
his works are: (Sardanapalus, a tragedy
(1834); “The Anonymous Pamphleteer,' a com-
edy (1835); (Re-Contemplations) (1856), a sa-
tirical imitation of the romantic style.
Alxinger, Johann Baptist von (älk'sing-er).
An Austrian poet (1755-97), especially esteemed
for his chivalrous epics in the manner of Wie.
land : Doolin von Mainz) (1787) and (Bliom-
beris) (1791).
Amalie, Marie Friederike Auguste (ä.
ma'lē-e). A German dramatist (1794-1870), who
wrote under the pseudonym Amalie Heiter. "
She was Duchess of Saxony, sister of King
John of Saxony. Comedies and dramas of sim-
ple conception, but careful delineation of char-
acter, and well adapted for the stage, have given
her eminence, among them :(The Uncle); “The
Prince's Fiancée); "Primogeniture); (The
Young Lady from the Country'; and (The
Agriculturist.
Ambros, August Wilhelm (am'bros). A no-
table Austrian writer on music; born at Mauth,
Bohemia, Nov. 17, 1816; died in Vienna, June
28, 1876. He was trained for the civil service
and served in it with distinction; but his apti-
tude for music, and particularly for the criti.
cism and literature of music, led him in another
direction, and he rose to eminence as the
author of «The Limits of Music and Poetry,'
besides numerous essays and studies connected
with art. His masterpiece, however, he left
unfinished : (The History of Music,' a work
which cost him many years of labor and which
he carried only to the fourth volume. He at.
tempted musical composition, but in it won no
popularity.
Ambrose, Saint (am'broz). One of the
fathers of the Latin Church ; born at Trèves,
Gaul, probably 340; died at Milan, April 4,
397. He became bishop of Milan in 374. His
writings include: (Of the Duties of the Clergy)
(in imitation of Cicero's (Of Duties '); Hex-
aemeron); hymns, etc. He is supposed to have
been the author of the style of singing known
as the (Ambrosian Chant. Works, Milan, 6
vols. , 1875-86.
Ambrosius, Johanna (äm-broʻzi-ös). A Ger-
man poet and story writer; born at Lengwe-
then, East Prussia, Aug. 3, 1854. Daughter of
an artisan, and married in 1874 to a peasant's
son by the name of Voigt, she led the hard
life of a peasant woman till in middle age
she wrote verses, which were published in a
weekly newspaper; their success led to the pub-
lication of other poems and stories of hers,
which have had extremely wide circulation. *
Ames, Charles Gordon. An American Uni-
tarian clergyman and writer; born at Dor-
chester, Mass. , Oct. 3, 1828. He has published
(George Eliot's Two Marriages) (1886); (As
Natural as Life); (Studies of the Inner King-
dom'; and is distinguished as a preacher.
Ames, Mrs. Eleanor Maria (Easterbrook).
An American writer; born in 1830. She is a
resident of Brooklyn, N. Y. Under the pseu-
donym of Eleanor Kirk) she wrote: (Up
Broadway and Its Sequel (1870); Informa-
tion for Authors) (1888); “Perpetual Youth.
Ames, Fisher. A famous American orator
and statesman; born at Dedham, Mass. , April
## p. 17 (#33) ##############################################
AMES - AMYOT
17
ram.
a
9, 1758; died there, July 4, 1808. Admitted to
the bar in 1781, he became a Member of Con-
gress in 1789, where he gained a national
reputation by his oratory. Two of his finest
efforts were in support of John Jay's treaty
with Great Britain, and a eulogy on Wash-
ington before the Massachusetts Legislature.
He was elected president of Harvard College
in 1804, but declined. A brilliant talker, he
was distinguished in conversation for wit and
imagination, while his character was spotless.
His works consist of orations, essays, and let-
ters, 2 vols. , 1854.
Ames, Mary Clemmer. An American writer;
born in Utica, N. Y. , in 1839; died in Wash-
ington, D. C. , Aug. 18, 1884. She was
frequent contributor to the Springfield Repub-
lican, and afterwards to the New York Inde-
pendent. Married to and divorced from the
Rev. Daniel Ames, she became in 1883 the
wife of Edward Hudson
at Washington.
Among her works are the novels (Victoria)
(1864); (Eirene (1870), and His Two Wives)
(1874); a volume of Poems) (1882); and
biographies of Alice and Phæbe Cary.
Ames, Nathaniel. An American physician
and humorist; born in Bridgewater, Mass. , in
1708; died at Dedham, Mass. , July II, 1764.
He was a resident of Dedham, Mass. From
1725 to 1764 he published an Astronomical
Diary and Almanac, which enjoyed great
popularity on account of its wit.
Amicis, Edmondo de (ä-mē'chēs). A dis-
tinguished Italian writer; born at Oneglia in
Liguria, Oct. 21, 1846. From 1865 till the oc-
cupation of Rome by the Italian army he was
in the military service of King Victor Eman-
uel's government; then he returned to civil
life at Turin, devoting himself wholly to lit-
erature, in which he had already won distinc-
tion by several graphic sketches of camp life.
Among his writings of this kind the most
noteworthy are : ( Army Life) (1869) and
(Recollections of 1870–71. Of novels we have
from his pen: (The College Friends); (A
Great Day); (The Paternal Home) (1872),
and (Cuore) (Hearts), published in English
as “The Heart of a Schoolboy. His works of
travel -- including (Spain); (Recollections of
London'; Holland); 'Constantinople); (Rec-
ollections of Paris); Morocco) – have had a
very wide circulation, and have been trans-
lated into several languages. He has pub-
lished also a volume of "Verses.
*
Amiel, Henri Frédéric (ä-mē-el'). A dis-
tinguished Swiss essayist, philosophical critic,
and poet; born at Geneva, Sept. 27, 1821 ;
died there, March 11, 1881. He was for five
years a student in German universities, and
on his return home became professor of phi-
losophy in the Geneva Academy. He is
author of several works on the history of liter-
ature, as (The Literary Movement in Roman-
ish Switzerland) (1849); (Study on Mme. de
Staël) (1878); and of several poems, among
them Millet Grains) (1854). But his fame
rests principally on the Journal, which ap-
peared after the author's death. *
Ammen, Daniel. A distinguished American
admiral and author; born May 15, 1820, in
Ohio. He entered the United States Navy
July 7, 1836. He was executive officer of the
North Atlantic blockading squadron at the
outbreak of the Civil War. From 1861 to
1865 he rendered signal service in the attacks
on Port Royal, Fort Macallister, Fort Fisher,
and both the ironclad attacks on Fort Sumter.
On June 4, 1878, he was retired with the rank
of rear-admiral. He was the designer of the
Ammen life-raft and harbor defense
Among his works are: (The Atlantic Coast)
(1883); "The Old Navy and the New);
(Navy in the Civil War' (1883).
