Avijnapti will be
desaibed
in detail iv.
Abhidharmakosabhasyam-Vol-1-Vasubandhu-Poussin-Pruden-1991
On the two nirodhas, 16, ii.
55c; on the five nirodhas, i.
20a-b.
23. On the difference between space (dkdsa) and a void (dkdsadhdtu), see i. 28; on the non- existence of an asarhskrta called "space" (a Sautrantika theory), see ii. 55c-d. Kathdvatthu, vi. 6-7.
The opinion of the Madhyamikas on space and other unconditioned things, an opinion identical to that of the SautrSntikas, is presented by Aryadeva, Sataka, ix. 3 (Madhyamaka-vrtti, 505; Catuhsatikd, 202, As. Soc. of Bengal, iii, p. 483, 1914): "Where there is no matter (rupa), there is nothing which opposes the arising of material dharmas: the absence of matter receives the name dkdsa, because things shine brightly there (bhrsam asydntah kdsante bhdvdh). The Vaibhasikas suppose, in the Abhidharmasdstra, that dkdsa is a reality {vastu), not seeing that Scripture must give a name to an unreal thing, to a pure negative (avastusato'kimcanasya) . . . "
24. Compare the discussion Kathdvatthu, xix. 3.
The Sarvastivadins consider that "disjunction from a defilement," "the suppression of future
defilement or suffering" (visamyoga or nirodha) is a thing in and of itself, a real dharma, an entity (dravya). "Disjunction" is not produced by causes, and so is eternal. Through pratisamkhya (comprehension of the Truths) one obtains the acquisition (prdpti, ii. 36b) of disjunction.
25. The Blessed One compared an impure (sdsrava) object to a post, that is to say, an object which the defilements, desire, hatred, etc. can adhere to; the defilements of bonds, samyojana, are a rorje; the pudgala is the animal. (Compare Sarhyutta, iv. 282). A sdsrava object is a samyogavastu, the sannojaniya.
26. Dharmadinna was questioned by her former spouse the householder Vis*akha: kimsabhdga drya nirodhah? She answered: asabhdga dyusman visdkha. (Madhyamdgama, TD 1, p. 788cl6, Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. I62bll). Compare Majjhima, i. 304: nibbanassa pan'ayye kirn patighdgo . . .
27. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. I64bl3. The Kathavatthu, ii. 9, attributes to the Mahimsasakas (Wassilief, ? . 282) and the Andhakas the distinction between papisamkhd- and appatisamkhdnirodha. Samkara discusses the two nirodhas ad ii. 2, 22 (see Kern Album, iii) but he confuses apratisamkhydnirodha and anityatdnirodha (i. 20a-b).
28. This classification rests on two principles: 1. There can be pratisamkhydnirodha, (disjunction, detachment) from impure dharmas, of any time period whether they have been, are now or are not now destined to arise. 2. There is apratisamkhydnirodha of all dharmas, pure or impure, which are not destined to arise: future dharmas exist: they will arise if the causes of arising cause them to pass from the future into the present; they will not arise if one obtains their apratisamkhydnirodha. For example, at a certain moment, a Saint obtains not being able to arise in an animal womb: he obtains apratisamkhydnirodha of the animal womb, which for him is henceforth "not destined to arise" (anutpattidharman).
The Blessed One said of the Srotaapanna, "He has surpressed (niruddha) the hells, the animal wombs, existences as a preta" (Comp. Sarhyutta, v. 356, khinanirayo khinatiracchdnayoniko . . . )
? Apratisamhydnirodha is a dharma in and of itself which makes absolutely impossible, in one who possesses (prdpti) it, the arising of a certain dharma. This absolute non-arising does not result from an insufficiency of causes, for, if the causes should present themselves someday, the dharma would arise: thus it is the possession of apratisammkhydnirodha which makes the sufficient coming together of causes, and arising, definitely impossible.
See ii. 55c-d and v. 24.
29- The term skandha is explained i. 20.
30. According to the Sutra: trinimdni bhiksavah kathdvastuny acaturthdny apancamdni ydny dsritydrydh kathdm kathayantah kathayanti / katamdni trim / atitam kathavastu andgatam kathdvastu pratyupannam kathavastu.
Compare Anguttara, i. 197.
31. TD 26, p. 728a24: "The three paths, the three kathdvastus are embraced within eighteen dhdtus, twelve dyatanas, and five skandhas; they are known by the nine knowledges, with the exception of nirodhajndna; they are discerned by six consciousnesses; and they are affected by all the anusayas. "
32. Why is not the unconditioned a "foundation of discourse? " Because it is not the cause of discourse (ii. 55); because there is no history of an unconditioned thing, in the same way that one can say "Dipamkara was such . . . ; Maitreya will be . . . ; King Kapphina (? ) is such. " {Vydkhyd)
33. According to the Prakarana, TD 26, p. 7l6b23, which can be reconstructed: sanihsdrd dharmdh katame? sarve samskrtd dharmdh, one should "leave," not only the impure dharmas, but also the Path. The Vydkhyd quotes the text on abandoning the raft, Majjhima, i. 135, Vajracchedikd, para. 6: kolopamam dharmaparydyam djanadbhir dharma apt prahdtavydh prdg evddharma iti (Compare Bodhicarydvatdra, ix. 33; Kapha, ii. 14).
