Simeon Sty-
lites) (1855); (Syriac Chrestomathy) (1871);
(Syriac Lexicon, for use with his Chresto-
mathy) (1873); “Oriental Elements in German
Poetry) (1862).
lites) (1855); (Syriac Chrestomathy) (1871);
(Syriac Lexicon, for use with his Chresto-
mathy) (1873); “Oriental Elements in German
Poetry) (1862).
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
Among his
works are: “Rhythms in Polish Verse) (1763);
(The Marshal) (historical); A Beard, a novel;
and various books on philosophical, political,
and grammatical themes.
Zbylitowski, Pierre. A Polish poet and
miscellaneous writer; born in the palatinate of
Lublin, 1684; died in Warsaw, 1757. He studied
at the University of Warsaw, and later trav-
eled extensively in Europe and North America,
being a keen observer and profound critic. As
a poet he was a disciple of the French school,
using sarcasm and irony with brilliant effect.
Among his writings are a (Collection of Satires)
(1723); 'Porydia : A Poem (1734); (Epigrams)
(1735); “Studies on Voltaire's Works' (1737);
Lucie : An Erotic Poem (1739); etc.
Zedlitz, Baron Joseph Christian von (tsed'.
lits). An Austrian lyrical poet and dramatic
writer; born at Johannisburg in Austrian Silesia,
1790; died in Vienna, 1862. He was educated
at Breslau, and afterwards took part in the
campaign of 1809. Among his best dramatic
writings are: the tragedies (Two Nights in
Valladolid) (1825), "The Star of Seville) (1830);
and the drama "Prison and Crown) (1834),
treating of the last days of Tasso's life. Of
poems, he has published a collection, (Wreaths
for the Dead); a celebrated ballad, (The
Nightly Review); and poetical tales.
Zeise, Heinrich (tsi zė). A German poet
and translator; born at Altona, 1822. He be-
gan life as an apothecary, but graduated at
the university. He translated a number of
scientific and poetical works from the Danish
into German, and also published original ef-
forts, noted for poetical coloring and beauty of
form, among them a collection of Poems)
(1847); Battle Songs of Schleswig-Holstein
(1848); (Songs of Battle and Sword); etc.
also, in prose, From the Life and Recollec-
tions of a North German Poet) (1888).
Zeising, Adolf (tsi'zing). A German writer
on art; born at Ballenstedt, Sept. 24, 1810;
died at Munich, April 27, 1876. He wrote:
New Doctrine of the Proportions of the Hu-
man Body' (1854); Æsthetic Researches (1855);
(The Metamorphoses in the Ratios of the Hu-
man Figure) (1859); (Religion and Science,
State and Church) (1873); and several novels.
## p. 595 (#611) ############################################
Polish
ZEISSBERG-ZEVECOT
595
Zeissberg, Heinrich, Baron von (zis'bãrg). death unknown. He spent his later years in
An Austrian writer of history; born at Vienna, Athens. Aristotle calls him the father of dia-
July 8, 1839. He was appointed professor of lectics; and Pericles was among his pupils. Of
history in the University of Vienna, 1873. His his writings in prose and in dialogue, only
principal writings are : (Arno, First Archbishop fragments have been preserved, but many of
of Salzburg) (1863); (Polish Historiography in them are known to have been on the philosophy
the Middle Ages) (1873); Minor Sources of of motion.
Zeno the Stoic (zē'no). A Greek philoso-
(Belgium under the General Statthaltership of
the Archduke Karl) (1893).
pher; born at Citium, a Greek colony on the
island of Cyprus, about 350 B. C. ; died, as is
Zeleguy, Zdenko (tsel'eg-wē). A Moravian reported, by his own hand, about 258 B. C. He
poet, writing under the pseudonym of Franz was the son of a merchant, and followed his
Voneisen "); born in Usetin, Jan. 22, 1853. His father's profession, not visiting Athens till his
best-known works are: (World-Pain Voices)
thirtieth year. He then read Xenophon and
(1887); Nirvana) (1893); and (Words of Love) Plato, and later founded a school of his own.
(1894).
None of his writings have been preserved, but
Zeller, Berthold. Son of Jules S. ; born at
he is known to have combined the ethics of
Rennes, 1848. He is author of (Henri IV. and the Cynic school with the physics of Pythag.
Marie de' Medici) (1877); (Critical Studies on
oras and Heraclitus.
the Reign of Louis XIII. (2 vols. , 1879-80);
Marie de' Medici and Villeroy' (1897).
Zerbi, Rocco de (dzır'bē). An Italian pol-
itician, journalist, and miscellaneous writer;
Zeller, Christian Heinrich ( tsel'er). A born at Reggio, Calabria, 1843. He served in
German educator ; born near Tübingen, March the army, 1860-66; founded the influential
29, 1779; died at Beuggen, May 18, 1860. His Giornaletto of Naples, 1868; became member
writings are: (Teachings of Experience for of the chamber of deputies, 1872. He has
Christian Teachers of Rural and Poor Schools) written : (Aspirations) (1865), in verse; Poetry
(3 vols. , 1827); (Soul-Doctrine, Founded on and Prose) (1868), “Without Title) (1870), both
Scripture and Experience) (1846).
romances; (Political Writings) (1876); “Vis-
tilia) (1877), a romance; (Modern Art) (1878);
Zeller, Eduard. A noted German theologian,
(Church and State) (1878); (Faust) (1878), a
philosopher, and historian ; born at Kleinbott-
notable critical work; etc.
mar in Würtemberg, 1814. He studied at Tüb.
ingen and Berlin; and despite the very free Zernitz, Christian Friedrich (tsār'nēts).
tendencies of his thought, strongly influenced A German didactic poet; born at Tanger-
by that of Strauss, he was professor of theology münde, 1717; died 1744. All his works were
at Bern, and later professor of philosophy at posthumous. His Didactic Essays) are highly
Heidelberg and at Berlin. Among his chief esteemed.
works are : Platonic Studies) (1839); (The
Zesen, Philipp von (tsā'zen). A German
Philosophy of the Greeks) (1844-52); “The
poet, and critical and satirical writer; born at
Story of the Apostles, Critically Investigated
(1854); David Friedrich Strauss Depicted in
Priorau near Dessau, 1619; died at Hamburg,
1689. He devoted himself to the study of phil-
his Life and Writings) (1874); (Frederick the
Great as a Philosopher) (1886); etc.
ology and poetry; giving special attention to
perfecting and purifying his mother tongue.
Zeller, Jules Sylvain (zel-lär'). A French Among his numerous writings in prose and
historian; born at Paris, April 23, 1820. He verse are the novels (Adriatic Rosemund
became professor of history in the Polytechnic (1645) and (Samson'; and the poem 'Priorau;
School in 1863, and general inspector of higher or, The Praise of the Fatherland, as well as
education in 1876. Among his works are: some excellent short verse.
(The Roman Emperors : Characters and Por.
traits) (1863); (History of Germany) (1872-91);
Zeuss, Johann Kaspar (tsois). A German
philologist and writer of history; born at
( The Tribunes and the Revolutions in Italy)
(1873); “Pius IX. and Victor Emmanuel : Con-
Vogtendorf in Upper Franconia, July 22, 1806;
died there, Nov. 10, 1856. Among his works
temporary History of Italy) (1879); (Short His-
are : (The Germans and the Neighbor Stocks)
tory of Italy from the Fall of the Roman
(1837); “The Descent of the Bavarians from
Empire to our Time) (4th ed. 1886).
the Marcomanni? (1839); (Witzenburg Tradi-
Zeno, Apostolo (dzā'no). An Italian drama- tions and Possessions) (1942); (The Free Im-
tist and historian; born at Venice, 1668; died perial City of Spires from its Destruction)
in the same city, 1750. He has been called (1843); (Celtic Grammar) (two vols. , 1853),
the father of Italian opera, and acquired great his greatest work.
fame by his dramatic works, published in 1744,
Zevecot, Jacob (zā've-kot'). A Dutch poet
in many volumes. Among his other works are :
(Historical Dissertations) (1752-53); and (Epis-
and dramatist, considered by his contemporaries
tles) (1785).
the greatest Latin poet of his time; born at
Gand, 1604; died 1646. Among his works are:
Zeno of Elea. A Greek philosopher; born (Elegies); "Greek Maria' and (Rosimunda,'
about the fifth century B. C. ; the date of his tragedies; (Esther,' a tragi-comedy ; (The Siege
.
(
## p. 596 (#612) ############################################
596
ZEYER - ZIMMERMANN
of Leyden) (1626), a tragedy written in Flem-
ish; and various collections of shorter poems.