Amory, Thomas (am'o-ri). An English me-
moir writer; born 1691 (? ); died Nov. 25, 1788.
He has been called the English Rabelais. )
He wrote : (Memoirs Containing the Lives of
Several Ladies of Great Britain, etc. (1755);
Life of John Buncle, Esq. (1756-66); etc.
Amory, Thomas Coffin. An American lawyer,
politician, biographer, and poet; born in Bos-
ton, 1812; died 1889. He held municipal office
in Boston for many years. He wrote : Life
of James Sullivan, with Selections from his
Writings) (2 vols. , 1859); (Military Services
and Public Life of Major-General John Sulli-
van' (1868); (General Sullivan Not a Pensioner
of Luzerne) (2d ed. 1875); (The Transfer of
Erin (1877); (Life of Sir Isaac Coffin (1886);
and two poems: “The Siege of Newport)
(1888) and Charles River) (1888).
Ampère, Jean Jacques Antoine (on-pār').
A French literary historian (1800-64), son of
the physicist André M. Ampère. He became
professor in Marseilles, then at the Sorbonne,
and in 1833 at the College of France in Paris,
being elected member of the Academy in 1847.
His best work is Literary History of France
before the XII. Century) (1840).
Amyntor, Gerhard von (ä-min'tor), pseudo-
nym of Dagobert von Gerhardt. A German
novelist and poet; born at Liegnitz, Silesia,
July 12, 1831. He entered the army in 1849,
took part in the campaigns of 1864 and 1870-71
as a major, was severely wounded in the for-
mer and resigned in 1872; settled in Potsdam
in 1874. His principal works are : (Peter Qui-
dam's Rhine-Journey) (1877), an epic ; (Songs
of a German Night Watchman) (1878); “The
New Romancero) (1880), poems; (The Priest)
(1881), an epic ; novels : (It Is You' (1882);
(A Problem (1884); (Praise of Woman' (1885);
and (Gerke Suteminne) (1887), a historical
romance.
Amyot, Jacques (ä-mē-o'). A French author
(1513-93), famous for his translations from the
Greek, which, owing to their elegant style, are
considered classical literature. They are : the
(Theagenes and Chariclea) of Heliodorus ;
(Seven Books of Diodorus Siculus); the
(Daphnis and Chloe) of Longus; the Parallel
2
## p. 18 (#34) ##############################################
18
ANACREON
ANDERSON
(
Lives) and the (Morals) of Plutarch. The
most noteworthy among these is the translation
of Plutarch's Lives, which was used by Cor-
neille as a source for his antique tragedies,
and by Shakespeare (in its English version by
Sir Thomas North) for some of his plays.
Anacreon (a-nak're-on). A renowned lyric
poet of Greece; born at Teos in Ionia, 562 (? )
B. C. ; died 477 B. C. He enjoyed the pat-
ronage of Polycrates, autocrat of Samos; and
while at his court, composed most of the odes
in praise of wine and women which won for
him pre-eminence among singers. A few of
his authentic compositions have come down
to us : under his name as many as 68 extant
poems circulate, but the authorship of many
of these is extremely doubtful. *
Anagnos, Mrs. Julia Rowana (Howe)
(a-näg'nos). An American poet and littérateur,
daughter of Julia Ward Howe; born in 1844;
died in 1886. In 1870 she married M. Anagnos,
superintendent of the Perkins Institute for the
Blind, Boston, Mass. She wrote (Stray Chords)
(1883) and Philosophiæ Quæstor) (1885).
Anaxagoras (an-aks-ag'ō-ras). A famous
Greek philosopher of the Ionic school; born
at Clazomena, 500 (? ) B. C. ; died. 428 B. C.
He explained eclipses and advanced physical
science. In philosophy, he taught that the uni-
verse is regulated by an eternal self-existent
and infinitely powerful principle, called by him
mind; matter he seems to have asserted to be
eternal, what is called generation and destruc-
tion being merely the temporary union and
separation of ever existing elements; he dis-
proved the doctrine that things may have
arisen by chance. Fragments of his “Treatise
on Nature) are still in existence.
Anaximander (an-aks-i-man'der). A Greek
philosopher of the Ionian school; born at
Miletus, about 611 B. C. ; died about 547 B. C.
He was a friend and pupil of Thales of Miletus,
and is said to have written the first philo-
sophical work in Greek prose. His system of
philosophy declared that the principle, or sub-
stance, out of which all things arise and to
which they return, is immortal and imperish-
able," being in nature intermediate between
air and water. He is reputed to have in-
vented the sun-dial.
Anaximenes (an-aks-im'e-nēz). A Greek
philosopher of the Ionian school; born at
Miletus, and lived in the 6th century B. C. He
was probably a pupil of Anaximander. He
held that air is the original substance, from
which, by thickening and thinning, all other
elements, as fire, water, earth, are produced.
But little is known of him, there being extant
but a single fragment of his lost work (On
Nature.
Ancelot, Jacques Arsène Polycarpe (ons-
lõ'). A French dramatist (1794-1854), whose
first success the tragedy (Louis IX.
(1819). In 1841 he was elected a member
of the Academy. His works include: (Fiesco)
(1824), a successful imitation of Schiller's play;
(Maria Padilla) (1838); Marie of Brabant,
an epic (1825); (Six Months in Russia, a
medley of prose and verse (1827); (The Man
of the World,' a novel (1827); (Familiar Epis-
tles) (1842), satires of great elegance of style.
His wife Marguerite Louise Virginie, née Char-
don (1792–1875), was frequently his co-laborer
and also the author of plays and novels. Of
the former, Marie, or the Three Epochs)
(1836) is the best ; of the latter, (Renée de
Varville) (1853) and (The Banker's Niece)
(1853) found most favor.
Anczyc, Vladislav Ludvig (än'tsich). A
Polish dramatist (1823-83), who lived mostly at
Cracow, and wrote national plays which be-
came very popular. The best among them
are : (The Peasant-Aristocrats) (1851); (The
Inhabitants Lobsov) (1854); The Raftsmen'
(1875); “The Peasants' Emigration (1876); be-
sides which he wrote (Tyrtæus,' a poetical tale
(1883), and many juvenile works, partly under
the pseudonym “Kasimir Góralczyk. ”
Andersen, Hans Christian (än'der-sen). An
eminent Danish poet and story writer; born
at Odense, April 2, 1805; died Aug. 4, 1875.