34. According to the Prakarana, TD 26, p. 7l6a3: savastukdh sapratyayd dharmdh katame? samskrtd dharmdh. See ii. 55 end.
35. Vastu signifies hetu according to the etymology: vasanty asmin prdk kdrydni pascat tola utpatteh.
The Vydkhyd quotes here a fragment of the Bhdsyam ad ii. 55 on the five meanings of the word vastu in Scripture {Vibhdsd TD 27, p. 980bl2) For Vasubandhu savastuka signifies "real": conditioned things are real; unconditioned things are unreal.
36. The Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 386cl2 and foil. , presents fourteen explanations of the term updddnaskandha. Vasubandhu quotes the first three.
On khandha and updddnakkhandha, Visuddhimagga, xiv, apud Warren, p. 155.
37. On rana, sarana, arand (vii. 35c), see Museon, 1914, p. 35; Walleser, Die Streitlosigkeit des
Subhuti (Heidelberg, 1917).
38. asmin eva rohita vydydmamdtre kalevare lokam prajnapaydmi lokasamudayam ca (Anguttara ii. 48: rohitassadevaputta). The Blessed One further said: luhyate praluhyate tasmdl lokah (Samyutta, iv. 52). Astasdhasrikd-, p. 256; Mahdvyutpatti, 154. 16 (Wogihara, Bodhisattvabhumi, Leipzig 1908, p. 38). The root is luji, not loki.
39. Vydkhyd: According to the text: bhavah katamah / pancopdddnaskandhah.
Hsiian-tsang translates, "They are the threefold existence. "
Vasubandhu's source appears to be the Prakarana, TD 26, p. 715a9: "Which dharmas are
bhava? Impure dharmas. Which dharmas are not bhava? Pure dharmas. " 40. Compare the Prakaranapdda, Chapter I, translated in the Introduction.
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41. The five organs (indriya) are suprasensible (atindriya), transparent (accba), distinct from the object of the organs, distinct from visible things, from tangible things, etc. It is through reasoning or deduction that we cognize their existence. They have for their support (adhisthdna) what popular language calls the eye, etc. (i. 44a-b).
On pasddacakkhu, cakkhupasdda, see Dhammasangani, 616,628.
42. See the Sutra quoted i. 35. Compare Vibhanga, 122, Psychology, 173.
43. The first interpretation according to the Vibhdsa, TD 27, p. 369b21.
44. Vibhdsa, TD 27, p. 64a5: Mahdvyutpatti, 101; compare Dhammasangani, 617. 45. The Sautrantikas deny that shape is anything other than color.
46. Vijmnakaya, TD 26, p. 583al4, Vibhdsa, TD 27, p. 390b24.
47. Dhammasangani, 636.
48. Dhammasangani, 624.
49. Sattvdkhya - sattvam dcaste, any dharma which denotes a living being is called sattvdkhya. When one understands the sound which constitute vocal action (vdgvijnapti, iv. 3d), one knows "This is a living being. " Any sound different from speech is asattvdkhya.
50. According to the Dharmaskandha, TD 26, p. 500b24, it is of fourteen types. Compare Dhammasangani, 629.
51. Dhammasangani, 625.
52. Vibhdsa, TD 27, p. 66lcl4 and foil, Dhammasangani, 648. See i. 35.
53. Dhammapada, 194; Uddnavarga, xxx. 23. The appearance of the Buddhas is a cause of happiness, not happiness itself.
54. See i. 30b.
55. According to Vibhdsa, TD 27, p. 64alL
56. The manovijndna, or mental consciousness, grasps the totality of the objects of the sense consciousnesses, visual consciousness (caksurvijndna), etc; this is why one considers that it has samdnyalaksana for its sphere; in other words, it is not specialized with respea to its objea.
If, in the same way, one says that the visual consciousnesses bears on blue, yellow, red and white, we should say that it has the samdnyalaksana for its sphere, because the charaaeristics of the "visible" rupdyatana are its objea; the same for the auditory consciousness, the olfaaory consciousness, etc. Now this is in opposition to Saipture.