Zeyer, Julius (zā'yer). A Czech novelist
and poet; born at Prague, 1842. After travel.
ing extensively on the Continent, he spent sev.
eral years teaching in Russia. He has written
in prose (Andrew Cernysev,' a notable ro-
mance ; (Miss Olympia);(Count Xavier); (Ma-
drana's Adventure); (Tales of Sosana); (The
True Friendship of Amis and Amil'; etc. : and
in verse, "Vysehrad, a series of epic poems,
based on Bohemian ancient history.
Zezschwitz, Gerhard von (tsāch'vits). A
German theological writer; born at Bautzen,
July 2, 1825; died July 20, 1886, at Erlangen,
where he was a professor in the university.
Among his numerous writings are: (The Cate.
chisms of the Waldensians and the Bohemian
Brethren) (1863); (The Mediæval Drama, from
the End of the Roman Empire) (1878); (Sys-
tem of Practical Theology) (3 vols. , 1876–78);
(Manual of the Theological Sciences) (1883);
(Catechetics) (1883).
Zhukovski, or Joukovski, sometimes written
Shukows. (zhö-kof'skē), Vasiliï Andréevich.
A famous Russian poet; born near Bielev
in the government of Penza, 1783; died 1852.
He succeeded Karamzin as editor of the Viest-
nik Evropui, 1808; was preceptor of the Empe-
ror Alexande II. in his youth, as well as of
Alexander's mother. A monument was erected
to his memory, 1852. He wrote : (The Minstrel
in the Russian Camp,' a collection of spirited
war ballads; (Ziudmilla); (Svietlana,' his best
work; etc. ; and a number of prose essays and
tales, the best-known of which was (Mary's
Grove. He made also numerous translations
from the German, English, etc. ; his translation
of Gray's (Elegy, being one of the finest ever
made. * (See (Russian Lyric Poets. ')
Ziegler, Carl (tségʻlår). An Austrian poet;
born at St. Martin in Upper Austria, 1812;
died at Vienna, 1877. He studied philosophy
at the Vienna University, but takes high rank
among modern Austrian lyrical poets, both as
to substance and form. His language is sim-
ple, but the treatment of his subjects original,
and full of thought and depth of emotion. He
published: (Poems) (1843);"Heaven and Earth,
poems (1856); (Odes) (1866); and a collection
of hymns, rhapsodies, etc. , many of them full
of beauty and power.
Ziegler, Friedrich Wilhelm. A German
actor and dramatist; born at Brunswick, 1760;
died at Vienna, 1827. He played at the Vienna
Court Theatre with steady success for nearly
forty years. Several of his dramas hold the
stage to-day: as (Party Rage,' and (The Four
Temperaments. He wrote : Dramatic Works)
15 vols. , 1791–94); (The Dramatic Art) (1821);
(Man with Relation to the Fine Arts, Partic-
ularly the Art Dramatic) (1825); etc.
Ziegler, Theobald. A German philosophical
writer; born at Göppingen in Würtemberg, Feb.
9, 1846. He became professor of philosophy
in the University of Strasburg, 1886. He is
author of : (With Regard to Strauss's Book,
(The Old Faith and the New)) (1874); (Text-
Book of Logic) (1876); “Republic or Monarchy:
Switzerland or Germany' (1877); (History of
Ethics) (1881); “The Social Question a Moral
Question) (1891); (The German Student at
the End of the Nineteenth Century) (6th ed.
1896).
Ziegler und Kliphausen, Heinrich Anselm
von (tsēGʻlăr önt klip'hou-zen). A German
romance-writer; born at Radmeritz, Jan. 6,
1653; died near Leipsic, Sept. 8, 1697. His
principal work (The Asiatic Banise) (new ed.
1766), in the heroic-gallant style, has exerted
great influence on the formation of the taste
of several generations of Germans.
Ziel, Ernst (tsel). A German poet and
miscellaneous writer; born at Rostock, May 5,
1841. He is author of Literary Rilievos :
Poet Portraits) (4th series, 1885-95).
Zielinski, Felix (zē-lin'ski). A Polish lawyer
and miscellaneous writer; born in Volhynia,
1732; died at Warsaw, 1805. He was marshal
of the nobility for his district. He wrote: (The
Old and the New Style) (1763); "Criticism of
Karamsin) 1764); (A Critical Glance at Pres.
ent Society' (1772); Happy-go-Lucky Louise
(1771), humorous; (A Rustic's Mind) (1775);
(Critical History of Polish Literature (1776);
(Critical Glance at the Works of Voltaire)
(1782); etc.
Zimmermann, Johann Georg (tsim'mer-
män). A German miscellaneous writer; born
in the Swiss canton of Bern, 1728; died 1795.
He studied and practiced medicine, but de-
voted himself to literature as well; publishing
a book (On Solitude) (1784-85), and "On Na-
tional Pride! (1789). His style is rich and
vigorous; and his books, full of deep sentiment
as well as eloquence, have been translated into
many other languages.
Zimmermann, Karl. A German theological
writer; born at Darmstadt, Aug. 23, 1803; died
there June 12, 1877. He wrote: “Life of Luther)
(2d ed. 1855); (Contributions to Comparative
Homiletics) (1866); (The Evangelical Dia-
spora) (1868);( The Gustavus Adolphus Society:
Its History, its Constitution, and its Works)
(1878).
Zimmermann, Wilhelm.
A German poet
and historian; born at Stuttgart, 1807; died at
Mergentheim, 1878. He studied theology at
Tübingen, and occupied various positions, both
as a professor and as a clergyman, but de-
voted himself largely to general literature. He
published: (Poems) (1832); a tragedy, Masa.
niello) (1832); ' History of Würtemberg (1835);
(German Wars of Liberation against Napoleon'
(1836); (History of the Great Peasant War!
(1840-44), considered Zimmermann's best work ;
(History of the Poetry of All Nations) (1856);
(Germany's Heroic Struggle) (1870-71); and
many others.
## p. 597 (#613) ############################################
ZIMMERN - ZÖCKLER
597
Zimmern, Helen (tsim'mărn). A German-
English story-writer ; born at Hamburg, March
25, 1846. From childhood she lived in Eng-
land. She is author of 'Stories in Precious
Stones) (1873); (Told by the Way) (1874);
(Half-Hours with French Novelists) (1881);
(Stories from Foreign Novelists) (2d ed. 1885).
She wrote also (Schopenhauer, his Life and
Philosophy) (1876); (G. E. Lessing, his Life
and Works) (1878); “The Hansa Towns) (1889).
Zmorowicz, Simon (zº-m0'rô-vich). A Pol-
ish poet; born at Lemberg, 1604; died 1629.
His work shows much originality, as well as
variety. Among his writings are: (Russian
Ladies) (1654); a (Collection of Idyls) (1654);
(Fortune) (1655); (The Polish Venus) (1665);
(Grief(1777); etc.
Zincke, Foster Barham. An English re-
ligious and miscellaneous writer. He became
vicar of Wherstead, near Ipswich, and chaplain-
in-ordinary to the Queen. He has written :
(Last Winter in the United States) (1868);
(The Egypt of the Pharaohs and of the Khe-
dive) (new ed. 1873); (A Month in Switzer-
land” (1873); (The Swiss Germans) (1874);
"A Walk in the Grisons) (1875); (The Plow
and the Dollar) (1883); etc.
Zingerle, Ignaz Vincenz (tsing'árl-ė). An
Austrian poet and story-writer, nephew of Pius;
born at Meran, June 6, 1825; died at Inns-
bruck, Sept. 17, 1892. He was made professor
of the German language and literature in the
University of Innsbruck, 1859. Among his
poetical works are : (Primroses) (1848); (From
the Alps); (The Miller's Wife) (1853). He
wrote also (Tyrolese Legends) (1850); (The
Tyrol's Place in German Mediæval Literature)
(1851); <Children's Stories from the Tyrol)
(1852); (Alliteration in the Middle-High-German
Poets) (1864); (Oswald von Walkenstein)
(1870).
Zingerle, Pius. An Austrian theological
writer and Orientalist; born at Meran, March
17, 1801; died Jan. 10, 1881. He became pro-
fessor of the Arabic and Syriac languages in
the Roman University, 1862. Among works,
whether written or edited by him, are : (Select
Work of Ephrem Syrus, Translated from the
Greek and Syriac) (6 vols. , 1830–37); (Genuine
Acts of the Eastern Martyrs, from the Syriac
(1836); Roses of Mary from Damascus) (2d.
ed. 1865); Life and Deeds of St.