Having lost his father early in childhood, the
boy received his elementary education in a
charity school. He traveled in Germany, 1828,
making the acquaintance of Chamisso and
Tieck; then he made tours in France, Italy,
and the East. His impressions of Italy are
embodied in “The Improvvisatore) (1835), the
work which first gave him fame at home and
abroad. In the same year appeared (O. T. ,' a
novel of life and nature in the North. Only
a Fiddler) (1837) is founded on the experi-
ences of the author's early life. (The Poet's
Bazar) (1842) is inspired by the impressions
of Oriental travel. He is seen at his very
best in (The Picture Book without Pictures.
Among his dramatic compositions are: (The
Mulatto, a romantic play which was received
with high popular favor; (The Flowers of
Happiness, a comedy; "Raphaella,' a roman-
tic drama; (Ahasuerus, designed to emphasize
certain problems of philosophy; (The Two
Baronesses, a comedy of Danish life. the
English-speaking world Andersen's great fame
will ever rest upon his stories for children,
the celebrated (Wonder Tales.
Andersen, Karl. A Danish poet; born in
Copenhagen, Oct. 26, 1828; died there, Sept.
1, 1883. Among his epic and lyrical produc-
tions are : (Striſe and Peace) (1858); Pic-
tures of Travel (1864); (On the Arno and the
Ganges) (1865); Light and Shade) (1808);
(Romances and Songs) (1880). In the prose
tale, "Over Cliff and Surf) (1883), he de-
scribed admirably nature and life in Iceland,
where he spent his youth; but his most popu-
lar work is (Genre Pictures) (1876-81), seven
collections of scenes from daily life.
Anderson, Mary. See Navarro, Mary (An-
derson) de.
(
was
## p. 19 (#35) ##############################################
ANDERSON - ANDRIEUX
19
Anderson, Rasmus Björn. An American
author; born in Albion, Wis. , Jan. 12, 1846, of
Norwegian parents. He was educated at Nor-
wegian Lutheran College, Decorah, lowa; be-
coming professor of Scandinavian languages
in the University of Wisconsin in 1875-84, and
United States minister to Denmark in 1885.
His books include : (America not Discovered
by Christopher Columbus) (1874); (Norse My-
thology) (1875); "Viking Tales of the North)
(1877); (Translation of the Younger Edda)
(1880).
Anderson, Robert. An English dialect poet ;
born in Carlisle, Feb. I, 1770; died there, Sept.
26, 1833. He was a mill hand who produced
delightfully humorous and gracefully pathetic
verse in his native Cumbrian dialect ; typical
examples being (The Impatient Lass, (Lucy
Gray,' and (The Lass abuin Thirty. )
Andreä, Johann Valentin (än-dra'e). A
German theologian and satirist (1586-1654). He
traveled as the tutor of young noblemen through
France, Switzerland, and Italy in 1607-14; be-
came court preacher at Stuttgart in 1639, and
abbot of Adelberg in 1650. The chief among
his writings, partly in Latin, partly in German,
full of ingenious thought, are: (Turbo (1616),
a dramatic satire on the scholarship of his day;
Menippus) (1617), 100 satirical dialogues ;
(Spiritual Pastime) (1619).
Andreini, Giovanni Battista (än-dra-z'nē).
An Italian comedian and poet; born in Flor-
ence, 1578; died in Paris about 1650. From
his sacred drama (Adam) (1613), Milton is
by some supposed to have derived the idea of
Paradise Lost.
Andrews, Charles McLean. An American
historical and descriptive writer; born in Con-
necticut, 1863. He is professor at Bryn Mawr
College. He has written : Historical Develop-
ment of Modern Europe); River Towns of
Connecticut); (The Old English Manor. )
Andrews, Christopher Columbus. An Amer-
ican diplomat and writer; born at Hillsbor-
ough, N. H. , Oct. 27, 1829. He was brevetted
major-general in the Civil War, was minister
to Sweden from 1869 to 1877, and consul-gen-
eral to Brazil from 1882 to 1885. Among his
numerous works are : Minnesota and Dakota)
(1857); Practical Treatise on the Revenue
Laws of the United States) (1858); ( History
of the Campaign of Mobile (1867); Brazil, its
Condition and Prospects' (1887).
Andrews, Elisha Benjamin. An American
historical and economical writer; born at Hins-
daie, N. H. , Jan. 10, 1844. After serving in the
Civil War, finishing his college and theological
education, preaching about a year at Beverly,
Mass. , being president of a university in Ohio,
professor in Newton Theological Institute and
Brown and Cornell Universities, he became
president of Brown University (1889). He went
as one of the United States commissioners to
the monetary conference at Brussels in 1892.
He has written : (Institutes of our Constitutional
History, English and American' (1887); (Insti-
tutes of General History) (1889); (Institutes of
Economics) (1889); History of the United
States); (History of the Last Quarter-Century
in the United States. )
Andrews, Ethan Allen. An American ed-
ucator and lexicographer; born at New Britain,
Conn. , April 7, 1787; died there, March 24,
1858. He was professor of ancient languages
at the University of North Carolina, 1822-28;
edited the Religious Magazine with Jacob Ab-
bott, whom he succeeded as principal of the
Young Ladies' School in Boston; but his chief
work was compiling classical text-books. He
edited the well-known (Latin-English Lexicon
(1850), based on Freund; and Andrews and
Stoddard's Latin Grammar) (with Solomon
Stoddard ; 65th ed. 1857) was for many years
the leading one in America.
Andrews, James Pettit. An English his.
torian and antiquary; born near Newbury,
Berkshire, about 1737; died in London, Aug.
6, 1797. His principal works were : (A Collec-
tion of Anecdotes, etc. , Ancient and Modern)
(1789); History of Great Britain, etc. ) (1794-
95); Henry's History of Britain, Continued)
(1796); etc.
Andrews, Jane, An American juvenile-story
writer; born in Massachusetts in 1833; died in
1887. Among her stories for children, which
have enjoyed great popularity, are: (Seven
Little Sisters who Live on the Round Ball
that Floats in the Air (1876); (The Stories
Mother Nature Told); (The Seven Little
Sisters Prove their Sisterhood) (1878); (Ten
Boys on the Road from Long Ago to Now)
(1885); (Only a Year and What it Brought)
(1887).
Andrews, Stephen Pearl. An American
miscellaneous writer; born at Templeton,
Mass. , March 22, 1812; died at New York,
May 21, 1886. He was a prominent abolition-
ist, practiced law in the South, and settled
in New York in 1847. He paid much atten-
tion to phonographic reporting, and also to
the development of a universal philosophy
which he called "Integralism, and of a uni-
versal language, “Alwato. Besides numerous
works relating to these subjects, he wrote:
"Comparison of the Common Law with the
Roman, French, or Spanish Civil Law on
Entails, etc. ? ; Love, Marriage, and Divorce);
(French, with or without a Master); (The
Labor Dollar) (1881); (Transactions of the
Colloquium) (a society founded by himself
and his friends for philosophical discussion,
1882-83). He contributed to the London Times
and other papers, and was a member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences and
the American Ethnological Society.