Answer: When Saipture teaches that each one of the five sense consciousnesses has a svalaksana for its sphere, this refers to the unique or self (sva) charaaeristics (laksana) of the dyatanas, namely the quality of being rupdyatana, that is, the quality of being visible, the "quality of being cognizable by the visual consciousness," or the quality of being ? abddyatana> the "quality of being cognizable by the auditory consciousness," etc. Scripture does not refer to the unique charaaeristic of things, namely the "quality of having a blue aspea" or the "quality of being cognizable by a visual consciousness having a blue aspea," etc. It is not from the point of view of the unique charaaeristics of these objeas that the five consciousnesses are said "to have svalaksana for their sphere,'* or in other words, are called "specialized with respea to their objea. "
57.
Avijnapti will be desaibed in detail iv. 3d etc This can be translated as "non-information" or "non-informative. " This is an aaion which does not cause anything to be known to another, and
? in this it resembles mental action; but it is matter (rupa), in that it resembles bodily and vocal action. We shall see that the Sautrantikas and Vasubandhu do not admit the existence of a specific dharma called the avijfidpti.
Sarhghabhadra thinks that the definition of avijrlapti, as formulated by Vasubandhu, does not conform to the Vaibhasika doctrine. His objections (in the Nydydnusdra) are reproduced, and refuted, by Yafomitra (Vydkhyd, 31. 16 -34. 5). In the Samayapradtpikd, he substitutes a new kdrikd for one by Vasubandhu, which Yasomitra quotes:
krte'pi visabhdge'pi citte cittdtyaye ca yat / vydkrtdpratigham rUpam sd hy avijUaptir isyate //
58. Sarhghabhadra explains: Why are the mahdbhutas termed dhdtu? Because they are the place of origin of all the rUpadharmas; the mahdbhutas themselves have their origins in the mahdbhutas. Now, in the world, a place of origin receive the name of dhdtu: it is thus that gold mines, etc. , are called dhdtus of gold, etc. Or rather they are called dhdtu because they are the place of origin of the variety of sufferings. Example as above. Some say that they are called dhdtu because they bear the unique characteristics of both the mahdbhutas and derived rupa (TD 29, p. 335cl3-17).
The dhdtus also bear the name of mahdbhuta. Why bhuta? Why mahdbhuta?
At the moment when the diverse types of derived rupa (blue, etc. ) arise, each one of them comes forth under different aspects: this is why they are called bhuta.
According to other masters it is by reason of the predominating (adhipati) power of the action of living beings, in the course of eternal samsdra, that they always exist: this is why they are called bhuta. Or rather, the appearance (utpdda) of the dharmas is what is called bhava . . .
59. The etymological explanation of bhutdni is bhiitam tanvanti.
60. Water (in the popular sense of the word) supports vessels: thus the earth element manifests its own, proper activity; it is warm, it moves, etc
See ii. 22; Dhammasangani, 962-966; Compendium, Appendix, p. 268.
61. Prakarana, TD 26, p. 757a23. The Mahdvyutpatti (101) has khakkhatatva, dravatva, usnatva,
and laghusamudiranatva.
62. des'antarotpddanasvabhdvd. . . irand, compare the source quoted in the Compendium:
desantaruppattihetubhdvena.
63. The Sanskrit and the Tibetan have the plural. Hsiian-tsang: the Prakaranapada; Paramartha:
the Fen-pieh tao-li lun. Prakarana, TD 26, p. 699c5, vdyudhdtuh katamah? laghusamudiranatvam.
64. The Sutra in question (Samyuktdgama, TD 2, p. 72c, Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 388al8) is perhaps the GarbhdvakrdntisHtra (Majjhima, DI. 239, below note 120). In the redaction known through the Siksdsamuccaya (p. 244), there is (1) for earth kakkhapatva kharagata (compare Mahavastu, i. 339, Divydvaddna, 518. 2; Dhammasangani, 648; HarsacaritaJRAS. 1899, p. 494); (2) for water: dpas abgata aptva sneha snehagata snehatva dravatva; (3) for fire: tejas tejogata usmagata; (4) for wind: vdyu vdyugata laghutva samudiranatva.
65. This is to say: light (laghu) is derived rupa; lightness (laghutva), which by its nature is movement (irana) is the wind element; the wind element is thus laghusamudtranatva: that which produces lightness and motion.
66. Quoted in Vydkhyd, viii. 35.
See viii. 36b (vdyukrtsndyatana). Two opinions in Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 441a, p. 689b3 as to
whether the wind is visible or not.
67. It appears that the Tibetan and Chinese sources call for the translation: "What is it that is broken? By contact with the hand . . . "
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Samyutta, iii. 86: ruppatUi kho bhikkhave tasmd rupam ti vuccati / kena ruppati / sitena. . . sirimsapasampassena ruppati. (See the interpretation of Shwe Zan Aung in the Compendium-, "rupa means that which changes its form under the physical conditions of cold . . . ").
The Mahdvyutpattihas: rupandd rupam. (111. 3,245. 1137,1153,1154).