Simeon Sty-
lites) (1855); (Syriac Chrestomathy) (1871);
(Syriac Lexicon, for use with his Chresto-
mathy) (1873); “Oriental Elements in German
Poetry) (1862).
Zinkeisen, Johann Wilhelm (tsink'i-zen).
A German historian ; born at Altenburg, April
11, 1803; died at Berlin, Jan. 5, 1863. He edited
at Berlin the Official Gazette (Staats-Zeitung:
1840-51). He wrote: (History of the Ottoman
Empire in Europe) (7 vols. , 1840-63); (History
of Greece) (1832-40); etc.
Zinkgref or Zincgref, Julius Wilhelm
(tsink'gref). A German lyric poet; born at
Heidelberg, June 3, 1591; died at St. Goar,
Nov. 12, 1635. His principal work was “Ger-
man Apothegms) (later ed. 1644), a collection
of epigrams, anecdotes, etc. ; (The Soldier's
Praise) (1632), his best poem, an imitation of
Tyrtæus.
Zintgraff, Eugen (tsint'gräf). A German
African traveler; born at Düsseldorf, Jan. 16,
1858. He spent some years in the Congo re-
gion and in the Cameroons country, and wrote
North Cameroons: An Account of Travels in
1886–92) (1895).
Zitelmann, Konrad (tsē'tel-män). A German
poet and novelist; born at Stettin, 1854. He
studied law at Leipsic, but was obliged to
settle in Southern Europe on account of ill
health. He has published the collections of
poems (In Solitude) (1876), Autumn Days in
Meran) (1876), and (From Foreign Lands)
(1889); the novels (At Dawn) (1880), (Gods
and Idols) (1884), (The Game is Over, (Ob-
scure Lives) (1886), and Chords and Discords,
a collection of short stories (1888); etc.
zittel, Emil (tsit'tel). A German theological
writer; born at Lorrach in Baden, Aug. 14,
1831. He wrote: All around the Jungfrau :
A Tourist's Notes) (1874); (Dr. Martin Luther,
1483-1517) (1883); (The Origin of the Bible)
(1891); Bible Knowledge) (11th ed. 1893);
(How Jesus of Nazareth Became the Messiah
or Christ' (1893); (The Writings of the New
Testament Translated and Explained for the
German People) (1894).
Zittel, Karl Alfred. A German geologist
and palæontologist; born at Bahlingen, Sept.
25, 1839. He became professor in the Univer-
sity of Munich, 1866. He is author of (Travels
in Sweden and Norway) (1860); (From Pri-
mordial Times) (2d ed. 1875); "Letters from the
Libyan Desert' (1875); (The Sahara) (1885).
Ziver Pasha (7ē-vār'-pä-shä'). A Turkish
official and poet; born 1793; died 1862. He
was director of the Ministry of Marine, mem-
ber of the Council of Public Instruction, mem-
ber of the Council of State and Justice, etc. ;
and became, a year before his death, a function.
ary of the first rank. He held the title of im-
perial poet; his poetry is highly esteemed by
the Turks. A collection of it was published at
Constantinople, under the title of the Divan. '
Zmaj. See Jovanovic.
Zöckler, Otto (tsėk'ler). A German theologi-
cal writer; born at Grünberg in Upper Hesse,
May 27, 1833. He was appointed professor of
theology in the University of Greifswald, 1866.
Among his numerous works are: Natural The-
ology) (1860); "Critical History of Asceticism)
(1863), afterward rewritten and entitled As-
ceticism and Monasticism' (1897); (The Augs-
burg Confession as the Fundamental Symbol
of the German Church of the Reformation
(1870); (God's Witnesses in the Kingdom of
Nature) (1881); (The Apocrypha of the Old
Testament (1891).
## p. 598 (#614) ############################################
598
ZOGBAUM - ZOPPRITZ
Zogbaum, Rufus Fairchild. An American
artist; born in Charleston, S. C. , Aug. 28, 1849.
He was educated in New York, studied abroad;
has been successful as a painter of military
scenes; and has written (Horse, Foot, and Dra-
goons; or, Sketches of Army Life. )
Zogoskin (20-gos’kin), or Zagoskin, or Sa-
goskin, Mikhail (zä-gosíkin). A Russian nov-
elist and dramatist; born in the government
of Penza, 1789; died at Moscow, 1852. His
chief work is (The Russians in 1812) (1829).
His historical novels have earned for him the
name of the Russian Walter Scott.
Zola, Émile (zoʻlä). A celebrated French
novelist; born in Paris, April 2, 1840. He
has published: (Tales to Ninon (1864);
(Claude's Confession (1865); (A Dead Wo-
man's Vow) (1866); My Hatreds) (1866);
(My Salon) (1866); (The Mysteries of Mar-
seilles) (1867); Édouard Manet) (1867); “Thé-
rèse Raquin (1867); Madeleine Férat) (1868);
(The Fortune of the Rougons) (1871); La
Curée) (1872); (The Maw (Ventre) of Paris)
(1873); (The Conquest of Plassans) (1874);
(New Tales to Ninon) (1874); (The Sin of
Abbé Mouret) (1875); (His Excellency Eugène
Rougon) (1876); L'Assommoir) (1877); (A
Page of Love) (1878); (The French Republic
and Literature) (1879); Nana) (1880); (The
Experimental Novel) (1880); Literary Docu-
ments, Studies and Portraits) (1881); Natural-
ism on the Stage) (1881); (Our Dramatic Au-
thors) (1881); (The Realistic Novelists) (1881);
(A Campaign) (1881); Pot Bouille) (1882);
(Good Luck to the Ladies) (1883); (The Joy
of Living (1884); (Germinal) (1885); (Work)
(L'Euvre): 1886); Earth' ('La Terre): 1887);
( The Dream) (Le Rêve): 1888); ( The Human
Brute) (La Bête Humaine): 1890); (Money)
(1891); (The Downfall (La Débâcle : 1892);
Doctor Pascal' (1893); Lourdes) (1894);
(Rome) (1895); (Paris) (1897). *
Zoller, Edmund von (tsol'ler). A German
miscellaneous writer; born at Stuttgart, May
20, 1822. He is author of: (The Science of
Library Management) (1846); (Leopold Rob-
ert, a biography (1863); “German and Austrian
Orders and Decorations) (2d ed. 1881); (The
Order of Tunis) (1877); (The Order of the
Golden Fleece) (1879); (The Order of Charles
III. (1888); and has translated several poems
from French, English, Spanish, Portuguese,
Dutch, and the Scandinavian languages.
Zöller, Hugo (tsėl-ler). A German journal-
ist and traveler; born at Oberhausen, Prussia,
Jan. 12, 1852. He was for a number of years
traveling correspondent of the Cologne Ga-
zette, and explored and annexed to Germany
various tracts of country in West Africa (1884-
85). He has written : (Round the World)
(1881); (The Panama Canal) (1882); (The
Germans in the Brazilian Primeval Forest)
(1883); (Pampas and Andes) (1884); (The
German Possessions on the West African
Coast) (1885); (German New Guinea) (1891).
Zolling, Théophile (tsoʻling). A miscella-
neous writer; born near Naples, 1849. He was
educated in German Switzerland, studied his-
tory and philosophy in Vienna, and afterwards
lived in Paris and Berlin. He is known as a
lyrical poet, but has also written a satirical
epic poem, "The Virgin of the Chair) (1876);
a drama in collaboration with Alphonse Dau-
det, New Love) (1877); the novels (Gossip
(1889) and Madame Love) (1889); etc.
Zöllner, Johann Karl Friedrich (tsėl'ner).
A German astronomer and physicist; born at
Berlin, Nov. 8, 1834 ; died April 25, 1882, at
Leipsic, where he was professor of physical
astronomy in the university. He wrote: (Out-
lines of a General Photometry of the Heavens
(1861); (Photometric Researches with special
relation to the Physical Constitution of the
Heavenly Bodies) (1865); “The Nature of the
Comets) (1871); Principles of an Electro-
dynamic Theory of Matter) (1876). In his lat-
ter years he turned to the study of spiritism
and hypnotism; after his death appeared his
work (Are There Unconscious and Hereditarily
Transmitted Ideas ? (1879).
Zollogub or Sollogub (zol'lo-göb), written
also Zollohub (zol'lo-höb), Vladimir Alexan-
drovich. A popular Russian miscellaneous
writer; born at St. Petersburg, about 1815;
died June 16, 1882. Besides poems, essays, and
dramas, he wrote a novel, (Tarantas, trans-
lated into English and German.
Zonaras, Joannes (zon'a-ras). A Byzantine
theologian and historian; born at Constanti.
nople, in the twelfth century of the Christian
era. He was the author of (Annals,' from the
creation down to his own times, containing
valuable extracts from Josephus, and from parts
of Dion Cassius that are now lost.