Andrieux, François Jean Stanislas (on-
dre-ė). A French poet and dramatist ; born in
Strasbourg, May 6, 1759 ; died in Paris, May
9, 1833. Pr: icing law in Paris at the out.
break of the Revolution, he became a zealous
## p. 20 (#36) ##############################################
ANDRONICUS - ANSTEY
20
adherent of the latter, and in 1798 was elected
to the Council of the Five Hundred. In 1795
he was elected a member, and in 1823 secre-
tary for life, of the Academy. His forte is
the poetical tale, in which aims at classical
purity of language and prosody. The most
noted are: (The Miller of Sanssouci) (1797);
(Fenelon's Walk); and (The Trial of the Senate
of Capua. Of his dramatic work may be men-
tioned the comedies (The Heedless) (1787);
(Molière with his Friends) (1804); (The Come-
dian) (1816); and the tragedy Junius Brutus)
(1794).
Andronicus, Livius (an-dro-ni'cus). An early
Roman dramatic poet and actor; born at Ta-
rentum, about 284 B. C. ; died about 204. A
Greek by birth, captured in war and sold as a
slave in Rome, he was afterward freed, and
became a teacher of Latin and Greek. His
plays, mostly tragedies, with a few comedies,
were translated from the Greek. They were
first played in Rome, 240 B. C.
Aneurin. A famous Welsh bard of the 6th
century. Of his epic and songs we possess the
(Godolin,' which is believed to be a descrip-
tion of one of the last great battles of the
native Britons with the Saxon invaders. The
poem as it has come down to us contains
nearly 1,000 lines, but it is not complete and
lacks unity. The sense is obscure, and sev-
eral passages are capable of various interpreta-
tions. *
Angell, James Burrill. An American edu-
cator, diplomatist, and writer ; born at Scituate,
R. I.
ian History) (1884); (Our Liberal Movement
in Theology) (1889); Positive Religion, Es-
says, Fragments, and Hints) (1891). He was
editor of the well-known Allen and Greenough
series of Latin classics, and of the Unitarian
Review ; senior editor of the History of Uni-
tarianism. He had parishes at Jamaica Plain,
Mass. , Washington, D. C. , and Bangor, Me. ;
and lectured for several years on ecclesiastical
history in Harvard University.
:
(
>
## p. 15 (#31) ##############################################
ALLEN – ALMQUIST
15
(
Allen, Karl Ferdinand. A Danish histo-
rian; born at Copenhagen, April 23, 1811; died
there, Dec. 27, 1871. He became professor of
history and northern archæology at the Uni-
versity of Copenhagen in 1862. His principal
works, Handbook of the History of the
Fatherland) (1840), very democratic in tone,
and History of the Three Northern King-
doms) (1864-72), produced a marked impres-
sion, as did also minor writings relating to
Schleswig.
Allen, Paul. An American miscellaneous
writer and journalist ; born at Providence, R. I. ,
Feb. 15, 1775; died at Baltimore, Aug. 18,
1826. He studied law originally, but became
a journalist, and edited newspapers in Phila-
delphia and Baltimore. He wrote: Poems)
(1801); Lewis and Clark's Travels) (1814);
"Life of Alexander I. (1818), etc.
Allen, William. An American preacher and
miscellaneous writer ; born at Pittsfield, Mass. ,
Jan. 2, 1784; died at Northampton, Mass. , July
16, 1868. He became president of Dartmouth
University in 1817 ; was president of Bowdoin
College, 1820–39. Of numerous works, both in
prose and verse, the best known is (American
Biographical and Historical Dictionary) (3d
ed. , 1857).
Allen, Willis Boyd. An American writer;
born in Maine in 1855. Besides a collection
of verse, entitled 'In the Morning,' he has
written a large number of works for young
people, among which are : (The Red Mountain
of Alaska); Pine Cones) (1885); (Silver Rags)
(1886); (Kelp' (1888); (The Mammoth Hunters. )
Allibone, Samuel Austin (al'i-bon). An
American bibliographer; born at Philadelphia,
April 17, 1816; died at Lucerne, Switzerland,
Sept. 2, 1889. He was at one time librarian
of the Lenox Library, New York. He was
the author of a 'Dictionary of English Litera-
ture, and British and American Authors' (3 vols. ,
1854-71; Supplement by Dr. John Foster Kirk,
2 vols. , 1891); (Poetical Quotations ); Prose
Quotations, etc. It took twenty years to write
the Dictionary, which is familiar in libraries
the world over wherever English is spoken.
Allies, Jabez. An English antiquary and
one of the earliest writers on folklore ; born at
Sulsley, Worcestershire, Oct. 22, 1787 ; died at
Cheltenham, Jan. 29, 1856. He devoted nearly
his entire life to the study of Roman and
Saxon antiquities in Worcestershire, the re-
sults being embodied in his monumental work,
(The Ancient British, Roman, and Saxon An-
tiquities and Folklore of Worcestershire (1852).
Allingham, William. An Irish poet; born
at Ballyshannon, March 19, 1828; died at
Hampstead, near London, Nov. 18, 1889. Hav-
ing for some years been an officer in the
Customs, he became assistant editor of Fraser's
Magazine in 1871 and succeeded Froude as
editor in 1874, when he also married Helen
Paterson, the illustrator and water-color artist.
His graceful poems excel in descriptions of
Irish scenery and life; some of them were
illustrated by Rossetti, Kate Greenaway, and
other distinguished artists. Prominent among
his works is Lawrence Bloomfield in Ireland)
(1864), a narrative poem on contemporary Irish
life.
Allmers, Hermann (äl'mers). A German
poet; born at Rechtenfleth, near Bremen, Feb.
II, 1821.
He wrote: (Book of the Marshes)
(1857), a faithful portrayal of nature and men
in his native country; Poems) (1860); Ro.
man Sauntering Days) (1869), subtle delinea-
tions of Italian life; (Electra) (1872), a drama,
continuing and concluding the plot of Goethe's
(Iphigenia.
Allston, Washington. An eminent American
painter, poet, and romancer; born at Wacca-
maw, S. C. , Nov. 5, 1779; died in Cambridge,
Mass. , July 9, 1843. He graduated at Harvard
in 1800; studied at the Royal Academy, Lon-
don, and in Rome, and returned to Boston in
1809. He is the author of: (The Sylph of the
Seasons and Other Poems) (1813); Monaldi,
a romance (1841), and (Lectures on Art and
Poems) (1850). See his (Life) by Flagg.
Almeida, Nicolao Tolentino de (äl-mā'ē-dä).