There are two roots: (1) rup, which gives rupa, form, color, beauty, rupya, gold, etc; and (2) rup, rumpere, in Vedic Sanskrit: rupyati, ropana, etc. ; in Pali: ruppati (-kuppata ghafpiyati pUiyati domanassito hoti)\ in Classical Sanskrit lup, lumpati.
68. The Sarvastivadins understand: "Useful Chapters;" the Pali signifies "The Octades. " (S. Levi, /. As. 1915, i. 412,1916, ii. 34).
Mahdniddesa, p. 5. Kern, Verspreide Geschriften, ii. 26l (La Haye 1913) illustrates the meaning of rup by Jataka iii, 368, Cariyapipaka, 3. 6, etc.
69. Pratighdta signifies svadese parasyotpatti pratibandha. See above p. 90.
Elsewhere, the thing which is sapratigha, "impenetrable," is defined: yaddesam avrnoti, that
which "covers" a place, that which is extended.
One shall see (i. 43) the type of pratighdta refered to in the Dhammasangani, 618-619.
70. There is a third definition of rupana, Madhyamakavrtti, 456. 9: tatredam ihamutreti nirilpandd rupam = "This is called rupa because one can indicate it as being here or there," and Vydkhydad
i. 24 pdnyddisamspars'air bddhandlaksandd rupandt / idam ihamutreti desanidarsanarupanac ca. Compare Mahavyutpatti, 245. 1139, desanirupana.
We have thus: rupa, that which is impenetrable, that which occupies a place; thus "physical matter. "
Samghabhadra also has another explanation: rupa is so called because it indicates previous action as "This man has cultivated an action, anger, which has produced his bad appearance. "
71. See i. 43c-d and ii. 22.
72. This formula has passed into the Mahavyutpatti, 109. 2. TheJapanese editor refers to Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 390al.
The Vydkhyd mentions that this second explanation is due to the Vrddhacarya, or "former master," Vasubandhu.
On the Vasubandhu the teacher of Manoratha, in turn the teacher of Vasubandhu the author of the Kosa, see Bhdsyam iii. 27 and iv. 3a, and the sources discussed in the Avant Propos to Cosmologie Bouddhique, p. viii (London,1918).
73. Samghabhadra, in the Samayapradipikd, reads: ta evoktd. Vasubandhu employs the expression ista, "is regarded by the Vaibhasikas," because, for him, the skandhas do not really exist (i. 20).
74. Vedandnubhava, ii. 7, 8, 24; iii. 32; Samyutta, iii. 96; Dhammasangani, 3; Theorie des douze causes, p. 23.
75. Nimitta, characteristic, is understood as vastuno'vasthdvifesa, the diverse conditions or manners of being of the thing. Udgrahana signifies pariccheda, determination or discernment.
The Vijndnakdya, TD 26, p. 559b27, quoted in the Nyayabindupurvapaksasamksepa (Mdo, 111, foL 108b) and in the Madhyamakavrtti (p. 74), says that the visual consciousness knows blue {ntlam jdndti), but does not know "This is blue" {no tu nilam itt). See the note ad i. 33a-b. It is through samjnd that one gives a name to the visual impression, and to the external cause of the
visual impression.
Objection: The consciousness {vijndna) and ideas (samjnd) are always associated (ii. 24); thus
the visual consciousness will know the characteristics (nimitta) of the object. Answer: The samjnd which accompanies sense consciousness is weak and indistinct. Only the mental consciousness is
? accompanied by an efficacious samjnd, and only it is savikalpaka (132-33). Compare Samyutta iiL86; Atthasdlini, 291; Milinda, 61.
76. On the samskdras, Theorie des douze causes, p. 9-12.
77. Compare Samyutta, iii. 60: katame ca bhikkhave samkhdrd / chayime cetandkdyd / rupasam-
cetand. . . dhammasamcetand; Vibhanga, p. 144; Sumangalavildsint, p. 64.
78. Volition is action (iv. l), the cause of upapatti, and by opposition to thirst, the cause of
abhinirvrtti (vi. 3).
79. This is to say: "because it conditions that which should be conditioned," as one says: "Cook the
porridge that should be cooked. "
80. a. Samyutta iii. 67: samkhatam abhisamkharontiti bhikkhave tasmd samkhdrdti vuccanti / kifl ca samkhatam abhisamkharonti / rupam rupattdya samkhatam abhisamkharonti / vedanam vedanattdya . . .
b. Samyutta v. 449: jdtisamvattanike'pi samkhdre abhisamkharonti / jardsamvattanike'pi. . . / maranasamvattanike'pi. . . / te jdtisamvattanike'pi samkhdre ahhisamkharitvd. . . jdtipapdtam pipapatanti J . . .
c. abhisamskaranalaksandh sarhskdrdh (Madhyamakavrtti 343. 9); cittdbhisamskdramanas- kdraksand cetand (ibid 137. 7, Mahdvastu, i. 26 and 391).