Zöpfi, Heinrich Matthias (tsépfl). A Ger-
man jurist; born at Bamberg, April 6, 1807 ;
died at Heidelberg, July 4, 1877. He was pro-
fessor of public law at Heidelberg, 1839. He
wrote: (On High Nobility and Equality of
Birth) (1853); (Antiquities of the German
Realm and Law) (3 vols. , 1860-61); 'Principles
of the Common German Public Law) (2 vols. ,
1860); "History of German Law) (3 vols. ,
1871-72); (Outline for Lectures on the Philos-
ophy of Law) (1878), published posthumously;
etc.
Zoppio, Melchiore (dzop'yo). An Italian
dramatist and miscellaneous writer; born at
Bologna, about 1544 ; died 1634. By profession
a physician, he devoted his leisure to philosophy
and literature, publishing two comedies, “Di-
ogenes Accused' (1598), and Julian); and four
tragedies, Admetus,' (Medea, (Creusa,' and
(Meander) (1629); as well as various philo-
sophical writings.
zöppritz, Karl (tsép'prits). A German
geographer; born at Darmstadt, April 14, 1838 ;
died March 21, 1885. He is author of Pruys.
senaere's Travels in the Region of the Upper
Nile) (1877); (Hydro-dynamic Problems of the
(
## p. 599 (#615) ############################################
ZORN-ZURITA
599
人節。
. Stude:
0 after
be Here
ter
Herre
Föhl
,
BE
Theory of the Tides ) (1878); (Guide to Car-
tography) (1884).
Zorn, Philipp (tsorn). A German legist;
born at Bayreuth, Jan. 13, 1850. He became
professor in the University of Königsberg,
1877. Among his writings are: (State and
Church in Switzerland, written in collabora-
tion with Karl Gareis (2 vols. , 1877–78); (State
and Church in Norway to the Close of the
Thirteenth Century) (1875); (Public Law of
the German Empire) (2 vols. , 1880-83); (Text-
Book of Ecclesiastical Law) (1888).
Zoroaster (zo'rā- as'ter). * See article
(Avesta) in the Library. )
Zorrilla y Moral, José (thō-rēl'yä ē mā-räl').
A Spanish poet; born at Valladolid, 1817;
died 1893. At his father's wish he studied law,
but early showed his talent and ambition as
a poet. His first collection of verse appeared
in 1837; and another, (Songs of the Trouba-
dour: A Collection of Legends and Tradi-
tions, 1840-41. Then followed a drama, Don
Juan Tenorio) (1844), containing reminiscences
of Faust); (Legend of the Cid) (1880); and
various collections of shorter verse. *
Zosimus (zös'i-mus). A Greek historian,
who probably lived during the reign of the
Emperor Anastasius, at the end of the fifth
century of the Christian era. He wrote a
(Roman History, composed of six books, in
which he attributes the fall of the empire to
the Christians alone.
Zouch, Richard (zöch). An English writer
on jurisprudence; born at Anstey in Wiltshire,
about 1590; died at London, March 1, 1661.
Among his celebrated treatises, written in Latin,
are : (Elements of Jurisprudence) (1629); (De-
scription of Feudal Law and Procedure accord-
ing to the Usages of Milan and Normandy, to
serve as Introduction to English Jurisprudence)
(1634); Description of Ecclesiastical Law and
Procedure according to the Canons and Con-
stitutions of England) (1636); Explication of
Fecial Law and Procedure, or of the Law of
Nations) (1650); (The Competent Judge of an
Offending Ambassador) (1657).
Zouch, Thomas. An English writer of prose
and verse; born in York, 1737; died 1815.
Among his writings are: “The Crucifixion,' a
poem (1765); and Memoirs of the Life and
Writings of Sir Philip Sidney) (1808).
Zoukovski. See Zhukovski.
Zrinyi, Niklas, Count (zrēn'yē). A Hun.
garian soldier and poet; born 1616; died 1664.
He wrote idyls and songs; an epic poem, the
(Zrinyade) (1651); and essays in prose.
Zschokke, Johann Heinrich Daniel (tshok'.
kė). A noted German novelist and miscella-
neous writer; born at Magdeburg, 1771; died
1848. He settled in Switzerland, active in
politics. He produced a successful drama,
Abällino the Bandit' (1793), followed by an-
other, Julius von Sassen) (1796). He has writ.
ten a "History of Bavaria) (1813–18); and a
(History of Switzerland for the Swiss People)
(1822); but his fame rests upon a semi-religious
work, Hours of Devotion, and his novels,
some of the most popular of which are: (Ala-
montade the Galley-Slave); (The Fool of the
Nineteenth Century); Master Jacob); (The
Goldmaker's Village); etc.
Zumpt, August (tsömpt). A German clas-
sical philologist, nephew of Karl; born at
Königsberg, Dec. 4, 1815; died at Berlin, April
22, 1877. His studies had to do mainly with
Roman epigraphy in its relation to history.
His principal works are : (The Ancyran Monu-
ment) (1845); “Epigraphical Notes) (2 vols. ,
1850-54); (Roman Studies) (1859); (Criminal
Law under the Roman Republic) (4 vols. ,
1865-69); (The Birth-Year of Christ) (1869);
(Criminal Trials under the Roman Republic.
Zumpt, Karl. A German classical philolo-
gist; born at Berlin, March 20, 1792; died at
Karlsbad, June 25, 1849. He was appointed
professor of Roman literature in the University
of Berlin, 1836. His greatest work, the Latin
Grammar) (1818; 13th ed. 1874), was translated
into English, and is the basis of several of the
Latin grammars since compiled for the use of
schools. He also prepared annotated editions
of several of the Latin classics; and wrote:
(Annals of Ancient Kingdoms, Nations, etc. ?
(1819), in Latin; (The Roman Knights and the
Equestrian Order) (1840); “On the Duration of
the Philosophic Schools at Athens, and the
Succession of the Scholarchs) (1843); “On the
Law and the Proofs of Extortion) (Repetun-
darum ; 1845); (The Personal Liberty of the
Roman Citizen, and its Legal Guarantees (1846).
Zunz, Leopold (tsönts). A German writer
on Jewish religion and history; born at Det-
mold, Aug. 10, 1794; died March 17, 1886, at
Berlin, where he was head-master of the Jew-
ish normal school for teachers. He is the
founder of the Science of Judaism,” the plan
of which was laid down in his A Little about
Rabbinic Literature) (1818). Very important
was his work Jewish Teachings Regarding
Worship’ (1892). Among his other works are :
(The Synagogue Poetry of the Middle Ages);
(The Names of the Jews) (1836); (Jewish Re-
quirements as to Oaths) (1859).
Zupitza, Julius (tsö'pit-sä). A German stu-
dent of English speech; born at Oberglogau
in Upper Silesia, Jan. 4, 1844 ; died July 6, 1895,
at Berlin, where he was professor of English
language and literature in the university. Among
his works are: (Introduction to the Study of
Middle High German (1868); Exercise Book
of Old and Middle English) (1874); (Alfric's
Grammar and Glossary) (1850); 'Specimens of
All the Accessible Unprinted MSS. of the Can-
terbury Tales) (1890).
Zurita, Geronimo (thö-re’ta). A Spanish
historian ; born at Saragossa, 1512; died 1580.
che che
po
Hems
E-
## p. 600 (#616) ############################################
600
ZWECKER-ZWINGLI
>
ures.
His Annals of the Crown of Aragon (6 vols. ,
1562–79) are of great value.
Zwecker, J. An English writer of advent-
He is the author of Lost among the
Afghans,' illustrated (new ed. 1864).
Zweers, Philip (zwărs). A Dutch poet; died
1774. He was a notary at Amsterdam. He
wrote: (Semiramis) (1729), a tragedy; other
dramas; and poems. (Poetical Works' Am-
sterdam, 1759. )
Zwinger, Theodore, the Elder (tsving'er)
(Lat. , Zwingerus, zwin-jē'rus). A famous Swiss
physician and scholar; born at Basle, 1533;
died there, 1588. He was professor of Greek
at Basle (1565). He wrote «Theatre of Human
Life) (1565), a collection of anecdotes, etc.
Zwingli, Ulrich (tsving'lē). A Swiss church
reformer; born at Wildhaus in the canton of
St. Gall, Jan. I, 1484; fell in battle near Kap-
pel, Oct. II, 1531. Next after Calvin he was
the foremost leader of the Reformation in
Switzerland. His principal works, written in
Latin, are: (Of True and False Religion
(1525); (The Grounds of Faith) (1530); (A
Short and Clear Exposition of Christian Faith
(1538). He wrote in German: Baptism, Ana.
baptism, and Pædobaptism (1525); (A Clear
Explanation of Christ's Last Supper) (1526).