A Portuguese poet (1741-181), noted for his
satires, ridiculing the manners of his day. One
of them, on the ex-Minister Pombal, procured
for him a position as secretary in the Ministry
of the Interior. (Poetical Works) (Lisbon,
1802; new ed. , 1861).
Almeida-Garrett, João Baptista de Silva
Leitão de (äl-mā'ē-dä gär-ret'). A distin-
guished Portuguese poet, dramatist, and pol.
itician; born in Oporto, Feb. 4, 1799; died in
Lisbon, Dec. 10, 1854. He studied law at Coim.
bra, and joining the democratic movement in
1820, became minister of public instruction when
scarcely twenty-one, but on the restoration in
1823 was banished and went to England. He
subsequently returned, and experienced many
vicissitudes owing to his political activity. As
a man of letters he endeavored to free Por-
tuguese poetry from the shackles of pseudo-
classicism and to inspire it with new life by
basing it on national forms and traditions.
His efforts were also directed towards the
creation of a purely national drama. His prin-
cipal works are: (Catão, a tragedy (1820),
among the best in Portuguese literature; (Ca-
mões, a romantic epic (1825), glorifying the
life and death of Portugal's greatest poet;
(Dona Branca, a satirical epic (1826), scour-
ging monasticism; (Adozinda, a lyrical epic
(1828); (Bernal Francez, a cycle of romances
(1829); (Auto de Gil Vicente) (1838), pro-
nounced the first purely Portuguese drama;
(O Arco de Sant' Anna, a historical novel
(1846); (Romancerio,' a collection of Portu-
guese ballads (3 vols. , 1851-53).
Almquist, Karl Jonas Ludvig (älm'kvist).
A notable Swedish poet, novelist, and miscel-
laneous writer ; born in Stockholm, Nov. 28,
1793; died in Bremen, Sept. 26, 1866. A writer
of great versatility, author of a series of
## p. 16 (#32) ##############################################
16
ALPUCHE - AMES
.
educational works, treatises on the mental, moral,
and political sciences, on philology, religion,
mathematics, philosophy, and national econ-
omy, etc. , of novels and tales, dramas, poems,
lyric and epical. (The Book of the Rose, a
collection of dramatic and lyric pieces, is his
best known work. It's All Right) and (The
Palace, novels, “Araminta May) and (Skäll.
nora's Will, tales, are also popular. *
Alpuche, Wenceslao (äl-pö'che). A Mexican
poet (1804-41). His first poems, published
when he was little more than a youth, brought
him great popularity. The best among his
works are: (Hidalgo) and the odes: 'Inde.
pendence) and (The Return from Exile.
Alsop, Richard (âl'sop). An American poet
and scholar; born at Middletown, Conn. , Jan.
23, 1761; died at Flatbush, L. I. , Aug. 20, 1815.
In conjunction with Theodore Dwight he
edited from 1791 to 1795 the Echo, a satirical
journal. Among his works are: (The Charms
of Fancy'; 'A Monody on the Death of Wash-
ington) (1800); and the translations entitled
(The Enchanted Lake of the Fairy Morgana)
(1808), and Molina's (Geographical, Natural,
and Civil History of Chili. ?
Altamirano, Ignacio Manuel (äl-tä-me-rä-'
no). A Mexican poet, orator, and journalist;
born in Guerrero, about 1835; died in Italy,
Feb. 1893. He wrote (Clemencia); Julia', etc.
He held political office, rose to the rank of
colonel in the army during the French invas.
ion, and was of pure Indian blood, said to
have been descended from the ancient Aztec
monarchs.
Altaroche, Marie Michel (ältä-rosh'). A
French poet and journalist (1811-84), studied
law in Paris, then turned to journalism and
in 1834-48 was editor-in-chief of the Charivari,
which owed to his witty articles a good deal
of its brilliant success. In 1850-52 he managed
several theatrical enterprises. His works in-
clude: Political Songs and Verses) (1835);
(Democratic Tales) (1837); Adventures of
Victor Augerol) (1838), an imitation of Lou-
vet's famous (Faublas) romance.
Alvarez do Oriente, Fernan (äl'vä- reth do
õ-ré-en-te). A Portuguese poet (1540-99) of
the school of Camoens. His life-work, Lusi-
tania Transformed, is a pastoral romance in
the manner of Sannazaro's (Arcadia,' com-
posed of prose and poetry and containing
elegies, sonnets, and idyls of such beauty as to
have caused some of them to be ascribed to
Camoens.
Alvin, Louis Joseph (al-van'). A Belgian
poet and art critic (1806–87); became secretary
(1830), then chief, of a department in the min-
istry of public instruction, member of the Bel-
gian Academy in 1845, and chief librarian of
the royal library in Brussels in 1850. Among
his works are: (Sardanapalus, a tragedy
(1834); “The Anonymous Pamphleteer,' a com-
edy (1835); (Re-Contemplations) (1856), a sa-
tirical imitation of the romantic style.
Alxinger, Johann Baptist von (älk'sing-er).
An Austrian poet (1755-97), especially esteemed
for his chivalrous epics in the manner of Wie.
land : Doolin von Mainz) (1787) and (Bliom-
beris) (1791).
Amalie, Marie Friederike Auguste (ä.
ma'lē-e). A German dramatist (1794-1870), who
wrote under the pseudonym Amalie Heiter. "
She was Duchess of Saxony, sister of King
John of Saxony. Comedies and dramas of sim-
ple conception, but careful delineation of char-
acter, and well adapted for the stage, have given
her eminence, among them :(The Uncle); “The
Prince's Fiancée); "Primogeniture); (The
Young Lady from the Country'; and (The
Agriculturist.
Ambros, August Wilhelm (am'bros). A no-
table Austrian writer on music; born at Mauth,
Bohemia, Nov. 17, 1816; died in Vienna, June
28, 1876. He was trained for the civil service
and served in it with distinction; but his apti-
tude for music, and particularly for the criti.
cism and literature of music, led him in another
direction, and he rose to eminence as the
author of «The Limits of Music and Poetry,'
besides numerous essays and studies connected
with art. His masterpiece, however, he left
unfinished : (The History of Music,' a work
which cost him many years of labor and which
he carried only to the fourth volume. He at.
tempted musical composition, but in it won no
popularity.
Ambrose, Saint (am'broz). One of the
fathers of the Latin Church ; born at Trèves,
Gaul, probably 340; died at Milan, April 4,
397. He became bishop of Milan in 374. His
writings include: (Of the Duties of the Clergy)
(in imitation of Cicero's (Of Duties '); Hex-
aemeron); hymns, etc. He is supposed to have
been the author of the style of singing known
as the (Ambrosian Chant. Works, Milan, 6
vols. , 1875-86.
