He also made it clear that although the
Congress Working Committee was taking part in the Conference,
its decision had to be ratified by the All India Congress Committee
many of whose members were still in jails.
Congress Working Committee was taking part in the Conference,
its decision had to be ratified by the All India Congress Committee
many of whose members were still in jails.
Cambridge History of India - v4 - Indian Empire
.
.
.
but I know that Muslim
India will not shirk any sacrifice, as we have definitely made up
our minds for the realisation of goal that we have set in front of
us. ” As a matter of fact, the use of force was not merely a threat
but force was actually used to hasten the coming of Pakistan.
The past history of India was quoted to justify the demand for
Pakistan. It was represented that the Muslims were the rulers of
India immediately before the advent of the British in this country
and hence they were the natural successors of the latter by virtue of
the principle of legitimacy. There was no truth in this assertion
because before the British started building up an empire in India,
the Muslim power had completely broken down and the Hindus
had got the upper hand. However, those who were carrying on
propaganda in favour of Pakistan were not bothered about the
falsity of their claim.
It was also asserted that India was never united into a single
nation. An attempt was made to show that India belonged to
none. The Aryans came from outside and displaced the Dravi-
dians. Likewise, the Mussalmans overthrew the sovereignty of the
## p. 842 (#884) ############################################
842
PAKISTAN
Aryans. The Muslim League writers asserted, “A central national
Government is foreign to the genius of the people of India. Such
Government is a graft and imposition; it has never been and can-
not be an organic growth. ” The argument was that as India had
never been a united country, it could be divided between the two
major communities of India and no valid objection could be raised
against it. In the words of El Hamza, “Looking back in the pages
of history we find that at no time did the Muslims and Hindus
become politically one. . .
. . . . . The nearest they came to doing so
was in Akbar's reign. .
Mr. Jinnah tried to misrepresent Mahatma Gandhi as an ortho-
dox Hindu who was under the influence of the Hindu Mahasabha.
In his address to the All-India Muslim League at Delhi on 24 April,
1943, Mr. Jinnah referred to Mahatma Gandhi's statement in
Young India of 12 October, 1921 in which Mahatma Gandhi had
written thus: “I call myself a Sanatani Hindu because firstly I
believe in the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Puranas. . . . . . secondly,
I believe in the Varnashram Dharma. . . . thirdly, I believe in the
protection of cow as an article of faith, and fourthly, I do not dis-
believe in idol worship. ” The object of painting Mahatma Gandhi
in this manner was to convince the Muslims that they could not
pull on with the Congress whose leader Mahatma Gandhi was.
Mr. Jinnah adopted all kinds of methods to alienate the Muslims
from the Hindus and the Congress. He tried to impress upon his
audiences that the future of the Muslims lay with the Muslim
League and they would become the slaves of the Hindus if the
Muslim League was defeated. Addressing the Pathans, Mr. Jinnah
said: “Do you want Pakistan or not? (shouts of Allah-o-Akbar)
(God is great). Well, if you want Pakistan, vote for the League
candidates. If we fail to realize our duty today you will be re-
duced to the status of Sudras (low castes) and Islam will be van-
quished from India. I shall never allow Muslims to be slaves of
Hindus. (Allah-o-Akbar. )”
The students of the Aligarh Muslim University were used by
the Muslim League to carry on propaganda in favour of Pakistan.
It is stated that more than a thousand young Muslim students from
Aligarh were sent to provinces like the Punjab and Sind after giv-
ing them training at a centre for electioneering work. Mr. Jinnah
himself had touch with the leaders of these students. The All-India
Muslim Students Federation was formed and it did a lot of work
in the Punjab.
Orators like Nawab Bahadur Yar Jung and Maulana Zafar Ali
Khan also did a lot of propaganda in favour of Pakistan. It is
said that Nawab Bahadur Yar Jung learnt Pushtu so well that he
## p. 843 (#885) ############################################
PROPAGANDA FOR PAKISTAN
843
could speak it fluently. It was he who was able to take the mes-
sage of the Muslim League to North-Western Frontier Province.
The Nawab was also a great speaker in Urdu and he had the capa-
city of keeping his audiences spell-bound.
The Muslim League was also helped in its work by a powerful
press.
Delhi had Anjam, Jung and Manshoor in Urdu and the
Dawn in English. Lahore had Inqilab, Nawa-i-Waqt, Paisa
Akhbar and Zamindar in Urdu. Lucknow had Hamdam. Cal-
cutta had Asre-Jadid in Urdu, Azad in Bengali and Star of India
in English. In addition to thesc, there were other newspapers and
journals which carried on the Muslim League propaganda in favour
of Pakistan.
Thirty-two articles were published in the Dawn and Manshoor
under the series entitled “It Shall Never Happen Again. ” All kinds
of cock and bull stories were invented to poison the minds of the
Muslims against the Hindus. The object of those articles was to
infuriate the Muslims against the Hindus and the Congress. The
following is an extract from one of those articles: "Was it strange,
then, that tragedy followed, tragedy and blood flowed instead of
the milk of human kindness? Was it strange that Terror stalked
the countryside and rendered the helpless outnumbered few despair-
ing and deperate? Here and there the worm did turn and not all
the conflicts were one-sided. But so indeed could the German
historian accuse the Poles for turning upon the aggressive and death-
dealing Nazi hordes. "
The following poem recited at a Muslim League Conference in
the Mymensingh District in March 1941 and published later in
Bengali daily, Azad, shows the aggressive confidence of the Muslims
while carrying on propaganda in favour of Pakistan:
The oppressed remain silent by seeing the hypocrisy
Of the idolatrous Hindus-oh death-like eddy!
O victorious soldiers; march forward on our
Religious pilgrimage to the Kaaba under the banner of
The League. .
We want Pakistan, a proper division
If it cannot be achieved by words, Muslims
Are not afraid to use swords and spears.
Where are the Muslim youths? We shall attain
The desire of their hearts by tying down the wild tiger.
Come quickly-break down Somnath. . . . . .
The Muslim League also employed the services of the Pirs and
Ulama to further the cause of Pakistan. In 1946, a Masha'ikh
Committee consisting of eminent Pirs and Masha’ikh was appoint-
ed. This Committee included religious leaders like Pir Sahib of
## p. 844 (#886) ############################################
844
PAKISTAN
Manki Sharif, Pir Jama't Ali Shah, Khwaja Nazimuddin of Taunsa
Sharif, Makhdum Raza Shah of Multan etc. Political leaders like
Mamdot, Noon, Shaukat Hayat were presented as Pirs before the
masses to win their votes. Thus, Khan Iftikhar Husain Khan of
Mamdot was described as Pir Mamdot Sharif, Sirdar Shaukat
Hayat Khan as Sajjada Nashin of Wah Sharif, Malik Feroz Khan
Noon of Darbar Sargodha Sharif and Nawab Mohammad Hayat
Qureshi as Sajjada Nashin of Sargodha Sharif.
Mr. Jinnah himself requested the Ulema to help the Muslim
League in its campaigns in favour of Pakistan. Maulana Zafar
Ahmad Osmani was sent to Sylhet and Maulana Shabbir Ahmad
Osmani was sent to the North-Western Frontier Province. In these
Provinces, religion played a very important part. The Muslim
voters in Sylhet were told that those who would not vote for the
Muslim League would become “unbelievers. ” The Muslim League
would not have won in the North-Western Frontier Province with-
out the help of the Pir of Manki Sharif and Maulana Shabbir
Ahmad Osmani and Maulana Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi. The fol-
lowing is an extract from one of the speeches of Maulana Abdul
Sattar Khan Niazi: “We have got two alternatives before us,
whether to join or rather accept the slavery of Bania Brahman Raj
in Hindustan or join the Muslim fraternity, the federation of Mus-
lim provinces. Every Pathan takes it as an insult for him to pros-
trate before Hindu Raj and will gladly sit with his brethren in
Islam in Pakistan Constituent Assembly. A Pathan is a Muslim
first and Muslim last. "
The technique followed by Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Osmani
was that he asked the Muslims to vote for the Muslim League be-
cause it was fighting for the establishment of a Muslim State in
which there was the possibility of establishing a Government based
on Islamic Law and traditions. The opponents of the Muslim
League were described as the enemies of Islam. To use the langu-
age of Maulana Osmani, “Any man who gives his vote to the
opponents of the Muslim League, must think of the ultimate conse-
quences of his action in terms of the interests of his nation and the
answers that he would be called upon to produce on the Day of
Judgment. ” Maulana Osmani also compared the Muslim politics
of his times to those of the Muslim politics during the time of the
Prophet. The argument given was that after the formation of
Pakistan, the Muslims in India would still live under the domina-
tion of the Hindus. The reply of Maulana Osmani was that the
Prophet had migrated from Mecca to set up an Islamic State in
Medina and had left behind the infirm and old Muslims in Mecca.