>
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works are: “Rhythms in Polish Verse) (1763);
(The Marshal) (historical); A Beard, a novel;
and various books on philosophical, political,
and grammatical themes.
Zbylitowski, Pierre. A Polish poet and
miscellaneous writer; born in the palatinate of
Lublin, 1684; died in Warsaw, 1757. He studied
at the University of Warsaw, and later trav-
eled extensively in Europe and North America,
being a keen observer and profound critic. As
a poet he was a disciple of the French school,
using sarcasm and irony with brilliant effect.
Among his writings are a (Collection of Satires)
(1723); 'Porydia : A Poem (1734); (Epigrams)
(1735); “Studies on Voltaire's Works' (1737);
Lucie : An Erotic Poem (1739); etc.
Zedlitz, Baron Joseph Christian von (tsed'.
lits). An Austrian lyrical poet and dramatic
writer; born at Johannisburg in Austrian Silesia,
1790; died in Vienna, 1862. He was educated
at Breslau, and afterwards took part in the
campaign of 1809. Among his best dramatic
writings are: the tragedies (Two Nights in
Valladolid) (1825), "The Star of Seville) (1830);
and the drama "Prison and Crown) (1834),
treating of the last days of Tasso's life. Of
poems, he has published a collection, (Wreaths
for the Dead); a celebrated ballad, (The
Nightly Review); and poetical tales.
Zeise, Heinrich (tsi zė). A German poet
and translator; born at Altona, 1822. He be-
gan life as an apothecary, but graduated at
the university. He translated a number of
scientific and poetical works from the Danish
into German, and also published original ef-
forts, noted for poetical coloring and beauty of
form, among them a collection of Poems)
(1847); Battle Songs of Schleswig-Holstein
(1848); (Songs of Battle and Sword); etc.
also, in prose, From the Life and Recollec-
tions of a North German Poet) (1888).
Zeising, Adolf (tsi'zing). A German writer
on art; born at Ballenstedt, Sept. 24, 1810;
died at Munich, April 27, 1876. He wrote:
New Doctrine of the Proportions of the Hu-
man Body' (1854); Æsthetic Researches (1855);
(The Metamorphoses in the Ratios of the Hu-
man Figure) (1859); (Religion and Science,
State and Church) (1873); and several novels.
## p. 595 (#611) ############################################
Polish
ZEISSBERG-ZEVECOT
595
Zeissberg, Heinrich, Baron von (zis'bãrg). death unknown. He spent his later years in
An Austrian writer of history; born at Vienna, Athens. Aristotle calls him the father of dia-
July 8, 1839. He was appointed professor of lectics; and Pericles was among his pupils. Of
history in the University of Vienna, 1873. His his writings in prose and in dialogue, only
principal writings are : (Arno, First Archbishop fragments have been preserved, but many of
of Salzburg) (1863); (Polish Historiography in them are known to have been on the philosophy
the Middle Ages) (1873); Minor Sources of of motion.
Zeno the Stoic (zē'no). A Greek philoso-
(Belgium under the General Statthaltership of
the Archduke Karl) (1893).
pher; born at Citium, a Greek colony on the
island of Cyprus, about 350 B. C. ; died, as is
Zeleguy, Zdenko (tsel'eg-wē). A Moravian reported, by his own hand, about 258 B. C. He
poet, writing under the pseudonym of Franz was the son of a merchant, and followed his
Voneisen "); born in Usetin, Jan. 22, 1853. His father's profession, not visiting Athens till his
best-known works are: (World-Pain Voices)
thirtieth year. He then read Xenophon and
(1887); Nirvana) (1893); and (Words of Love) Plato, and later founded a school of his own.
(1894).
None of his writings have been preserved, but
Zeller, Berthold. Son of Jules S. ; born at
he is known to have combined the ethics of
Rennes, 1848. He is author of (Henri IV. and the Cynic school with the physics of Pythag.
Marie de' Medici) (1877); (Critical Studies on
oras and Heraclitus.
the Reign of Louis XIII. (2 vols. , 1879-80);
Marie de' Medici and Villeroy' (1897).
Zerbi, Rocco de (dzır'bē). An Italian pol-
itician, journalist, and miscellaneous writer;
Zeller, Christian Heinrich ( tsel'er). A born at Reggio, Calabria, 1843. He served in
German educator ; born near Tübingen, March the army, 1860-66; founded the influential
29, 1779; died at Beuggen, May 18, 1860. His Giornaletto of Naples, 1868; became member
writings are: (Teachings of Experience for of the chamber of deputies, 1872. He has
Christian Teachers of Rural and Poor Schools) written : (Aspirations) (1865), in verse; Poetry
(3 vols. , 1827); (Soul-Doctrine, Founded on and Prose) (1868), “Without Title) (1870), both
Scripture and Experience) (1846).
romances; (Political Writings) (1876); “Vis-
tilia) (1877), a romance; (Modern Art) (1878);
Zeller, Eduard. A noted German theologian,
(Church and State) (1878); (Faust) (1878), a
philosopher, and historian ; born at Kleinbott-
notable critical work; etc.
mar in Würtemberg, 1814. He studied at Tüb.
ingen and Berlin; and despite the very free Zernitz, Christian Friedrich (tsār'nēts).
tendencies of his thought, strongly influenced A German didactic poet; born at Tanger-
by that of Strauss, he was professor of theology münde, 1717; died 1744. All his works were
at Bern, and later professor of philosophy at posthumous. His Didactic Essays) are highly
Heidelberg and at Berlin. Among his chief esteemed.
works are : Platonic Studies) (1839); (The
Zesen, Philipp von (tsā'zen). A German
Philosophy of the Greeks) (1844-52); “The
poet, and critical and satirical writer; born at
Story of the Apostles, Critically Investigated
(1854); David Friedrich Strauss Depicted in
Priorau near Dessau, 1619; died at Hamburg,
1689. He devoted himself to the study of phil-
his Life and Writings) (1874); (Frederick the
Great as a Philosopher) (1886); etc.
ology and poetry; giving special attention to
perfecting and purifying his mother tongue.
Zeller, Jules Sylvain (zel-lär'). A French Among his numerous writings in prose and
historian; born at Paris, April 23, 1820. He verse are the novels (Adriatic Rosemund
became professor of history in the Polytechnic (1645) and (Samson'; and the poem 'Priorau;
School in 1863, and general inspector of higher or, The Praise of the Fatherland, as well as
education in 1876. Among his works are: some excellent short verse.
(The Roman Emperors : Characters and Por.
traits) (1863); (History of Germany) (1872-91);
Zeuss, Johann Kaspar (tsois). A German
philologist and writer of history; born at
( The Tribunes and the Revolutions in Italy)
(1873); “Pius IX. and Victor Emmanuel : Con-
Vogtendorf in Upper Franconia, July 22, 1806;
died there, Nov. 10, 1856. Among his works
temporary History of Italy) (1879); (Short His-
are : (The Germans and the Neighbor Stocks)
tory of Italy from the Fall of the Roman
(1837); “The Descent of the Bavarians from
Empire to our Time) (4th ed. 1886).
the Marcomanni? (1839); (Witzenburg Tradi-
Zeno, Apostolo (dzā'no). An Italian drama- tions and Possessions) (1942); (The Free Im-
tist and historian; born at Venice, 1668; died perial City of Spires from its Destruction)
in the same city, 1750. He has been called (1843); (Celtic Grammar) (two vols. , 1853),
the father of Italian opera, and acquired great his greatest work.
fame by his dramatic works, published in 1744,
Zevecot, Jacob (zā've-kot'). A Dutch poet
in many volumes. Among his other works are :
(Historical Dissertations) (1752-53); and (Epis-
and dramatist, considered by his contemporaries
tles) (1785).
the greatest Latin poet of his time; born at
Gand, 1604; died 1646. Among his works are:
Zeno of Elea. A Greek philosopher; born (Elegies); "Greek Maria' and (Rosimunda,'
about the fifth century B. C. ; the date of his tragedies; (Esther,' a tragi-comedy ; (The Siege
.
(
## p. 596 (#612) ############################################
596
ZEYER - ZIMMERMANN
of Leyden) (1626), a tragedy written in Flem-
ish; and various collections of shorter poems.