81. See ii.
23. On the difference between space (dkdsa) and a void (dkdsadhdtu), see i. 28; on the non- existence of an asarhskrta called "space" (a Sautrantika theory), see ii. 55c-d. Kathdvatthu, vi. 6-7.
The opinion of the Madhyamikas on space and other unconditioned things, an opinion identical to that of the SautrSntikas, is presented by Aryadeva, Sataka, ix. 3 (Madhyamaka-vrtti, 505; Catuhsatikd, 202, As. Soc. of Bengal, iii, p. 483, 1914): "Where there is no matter (rupa), there is nothing which opposes the arising of material dharmas: the absence of matter receives the name dkdsa, because things shine brightly there (bhrsam asydntah kdsante bhdvdh). The Vaibhasikas suppose, in the Abhidharmasdstra, that dkdsa is a reality {vastu), not seeing that Scripture must give a name to an unreal thing, to a pure negative (avastusato'kimcanasya) . . . "
24. Compare the discussion Kathdvatthu, xix. 3.
The Sarvastivadins consider that "disjunction from a defilement," "the suppression of future
defilement or suffering" (visamyoga or nirodha) is a thing in and of itself, a real dharma, an entity (dravya). "Disjunction" is not produced by causes, and so is eternal. Through pratisamkhya (comprehension of the Truths) one obtains the acquisition (prdpti, ii. 36b) of disjunction.
25. The Blessed One compared an impure (sdsrava) object to a post, that is to say, an object which the defilements, desire, hatred, etc. can adhere to; the defilements of bonds, samyojana, are a rorje; the pudgala is the animal. (Compare Sarhyutta, iv. 282). A sdsrava object is a samyogavastu, the sannojaniya.
26. Dharmadinna was questioned by her former spouse the householder Vis*akha: kimsabhdga drya nirodhah? She answered: asabhdga dyusman visdkha. (Madhyamdgama, TD 1, p. 788cl6, Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. I62bll). Compare Majjhima, i. 304: nibbanassa pan'ayye kirn patighdgo . . .
27. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. I64bl3. The Kathavatthu, ii. 9, attributes to the Mahimsasakas (Wassilief, ? . 282) and the Andhakas the distinction between papisamkhd- and appatisamkhdnirodha. Samkara discusses the two nirodhas ad ii. 2, 22 (see Kern Album, iii) but he confuses apratisamkhydnirodha and anityatdnirodha (i. 20a-b).
28. This classification rests on two principles: 1. There can be pratisamkhydnirodha, (disjunction, detachment) from impure dharmas, of any time period whether they have been, are now or are not now destined to arise. 2. There is apratisamkhydnirodha of all dharmas, pure or impure, which are not destined to arise: future dharmas exist: they will arise if the causes of arising cause them to pass from the future into the present; they will not arise if one obtains their apratisamkhydnirodha. For example, at a certain moment, a Saint obtains not being able to arise in an animal womb: he obtains apratisamkhydnirodha of the animal womb, which for him is henceforth "not destined to arise" (anutpattidharman).
The Blessed One said of the Srotaapanna, "He has surpressed (niruddha) the hells, the animal wombs, existences as a preta" (Comp. Sarhyutta, v. 356, khinanirayo khinatiracchdnayoniko . . . )
? Apratisamhydnirodha is a dharma in and of itself which makes absolutely impossible, in one who possesses (prdpti) it, the arising of a certain dharma. This absolute non-arising does not result from an insufficiency of causes, for, if the causes should present themselves someday, the dharma would arise: thus it is the possession of apratisammkhydnirodha which makes the sufficient coming together of causes, and arising, definitely impossible.
See ii. 55c-d and v. 24.
29- The term skandha is explained i. 20.
30. According to the Sutra: trinimdni bhiksavah kathdvastuny acaturthdny apancamdni ydny dsritydrydh kathdm kathayantah kathayanti / katamdni trim / atitam kathavastu andgatam kathdvastu pratyupannam kathavastu.
Compare Anguttara, i. 197.
31. TD 26, p. 728a24: "The three paths, the three kathdvastus are embraced within eighteen dhdtus, twelve dyatanas, and five skandhas; they are known by the nine knowledges, with the exception of nirodhajndna; they are discerned by six consciousnesses; and they are affected by all the anusayas. "
32. Why is not the unconditioned a "foundation of discourse? " Because it is not the cause of discourse (ii. 55); because there is no history of an unconditioned thing, in the same way that one can say "Dipamkara was such . . . ; Maitreya will be . . . ; King Kapphina (? ) is such. " {Vydkhyd)
33. According to the Prakarana, TD 26, p. 7l6b23, which can be reconstructed: sanihsdrd dharmdh katame? sarve samskrtd dharmdh, one should "leave," not only the impure dharmas, but also the Path. The Vydkhyd quotes the text on abandoning the raft, Majjhima, i. 135, Vajracchedikd, para. 6: kolopamam dharmaparydyam djanadbhir dharma apt prahdtavydh prdg evddharma iti (Compare Bodhicarydvatdra, ix. 33; Kapha, ii. 14).