In the same way, the three crores of Indian Muslims should not
## p. 845 (#887) ############################################
RAJAJI'S FORMULA
845
stand in the way of the welfare and happiness of seven crores of
Muslims in Pakistan. If Pakistan was not established, all the 10
crores of Muslims would be living under the Hindu domination.
It is stated that Liaquat Ali Khan wrote a letter to Mar:lana Zaffar
Ahmad Osmani in which he acknowledged the services rendered by
the Ulama in the cause of Pakistan. The contention of the Mus-
lim leaders was that all means were fair for achieving the objective
of Pakistan.
RAJAJI'S FORMULA
Shri C. Rajagopalachari had been in favour of allowing the
Muslims to have their separate Homeland. As a matter of fact,
he had moved a resolution to that effect before the All India Con-
gress Committee in April-May, 1942, but that resolution was reject-
ed and the Congress Committee passed another resolution in which
it was stated that “any proposal to disintegrate India by giving
liberty to any component state or territorial unit to secede from
the Indian Union or Federation will be highly detrimental to the
best interests of the people of the different States and Provinces
and the country as a whole and the Congress, therefore, cannot
agree to any such proposal. ”
In March, 1944, Shri C. Rajagopalachari put forward his fam-
ous formula to solve the deadlock prevailing in the country.
On 8
April, 1944, he wrote to Mr. Jinnah that his formula had the full
approval of Mahatma Gandhi. That formula accepted the prin-
ciple of Pakistan. The Muslim League was to support the demand
of the Congress for the independence of India. During the transi-
tional period, the Muslim League was to join hands with the Con-
gress in forming a provisional Government. After the War, a
Commission was to be appointed to demarcate those contiguous
areas in North-West and North-East India in which the Muslims
were in absolute majority. A plebiscite of all the inhabitants of
ihose areas was to be taken to decide whether those areas wanted
to be separated from Hindustan or not. If they decided to be
separated, agreements were to be made for Defence, Communica-
tions etc. Those terms were binding on the parties only if the
British Government transferred all control into the hands of the
Indians for the administration of the country. Mr. Jinnah reject-
ed the formula of Rajaji. He condemned the offer of "maimed,
mutilated and moth-eaten Pakistan. ” He declared thai he would
not accept anything less than the six provinces of Sind, Punjab,
North-Western Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Bengal and Assam
subject only to the adjustment of their territories. He was also
>
## p. 846 (#888) ############################################
846
PAKISTAN
opposed to the Non-Muslims living in the Muslim majority areas
to vote along with the Muslims.
To quote Mr. Jinnah, “His (Rajaji's) formula is a parody, a
negation of, and intended to torpedo, the Muslim League's resolu-
tion of March 1944 and when he says that his formula concedes all
that the Muslim League had ever demanded by its resolution, it is
the grossest travesty. . . . . . ” The only point which Mr. Jinnah
appreciated in Rajaji’s formula was that it accepted the principle
of partition or division of India.
Rajaji's formula was criticised from various quarters. On 14
July, 1944, Sardar Santokh Singh, M. L. A. , Sardar Harnam Singh,
President, All India Sikh League, Sardar Joginder Singh and others
signed and issued a joint statement against the formula. The state-
ment said, “We strongly protest against this offer on behalf of the
Sikh community and hereby declare that the Sikhs will fight to the
bitter end against the proposal. ” Dr. N. B. Khare who at that
time was a member of the Viceroy's Executive Council, stated on 15
July, 1944 that "it was clear that Mr. Gandhi had accepted Mr.
Rajagopalachari's proposal of dividing the country into more than
one political State. According to Gandhiji himself, vivisection of
India was a sin, so the Mahatma at the present moment is willing
to do a sinful act consciously. ” On 20 July, 1944, Savarkar, Presi-
dent of the Hindu Mahasabha, issued a statement in which he
criticised Mahatma Gandhi and Rajaji "for conceding the Pakistan
claim to Muslims without consulting other organisations and, in
particular, the Hindu Mahasabha. ” Qazi Mohammed Isha, Presi-
dent of Baluchistan Muslim League and a member of the Working
Committee of All India Muslim League, issued a statement on 24
July, 1944, in which he clearly stated that “the Muslim nation
refuses to accept the position of a petitioner. " The All Parties
Hindu Conference was held at Lahore on 13 August, 1944 and
it passed a resolution rejecting Rajaji's formula because it "strikes
at the root of the fundamental geographical culture and historical
oneness, national integrity and administrative unity of India by
proposing the dismemberment and vivisection of the country. ”
Srinivasa Sastri of the National Liberal Federation rejected the
formula because he said: "I dread this idea of division of India. I
dread it like poison. ” It was under these circumstances that
nothing came out of Rajaji's formula.
GANDHI-JINNAH TALKS (1944)
In the month of September, 1944,
September, 1944, there were talks between
Mahatma Gandhi and Mr. Jinnah at Bombay with a view to find
## p. 847 (#889) ############################################
LIAQUAT-DESAI PACT
847
out some solution of the deadlock prevailing in the country. There
were lengthy negotiations but nothing came out of them as Mr.
Jinnah insisted that the Muslims were a separate nation and
Mahatma Gandhi was not prepared to admit this claim of Mr.
Jinnah. The only result of those talks was that Mr. Jinnah emerg-
ed with greater prestige in India than before. It was realised that
Mr. Jinnah occupied a very high position in the politics of the
country and that was the reason why Mahatma Gandhi was taking
pains to come to a settlement with him.
LIAQUAT-DESAI PACT (1945)
Another attempt was made in the beginning of 1945 to bring
about an understanding between the Congress and the Muslim
League so that they could participate in the formation of an interim
Government at the Centre. This was the Desai-Liaquat Pact.
This pact was between Bhulabhai Desai, the leader of the Congress
Party in the Central Assembly and Liaquat Ali Khan, the Deputy
Leader of the Muslim League party in the Central Assembly.
According to that Pact, the Congress and the Muslim League were
to join on the basis of parity in forming an interim Government at
the Centre. The representatives of the minorities like the Sikhs
and the Scheduled Castes were also to be included in the Govern-
ment. The Government was to function within the frame-work of
the Government of India Act, 1935. If the Cabinet could not get
a particular measure passed in the Central Assembly, it was not to
scek recourse to the reserve powers of the Governor-General. The
interim Government was to secure the release of the members of
the Congress Working Committee. There were to be coalition
Ministries in the Provinces consisting of Congress and Muslim
League Members.
Bhulabhai Desai had got the approval of Mahatma Gandhi for
the Pact and Lord Wavell was also in favour of it. However,
Mr. Jinnah made a public statement to the effect that he had no
knowledge of the Desai-Liaquat Pact and whatever had been done
was without any authority from the Muslim League. Mr. Jinnah
told Liaquat Ali Khan that he should not have entered into the
Pact without his knowledge and approval. The view of Liaquat
Ali Khan was that it was very necessary for the Muslim League
to come to some understanding with the Congress because the
British were likely to leave India any moment and the rigid atti-
tude of Mr. Jinnah and Mahatma Gandhi was not desirable. His
view was that the younger men should make an attempt to solve
## p. 848 (#890) ############################################
848
PAKISTAN
the deadlock and that is why he entered into a Pact with Bhulabhai
Desai.
SIMLA CONFERENCE
Lord Wavell called a Conference at Simla to resolve the deadlock
in the country. The Conference met at 11 A. M. on 25 June, 1945.
All the invitees, except Mahatma Gandhi, were present. In his
opening speech, Lord Wavell made it clear that the Conference
was not intended to solve the complex problems of India. More-
over, it did not in any way prejudice or prejudge the final issue
between the parties. He asked the members present to consider
him as a sincere friend of India and help him in coming to some
interim settlement.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, as the President of the Congress,
took pains to explain the position of the Congress. He made it
clear that the British plan dealt with purely temporary and interim
arrangements and it should not be regarded as a precedent for the
permanent arrangement in the future. He also attached consider-
able importance to the declaration that the provisional plan was
intended as a preliminary step towards the achievement of the goal
of India's independence.
He also made it clear that although the
Congress Working Committee was taking part in the Conference,
its decision had to be ratified by the All India Congress Committee
many of whose members were still in jails. Maulana Azad also
sought certain clarifications from the Government.
On 26 June, 1945, the Conference discussed the scope, functions
and responsibilities of the Executive Council of the Governor-
General. After about one hour session on 27 June, the Conference
.
adjourned till 29 June to enable the delegates to continue their
private discussions. On 28 June, the private deliberations of the
Conference reached a stage of impasse between the Muslim League
and the Congress. On 29 June, the Conference met as scheduled
but was adjourned after about an hour “to enable the delegates to
carry on further consultations” to submit lists of names for the
Executive Council. It was accepted to reassemble on 14 July,
1945 at Simla.