Zeyer, Julius (zā'yer). A Czech novelist
and poet; born at Prague, 1842. After travel.
ing extensively on the Continent, he spent sev.
eral years teaching in Russia. He has written
in prose (Andrew Cernysev,' a notable ro-
mance ; (Miss Olympia);(Count Xavier); (Ma-
drana's Adventure); (Tales of Sosana); (The
True Friendship of Amis and Amil'; etc. : and
in verse, "Vysehrad, a series of epic poems,
based on Bohemian ancient history.
Zezschwitz, Gerhard von (tsāch'vits). A
German theological writer; born at Bautzen,
July 2, 1825; died July 20, 1886, at Erlangen,
where he was a professor in the university.
Among his numerous writings are: (The Cate.
chisms of the Waldensians and the Bohemian
Brethren) (1863); (The Mediæval Drama, from
the End of the Roman Empire) (1878); (Sys-
tem of Practical Theology) (3 vols. , 1876–78);
(Manual of the Theological Sciences) (1883);
(Catechetics) (1883).
Zhukovski, or Joukovski, sometimes written
Shukows. (zhö-kof'skē), Vasiliï Andréevich.
A famous Russian poet; born near Bielev
in the government of Penza, 1783; died 1852.
He succeeded Karamzin as editor of the Viest-
nik Evropui, 1808; was preceptor of the Empe-
ror Alexande II. in his youth, as well as of
Alexander's mother. A monument was erected
to his memory, 1852. He wrote : (The Minstrel
in the Russian Camp,' a collection of spirited
war ballads; (Ziudmilla); (Svietlana,' his best
work; etc. ; and a number of prose essays and
tales, the best-known of which was (Mary's
Grove. He made also numerous translations
from the German, English, etc. ; his translation
of Gray's (Elegy, being one of the finest ever
made. * (See (Russian Lyric Poets. ')
Ziegler, Carl (tségʻlår). An Austrian poet;
born at St. Martin in Upper Austria, 1812;
died at Vienna, 1877. He studied philosophy
at the Vienna University, but takes high rank
among modern Austrian lyrical poets, both as
to substance and form. His language is sim-
ple, but the treatment of his subjects original,
and full of thought and depth of emotion. He
published: (Poems) (1843);"Heaven and Earth,
poems (1856); (Odes) (1866); and a collection
of hymns, rhapsodies, etc. , many of them full
of beauty and power.
Ziegler, Friedrich Wilhelm. A German
actor and dramatist; born at Brunswick, 1760;
died at Vienna, 1827. He played at the Vienna
Court Theatre with steady success for nearly
forty years. Several of his dramas hold the
stage to-day: as (Party Rage,' and (The Four
Temperaments. He wrote : Dramatic Works)
15 vols. , 1791–94); (The Dramatic Art) (1821);
(Man with Relation to the Fine Arts, Partic-
ularly the Art Dramatic) (1825); etc.
Ziegler, Theobald. A German philosophical
writer; born at Göppingen in Würtemberg, Feb.
9, 1846. He became professor of philosophy
in the University of Strasburg, 1886. He is
author of : (With Regard to Strauss's Book,
(The Old Faith and the New)) (1874); (Text-
Book of Logic) (1876); “Republic or Monarchy:
Switzerland or Germany' (1877); (History of
Ethics) (1881); “The Social Question a Moral
Question) (1891); (The German Student at
the End of the Nineteenth Century) (6th ed.
1896).
Ziegler und Kliphausen, Heinrich Anselm
von (tsēGʻlăr önt klip'hou-zen). A German
romance-writer; born at Radmeritz, Jan. 6,
1653; died near Leipsic, Sept. 8, 1697. His
principal work (The Asiatic Banise) (new ed.
1766), in the heroic-gallant style, has exerted
great influence on the formation of the taste
of several generations of Germans.
Ziel, Ernst (tsel). A German poet and
miscellaneous writer; born at Rostock, May 5,
1841. He is author of Literary Rilievos :
Poet Portraits) (4th series, 1885-95).
Zielinski, Felix (zē-lin'ski). A Polish lawyer
and miscellaneous writer; born in Volhynia,
1732; died at Warsaw, 1805. He was marshal
of the nobility for his district. He wrote: (The
Old and the New Style) (1763); "Criticism of
Karamsin) 1764); (A Critical Glance at Pres.
ent Society' (1772); Happy-go-Lucky Louise
(1771), humorous; (A Rustic's Mind) (1775);
(Critical History of Polish Literature (1776);
(Critical Glance at the Works of Voltaire)
(1782); etc.
Zimmermann, Johann Georg (tsim'mer-
män). A German miscellaneous writer; born
in the Swiss canton of Bern, 1728; died 1795.
He studied and practiced medicine, but de-
voted himself to literature as well; publishing
a book (On Solitude) (1784-85), and "On Na-
tional Pride! (1789). His style is rich and
vigorous; and his books, full of deep sentiment
as well as eloquence, have been translated into
many other languages.
Zimmermann, Karl. A German theological
writer; born at Darmstadt, Aug. 23, 1803; died
there June 12, 1877. He wrote: “Life of Luther)
(2d ed. 1855); (Contributions to Comparative
Homiletics) (1866); (The Evangelical Dia-
spora) (1868);( The Gustavus Adolphus Society:
Its History, its Constitution, and its Works)
(1878).
Zimmermann, Wilhelm.
A German poet
and historian; born at Stuttgart, 1807; died at
Mergentheim, 1878. He studied theology at
Tübingen, and occupied various positions, both
as a professor and as a clergyman, but de-
voted himself largely to general literature. He
published: (Poems) (1832); a tragedy, Masa.
niello) (1832); ' History of Würtemberg (1835);
(German Wars of Liberation against Napoleon'
(1836); (History of the Great Peasant War!
(1840-44), considered Zimmermann's best work ;
(History of the Poetry of All Nations) (1856);
(Germany's Heroic Struggle) (1870-71); and
many others.
## p. 597 (#613) ############################################
ZIMMERN - ZÖCKLER
597
Zimmern, Helen (tsim'mărn). A German-
English story-writer ; born at Hamburg, March
25, 1846. From childhood she lived in Eng-
land. She is author of 'Stories in Precious
Stones) (1873); (Told by the Way) (1874);
(Half-Hours with French Novelists) (1881);
(Stories from Foreign Novelists) (2d ed. 1885).
She wrote also (Schopenhauer, his Life and
Philosophy) (1876); (G. E. Lessing, his Life
and Works) (1878); “The Hansa Towns) (1889).
Zmorowicz, Simon (zº-m0'rô-vich). A Pol-
ish poet; born at Lemberg, 1604; died 1629.
His work shows much originality, as well as
variety. Among his writings are: (Russian
Ladies) (1654); a (Collection of Idyls) (1654);
(Fortune) (1655); (The Polish Venus) (1665);
(Grief(1777); etc.
Zincke, Foster Barham. An English re-
ligious and miscellaneous writer. He became
vicar of Wherstead, near Ipswich, and chaplain-
in-ordinary to the Queen. He has written :
(Last Winter in the United States) (1868);
(The Egypt of the Pharaohs and of the Khe-
dive) (new ed. 1873); (A Month in Switzer-
land” (1873); (The Swiss Germans) (1874);
"A Walk in the Grisons) (1875); (The Plow
and the Dollar) (1883); etc.
Zingerle, Ignaz Vincenz (tsing'árl-ė). An
Austrian poet and story-writer, nephew of Pius;
born at Meran, June 6, 1825; died at Inns-
bruck, Sept. 17, 1892. He was made professor
of the German language and literature in the
University of Innsbruck, 1859. Among his
poetical works are : (Primroses) (1848); (From
the Alps); (The Miller's Wife) (1853). He
wrote also (Tyrolese Legends) (1850); (The
Tyrol's Place in German Mediæval Literature)
(1851); <Children's Stories from the Tyrol)
(1852); (Alliteration in the Middle-High-German
Poets) (1864); (Oswald von Walkenstein)
(1870).
Zingerle, Pius. An Austrian theological
writer and Orientalist; born at Meran, March
17, 1801; died Jan. 10, 1881. He became pro-
fessor of the Arabic and Syriac languages in
the Roman University, 1862. Among works,
whether written or edited by him, are : (Select
Work of Ephrem Syrus, Translated from the
Greek and Syriac) (6 vols. , 1830–37); (Genuine
Acts of the Eastern Martyrs, from the Syriac
(1836); Roses of Mary from Damascus) (2d.
ed. 1865); Life and Deeds of St.
Simeon Sty-
lites) (1855); (Syriac Chrestomathy) (1871);
(Syriac Lexicon, for use with his Chresto-
mathy) (1873); “Oriental Elements in German
Poetry) (1862).
Zinkeisen, Johann Wilhelm (tsink'i-zen).