Ambrosius, Johanna (äm-broʻzi-ös). A Ger-
man poet and story writer; born at Lengwe-
then, East Prussia, Aug. 3, 1854. Daughter of
an artisan, and married in 1874 to a peasant's
son by the name of Voigt, she led the hard
life of a peasant woman till in middle age
she wrote verses, which were published in a
weekly newspaper; their success led to the pub-
lication of other poems and stories of hers,
which have had extremely wide circulation. *
Ames, Charles Gordon. An American Uni-
tarian clergyman and writer; born at Dor-
chester, Mass. , Oct. 3, 1828. He has published
(George Eliot's Two Marriages) (1886); (As
Natural as Life); (Studies of the Inner King-
dom'; and is distinguished as a preacher.
Ames, Mrs. Eleanor Maria (Easterbrook).
An American writer; born in 1830. She is a
resident of Brooklyn, N. Y. Under the pseu-
donym of Eleanor Kirk) she wrote: (Up
Broadway and Its Sequel (1870); Informa-
tion for Authors) (1888); “Perpetual Youth.
Ames, Fisher. A famous American orator
and statesman; born at Dedham, Mass. , April
## p. 17 (#33) ##############################################
AMES - AMYOT
17
ram.
a
9, 1758; died there, July 4, 1808. Admitted to
the bar in 1781, he became a Member of Con-
gress in 1789, where he gained a national
reputation by his oratory. Two of his finest
efforts were in support of John Jay's treaty
with Great Britain, and a eulogy on Wash-
ington before the Massachusetts Legislature.
He was elected president of Harvard College
in 1804, but declined. A brilliant talker, he
was distinguished in conversation for wit and
imagination, while his character was spotless.
His works consist of orations, essays, and let-
ters, 2 vols. , 1854.
Ames, Mary Clemmer. An American writer;
born in Utica, N. Y. , in 1839; died in Wash-
ington, D. C. , Aug. 18, 1884. She was
frequent contributor to the Springfield Repub-
lican, and afterwards to the New York Inde-
pendent. Married to and divorced from the
Rev. Daniel Ames, she became in 1883 the
wife of Edward Hudson
at Washington.
Among her works are the novels (Victoria)
(1864); (Eirene (1870), and His Two Wives)
(1874); a volume of Poems) (1882); and
biographies of Alice and Phæbe Cary.
Ames, Nathaniel. An American physician
and humorist; born in Bridgewater, Mass. , in
1708; died at Dedham, Mass. , July II, 1764.
He was a resident of Dedham, Mass. From
1725 to 1764 he published an Astronomical
Diary and Almanac, which enjoyed great
popularity on account of its wit.
Amicis, Edmondo de (ä-mē'chēs). A dis-
tinguished Italian writer; born at Oneglia in
Liguria, Oct. 21, 1846. From 1865 till the oc-
cupation of Rome by the Italian army he was
in the military service of King Victor Eman-
uel's government; then he returned to civil
life at Turin, devoting himself wholly to lit-
erature, in which he had already won distinc-
tion by several graphic sketches of camp life.
Among his writings of this kind the most
noteworthy are : ( Army Life) (1869) and
(Recollections of 1870–71. Of novels we have
from his pen: (The College Friends); (A
Great Day); (The Paternal Home) (1872),
and (Cuore) (Hearts), published in English
as “The Heart of a Schoolboy. His works of
travel -- including (Spain); (Recollections of
London'; Holland); 'Constantinople); (Rec-
ollections of Paris); Morocco) – have had a
very wide circulation, and have been trans-
lated into several languages. He has pub-
lished also a volume of "Verses.
*
Amiel, Henri Frédéric (ä-mē-el'). A dis-
tinguished Swiss essayist, philosophical critic,
and poet; born at Geneva, Sept. 27, 1821 ;
died there, March 11, 1881. He was for five
years a student in German universities, and
on his return home became professor of phi-
losophy in the Geneva Academy. He is
author of several works on the history of liter-
ature, as (The Literary Movement in Roman-
ish Switzerland) (1849); (Study on Mme. de
Staël) (1878); and of several poems, among
them Millet Grains) (1854). But his fame
rests principally on the Journal, which ap-
peared after the author's death. *
Ammen, Daniel. A distinguished American
admiral and author; born May 15, 1820, in
Ohio. He entered the United States Navy
July 7, 1836. He was executive officer of the
North Atlantic blockading squadron at the
outbreak of the Civil War. From 1861 to
1865 he rendered signal service in the attacks
on Port Royal, Fort Macallister, Fort Fisher,
and both the ironclad attacks on Fort Sumter.
On June 4, 1878, he was retired with the rank
of rear-admiral. He was the designer of the
Ammen life-raft and harbor defense
Among his works are: (The Atlantic Coast)
(1883); "The Old Navy and the New);
(Navy in the Civil War' (1883).
Amory, Thomas (am'o-ri). An English me-
moir writer; born 1691 (? ); died Nov. 25, 1788.
He has been called the English Rabelais. )
He wrote : (Memoirs Containing the Lives of
Several Ladies of Great Britain, etc. (1755);
Life of John Buncle, Esq. (1756-66); etc.
Amory, Thomas Coffin. An American lawyer,
politician, biographer, and poet; born in Bos-
ton, 1812; died 1889. He held municipal office
in Boston for many years. He wrote : Life
of James Sullivan, with Selections from his
Writings) (2 vols. , 1859); (Military Services
and Public Life of Major-General John Sulli-
van' (1868); (General Sullivan Not a Pensioner
of Luzerne) (2d ed. 1875); (The Transfer of
Erin (1877); (Life of Sir Isaac Coffin (1886);
and two poems: “The Siege of Newport)
(1888) and Charles River) (1888).
Ampère, Jean Jacques Antoine (on-pār').
A French literary historian (1800-64), son of
the physicist André M. Ampère. He became
professor in Marseilles, then at the Sorbonne,
and in 1833 at the College of France in Paris,
being elected member of the Academy in 1847.
His best work is Literary History of France
before the XII. Century) (1840).
Amyntor, Gerhard von (ä-min'tor), pseudo-
nym of Dagobert von Gerhardt. A German
novelist and poet; born at Liegnitz, Silesia,
July 12, 1831. He entered the army in 1849,
took part in the campaigns of 1864 and 1870-71
as a major, was severely wounded in the for-
mer and resigned in 1872; settled in Potsdam
in 1874. His principal works are : (Peter Qui-
dam's Rhine-Journey) (1877), an epic ; (Songs
of a German Night Watchman) (1878); “The
New Romancero) (1880), poems; (The Priest)
(1881), an epic ; novels : (It Is You' (1882);
(A Problem (1884); (Praise of Woman' (1885);
and (Gerke Suteminne) (1887), a historical
romance.