34. According to the Prakarana, TD 26, p. 7l6a3: savastukdh sapratyayd dharmdh katame? samskrtd dharmdh. See ii. 55 end.
35. Vastu signifies hetu according to the etymology: vasanty asmin prdk kdrydni pascat tola utpatteh.
The Vydkhyd quotes here a fragment of the Bhdsyam ad ii. 55 on the five meanings of the word vastu in Scripture {Vibhdsd TD 27, p. 980bl2) For Vasubandhu savastuka signifies "real": conditioned things are real; unconditioned things are unreal.
36. The Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 386cl2 and foil. , presents fourteen explanations of the term updddnaskandha. Vasubandhu quotes the first three.
On khandha and updddnakkhandha, Visuddhimagga, xiv, apud Warren, p. 155.
37. On rana, sarana, arand (vii. 35c), see Museon, 1914, p. 35; Walleser, Die Streitlosigkeit des
Subhuti (Heidelberg, 1917).
38. asmin eva rohita vydydmamdtre kalevare lokam prajnapaydmi lokasamudayam ca (Anguttara ii. 48: rohitassadevaputta). The Blessed One further said: luhyate praluhyate tasmdl lokah (Samyutta, iv. 52). Astasdhasrikd-, p. 256; Mahdvyutpatti, 154. 16 (Wogihara, Bodhisattvabhumi, Leipzig 1908, p. 38). The root is luji, not loki.
39. Vydkhyd: According to the text: bhavah katamah / pancopdddnaskandhah.
Hsiian-tsang translates, "They are the threefold existence. "
Vasubandhu's source appears to be the Prakarana, TD 26, p. 715a9: "Which dharmas are
bhava? Impure dharmas. Which dharmas are not bhava? Pure dharmas. " 40. Compare the Prakaranapdda, Chapter I, translated in the Introduction.
Footnotes 135
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41. The five organs (indriya) are suprasensible (atindriya), transparent (accba), distinct from the object of the organs, distinct from visible things, from tangible things, etc. It is through reasoning or deduction that we cognize their existence. They have for their support (adhisthdna) what popular language calls the eye, etc. (i. 44a-b).
On pasddacakkhu, cakkhupasdda, see Dhammasangani, 616,628.
42. See the Sutra quoted i. 35. Compare Vibhanga, 122, Psychology, 173.
43. The first interpretation according to the Vibhdsa, TD 27, p. 369b21.
44. Vibhdsa, TD 27, p. 64a5: Mahdvyutpatti, 101; compare Dhammasangani, 617. 45. The Sautrantikas deny that shape is anything other than color.
46. Vijmnakaya, TD 26, p. 583al4, Vibhdsa, TD 27, p. 390b24.
47. Dhammasangani, 636.
48. Dhammasangani, 624.
49. Sattvdkhya - sattvam dcaste, any dharma which denotes a living being is called sattvdkhya. When one understands the sound which constitute vocal action (vdgvijnapti, iv. 3d), one knows "This is a living being. " Any sound different from speech is asattvdkhya.
50. According to the Dharmaskandha, TD 26, p. 500b24, it is of fourteen types. Compare Dhammasangani, 629.
51. Dhammasangani, 625.
52. Vibhdsa, TD 27, p. 66lcl4 and foil, Dhammasangani, 648. See i. 35.
53. Dhammapada, 194; Uddnavarga, xxx. 23. The appearance of the Buddhas is a cause of happiness, not happiness itself.
54. See i. 30b.
55. According to Vibhdsa, TD 27, p. 64alL
56. The manovijndna, or mental consciousness, grasps the totality of the objects of the sense consciousnesses, visual consciousness (caksurvijndna), etc; this is why one considers that it has samdnyalaksana for its sphere; in other words, it is not specialized with respea to its objea.
If, in the same way, one says that the visual consciousnesses bears on blue, yellow, red and white, we should say that it has the samdnyalaksana for its sphere, because the charaaeristics of the "visible" rupdyatana are its objea; the same for the auditory consciousness, the olfaaory consciousness, etc. Now this is in opposition to Saipture.
Answer: When Saipture teaches that each one of the five sense consciousnesses has a svalaksana for its sphere, this refers to the unique or self (sva) charaaeristics (laksana) of the dyatanas, namely the quality of being rupdyatana, that is, the quality of being visible, the "quality of being cognizable by the visual consciousness," or the quality of being ? abddyatana> the "quality of being cognizable by the auditory consciousness," etc. Scripture does not refer to the unique charaaeristic of things, namely the "quality of having a blue aspea" or the "quality of being cognizable by a visual consciousness having a blue aspea," etc. It is not from the point of view of the unique charaaeristics of these objeas that the five consciousnesses are said "to have svalaksana for their sphere,'* or in other words, are called "specialized with respea to their objea. "
57.