A German historian ; born at Altenburg, April
11, 1803; died at Berlin, Jan. 5, 1863. He edited
at Berlin the Official Gazette (Staats-Zeitung:
1840-51). He wrote: (History of the Ottoman
Empire in Europe) (7 vols. , 1840-63); (History
of Greece) (1832-40); etc.
Zinkgref or Zincgref, Julius Wilhelm
(tsink'gref). A German lyric poet; born at
Heidelberg, June 3, 1591; died at St. Goar,
Nov. 12, 1635. His principal work was “Ger-
man Apothegms) (later ed. 1644), a collection
of epigrams, anecdotes, etc. ; (The Soldier's
Praise) (1632), his best poem, an imitation of
Tyrtæus.
Zintgraff, Eugen (tsint'gräf). A German
African traveler; born at Düsseldorf, Jan. 16,
1858. He spent some years in the Congo re-
gion and in the Cameroons country, and wrote
North Cameroons: An Account of Travels in
1886–92) (1895).
Zitelmann, Konrad (tsē'tel-män). A German
poet and novelist; born at Stettin, 1854. He
studied law at Leipsic, but was obliged to
settle in Southern Europe on account of ill
health. He has published the collections of
poems (In Solitude) (1876), Autumn Days in
Meran) (1876), and (From Foreign Lands)
(1889); the novels (At Dawn) (1880), (Gods
and Idols) (1884), (The Game is Over, (Ob-
scure Lives) (1886), and Chords and Discords,
a collection of short stories (1888); etc.
zittel, Emil (tsit'tel). A German theological
writer; born at Lorrach in Baden, Aug. 14,
1831. He wrote: All around the Jungfrau :
A Tourist's Notes) (1874); (Dr. Martin Luther,
1483-1517) (1883); (The Origin of the Bible)
(1891); Bible Knowledge) (11th ed. 1893);
(How Jesus of Nazareth Became the Messiah
or Christ' (1893); (The Writings of the New
Testament Translated and Explained for the
German People) (1894).
Zittel, Karl Alfred. A German geologist
and palæontologist; born at Bahlingen, Sept.
25, 1839. He became professor in the Univer-
sity of Munich, 1866. He is author of (Travels
in Sweden and Norway) (1860); (From Pri-
mordial Times) (2d ed. 1875); "Letters from the
Libyan Desert' (1875); (The Sahara) (1885).
Ziver Pasha (7ē-vār'-pä-shä'). A Turkish
official and poet; born 1793; died 1862. He
was director of the Ministry of Marine, mem-
ber of the Council of Public Instruction, mem-
ber of the Council of State and Justice, etc. ;
and became, a year before his death, a function.
ary of the first rank. He held the title of im-
perial poet; his poetry is highly esteemed by
the Turks. A collection of it was published at
Constantinople, under the title of the Divan. '
Zmaj. See Jovanovic.
Zöckler, Otto (tsėk'ler). A German theologi-
cal writer; born at Grünberg in Upper Hesse,
May 27, 1833. He was appointed professor of
theology in the University of Greifswald, 1866.
Among his numerous works are: Natural The-
ology) (1860); "Critical History of Asceticism)
(1863), afterward rewritten and entitled As-
ceticism and Monasticism' (1897); (The Augs-
burg Confession as the Fundamental Symbol
of the German Church of the Reformation
(1870); (God's Witnesses in the Kingdom of
Nature) (1881); (The Apocrypha of the Old
Testament (1891).
## p. 598 (#614) ############################################
598
ZOGBAUM - ZOPPRITZ
Zogbaum, Rufus Fairchild. An American
artist; born in Charleston, S. C. , Aug. 28, 1849.
He was educated in New York, studied abroad;
has been successful as a painter of military
scenes; and has written (Horse, Foot, and Dra-
goons; or, Sketches of Army Life. )
Zogoskin (20-gos’kin), or Zagoskin, or Sa-
goskin, Mikhail (zä-gosíkin). A Russian nov-
elist and dramatist; born in the government
of Penza, 1789; died at Moscow, 1852. His
chief work is (The Russians in 1812) (1829).
His historical novels have earned for him the
name of the Russian Walter Scott.
Zola, Émile (zoʻlä). A celebrated French
novelist; born in Paris, April 2, 1840. He
has published: (Tales to Ninon (1864);
(Claude's Confession (1865); (A Dead Wo-
man's Vow) (1866); My Hatreds) (1866);
(My Salon) (1866); (The Mysteries of Mar-
seilles) (1867); Édouard Manet) (1867); “Thé-
rèse Raquin (1867); Madeleine Férat) (1868);
(The Fortune of the Rougons) (1871); La
Curée) (1872); (The Maw (Ventre) of Paris)
(1873); (The Conquest of Plassans) (1874);
(New Tales to Ninon) (1874); (The Sin of
Abbé Mouret) (1875); (His Excellency Eugène
Rougon) (1876); L'Assommoir) (1877); (A
Page of Love) (1878); (The French Republic
and Literature) (1879); Nana) (1880); (The
Experimental Novel) (1880); Literary Docu-
ments, Studies and Portraits) (1881); Natural-
ism on the Stage) (1881); (Our Dramatic Au-
thors) (1881); (The Realistic Novelists) (1881);
(A Campaign) (1881); Pot Bouille) (1882);
(Good Luck to the Ladies) (1883); (The Joy
of Living (1884); (Germinal) (1885); (Work)
(L'Euvre): 1886); Earth' ('La Terre): 1887);
( The Dream) (Le Rêve): 1888); ( The Human
Brute) (La Bête Humaine): 1890); (Money)
(1891); (The Downfall (La Débâcle : 1892);
Doctor Pascal' (1893); Lourdes) (1894);
(Rome) (1895); (Paris) (1897). *
Zoller, Edmund von (tsol'ler). A German
miscellaneous writer; born at Stuttgart, May
20, 1822. He is author of: (The Science of
Library Management) (1846); (Leopold Rob-
ert, a biography (1863); “German and Austrian
Orders and Decorations) (2d ed. 1881); (The
Order of Tunis) (1877); (The Order of the
Golden Fleece) (1879); (The Order of Charles
III. (1888); and has translated several poems
from French, English, Spanish, Portuguese,
Dutch, and the Scandinavian languages.
Zöller, Hugo (tsėl-ler). A German journal-
ist and traveler; born at Oberhausen, Prussia,
Jan. 12, 1852. He was for a number of years
traveling correspondent of the Cologne Ga-
zette, and explored and annexed to Germany
various tracts of country in West Africa (1884-
85). He has written : (Round the World)
(1881); (The Panama Canal) (1882); (The
Germans in the Brazilian Primeval Forest)
(1883); (Pampas and Andes) (1884); (The
German Possessions on the West African
Coast) (1885); (German New Guinea) (1891).
Zolling, Théophile (tsoʻling). A miscella-
neous writer; born near Naples, 1849. He was
educated in German Switzerland, studied his-
tory and philosophy in Vienna, and afterwards
lived in Paris and Berlin. He is known as a
lyrical poet, but has also written a satirical
epic poem, "The Virgin of the Chair) (1876);
a drama in collaboration with Alphonse Dau-
det, New Love) (1877); the novels (Gossip
(1889) and Madame Love) (1889); etc.
Zöllner, Johann Karl Friedrich (tsėl'ner).
A German astronomer and physicist; born at
Berlin, Nov. 8, 1834 ; died April 25, 1882, at
Leipsic, where he was professor of physical
astronomy in the university. He wrote: (Out-
lines of a General Photometry of the Heavens
(1861); (Photometric Researches with special
relation to the Physical Constitution of the
Heavenly Bodies) (1865); “The Nature of the
Comets) (1871); Principles of an Electro-
dynamic Theory of Matter) (1876). In his lat-
ter years he turned to the study of spiritism
and hypnotism; after his death appeared his
work (Are There Unconscious and Hereditarily
Transmitted Ideas ? (1879).
Zollogub or Sollogub (zol'lo-göb), written
also Zollohub (zol'lo-höb), Vladimir Alexan-
drovich. A popular Russian miscellaneous
writer; born at St. Petersburg, about 1815;
died June 16, 1882. Besides poems, essays, and
dramas, he wrote a novel, (Tarantas, trans-
lated into English and German.
Zonaras, Joannes (zon'a-ras). A Byzantine
theologian and historian; born at Constanti.
nople, in the twelfth century of the Christian
era. He was the author of (Annals,' from the
creation down to his own times, containing
valuable extracts from Josephus, and from parts
of Dion Cassius that are now lost.