In the meanwhile, the Secretary to the Governor-General wrote
a letter to Mr. Jinnah on 29 June requesting to him "to prepare
and send him a list giving the names of members of the Muslim
League who, in your opinion, could suitably be included in the pro-
posed Executive Council. The number of names in this list should
be not less than eight or more than twelve. ” Mr. Jinnah was given
## p. 849 (#891) ############################################
SIMLA CONFERENCE
849
the choice to suggest "the names of persons of any community who
are not members of the Muslim League. ”
On 1 July, 1945, Pandit G. B. Pant had a talk with Mr. Jinnah
regarding the fears expressed in the Muslims League circles that
under the new proposals the Muslims would be in a minority and
thus would not get a fair deal. On 2 July, Nawabzada Liaquat
Ali Khan, General Secretary of the All India Muslim League, gave
an interview at Simla in which he contended that the stand of the
Congress party for a share in the Muslim quota of seats in the pro-
posed Executive Council was "most unreasonable and has no justi-
fication whatsoever. "
On 7 July, 1945, Maulana Azad forwarded a panel of 15 names
of whom five were caste Hindus, five Muslims, two non-caste
Hindus, 1 Indian Christian, one Parsi and one Sikh.
Mr. Jinnah sent a reply to the Viceroy on 7 July, 1945 in which
he maintained "that all the Muslim members of the proposed Exe-
cutive Council should be chosen from the Muslim League, subject
to a confidential discussion between Your Excellency and the
President of the Muslim League,” before they were finally recom-
mended by the Viceroy to His Majesty's Government for appoint-
ment. Mr. Jinnah had an interview with Lord Wavell on 8 July,
1945 for about an hour and a half. However, Lord Wavell refus-
ed to give a guarantee to Mr. Jinnah that all the Mulim members
of the proposed Executive Council would be chosen from the Mus-
lim League. On 9 July, 1945, Mr. Jinnah informed Lord Wavell:
“I regret I am not in a position to send the names on behalf of the
Muslim League for inclusion in the proposed Executive Council
as desired by you. "
The Simla Conference met at 11 A. M. on 14 July, 1945 and
Lord Wavell made an official announcement of the failure of the
Conference. The words used by him were: “the Conference has
therefore failed. . . . . . I wish to make it clear that the responsibility
for failure is mine. "
At a Press Conference at Simla on 14 July, Maulana Azad stated
that the Conference had failed because Mr. Jinnah insisted that the
Muslim League alone must nominate all the Muslim members to
the Executive Council of the Viceroy and that demand was not
accepted by the Congress.
Malik Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana, Premier and leader of the
Unionist Party of the Punjab, stated on 15 July "that the differen-
ces between them (the Congress and the League) were the cause
of the failure of the Conference-not the allotment of a seat to a
Punjabi Muslim. ” In his press statement issued on 15 July, Master
Tara Singh, the Akali Sikh Leader, said: “The situation boiled
.
## p. 850 (#892) ############################################
850
PAKISTAN
down to this. The League insisted upon the recognition of its right
to nominate all the Muslim members of the Executive Council, as
the sole representative body of the Muslims. But the Congress
refused to admit this position and insisted upon its national charac-
ter and consequently upon its right of nominating at least one of
the Muslim members of the Executive Council. So the dispute was
for one seat only which resulted in this gigantic failure. ” The view
of the Dr. Khan Sahib, Premier of North-Western Frontier Province,
was that “the entire responsibility of the failure of the Simla Con-
ference lay on the obstinate attitude of Mr. Jinnah. ” Dr. Shyama
Prasad Mookerjee, President of the All-India Hindu Mahasabha,
maintained that the Conference broke down "because Mr. Jinnah's
increasing demands were unacceptable to others and the Viceroy
was not prepared to have an interim settlement without the co-
operation and consent of the Muslim League. ”
About the Simla Conference, the Times of London wrote: “There
will be natural disposition, in spite of Lord Wavell's counsel, to
place the blame for the failure on Mr. Jinnah and the Muslim
League. ” The Daily Telegraph wrote: “As on previous occasions,
the cause of the deadlock has been the ancient hostility between
the Muslims and the Hindus. Though the Viceroy labɔured tire-
lessly to produce a more accommodating spirit, Mr. Jinnah would
not agree even to submit a list of names unless the exclusive right
of the Muslim League to speak for the Muslims was accepted in
advance. " The News. Chronicle observed: “The responsibility for
the failure of the Simla Conference was not Lord Wavell's. It was
Mr. Jinnah's and Mr. Jinnah's alone. The Muslim League is no
more completely representative of Muslim India than the Congress
is completely representative of Hindu India. " The Daily Mail re-
marked: “Mr. Gandhi wrecked the Cripps proposals and Simla
was Mr. Jinnah's town. As the leader of the Muslim League, he
duly wrecked the Wavell proposals ”
Mr. Jinnah justified his stand in these words: “On a final exa-
mination and analysis of the Wavell Plan, we found that it was a
snare. There was the combination consisting of the Gandhi Hindu
Congress who stand for India's Hindu National Independence as
one India, and the latest exponent of geographical unity, Lord
Wavell, and Glancy-Khizr (leader of the Punjab Unionist Party),
who are bent upon creating disruption among the Musalmans in
the Punjab. "
It is contended on behalf of the Muslim League that once Mr.
Jinnah came to know that Lord Wavell wanted to include a non-
League Muslim from the Punjab, he was determined to wreck the
Conference. The reason was that he wanted to impress upon all
## p. 851 (#893) ############################################
ELECTIONS OF 1945
851
the Muslim leaders in India and particularly the Muslim leaders
of the Punjab that they were not going to get any prize offices by
remaining outside the Muslim League. It was hoped that in that
manner Mr. Jinnah would be able to bring all the Muslim leaders
under the banner of the Muslim League. It is also pointed out
that Sir Feroz Khan Noon, the Defence Member of the Executive
Council of the Viceroy, assured Mr. Jinnah that Lord Wavell
would not go ahead with his plan without the approval of the
Muslim League. It is also pointed out that Mr. Jinnah was not
keen about the success of the Simla Conference becaus. . his claim
that the Muslim League was the sole representative organisation of
the Muslims had not been established through general elections.
The North-Western Frontier Province had a Congress Ministry.
The Punjab had a Unionist Ministry. The Sind Ministry of Sir
Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah was dependent on Congress sup-
port and Bengal was under Section 93. Mr. Jinnah was in favour
of having general elections so that the Muslim League, with its
enhanced prestige and popularity in 1945, may be able to have
Ministries of its own in some Provinces. That is the reason why
Mr. Jinnah was not anxious about the success of the Sirnla Confer-
ence.
ELECTIONS IN 1945
The Labour Party came to power in England on 10 July, 1945.
Mr. Attlee became the Prime Minister and Pethick Lawrence was
appointed the Secretary of State for India. The war with Japan
ended officially on 14 August, 1945. Lord Wavell was summoned to
London for consultation. He came back to India on 18 Septem
ber, 1945. In a broadcast to the people of India, he declared that
the British Government had decided to hold elections to the Central
and Provincial Legislatures. General elections were actually held
toward the end of 1945. As regards the Central Assembly, the
Muslim League won all the Muslim seats. The Party position in
the Central Assembly was that the Congress had 57, the Muslim
League 30, Independents 5, Akali Sikhs 2 and Europeans 8. The
total number of elected seats was 102. In the Provinces, the Con-
gress was able to form Ministries in Assam, Bihar, the United Pro-
vinces, Bombay, Madras, Orissa, the Central Provinces and the
North-Western Frontier Province. Although the Muslim League
had done equally well, it was able to form Ministries only in Bengal
and Sind. The Muslim League won 79 out of 86 Muslim seats,
but it was not able to form a ministry in the Punjab as it failed to
have a clear majority in a house of 175 members. Khizr Hayat
## p. 852 (#894) ############################################
852
PAKISTAN
Khan Tiwana was able to form a Ministry with the help of the
Congress and Sikh votes. In the North-Western Province, the
Muslim League won 17 seats and the Congress 19.
PARLIAMENTARY DELEGATION TO INDIA
On 4 December, 1945, Mr. Herbert Morrison, Lord President
of the Council and leader of the House of Commons, made a state-
ment in the House of Commons on the Government Policy towards
India. He pointed out that the policy of the Labour Government
was to promote the early realisation of full self-Government in India.
He also declared that His Majesty's Government regarded the set-
ting up of a constitution-making body by which the Indians will
decide their own future as a matter of the greatest urgency. He
also declared that His Majesty's Government were arranging for
a Parliamentary delegation to go to India under the auspices of the
Empire Parliamentary Association to convey in person ihe general
wish and desire of the people of England that India should speedily
attain her full and rightful position as an independent partner state
in the British Commonwealth and the desire of Parliament to do
everything within its power to promote the speedy attainment of
that objective. A similar statement was made by Lord Pethick
Lawrence in the House of Lords.