Avijnapti will be desaibed in detail iv. 3d etc This can be translated as "non-information" or "non-informative. " This is an aaion which does not cause anything to be known to another, and
? in this it resembles mental action; but it is matter (rupa), in that it resembles bodily and vocal action. We shall see that the Sautrantikas and Vasubandhu do not admit the existence of a specific dharma called the avijfidpti.
Sarhghabhadra thinks that the definition of avijrlapti, as formulated by Vasubandhu, does not conform to the Vaibhasika doctrine. His objections (in the Nydydnusdra) are reproduced, and refuted, by Yafomitra (Vydkhyd, 31. 16 -34. 5). In the Samayapradtpikd, he substitutes a new kdrikd for one by Vasubandhu, which Yasomitra quotes:
krte'pi visabhdge'pi citte cittdtyaye ca yat / vydkrtdpratigham rUpam sd hy avijUaptir isyate //
58. Sarhghabhadra explains: Why are the mahdbhutas termed dhdtu? Because they are the place of origin of all the rUpadharmas; the mahdbhutas themselves have their origins in the mahdbhutas. Now, in the world, a place of origin receive the name of dhdtu: it is thus that gold mines, etc. , are called dhdtus of gold, etc. Or rather they are called dhdtu because they are the place of origin of the variety of sufferings. Example as above. Some say that they are called dhdtu because they bear the unique characteristics of both the mahdbhutas and derived rupa (TD 29, p. 335cl3-17).
The dhdtus also bear the name of mahdbhuta. Why bhuta? Why mahdbhuta?
At the moment when the diverse types of derived rupa (blue, etc. ) arise, each one of them comes forth under different aspects: this is why they are called bhuta.
According to other masters it is by reason of the predominating (adhipati) power of the action of living beings, in the course of eternal samsdra, that they always exist: this is why they are called bhuta. Or rather, the appearance (utpdda) of the dharmas is what is called bhava . . .
59. The etymological explanation of bhutdni is bhiitam tanvanti.
60. Water (in the popular sense of the word) supports vessels: thus the earth element manifests its own, proper activity; it is warm, it moves, etc
See ii. 22; Dhammasangani, 962-966; Compendium, Appendix, p. 268.
61. Prakarana, TD 26, p. 757a23. The Mahdvyutpatti (101) has khakkhatatva, dravatva, usnatva,
and laghusamudiranatva.
62. des'antarotpddanasvabhdvd. . . irand, compare the source quoted in the Compendium:
desantaruppattihetubhdvena.
63. The Sanskrit and the Tibetan have the plural. Hsiian-tsang: the Prakaranapada; Paramartha:
the Fen-pieh tao-li lun. Prakarana, TD 26, p. 699c5, vdyudhdtuh katamah? laghusamudiranatvam.
64. The Sutra in question (Samyuktdgama, TD 2, p. 72c, Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 388al8) is perhaps the GarbhdvakrdntisHtra (Majjhima, DI. 239, below note 120). In the redaction known through the Siksdsamuccaya (p. 244), there is (1) for earth kakkhapatva kharagata (compare Mahavastu, i. 339, Divydvaddna, 518. 2; Dhammasangani, 648; HarsacaritaJRAS. 1899, p. 494); (2) for water: dpas abgata aptva sneha snehagata snehatva dravatva; (3) for fire: tejas tejogata usmagata; (4) for wind: vdyu vdyugata laghutva samudiranatva.
65. This is to say: light (laghu) is derived rupa; lightness (laghutva), which by its nature is movement (irana) is the wind element; the wind element is thus laghusamudtranatva: that which produces lightness and motion.
66. Quoted in Vydkhyd, viii. 35.
See viii. 36b (vdyukrtsndyatana). Two opinions in Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 441a, p. 689b3 as to
whether the wind is visible or not.
67. It appears that the Tibetan and Chinese sources call for the translation: "What is it that is broken? By contact with the hand . . . "
Footnotes 137
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Samyutta, iii. 86: ruppatUi kho bhikkhave tasmd rupam ti vuccati / kena ruppati / sitena. . . sirimsapasampassena ruppati. (See the interpretation of Shwe Zan Aung in the Compendium-, "rupa means that which changes its form under the physical conditions of cold . . . ").
The Mahdvyutpattihas: rupandd rupam. (111. 3,245. 1137,1153,1154).