Zöpfi, Heinrich Matthias (tsépfl). A Ger-
man jurist; born at Bamberg, April 6, 1807 ;
died at Heidelberg, July 4, 1877. He was pro-
fessor of public law at Heidelberg, 1839. He
wrote: (On High Nobility and Equality of
Birth) (1853); (Antiquities of the German
Realm and Law) (3 vols. , 1860-61); 'Principles
of the Common German Public Law) (2 vols. ,
1860); "History of German Law) (3 vols. ,
1871-72); (Outline for Lectures on the Philos-
ophy of Law) (1878), published posthumously;
etc.
Zoppio, Melchiore (dzop'yo). An Italian
dramatist and miscellaneous writer; born at
Bologna, about 1544 ; died 1634. By profession
a physician, he devoted his leisure to philosophy
and literature, publishing two comedies, “Di-
ogenes Accused' (1598), and Julian); and four
tragedies, Admetus,' (Medea, (Creusa,' and
(Meander) (1629); as well as various philo-
sophical writings.
zöppritz, Karl (tsép'prits). A German
geographer; born at Darmstadt, April 14, 1838 ;
died March 21, 1885. He is author of Pruys.
senaere's Travels in the Region of the Upper
Nile) (1877); (Hydro-dynamic Problems of the
(
## p. 599 (#615) ############################################
ZORN-ZURITA
599
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. Stude:
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ter
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,
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Theory of the Tides ) (1878); (Guide to Car-
tography) (1884).
Zorn, Philipp (tsorn). A German legist;
born at Bayreuth, Jan. 13, 1850. He became
professor in the University of Königsberg,
1877. Among his writings are: (State and
Church in Switzerland, written in collabora-
tion with Karl Gareis (2 vols. , 1877–78); (State
and Church in Norway to the Close of the
Thirteenth Century) (1875); (Public Law of
the German Empire) (2 vols. , 1880-83); (Text-
Book of Ecclesiastical Law) (1888).
Zoroaster (zo'rā- as'ter). * See article
(Avesta) in the Library. )
Zorrilla y Moral, José (thō-rēl'yä ē mā-räl').
A Spanish poet; born at Valladolid, 1817;
died 1893. At his father's wish he studied law,
but early showed his talent and ambition as
a poet. His first collection of verse appeared
in 1837; and another, (Songs of the Trouba-
dour: A Collection of Legends and Tradi-
tions, 1840-41. Then followed a drama, Don
Juan Tenorio) (1844), containing reminiscences
of Faust); (Legend of the Cid) (1880); and
various collections of shorter verse. *
Zosimus (zös'i-mus). A Greek historian,
who probably lived during the reign of the
Emperor Anastasius, at the end of the fifth
century of the Christian era. He wrote a
(Roman History, composed of six books, in
which he attributes the fall of the empire to
the Christians alone.
Zouch, Richard (zöch). An English writer
on jurisprudence; born at Anstey in Wiltshire,
about 1590; died at London, March 1, 1661.
Among his celebrated treatises, written in Latin,
are : (Elements of Jurisprudence) (1629); (De-
scription of Feudal Law and Procedure accord-
ing to the Usages of Milan and Normandy, to
serve as Introduction to English Jurisprudence)
(1634); Description of Ecclesiastical Law and
Procedure according to the Canons and Con-
stitutions of England) (1636); Explication of
Fecial Law and Procedure, or of the Law of
Nations) (1650); (The Competent Judge of an
Offending Ambassador) (1657).
Zouch, Thomas. An English writer of prose
and verse; born in York, 1737; died 1815.
Among his writings are: “The Crucifixion,' a
poem (1765); and Memoirs of the Life and
Writings of Sir Philip Sidney) (1808).
Zoukovski. See Zhukovski.
Zrinyi, Niklas, Count (zrēn'yē). A Hun.
garian soldier and poet; born 1616; died 1664.
He wrote idyls and songs; an epic poem, the
(Zrinyade) (1651); and essays in prose.
Zschokke, Johann Heinrich Daniel (tshok'.
kė). A noted German novelist and miscella-
neous writer; born at Magdeburg, 1771; died
1848. He settled in Switzerland, active in
politics. He produced a successful drama,
Abällino the Bandit' (1793), followed by an-
other, Julius von Sassen) (1796). He has writ.
ten a "History of Bavaria) (1813–18); and a
(History of Switzerland for the Swiss People)
(1822); but his fame rests upon a semi-religious
work, Hours of Devotion, and his novels,
some of the most popular of which are: (Ala-
montade the Galley-Slave); (The Fool of the
Nineteenth Century); Master Jacob); (The
Goldmaker's Village); etc.
Zumpt, August (tsömpt). A German clas-
sical philologist, nephew of Karl; born at
Königsberg, Dec. 4, 1815; died at Berlin, April
22, 1877. His studies had to do mainly with
Roman epigraphy in its relation to history.
His principal works are : (The Ancyran Monu-
ment) (1845); “Epigraphical Notes) (2 vols. ,
1850-54); (Roman Studies) (1859); (Criminal
Law under the Roman Republic) (4 vols. ,
1865-69); (The Birth-Year of Christ) (1869);
(Criminal Trials under the Roman Republic.
Zumpt, Karl. A German classical philolo-
gist; born at Berlin, March 20, 1792; died at
Karlsbad, June 25, 1849. He was appointed
professor of Roman literature in the University
of Berlin, 1836. His greatest work, the Latin
Grammar) (1818; 13th ed. 1874), was translated
into English, and is the basis of several of the
Latin grammars since compiled for the use of
schools. He also prepared annotated editions
of several of the Latin classics; and wrote:
(Annals of Ancient Kingdoms, Nations, etc. ?
(1819), in Latin; (The Roman Knights and the
Equestrian Order) (1840); “On the Duration of
the Philosophic Schools at Athens, and the
Succession of the Scholarchs) (1843); “On the
Law and the Proofs of Extortion) (Repetun-
darum ; 1845); (The Personal Liberty of the
Roman Citizen, and its Legal Guarantees (1846).
Zunz, Leopold (tsönts). A German writer
on Jewish religion and history; born at Det-
mold, Aug. 10, 1794; died March 17, 1886, at
Berlin, where he was head-master of the Jew-
ish normal school for teachers. He is the
founder of the Science of Judaism,” the plan
of which was laid down in his A Little about
Rabbinic Literature) (1818). Very important
was his work Jewish Teachings Regarding
Worship’ (1892). Among his other works are :
(The Synagogue Poetry of the Middle Ages);
(The Names of the Jews) (1836); (Jewish Re-
quirements as to Oaths) (1859).
Zupitza, Julius (tsö'pit-sä). A German stu-
dent of English speech; born at Oberglogau
in Upper Silesia, Jan. 4, 1844 ; died July 6, 1895,
at Berlin, where he was professor of English
language and literature in the university. Among
his works are: (Introduction to the Study of
Middle High German (1868); Exercise Book
of Old and Middle English) (1874); (Alfric's
Grammar and Glossary) (1850); 'Specimens of
All the Accessible Unprinted MSS. of the Can-
terbury Tales) (1890).
Zurita, Geronimo (thö-re’ta). A Spanish
historian ; born at Saragossa, 1512; died 1580.
che che
po
Hems
E-
## p. 600 (#616) ############################################
600
ZWECKER-ZWINGLI
>
ures.
His Annals of the Crown of Aragon (6 vols. ,
1562–79) are of great value.
Zwecker, J. An English writer of advent-
He is the author of Lost among the
Afghans,' illustrated (new ed. 1864).
Zweers, Philip (zwărs). A Dutch poet; died
1774. He was a notary at Amsterdam. He
wrote: (Semiramis) (1729), a tragedy; other
dramas; and poems. (Poetical Works' Am-
sterdam, 1759. )
Zwinger, Theodore, the Elder (tsving'er)
(Lat. , Zwingerus, zwin-jē'rus). A famous Swiss
physician and scholar; born at Basle, 1533;
died there, 1588. He was professor of Greek
at Basle (1565). He wrote «Theatre of Human
Life) (1565), a collection of anecdotes, etc.
Zwingli, Ulrich (tsving'lē). A Swiss church
reformer; born at Wildhaus in the canton of
St. Gall, Jan. I, 1484; fell in battle near Kap-
pel, Oct. II, 1531. Next after Calvin he was
the foremost leader of the Reformation in
Switzerland. His principal works, written in
Latin, are: (Of True and False Religion
(1525); (The Grounds of Faith) (1530); (A
Short and Clear Exposition of Christian Faith
(1538). He wrote in German: Baptism, Ana.
baptism, and Pædobaptism (1525); (A Clear
Explanation of Christ's Last Supper) (1526).
>
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