On 1 January, 1946, Lord Pethick Lawrence observed thus in
a broadcast: "I want you to realise that myself, the British Govern-
ment, and, I believe, the whole of the British people earnestly desire
to see India rise 'to the free and full status of an equal partner in
the British Commonwealth'. We will do our utmost to assist India
.
to attain that position. There is no longer any need for denuncia-
tions or organised pressure to secure this end. If there was ever a
time when there was cause for that, it is no longer. ”
The British Parliamentary delegation arrived in New Delhi on
6 January, 1946 and left India on 8 February, 1946 after visiting
various parts of the country and after discussions with various poli-
tical parties of India. The leader of delegation was Professor
Robert Richard. In his final press Conference, he said, "There are
deep divisions among you, but these divisions disappear in the unity
with which you very rightly demand a measure of self-govern-
ment. . . . We are all conscious of the fact that India has at last
attained political manhood. ”
THE CABINET MISSION
On 19 February, 1946, Lord Pethick Lawrence declared in the
## p. 853 (#895) ############################################
THE CABINET MISSION SCHEME
853
House of Lords that the British Government had decided to send a
special mission of Cabinet Ministers to resolve the constitutional
deadlock in India. The members of the Cabinet mission were Lord
Pethick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and Mr. A. V. Alexander.
The mission reached Delhi on 24 March, 1946 and there were pro-
longed discussions between the members of the Cabinet Mission
and Lord Wavell on the one hand and the leaders of the Indian
National Congress and the Muslim League on the ther. The
members of the Cabinet Mission found that they were not able to
accept either the point of view of the Congress or that of the Mus-
lim League. Mr. Jinnah demanded a sovereign Pakistan. The
Congress was even opposed to the creation of an All-India Union
on a three-tier basis. Hence the Mission came to the conclusion
that it must decide the matter in manner which they considered
to be the best under the circumstances. The view of the Mission
was that a new interim Government should be formed and that
should be entrusted with the task of setting up an All-India Com-
mission from the elected members of the Provincial and Central
Assemblies. That Commission was to decide whether there were
to be one or two sovereign states in British India. If the Commis-
sion failed to come to a decision within 30 days, the question was
to be decided by taking votes. If the dissenting minority was more
than a certain prescribed percentage, the question whether they
should be allowed to form a separate state was to be decided in the
following manner. The Muslim representatives in each of the
Legislative Assemblies of Sind, North-Western Frontier Province,
the Punjab and Bengal (with the addition of the district of Sylhet
from Assam) were to meet separately to decide whether they would
like to separate from the rest of India or not. Baluchistan was to
be separated if the contiguous Provinces voted for separation. If
the Muslim representatives of North-Western Frontier Province
voted again separation, the Province was still to be separated if the
surrounding Provinces voted for separation. The non-Muslim re-
presentatives of the districts in which the non-Muslims were in
majority and which were contiguous to India were to be allowed
to vote whether they should be separated from their parent Pro-
vinces and attached to the territory of India. If 75% of the Mus-
lim representatives voted for separation, they were to have a Consti-
tuent Assembly to frame a constitution for their own area. This
scheme was rejected both by the Congress and the Muslim League.
Ultimately, the Cabinet Mission announced their final scheme on
16 May, 1946.
According to the Cabinet Mission Scheme, there was to be Union
of India embracing both British India and the Indian states and it
## p. 854 (#896) ############################################
854
PAKISTAN
was to deal with Foreign Affairs, Defence and Communications.
The Union was also to have the necessary power to raise the finances
for the above mentioned three subjects. All other subjects were
to vest in the Provinces. The States were to retain all subjects and
powers other than those ceded to the Union of India. The Union
of India was to have an Executive and a Legislature constituted
from British India and representatives from the Indian states. The
Provinces were to be free to form Groups and each Group was to
determine which Provincial subjects be taken in common.
The
constitutions of the Union of India and of the Groups were to con-
tain a Provision whereby any Province, if a majority in its Legisla-
tive Assembly so desired, could call for a reconsideration of the
terms of the constitution after an initial period of ten years and at
ten yearly intervals thereafter.
As regards the constitution-making machinery, the Legislative
Assemblies of the Provinces were to elect the members of that body
on the basis of one representative for one million of the population.
The Sikh and Muslim Legislators were to elect the quota of their
communities on the basis of their population. The representatives
from the Provinces were to divide themselves into three Sections A,
B and C. Section C was to consist of the representatives of Bengal
and Assam, Section B of the Punjab, Sind and North-Western Fron-
tier Province and Section A of the rest of the Provinces of India.
These Sections were to settle the Provincial constitutions for the
Provinces included in each Section and were also to decide whether
any Group Constitution was to be set for those Provinces and if
so with what provincial subjects the Group should deal. The repre-
sentatives of the Sections were then to reassemble and settle the
Union Constitution. The Provinces of India were given the power
to opt out of the Groups by a decision of their Legislatures after
the general elections under the New Constitution. The Resolutions
of the Union Constituent Assembly regarding major Communal
issues were to require a majority of the representatives present and
voting of each of the two major communities. The Chairman of
the Constituent Assembly was to decide which Resolution raised
major Communal issues and he was to consult the Federal Court
of India before giving his decision. A plan for Interim Govern-
ment was also envisaged in Cabinet Mission Scheme.
The Muslim League accepted the Cabinet Mission Scheme. The
resolution of the Muslim League accepting the scheme stated: “In
as much as the basis and the foundation of Pakistan are inherent in
the Mission's plan by virtue of the compulsory grouping of the six
Muslim Provinces in Sections B and C, is willing to co-operate
with the constitution-making machinery proposed in the scheme
## p. 855 (#897) ############################################
THE CABINET MISSION SCHEME
855
outlined by the Mission, in the hope that it would ultimately re-
sult in the establishment of complete sovereign Pakistan, and the
consummation of the goal of independence for the major nations,
Muslims and Hindus, and all the other people inhabitirig the vast
sub-continent. It is for these reasons that the Muslim League is
accepting the scheme and will join the constitution-making body,
and it will keep in view the opportunity and right of secession of
Provinces or groups from the Union, which have been provided in
the Mission's plan by implication. ”
The Muslim League accepted the Cabinet Mission Scheme be-
cause it provided for a weak centre and an opportunity to large
Muslim majority Provinces like the Punjab and Bengal to dominate
in their respective Sections. Those Sections were allowed to frame
both Group and Provincial Constitutions. The Provinces were
given the right to opt out but only after the first general election
and under the terms of the constitution settled by the Section.
Moreover, under Sections B and C, the Muslim League was getting
the entire territory of the Provinces like the Punjab, Bengal and
Assam in parts of which the non-Muslims were in a majority. The
Congress was not happy with the Cabinet Mission Scheme as it
provided for the compulsory grouping of the Provinces. In other
words, a Province like North-Western Frontier Province in which
a Congress Government was functioning, could be compelled to
join Section B. The Province of Assam which had a Hindu
majority, could be compelled to join Section C. Mr. Jinnah was
right in saying that the Cabinet Mission Scheme was a sugar-
coated pill for the Congress. Mr. Jinnah was determined to have
Pakistan and he found that the Cabinet Mission Scheme gave him
an opportunity to have it. To begin with, he would have the
compulsory grouping of the Provinces in the North-West and North-
East. When the group constitutions of Sections B and C were
prepared, he could decide later on to leave the Union of India.
In that case, what he was going to have would be the whole of
the Punjab, Sind, North-Western Frontier Province, Bengal and
Assam. Once these areas became independent of the Union of
India, the Hindu populations from those areas could be turned out
making room for the Muslims from the rest of India to take their
place. The great merit of the Cabinet Scheme from the point of
view of the Muslim League was that it gave them the whole of the
Punjab and the whole of Assam and Bengal. It the Congress had
accepted this Scheme, it would have lost the whole of the Punjab and
the whole of Bengal and Assam. By not accepting it, the Congress
was ultimately able to save East Punjab, the whole of the Province
of Assam minus the district of Sylhet and the whole of West Bengal.
## p. 856 (#898) ############################################
856
PAKISTAN
That explains the reason while the Muslim League enthusiastically
accepted the Cabinet Mission Scheme by a resolution passed on
6 June, 1946. The Working Committee of the Congress passed
the resolution on 26 June, 1946 by which it accepted the scheme
partially. The Congress accepted only that part of the Scheme
which dealt with the constitution-making of the country. The
view of the Congress was that the grouping of the Provinces was
not to be compulsory. However, the Congress rejected the Interim
Government Scheme on the ground that the clarifications given on
the subject were not acceptable to it and the resolution of the
Working Committee of the Congress was ratified by the All-India
Congress Committee.
FORMATION OF INTERIM GOVERNMENT
Mr. Jinnah who had accepted the Scheme in its entirety, asked
Lord Wavell to invite the Muslim League to form the Interim
Government but Lord Wavell refused to oblige him as he was
anxious to bring the Congress also into the Interim Government.
On 22 July, 1946, Lord Wavell wrote a personal and confiden-
tial letter to Mr. Jinnah with proposals to form an Interim Govern-
ment. It was stated therein that the Interim Government would
consist of fourteen members. Six members including one Scheduled
Caste representatives, would be nominated by the Congress, five
members would be nominated by the Muslim League. Three re-
presentatives of the minorities would be nominated by Viceroy. One
of these three places would be kept for Sikhs.