Amyot, Jacques (ä-mē-o'). A French author
(1513-93), famous for his translations from the
Greek, which, owing to their elegant style, are
considered classical literature. They are : the
(Theagenes and Chariclea) of Heliodorus ;
(Seven Books of Diodorus Siculus); the
(Daphnis and Chloe) of Longus; the Parallel
2
## p. 18 (#34) ##############################################
18
ANACREON
ANDERSON
(
Lives) and the (Morals) of Plutarch. The
most noteworthy among these is the translation
of Plutarch's Lives, which was used by Cor-
neille as a source for his antique tragedies,
and by Shakespeare (in its English version by
Sir Thomas North) for some of his plays.
Anacreon (a-nak're-on). A renowned lyric
poet of Greece; born at Teos in Ionia, 562 (? )
B. C. ; died 477 B. C. He enjoyed the pat-
ronage of Polycrates, autocrat of Samos; and
while at his court, composed most of the odes
in praise of wine and women which won for
him pre-eminence among singers. A few of
his authentic compositions have come down
to us : under his name as many as 68 extant
poems circulate, but the authorship of many
of these is extremely doubtful. *
Anagnos, Mrs. Julia Rowana (Howe)
(a-näg'nos). An American poet and littérateur,
daughter of Julia Ward Howe; born in 1844;
died in 1886. In 1870 she married M. Anagnos,
superintendent of the Perkins Institute for the
Blind, Boston, Mass. She wrote (Stray Chords)
(1883) and Philosophiæ Quæstor) (1885).
Anaxagoras (an-aks-ag'ō-ras). A famous
Greek philosopher of the Ionic school; born
at Clazomena, 500 (? ) B. C. ; died. 428 B. C.
He explained eclipses and advanced physical
science. In philosophy, he taught that the uni-
verse is regulated by an eternal self-existent
and infinitely powerful principle, called by him
mind; matter he seems to have asserted to be
eternal, what is called generation and destruc-
tion being merely the temporary union and
separation of ever existing elements; he dis-
proved the doctrine that things may have
arisen by chance. Fragments of his “Treatise
on Nature) are still in existence.
Anaximander (an-aks-i-man'der). A Greek
philosopher of the Ionian school; born at
Miletus, about 611 B. C. ; died about 547 B. C.
He was a friend and pupil of Thales of Miletus,
and is said to have written the first philo-
sophical work in Greek prose. His system of
philosophy declared that the principle, or sub-
stance, out of which all things arise and to
which they return, is immortal and imperish-
able," being in nature intermediate between
air and water. He is reputed to have in-
vented the sun-dial.
Anaximenes (an-aks-im'e-nēz). A Greek
philosopher of the Ionian school; born at
Miletus, and lived in the 6th century B. C. He
was probably a pupil of Anaximander. He
held that air is the original substance, from
which, by thickening and thinning, all other
elements, as fire, water, earth, are produced.
But little is known of him, there being extant
but a single fragment of his lost work (On
Nature.
Ancelot, Jacques Arsène Polycarpe (ons-
lõ'). A French dramatist (1794-1854), whose
first success the tragedy (Louis IX.
(1819). In 1841 he was elected a member
of the Academy. His works include: (Fiesco)
(1824), a successful imitation of Schiller's play;
(Maria Padilla) (1838); Marie of Brabant,
an epic (1825); (Six Months in Russia, a
medley of prose and verse (1827); (The Man
of the World,' a novel (1827); (Familiar Epis-
tles) (1842), satires of great elegance of style.
His wife Marguerite Louise Virginie, née Char-
don (1792–1875), was frequently his co-laborer
and also the author of plays and novels. Of
the former, Marie, or the Three Epochs)
(1836) is the best ; of the latter, (Renée de
Varville) (1853) and (The Banker's Niece)
(1853) found most favor.
Anczyc, Vladislav Ludvig (än'tsich). A
Polish dramatist (1823-83), who lived mostly at
Cracow, and wrote national plays which be-
came very popular. The best among them
are : (The Peasant-Aristocrats) (1851); (The
Inhabitants Lobsov) (1854); The Raftsmen'
(1875); “The Peasants' Emigration (1876); be-
sides which he wrote (Tyrtæus,' a poetical tale
(1883), and many juvenile works, partly under
the pseudonym “Kasimir Góralczyk. ”
Andersen, Hans Christian (än'der-sen). An
eminent Danish poet and story writer; born
at Odense, April 2, 1805; died Aug. 4, 1875.
Having lost his father early in childhood, the
boy received his elementary education in a
charity school. He traveled in Germany, 1828,
making the acquaintance of Chamisso and
Tieck; then he made tours in France, Italy,
and the East. His impressions of Italy are
embodied in “The Improvvisatore) (1835), the
work which first gave him fame at home and
abroad. In the same year appeared (O. T. ,' a
novel of life and nature in the North. Only
a Fiddler) (1837) is founded on the experi-
ences of the author's early life. (The Poet's
Bazar) (1842) is inspired by the impressions
of Oriental travel. He is seen at his very
best in (The Picture Book without Pictures.
Among his dramatic compositions are: (The
Mulatto, a romantic play which was received
with high popular favor; (The Flowers of
Happiness, a comedy; "Raphaella,' a roman-
tic drama; (Ahasuerus, designed to emphasize
certain problems of philosophy; (The Two
Baronesses, a comedy of Danish life. the
English-speaking world Andersen's great fame
will ever rest upon his stories for children,
the celebrated (Wonder Tales.
Andersen, Karl. A Danish poet; born in
Copenhagen, Oct. 26, 1828; died there, Sept.
1, 1883. Among his epic and lyrical produc-
tions are : (Striſe and Peace) (1858); Pic-
tures of Travel (1864); (On the Arno and the
Ganges) (1865); Light and Shade) (1808);
(Romances and Songs) (1880). In the prose
tale, "Over Cliff and Surf) (1883), he de-
scribed admirably nature and life in Iceland,
where he spent his youth; but his most popu-
lar work is (Genre Pictures) (1876-81), seven
collections of scenes from daily life.
Anderson, Mary. See Navarro, Mary (An-
derson) de.
(
was
## p. 19 (#35) ##############################################
ANDERSON - ANDRIEUX
19
Anderson, Rasmus Björn. An American
author; born in Albion, Wis. , Jan. 12, 1846, of
Norwegian parents. He was educated at Nor-
wegian Lutheran College, Decorah, lowa; be-
coming professor of Scandinavian languages
in the University of Wisconsin in 1875-84, and
United States minister to Denmark in 1885.