There are two roots: (1) rup, which gives rupa, form, color, beauty, rupya, gold, etc; and (2) rup, rumpere, in Vedic Sanskrit: rupyati, ropana, etc. ; in Pali: ruppati (-kuppata ghafpiyati pUiyati domanassito hoti)\ in Classical Sanskrit lup, lumpati.
68. The Sarvastivadins understand: "Useful Chapters;" the Pali signifies "The Octades. " (S. Levi, /. As. 1915, i. 412,1916, ii. 34).
Mahdniddesa, p. 5. Kern, Verspreide Geschriften, ii. 26l (La Haye 1913) illustrates the meaning of rup by Jataka iii, 368, Cariyapipaka, 3. 6, etc.
69. Pratighdta signifies svadese parasyotpatti pratibandha. See above p. 90.
Elsewhere, the thing which is sapratigha, "impenetrable," is defined: yaddesam avrnoti, that
which "covers" a place, that which is extended.
One shall see (i. 43) the type of pratighdta refered to in the Dhammasangani, 618-619.
70. There is a third definition of rupana, Madhyamakavrtti, 456. 9: tatredam ihamutreti nirilpandd rupam = "This is called rupa because one can indicate it as being here or there," and Vydkhydad
i. 24 pdnyddisamspars'air bddhandlaksandd rupandt / idam ihamutreti desanidarsanarupanac ca. Compare Mahavyutpatti, 245. 1139, desanirupana.
We have thus: rupa, that which is impenetrable, that which occupies a place; thus "physical matter. "
Samghabhadra also has another explanation: rupa is so called because it indicates previous action as "This man has cultivated an action, anger, which has produced his bad appearance. "
71. See i. 43c-d and ii. 22.
72. This formula has passed into the Mahavyutpatti, 109. 2. TheJapanese editor refers to Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 390al.
The Vydkhyd mentions that this second explanation is due to the Vrddhacarya, or "former master," Vasubandhu.
On the Vasubandhu the teacher of Manoratha, in turn the teacher of Vasubandhu the author of the Kosa, see Bhdsyam iii. 27 and iv. 3a, and the sources discussed in the Avant Propos to Cosmologie Bouddhique, p. viii (London,1918).
73. Samghabhadra, in the Samayapradipikd, reads: ta evoktd. Vasubandhu employs the expression ista, "is regarded by the Vaibhasikas," because, for him, the skandhas do not really exist (i. 20).
74. Vedandnubhava, ii. 7, 8, 24; iii. 32; Samyutta, iii. 96; Dhammasangani, 3; Theorie des douze causes, p. 23.
75. Nimitta, characteristic, is understood as vastuno'vasthdvifesa, the diverse conditions or manners of being of the thing. Udgrahana signifies pariccheda, determination or discernment.
The Vijndnakdya, TD 26, p. 559b27, quoted in the Nyayabindupurvapaksasamksepa (Mdo, 111, foL 108b) and in the Madhyamakavrtti (p. 74), says that the visual consciousness knows blue {ntlam jdndti), but does not know "This is blue" {no tu nilam itt). See the note ad i. 33a-b. It is through samjnd that one gives a name to the visual impression, and to the external cause of the
visual impression.
Objection: The consciousness {vijndna) and ideas (samjnd) are always associated (ii. 24); thus
the visual consciousness will know the characteristics (nimitta) of the object. Answer: The samjnd which accompanies sense consciousness is weak and indistinct. Only the mental consciousness is
? accompanied by an efficacious samjnd, and only it is savikalpaka (132-33). Compare Samyutta iiL86; Atthasdlini, 291; Milinda, 61.
76. On the samskdras, Theorie des douze causes, p. 9-12.
77. Compare Samyutta, iii. 60: katame ca bhikkhave samkhdrd / chayime cetandkdyd / rupasam-
cetand. . . dhammasamcetand; Vibhanga, p. 144; Sumangalavildsint, p. 64.
78. Volition is action (iv. l), the cause of upapatti, and by opposition to thirst, the cause of
abhinirvrtti (vi. 3).
79. This is to say: "because it conditions that which should be conditioned," as one says: "Cook the
porridge that should be cooked. "
80. a. Samyutta iii. 67: samkhatam abhisamkharontiti bhikkhave tasmd samkhdrdti vuccanti / kifl ca samkhatam abhisamkharonti / rupam rupattdya samkhatam abhisamkharonti / vedanam vedanattdya . . .
b. Samyutta v. 449: jdtisamvattanike'pi samkhdre abhisamkharonti / jardsamvattanike'pi. . . / maranasamvattanike'pi. . . / te jdtisamvattanike'pi samkhdre ahhisamkharitvd. . . jdtipapdtam pipapatanti J . . .
c. abhisamskaranalaksandh sarhskdrdh (Madhyamakavrtti 343. 9); cittdbhisamskdramanas- kdraksand cetand (ibid 137. 7, Mahdvastu, i. 26 and 391).
81. See ii.