India will not shirk any sacrifice, as we have definitely made up
our minds for the realisation of goal that we have set in front of
us. ” As a matter of fact, the use of force was not merely a threat
but force was actually used to hasten the coming of Pakistan.
The past history of India was quoted to justify the demand for
Pakistan. It was represented that the Muslims were the rulers of
India immediately before the advent of the British in this country
and hence they were the natural successors of the latter by virtue of
the principle of legitimacy. There was no truth in this assertion
because before the British started building up an empire in India,
the Muslim power had completely broken down and the Hindus
had got the upper hand. However, those who were carrying on
propaganda in favour of Pakistan were not bothered about the
falsity of their claim.
It was also asserted that India was never united into a single
nation. An attempt was made to show that India belonged to
none. The Aryans came from outside and displaced the Dravi-
dians. Likewise, the Mussalmans overthrew the sovereignty of the
## p. 842 (#884) ############################################
842
PAKISTAN
Aryans. The Muslim League writers asserted, “A central national
Government is foreign to the genius of the people of India. Such
Government is a graft and imposition; it has never been and can-
not be an organic growth. ” The argument was that as India had
never been a united country, it could be divided between the two
major communities of India and no valid objection could be raised
against it. In the words of El Hamza, “Looking back in the pages
of history we find that at no time did the Muslims and Hindus
become politically one. . .
. . . . . The nearest they came to doing so
was in Akbar's reign. .
Mr. Jinnah tried to misrepresent Mahatma Gandhi as an ortho-
dox Hindu who was under the influence of the Hindu Mahasabha.
In his address to the All-India Muslim League at Delhi on 24 April,
1943, Mr. Jinnah referred to Mahatma Gandhi's statement in
Young India of 12 October, 1921 in which Mahatma Gandhi had
written thus: “I call myself a Sanatani Hindu because firstly I
believe in the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Puranas. . . . . . secondly,
I believe in the Varnashram Dharma. . . . thirdly, I believe in the
protection of cow as an article of faith, and fourthly, I do not dis-
believe in idol worship. ” The object of painting Mahatma Gandhi
in this manner was to convince the Muslims that they could not
pull on with the Congress whose leader Mahatma Gandhi was.
Mr. Jinnah adopted all kinds of methods to alienate the Muslims
from the Hindus and the Congress. He tried to impress upon his
audiences that the future of the Muslims lay with the Muslim
League and they would become the slaves of the Hindus if the
Muslim League was defeated. Addressing the Pathans, Mr. Jinnah
said: “Do you want Pakistan or not? (shouts of Allah-o-Akbar)
(God is great). Well, if you want Pakistan, vote for the League
candidates. If we fail to realize our duty today you will be re-
duced to the status of Sudras (low castes) and Islam will be van-
quished from India. I shall never allow Muslims to be slaves of
Hindus. (Allah-o-Akbar. )”
The students of the Aligarh Muslim University were used by
the Muslim League to carry on propaganda in favour of Pakistan.
It is stated that more than a thousand young Muslim students from
Aligarh were sent to provinces like the Punjab and Sind after giv-
ing them training at a centre for electioneering work. Mr. Jinnah
himself had touch with the leaders of these students. The All-India
Muslim Students Federation was formed and it did a lot of work
in the Punjab.
Orators like Nawab Bahadur Yar Jung and Maulana Zafar Ali
Khan also did a lot of propaganda in favour of Pakistan. It is
said that Nawab Bahadur Yar Jung learnt Pushtu so well that he
## p. 843 (#885) ############################################
PROPAGANDA FOR PAKISTAN
843
could speak it fluently. It was he who was able to take the mes-
sage of the Muslim League to North-Western Frontier Province.
The Nawab was also a great speaker in Urdu and he had the capa-
city of keeping his audiences spell-bound.
The Muslim League was also helped in its work by a powerful
press.
Delhi had Anjam, Jung and Manshoor in Urdu and the
Dawn in English. Lahore had Inqilab, Nawa-i-Waqt, Paisa
Akhbar and Zamindar in Urdu. Lucknow had Hamdam. Cal-
cutta had Asre-Jadid in Urdu, Azad in Bengali and Star of India
in English. In addition to thesc, there were other newspapers and
journals which carried on the Muslim League propaganda in favour
of Pakistan.
Thirty-two articles were published in the Dawn and Manshoor
under the series entitled “It Shall Never Happen Again. ” All kinds
of cock and bull stories were invented to poison the minds of the
Muslims against the Hindus. The object of those articles was to
infuriate the Muslims against the Hindus and the Congress. The
following is an extract from one of those articles: "Was it strange,
then, that tragedy followed, tragedy and blood flowed instead of
the milk of human kindness? Was it strange that Terror stalked
the countryside and rendered the helpless outnumbered few despair-
ing and deperate? Here and there the worm did turn and not all
the conflicts were one-sided. But so indeed could the German
historian accuse the Poles for turning upon the aggressive and death-
dealing Nazi hordes. "
The following poem recited at a Muslim League Conference in
the Mymensingh District in March 1941 and published later in
Bengali daily, Azad, shows the aggressive confidence of the Muslims
while carrying on propaganda in favour of Pakistan:
The oppressed remain silent by seeing the hypocrisy
Of the idolatrous Hindus-oh death-like eddy!
O victorious soldiers; march forward on our
Religious pilgrimage to the Kaaba under the banner of
The League. .
We want Pakistan, a proper division
If it cannot be achieved by words, Muslims
Are not afraid to use swords and spears.
Where are the Muslim youths? We shall attain
The desire of their hearts by tying down the wild tiger.
Come quickly-break down Somnath. . . . . .
The Muslim League also employed the services of the Pirs and
Ulama to further the cause of Pakistan. In 1946, a Masha'ikh
Committee consisting of eminent Pirs and Masha’ikh was appoint-
ed. This Committee included religious leaders like Pir Sahib of
## p. 844 (#886) ############################################
844
PAKISTAN
Manki Sharif, Pir Jama't Ali Shah, Khwaja Nazimuddin of Taunsa
Sharif, Makhdum Raza Shah of Multan etc. Political leaders like
Mamdot, Noon, Shaukat Hayat were presented as Pirs before the
masses to win their votes. Thus, Khan Iftikhar Husain Khan of
Mamdot was described as Pir Mamdot Sharif, Sirdar Shaukat
Hayat Khan as Sajjada Nashin of Wah Sharif, Malik Feroz Khan
Noon of Darbar Sargodha Sharif and Nawab Mohammad Hayat
Qureshi as Sajjada Nashin of Sargodha Sharif.
Mr. Jinnah himself requested the Ulema to help the Muslim
League in its campaigns in favour of Pakistan. Maulana Zafar
Ahmad Osmani was sent to Sylhet and Maulana Shabbir Ahmad
Osmani was sent to the North-Western Frontier Province. In these
Provinces, religion played a very important part. The Muslim
voters in Sylhet were told that those who would not vote for the
Muslim League would become “unbelievers. ” The Muslim League
would not have won in the North-Western Frontier Province with-
out the help of the Pir of Manki Sharif and Maulana Shabbir
Ahmad Osmani and Maulana Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi. The fol-
lowing is an extract from one of the speeches of Maulana Abdul
Sattar Khan Niazi: “We have got two alternatives before us,
whether to join or rather accept the slavery of Bania Brahman Raj
in Hindustan or join the Muslim fraternity, the federation of Mus-
lim provinces. Every Pathan takes it as an insult for him to pros-
trate before Hindu Raj and will gladly sit with his brethren in
Islam in Pakistan Constituent Assembly. A Pathan is a Muslim
first and Muslim last. "
The technique followed by Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Osmani
was that he asked the Muslims to vote for the Muslim League be-
cause it was fighting for the establishment of a Muslim State in
which there was the possibility of establishing a Government based
on Islamic Law and traditions. The opponents of the Muslim
League were described as the enemies of Islam. To use the langu-
age of Maulana Osmani, “Any man who gives his vote to the
opponents of the Muslim League, must think of the ultimate conse-
quences of his action in terms of the interests of his nation and the
answers that he would be called upon to produce on the Day of
Judgment. ” Maulana Osmani also compared the Muslim politics
of his times to those of the Muslim politics during the time of the
Prophet. The argument given was that after the formation of
Pakistan, the Muslims in India would still live under the domina-
tion of the Hindus. The reply of Maulana Osmani was that the
Prophet had migrated from Mecca to set up an Islamic State in
Medina and had left behind the infirm and old Muslims in Mecca.
In the same way, the three crores of Indian Muslims should not
## p. 845 (#887) ############################################
RAJAJI'S FORMULA
845
stand in the way of the welfare and happiness of seven crores of
Muslims in Pakistan. If Pakistan was not established, all the 10
crores of Muslims would be living under the Hindu domination.