His books include : (America not Discovered
by Christopher Columbus) (1874); (Norse My-
thology) (1875); "Viking Tales of the North)
(1877); (Translation of the Younger Edda)
(1880).
Anderson, Robert. An English dialect poet ;
born in Carlisle, Feb. I, 1770; died there, Sept.
26, 1833. He was a mill hand who produced
delightfully humorous and gracefully pathetic
verse in his native Cumbrian dialect ; typical
examples being (The Impatient Lass, (Lucy
Gray,' and (The Lass abuin Thirty. )
Andreä, Johann Valentin (än-dra'e). A
German theologian and satirist (1586-1654). He
traveled as the tutor of young noblemen through
France, Switzerland, and Italy in 1607-14; be-
came court preacher at Stuttgart in 1639, and
abbot of Adelberg in 1650. The chief among
his writings, partly in Latin, partly in German,
full of ingenious thought, are: (Turbo (1616),
a dramatic satire on the scholarship of his day;
Menippus) (1617), 100 satirical dialogues ;
(Spiritual Pastime) (1619).
Andreini, Giovanni Battista (än-dra-z'nē).
An Italian comedian and poet; born in Flor-
ence, 1578; died in Paris about 1650. From
his sacred drama (Adam) (1613), Milton is
by some supposed to have derived the idea of
Paradise Lost.
Andrews, Charles McLean. An American
historical and descriptive writer; born in Con-
necticut, 1863. He is professor at Bryn Mawr
College. He has written : Historical Develop-
ment of Modern Europe); River Towns of
Connecticut); (The Old English Manor. )
Andrews, Christopher Columbus. An Amer-
ican diplomat and writer; born at Hillsbor-
ough, N. H. , Oct. 27, 1829. He was brevetted
major-general in the Civil War, was minister
to Sweden from 1869 to 1877, and consul-gen-
eral to Brazil from 1882 to 1885. Among his
numerous works are : Minnesota and Dakota)
(1857); Practical Treatise on the Revenue
Laws of the United States) (1858); ( History
of the Campaign of Mobile (1867); Brazil, its
Condition and Prospects' (1887).
Andrews, Elisha Benjamin. An American
historical and economical writer; born at Hins-
daie, N. H. , Jan. 10, 1844. After serving in the
Civil War, finishing his college and theological
education, preaching about a year at Beverly,
Mass. , being president of a university in Ohio,
professor in Newton Theological Institute and
Brown and Cornell Universities, he became
president of Brown University (1889). He went
as one of the United States commissioners to
the monetary conference at Brussels in 1892.
He has written : (Institutes of our Constitutional
History, English and American' (1887); (Insti-
tutes of General History) (1889); (Institutes of
Economics) (1889); History of the United
States); (History of the Last Quarter-Century
in the United States. )
Andrews, Ethan Allen. An American ed-
ucator and lexicographer; born at New Britain,
Conn. , April 7, 1787; died there, March 24,
1858. He was professor of ancient languages
at the University of North Carolina, 1822-28;
edited the Religious Magazine with Jacob Ab-
bott, whom he succeeded as principal of the
Young Ladies' School in Boston; but his chief
work was compiling classical text-books. He
edited the well-known (Latin-English Lexicon
(1850), based on Freund; and Andrews and
Stoddard's Latin Grammar) (with Solomon
Stoddard ; 65th ed. 1857) was for many years
the leading one in America.
Andrews, James Pettit. An English his.
torian and antiquary; born near Newbury,
Berkshire, about 1737; died in London, Aug.
6, 1797. His principal works were : (A Collec-
tion of Anecdotes, etc. , Ancient and Modern)
(1789); History of Great Britain, etc. ) (1794-
95); Henry's History of Britain, Continued)
(1796); etc.
Andrews, Jane, An American juvenile-story
writer; born in Massachusetts in 1833; died in
1887. Among her stories for children, which
have enjoyed great popularity, are: (Seven
Little Sisters who Live on the Round Ball
that Floats in the Air (1876); (The Stories
Mother Nature Told); (The Seven Little
Sisters Prove their Sisterhood) (1878); (Ten
Boys on the Road from Long Ago to Now)
(1885); (Only a Year and What it Brought)
(1887).
Andrews, Stephen Pearl. An American
miscellaneous writer; born at Templeton,
Mass. , March 22, 1812; died at New York,
May 21, 1886. He was a prominent abolition-
ist, practiced law in the South, and settled
in New York in 1847. He paid much atten-
tion to phonographic reporting, and also to
the development of a universal philosophy
which he called "Integralism, and of a uni-
versal language, “Alwato. Besides numerous
works relating to these subjects, he wrote:
"Comparison of the Common Law with the
Roman, French, or Spanish Civil Law on
Entails, etc. ? ; Love, Marriage, and Divorce);
(French, with or without a Master); (The
Labor Dollar) (1881); (Transactions of the
Colloquium) (a society founded by himself
and his friends for philosophical discussion,
1882-83). He contributed to the London Times
and other papers, and was a member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences and
the American Ethnological Society.
Andrieux, François Jean Stanislas (on-
dre-ė). A French poet and dramatist ; born in
Strasbourg, May 6, 1759 ; died in Paris, May
9, 1833. Pr: icing law in Paris at the out.
break of the Revolution, he became a zealous
## p. 20 (#36) ##############################################
ANDRONICUS - ANSTEY
20
adherent of the latter, and in 1798 was elected
to the Council of the Five Hundred. In 1795
he was elected a member, and in 1823 secre-
tary for life, of the Academy. His forte is
the poetical tale, in which aims at classical
purity of language and prosody. The most
noted are: (The Miller of Sanssouci) (1797);
(Fenelon's Walk); and (The Trial of the Senate
of Capua. Of his dramatic work may be men-
tioned the comedies (The Heedless) (1787);
(Molière with his Friends) (1804); (The Come-
dian) (1816); and the tragedy Junius Brutus)
(1794).
Andronicus, Livius (an-dro-ni'cus). An early
Roman dramatic poet and actor; born at Ta-
rentum, about 284 B. C. ; died about 204. A
Greek by birth, captured in war and sold as a
slave in Rome, he was afterward freed, and
became a teacher of Latin and Greek. His
plays, mostly tragedies, with a few comedies,
were translated from the Greek. They were
first played in Rome, 240 B. C.
Aneurin. A famous Welsh bard of the 6th
century. Of his epic and songs we possess the
(Godolin,' which is believed to be a descrip-
tion of one of the last great battles of the
native Britons with the Saxon invaders. The
poem as it has come down to us contains
nearly 1,000 lines, but it is not complete and
lacks unity. The sense is obscure, and sev-
eral passages are capable of various interpreta-
tions. *
Angell, James Burrill. An American edu-
cator, diplomatist, and writer ; born at Scituate,
R. I.