It is stated that Liaquat Ali Khan wrote a letter to Mar:lana Zaffar
Ahmad Osmani in which he acknowledged the services rendered by
the Ulama in the cause of Pakistan. The contention of the Mus-
lim leaders was that all means were fair for achieving the objective
of Pakistan.
RAJAJI'S FORMULA
Shri C. Rajagopalachari had been in favour of allowing the
Muslims to have their separate Homeland. As a matter of fact,
he had moved a resolution to that effect before the All India Con-
gress Committee in April-May, 1942, but that resolution was reject-
ed and the Congress Committee passed another resolution in which
it was stated that “any proposal to disintegrate India by giving
liberty to any component state or territorial unit to secede from
the Indian Union or Federation will be highly detrimental to the
best interests of the people of the different States and Provinces
and the country as a whole and the Congress, therefore, cannot
agree to any such proposal. ”
In March, 1944, Shri C. Rajagopalachari put forward his fam-
ous formula to solve the deadlock prevailing in the country.
On 8
April, 1944, he wrote to Mr. Jinnah that his formula had the full
approval of Mahatma Gandhi. That formula accepted the prin-
ciple of Pakistan. The Muslim League was to support the demand
of the Congress for the independence of India. During the transi-
tional period, the Muslim League was to join hands with the Con-
gress in forming a provisional Government. After the War, a
Commission was to be appointed to demarcate those contiguous
areas in North-West and North-East India in which the Muslims
were in absolute majority. A plebiscite of all the inhabitants of
ihose areas was to be taken to decide whether those areas wanted
to be separated from Hindustan or not. If they decided to be
separated, agreements were to be made for Defence, Communica-
tions etc. Those terms were binding on the parties only if the
British Government transferred all control into the hands of the
Indians for the administration of the country. Mr. Jinnah reject-
ed the formula of Rajaji. He condemned the offer of "maimed,
mutilated and moth-eaten Pakistan. ” He declared thai he would
not accept anything less than the six provinces of Sind, Punjab,
North-Western Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Bengal and Assam
subject only to the adjustment of their territories. He was also
>
## p. 846 (#888) ############################################
846
PAKISTAN
opposed to the Non-Muslims living in the Muslim majority areas
to vote along with the Muslims.
To quote Mr. Jinnah, “His (Rajaji's) formula is a parody, a
negation of, and intended to torpedo, the Muslim League's resolu-
tion of March 1944 and when he says that his formula concedes all
that the Muslim League had ever demanded by its resolution, it is
the grossest travesty. . . . . . ” The only point which Mr. Jinnah
appreciated in Rajaji’s formula was that it accepted the principle
of partition or division of India.
Rajaji's formula was criticised from various quarters. On 14
July, 1944, Sardar Santokh Singh, M. L. A. , Sardar Harnam Singh,
President, All India Sikh League, Sardar Joginder Singh and others
signed and issued a joint statement against the formula. The state-
ment said, “We strongly protest against this offer on behalf of the
Sikh community and hereby declare that the Sikhs will fight to the
bitter end against the proposal. ” Dr. N. B. Khare who at that
time was a member of the Viceroy's Executive Council, stated on 15
July, 1944 that "it was clear that Mr. Gandhi had accepted Mr.
Rajagopalachari's proposal of dividing the country into more than
one political State. According to Gandhiji himself, vivisection of
India was a sin, so the Mahatma at the present moment is willing
to do a sinful act consciously. ” On 20 July, 1944, Savarkar, Presi-
dent of the Hindu Mahasabha, issued a statement in which he
criticised Mahatma Gandhi and Rajaji "for conceding the Pakistan
claim to Muslims without consulting other organisations and, in
particular, the Hindu Mahasabha. ” Qazi Mohammed Isha, Presi-
dent of Baluchistan Muslim League and a member of the Working
Committee of All India Muslim League, issued a statement on 24
July, 1944, in which he clearly stated that “the Muslim nation
refuses to accept the position of a petitioner. " The All Parties
Hindu Conference was held at Lahore on 13 August, 1944 and
it passed a resolution rejecting Rajaji's formula because it "strikes
at the root of the fundamental geographical culture and historical
oneness, national integrity and administrative unity of India by
proposing the dismemberment and vivisection of the country. ”
Srinivasa Sastri of the National Liberal Federation rejected the
formula because he said: "I dread this idea of division of India. I
dread it like poison. ” It was under these circumstances that
nothing came out of Rajaji's formula.
GANDHI-JINNAH TALKS (1944)
In the month of September, 1944,
September, 1944, there were talks between
Mahatma Gandhi and Mr. Jinnah at Bombay with a view to find
## p. 847 (#889) ############################################
LIAQUAT-DESAI PACT
847
out some solution of the deadlock prevailing in the country. There
were lengthy negotiations but nothing came out of them as Mr.
Jinnah insisted that the Muslims were a separate nation and
Mahatma Gandhi was not prepared to admit this claim of Mr.
Jinnah. The only result of those talks was that Mr. Jinnah emerg-
ed with greater prestige in India than before. It was realised that
Mr. Jinnah occupied a very high position in the politics of the
country and that was the reason why Mahatma Gandhi was taking
pains to come to a settlement with him.
LIAQUAT-DESAI PACT (1945)
Another attempt was made in the beginning of 1945 to bring
about an understanding between the Congress and the Muslim
League so that they could participate in the formation of an interim
Government at the Centre. This was the Desai-Liaquat Pact.
This pact was between Bhulabhai Desai, the leader of the Congress
Party in the Central Assembly and Liaquat Ali Khan, the Deputy
Leader of the Muslim League party in the Central Assembly.
According to that Pact, the Congress and the Muslim League were
to join on the basis of parity in forming an interim Government at
the Centre. The representatives of the minorities like the Sikhs
and the Scheduled Castes were also to be included in the Govern-
ment. The Government was to function within the frame-work of
the Government of India Act, 1935. If the Cabinet could not get
a particular measure passed in the Central Assembly, it was not to
scek recourse to the reserve powers of the Governor-General. The
interim Government was to secure the release of the members of
the Congress Working Committee. There were to be coalition
Ministries in the Provinces consisting of Congress and Muslim
League Members.
Bhulabhai Desai had got the approval of Mahatma Gandhi for
the Pact and Lord Wavell was also in favour of it. However,
Mr. Jinnah made a public statement to the effect that he had no
knowledge of the Desai-Liaquat Pact and whatever had been done
was without any authority from the Muslim League. Mr. Jinnah
told Liaquat Ali Khan that he should not have entered into the
Pact without his knowledge and approval. The view of Liaquat
Ali Khan was that it was very necessary for the Muslim League
to come to some understanding with the Congress because the
British were likely to leave India any moment and the rigid atti-
tude of Mr. Jinnah and Mahatma Gandhi was not desirable. His
view was that the younger men should make an attempt to solve
## p. 848 (#890) ############################################
848
PAKISTAN
the deadlock and that is why he entered into a Pact with Bhulabhai
Desai.
SIMLA CONFERENCE
Lord Wavell called a Conference at Simla to resolve the deadlock
in the country. The Conference met at 11 A. M. on 25 June, 1945.
All the invitees, except Mahatma Gandhi, were present. In his
opening speech, Lord Wavell made it clear that the Conference
was not intended to solve the complex problems of India. More-
over, it did not in any way prejudice or prejudge the final issue
between the parties. He asked the members present to consider
him as a sincere friend of India and help him in coming to some
interim settlement.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, as the President of the Congress,
took pains to explain the position of the Congress. He made it
clear that the British plan dealt with purely temporary and interim
arrangements and it should not be regarded as a precedent for the
permanent arrangement in the future. He also attached consider-
able importance to the declaration that the provisional plan was
intended as a preliminary step towards the achievement of the goal
of India's independence.
He also made it clear that although the
Congress Working Committee was taking part in the Conference,
its decision had to be ratified by the All India Congress Committee
many of whose members were still in jails. Maulana Azad also
sought certain clarifications from the Government.
On 26 June, 1945, the Conference discussed the scope, functions
and responsibilities of the Executive Council of the Governor-
General. After about one hour session on 27 June, the Conference
.
adjourned till 29 June to enable the delegates to continue their
private discussions. On 28 June, the private deliberations of the
Conference reached a stage of impasse between the Muslim League
and the Congress. On 29 June, the Conference met as scheduled
but was adjourned after about an hour “to enable the delegates to
carry on further consultations” to submit lists of names for the
Executive Council. It was accepted to reassemble on 14 July,
1945 at Simla.
In the meanwhile, the Secretary to the Governor-General wrote
a letter to Mr. Jinnah on 29 June requesting to him "to prepare
and send him a list giving the names of members of the Muslim
League who, in your opinion, could suitably be included in the pro-
posed Executive Council. The number of names in this list should
be not less than eight or more than twelve. ” Mr. Jinnah was given
## p. 849 (#891) ############################################
SIMLA CONFERENCE
849
the choice to suggest "the names of persons of any community who
are not members of the Muslim League. ”
On 1 July, 1945, Pandit G. B. Pant had a talk with Mr. Jinnah
regarding the fears expressed in the Muslims League circles that
under the new proposals the Muslims would be in a minority and
thus would not get a fair deal. On 2 July, Nawabzada Liaquat
Ali Khan, General Secretary of the All India Muslim League, gave
an interview at Simla in which he contended that the stand of the
Congress party for a share in the Muslim quota of seats in the pro-
posed Executive Council was "most unreasonable and has no justi-
fication whatsoever. "
On 7 July, 1945, Maulana Azad forwarded a panel of 15 names
of whom five were caste Hindus, five Muslims, two non-caste
Hindus, 1 Indian Christian, one Parsi and one Sikh.
Mr. Jinnah sent a reply to the Viceroy on 7 July, 1945 in which
he maintained "that all the Muslim members of the proposed Exe-
cutive Council should be chosen from the Muslim League, subject
to a confidential discussion between Your Excellency and the
President of the Muslim League,” before they were finally recom-
mended by the Viceroy to His Majesty's Government for appoint-
ment. Mr. Jinnah had an interview with Lord Wavell on 8 July,
1945 for about an hour and a half. However, Lord Wavell refus-
ed to give a guarantee to Mr. Jinnah that all the Mulim members
of the proposed Executive Council would be chosen from the Mus-
lim League. On 9 July, 1945, Mr. Jinnah informed Lord Wavell:
“I regret I am not in a position to send the names on behalf of the
Muslim League for inclusion in the proposed Executive Council
as desired by you. "
The Simla Conference met at 11 A. M. on 14 July, 1945 and
Lord Wavell made an official announcement of the failure of the
Conference. The words used by him were: “the Conference has
therefore failed. . . . . . I wish to make it clear that the responsibility
for failure is mine. "
At a Press Conference at Simla on 14 July, Maulana Azad stated
that the Conference had failed because Mr. Jinnah insisted that the
Muslim League alone must nominate all the Muslim members to
the Executive Council of the Viceroy and that demand was not
accepted by the Congress.
Malik Khizar Hayat Khan Tiwana, Premier and leader of the
Unionist Party of the Punjab, stated on 15 July "that the differen-
ces between them (the Congress and the League) were the cause
of the failure of the Conference-not the allotment of a seat to a
Punjabi Muslim. ” In his press statement issued on 15 July, Master
Tara Singh, the Akali Sikh Leader, said: “The situation boiled
.
## p. 850 (#892) ############################################
850
PAKISTAN
down to this. The League insisted upon the recognition of its right
to nominate all the Muslim members of the Executive Council, as
the sole representative body of the Muslims. But the Congress
refused to admit this position and insisted upon its national charac-
ter and consequently upon its right of nominating at least one of
the Muslim members of the Executive Council. So the dispute was
for one seat only which resulted in this gigantic failure. ” The view
of the Dr. Khan Sahib, Premier of North-Western Frontier Province,
was that “the entire responsibility of the failure of the Simla Con-
ference lay on the obstinate attitude of Mr. Jinnah. ” Dr. Shyama
Prasad Mookerjee, President of the All-India Hindu Mahasabha,
maintained that the Conference broke down "because Mr. Jinnah's
increasing demands were unacceptable to others and the Viceroy
was not prepared to have an interim settlement without the co-
operation and consent of the Muslim League. ”
About the Simla Conference, the Times of London wrote: “There
will be natural disposition, in spite of Lord Wavell's counsel, to
place the blame for the failure on Mr. Jinnah and the Muslim
League. ” The Daily Telegraph wrote: “As on previous occasions,
the cause of the deadlock has been the ancient hostility between
the Muslims and the Hindus. Though the Viceroy labɔured tire-
lessly to produce a more accommodating spirit, Mr. Jinnah would
not agree even to submit a list of names unless the exclusive right
of the Muslim League to speak for the Muslims was accepted in
advance. " The News. Chronicle observed: “The responsibility for
the failure of the Simla Conference was not Lord Wavell's. It was
Mr. Jinnah's and Mr. Jinnah's alone. The Muslim League is no
more completely representative of Muslim India than the Congress
is completely representative of Hindu India. " The Daily Mail re-
marked: “Mr. Gandhi wrecked the Cripps proposals and Simla
was Mr. Jinnah's town. As the leader of the Muslim League, he
duly wrecked the Wavell proposals ”
Mr. Jinnah justified his stand in these words: “On a final exa-
mination and analysis of the Wavell Plan, we found that it was a
snare. There was the combination consisting of the Gandhi Hindu
Congress who stand for India's Hindu National Independence as
one India, and the latest exponent of geographical unity, Lord
Wavell, and Glancy-Khizr (leader of the Punjab Unionist Party),
who are bent upon creating disruption among the Musalmans in
the Punjab. "
It is contended on behalf of the Muslim League that once Mr.
Jinnah came to know that Lord Wavell wanted to include a non-
League Muslim from the Punjab, he was determined to wreck the
Conference. The reason was that he wanted to impress upon all
## p. 851 (#893) ############################################
ELECTIONS OF 1945
851
the Muslim leaders in India and particularly the Muslim leaders
of the Punjab that they were not going to get any prize offices by
remaining outside the Muslim League. It was hoped that in that
manner Mr. Jinnah would be able to bring all the Muslim leaders
under the banner of the Muslim League. It is also pointed out
that Sir Feroz Khan Noon, the Defence Member of the Executive
Council of the Viceroy, assured Mr. Jinnah that Lord Wavell
would not go ahead with his plan without the approval of the
Muslim League. It is also pointed out that Mr. Jinnah was not
keen about the success of the Simla Conference becaus. . his claim
that the Muslim League was the sole representative organisation of
the Muslims had not been established through general elections.
The North-Western Frontier Province had a Congress Ministry.
The Punjab had a Unionist Ministry. The Sind Ministry of Sir
Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah was dependent on Congress sup-
port and Bengal was under Section 93. Mr. Jinnah was in favour
of having general elections so that the Muslim League, with its
enhanced prestige and popularity in 1945, may be able to have
Ministries of its own in some Provinces. That is the reason why
Mr. Jinnah was not anxious about the success of the Sirnla Confer-
ence.
ELECTIONS IN 1945
The Labour Party came to power in England on 10 July, 1945.
Mr. Attlee became the Prime Minister and Pethick Lawrence was
appointed the Secretary of State for India. The war with Japan
ended officially on 14 August, 1945. Lord Wavell was summoned to
London for consultation. He came back to India on 18 Septem
ber, 1945. In a broadcast to the people of India, he declared that
the British Government had decided to hold elections to the Central
and Provincial Legislatures. General elections were actually held
toward the end of 1945. As regards the Central Assembly, the
Muslim League won all the Muslim seats. The Party position in
the Central Assembly was that the Congress had 57, the Muslim
League 30, Independents 5, Akali Sikhs 2 and Europeans 8. The
total number of elected seats was 102. In the Provinces, the Con-
gress was able to form Ministries in Assam, Bihar, the United Pro-
vinces, Bombay, Madras, Orissa, the Central Provinces and the
North-Western Frontier Province. Although the Muslim League
had done equally well, it was able to form Ministries only in Bengal
and Sind. The Muslim League won 79 out of 86 Muslim seats,
but it was not able to form a ministry in the Punjab as it failed to
have a clear majority in a house of 175 members. Khizr Hayat
## p. 852 (#894) ############################################
852
PAKISTAN
Khan Tiwana was able to form a Ministry with the help of the
Congress and Sikh votes. In the North-Western Province, the
Muslim League won 17 seats and the Congress 19.
PARLIAMENTARY DELEGATION TO INDIA
On 4 December, 1945, Mr. Herbert Morrison, Lord President
of the Council and leader of the House of Commons, made a state-
ment in the House of Commons on the Government Policy towards
India. He pointed out that the policy of the Labour Government
was to promote the early realisation of full self-Government in India.
He also declared that His Majesty's Government regarded the set-
ting up of a constitution-making body by which the Indians will
decide their own future as a matter of the greatest urgency. He
also declared that His Majesty's Government were arranging for
a Parliamentary delegation to go to India under the auspices of the
Empire Parliamentary Association to convey in person ihe general
wish and desire of the people of England that India should speedily
attain her full and rightful position as an independent partner state
in the British Commonwealth and the desire of Parliament to do
everything within its power to promote the speedy attainment of
that objective. A similar statement was made by Lord Pethick
Lawrence in the House of Lords.
On 1 January, 1946, Lord Pethick Lawrence observed thus in
a broadcast: "I want you to realise that myself, the British Govern-
ment, and, I believe, the whole of the British people earnestly desire
to see India rise 'to the free and full status of an equal partner in
the British Commonwealth'. We will do our utmost to assist India
.
to attain that position. There is no longer any need for denuncia-
tions or organised pressure to secure this end. If there was ever a
time when there was cause for that, it is no longer. ”
The British Parliamentary delegation arrived in New Delhi on
6 January, 1946 and left India on 8 February, 1946 after visiting
various parts of the country and after discussions with various poli-
tical parties of India. The leader of delegation was Professor
Robert Richard. In his final press Conference, he said, "There are
deep divisions among you, but these divisions disappear in the unity
with which you very rightly demand a measure of self-govern-
ment. . . . We are all conscious of the fact that India has at last
attained political manhood. ”
THE CABINET MISSION
On 19 February, 1946, Lord Pethick Lawrence declared in the
## p. 853 (#895) ############################################
THE CABINET MISSION SCHEME
853
House of Lords that the British Government had decided to send a
special mission of Cabinet Ministers to resolve the constitutional
deadlock in India. The members of the Cabinet mission were Lord
Pethick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and Mr. A. V. Alexander.
The mission reached Delhi on 24 March, 1946 and there were pro-
longed discussions between the members of the Cabinet Mission
and Lord Wavell on the one hand and the leaders of the Indian
National Congress and the Muslim League on the ther. The
members of the Cabinet Mission found that they were not able to
accept either the point of view of the Congress or that of the Mus-
lim League. Mr. Jinnah demanded a sovereign Pakistan. The
Congress was even opposed to the creation of an All-India Union
on a three-tier basis. Hence the Mission came to the conclusion
that it must decide the matter in manner which they considered
to be the best under the circumstances. The view of the Mission
was that a new interim Government should be formed and that
should be entrusted with the task of setting up an All-India Com-
mission from the elected members of the Provincial and Central
Assemblies. That Commission was to decide whether there were
to be one or two sovereign states in British India. If the Commis-
sion failed to come to a decision within 30 days, the question was
to be decided by taking votes. If the dissenting minority was more
than a certain prescribed percentage, the question whether they
should be allowed to form a separate state was to be decided in the
following manner. The Muslim representatives in each of the
Legislative Assemblies of Sind, North-Western Frontier Province,
the Punjab and Bengal (with the addition of the district of Sylhet
from Assam) were to meet separately to decide whether they would
like to separate from the rest of India or not. Baluchistan was to
be separated if the contiguous Provinces voted for separation. If
the Muslim representatives of North-Western Frontier Province
voted again separation, the Province was still to be separated if the
surrounding Provinces voted for separation. The non-Muslim re-
presentatives of the districts in which the non-Muslims were in
majority and which were contiguous to India were to be allowed
to vote whether they should be separated from their parent Pro-
vinces and attached to the territory of India. If 75% of the Mus-
lim representatives voted for separation, they were to have a Consti-
tuent Assembly to frame a constitution for their own area. This
scheme was rejected both by the Congress and the Muslim League.
Ultimately, the Cabinet Mission announced their final scheme on
16 May, 1946.
According to the Cabinet Mission Scheme, there was to be Union
of India embracing both British India and the Indian states and it
## p. 854 (#896) ############################################
854
PAKISTAN
was to deal with Foreign Affairs, Defence and Communications.
The Union was also to have the necessary power to raise the finances
for the above mentioned three subjects. All other subjects were
to vest in the Provinces. The States were to retain all subjects and
powers other than those ceded to the Union of India. The Union
of India was to have an Executive and a Legislature constituted
from British India and representatives from the Indian states. The
Provinces were to be free to form Groups and each Group was to
determine which Provincial subjects be taken in common.
The
constitutions of the Union of India and of the Groups were to con-
tain a Provision whereby any Province, if a majority in its Legisla-
tive Assembly so desired, could call for a reconsideration of the
terms of the constitution after an initial period of ten years and at
ten yearly intervals thereafter.
As regards the constitution-making machinery, the Legislative
Assemblies of the Provinces were to elect the members of that body
on the basis of one representative for one million of the population.
The Sikh and Muslim Legislators were to elect the quota of their
communities on the basis of their population. The representatives
from the Provinces were to divide themselves into three Sections A,
B and C. Section C was to consist of the representatives of Bengal
and Assam, Section B of the Punjab, Sind and North-Western Fron-
tier Province and Section A of the rest of the Provinces of India.
These Sections were to settle the Provincial constitutions for the
Provinces included in each Section and were also to decide whether
any Group Constitution was to be set for those Provinces and if
so with what provincial subjects the Group should deal. The repre-
sentatives of the Sections were then to reassemble and settle the
Union Constitution. The Provinces of India were given the power
to opt out of the Groups by a decision of their Legislatures after
the general elections under the New Constitution. The Resolutions
of the Union Constituent Assembly regarding major Communal
issues were to require a majority of the representatives present and
voting of each of the two major communities. The Chairman of
the Constituent Assembly was to decide which Resolution raised
major Communal issues and he was to consult the Federal Court
of India before giving his decision. A plan for Interim Govern-
ment was also envisaged in Cabinet Mission Scheme.
The Muslim League accepted the Cabinet Mission Scheme. The
resolution of the Muslim League accepting the scheme stated: “In
as much as the basis and the foundation of Pakistan are inherent in
the Mission's plan by virtue of the compulsory grouping of the six
Muslim Provinces in Sections B and C, is willing to co-operate
with the constitution-making machinery proposed in the scheme
## p. 855 (#897) ############################################
THE CABINET MISSION SCHEME
855
outlined by the Mission, in the hope that it would ultimately re-
sult in the establishment of complete sovereign Pakistan, and the
consummation of the goal of independence for the major nations,
Muslims and Hindus, and all the other people inhabitirig the vast
sub-continent. It is for these reasons that the Muslim League is
accepting the scheme and will join the constitution-making body,
and it will keep in view the opportunity and right of secession of
Provinces or groups from the Union, which have been provided in
the Mission's plan by implication. ”
The Muslim League accepted the Cabinet Mission Scheme be-
cause it provided for a weak centre and an opportunity to large
Muslim majority Provinces like the Punjab and Bengal to dominate
in their respective Sections. Those Sections were allowed to frame
both Group and Provincial Constitutions. The Provinces were
given the right to opt out but only after the first general election
and under the terms of the constitution settled by the Section.
Moreover, under Sections B and C, the Muslim League was getting
the entire territory of the Provinces like the Punjab, Bengal and
Assam in parts of which the non-Muslims were in a majority. The
Congress was not happy with the Cabinet Mission Scheme as it
provided for the compulsory grouping of the Provinces. In other
words, a Province like North-Western Frontier Province in which
a Congress Government was functioning, could be compelled to
join Section B. The Province of Assam which had a Hindu
majority, could be compelled to join Section C. Mr. Jinnah was
right in saying that the Cabinet Mission Scheme was a sugar-
coated pill for the Congress. Mr. Jinnah was determined to have
Pakistan and he found that the Cabinet Mission Scheme gave him
an opportunity to have it. To begin with, he would have the
compulsory grouping of the Provinces in the North-West and North-
East. When the group constitutions of Sections B and C were
prepared, he could decide later on to leave the Union of India.
In that case, what he was going to have would be the whole of
the Punjab, Sind, North-Western Frontier Province, Bengal and
Assam. Once these areas became independent of the Union of
India, the Hindu populations from those areas could be turned out
making room for the Muslims from the rest of India to take their
place. The great merit of the Cabinet Scheme from the point of
view of the Muslim League was that it gave them the whole of the
Punjab and the whole of Assam and Bengal. It the Congress had
accepted this Scheme, it would have lost the whole of the Punjab and
the whole of Bengal and Assam. By not accepting it, the Congress
was ultimately able to save East Punjab, the whole of the Province
of Assam minus the district of Sylhet and the whole of West Bengal.
## p. 856 (#898) ############################################
856
PAKISTAN
That explains the reason while the Muslim League enthusiastically
accepted the Cabinet Mission Scheme by a resolution passed on
6 June, 1946. The Working Committee of the Congress passed
the resolution on 26 June, 1946 by which it accepted the scheme
partially. The Congress accepted only that part of the Scheme
which dealt with the constitution-making of the country. The
view of the Congress was that the grouping of the Provinces was
not to be compulsory. However, the Congress rejected the Interim
Government Scheme on the ground that the clarifications given on
the subject were not acceptable to it and the resolution of the
Working Committee of the Congress was ratified by the All-India
Congress Committee.
FORMATION OF INTERIM GOVERNMENT
Mr. Jinnah who had accepted the Scheme in its entirety, asked
Lord Wavell to invite the Muslim League to form the Interim
Government but Lord Wavell refused to oblige him as he was
anxious to bring the Congress also into the Interim Government.
On 22 July, 1946, Lord Wavell wrote a personal and confiden-
tial letter to Mr. Jinnah with proposals to form an Interim Govern-
ment. It was stated therein that the Interim Government would
consist of fourteen members. Six members including one Scheduled
Caste representatives, would be nominated by the Congress, five
members would be nominated by the Muslim League. Three re-
presentatives of the minorities would be nominated by Viceroy. One
of these three places would be kept for Sikhs.
