" in Memorial Andre]ean
Festugiere
(Geneva: Cramer, 1984), pp.
Hadot - The Inner Citadel The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius
Seneca, OnBene ts, II, IO, r.
16. Ibid. , II, IO, 3.
17. SVF, vol. III, §45 [= Servius, Commentary on il's Aeneid, I, 604 -
Trans. ]. Cf Seneca, On the Happy Life, IX, 4: "(virtus) ipsa pretium sui"; Spinoza, Ethics, V, proposition XLII.
18. Here, I am llowing the text ofFarquharson.
19. Matthew 6:3.
20. Plotinus, Enneads, I 4, IO, 26
2r. Seneca, On Ben ts, IV, 34, 4; On Peace ofMind, XIII, 3.
22. Cicero gives a history of this exercise in his Tusculan Disputations, III, r 3 ,
28 ; cf I. Hadot, Seneca, pp. 6o-6r.
23 . Philo ofAlexandria, On the Special Laws, II, §46, 6-IO.
2 4 . I owe this excellent expression t o Mireille Armisen-Marchetti, " Imagina
tion et meditation chez Seneque. L'exemple de la praemeditatio, " Revue des Etudes Latines, 64 (1986): 185-195.
25. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 98, 6.
2 6 . Immanuel Kant, Foundations the Metaphysics ofMorals, 2nd section.
27. Stoi'ciens, p. 49 [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, I05-I07 -Trans. ]. Cf
E. Brehier, Etudes dephilosophie antique (Paris, 1987), pp. 135-138.
28. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 89, 14.
29. "Their" representation. We can render the Greek text more explicit in
this way, both because of the context and because of the parallel in Epictetus, Manual, §6r.
30. SVF, vol. III, §262; Philo ofAlexandria, Allegory ofthe Laws, I, §87; cf. Marcus Aurelius, I, 16, 5.
3r. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 34, 4.
32. Plato, Laws, VI, 756e-758a; Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, V, 6, rr3ra-b.
Notes to Pages 219-240 333
3 3 . Herodian, Histo of the Empire, I , 2 , 2 . Herodian is thinking in particular of the marriage of Lucilla, widow of the emperor Lucius Verus, with Claudius Pompeianus. It appears that this marriage was pleasing neither to Lucilla nor to her mother, Faustina.
34. SVF, vol. III, §125.
35. Plato, Republic, 617e1; 620d8; Phaedo, I07d7.
3 6 . Louis Lavelle, L'Erreur de Narcisse (Paris, 1 9 3 9) , p. l I I [trans. W. T. Gaird
ner, The Dilemma Narcissus, London and New York, 1973. Lavelle (1883- 1951), professor of philosophy at the Sorbonne and the College de France,
proposed a spiritual version ofexistentialism. -Trans. ].
37. Socrates in Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, VII, 3, 1145b21-27; Plato, Pro
tagoras, 345d; Gorgias, 509e; Timaeus, 86d.
3 8 . Galen, De animi cuiuslibet peccatorum dignotione et curatione , ed. W. de Boer,
Galeni de animi cuiuslibet peccatorum dignotione et curatione (= Corpus medicorum Graecorum, vol. 5. 4. r. 1 [Leipzig: Teubner, 1937]), p. 53 DeBoer=vol. V, p. 77 Kiihn.
39. Seneca, On Clemency, III, 4.
40. Lavelle, L'Erreur de Narcisse, p. 196. C£ J. de Romilly, La douceur dans la pensee grecque (Paris, l 979) .
41. Epictetus, Discourses, III, 22, 54. 42. Matthew 25:40.
43 . Seneca, On Clemency, III, 3 .
9 . rtue andJoy
r . Protagoras, 325a; 329c; Republic, 487a5; Phaedo, 69b2; Laws, I, 630-63 l and XII, 963 .
2. Stoidens, pp. 44-46 [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, §§87-93]; 56-58 [=D. L. , Lives, VII, §§125-131]; SVF, vol. III, §§262 ; §§295
3. Orphei Hymni, ed. G. Quandt (Berlin, 1955), Hymn IO.
4. K. Smolak, "Der Hymnus des Mesomedes an die Natur," Wiener Human istische Blatter, 29 (1987): 1-13.
5 . Cicero, On Duties, I , 4 , I I ; I , 5 , 1 5 . These notions are developed through out the bulk ofBook I.
6. On apparent con rmity with nature which is linked to pleasure, and leads us astray, see Cicero, Laws, I, 3 l .
7 . Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 59, 16-17.
8. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, X, 4, 1174b33.
9 . Seneca, On the Happy L e, IX, 2 ; c[ Stoidens, p . 46 (§94) [= Diogenes
Laertius, Lives, VII, 94 -Trans. ] .
IO. Seneca, On the Happy L e, XV, 2.
lr. Stoidens,p. 53(§116)[=DiogenesLaertius,Lives,VII,II6-Trans. ]. 12. Ibid. , p. 166 (= Plutarch, On Common Notions, 35, I077b).
334 Notes to Pages 241-253
l 3 . I b i d . , p . 4 4 ( § 8 8 : t h e e a s y o w o f l i fe ) [ = D i o g e n e s L a e r t i u s , L i v e s , V I I , § 8 8 -Trans. ].
14. Plato, Laws, IV, 716ar.
10. Marcus Aurelius in His Meditations
r. Renan, p. 274. 2. Ibid. , p. 267. 3. Ibid. , p. 30.
4. Ibid. , p. 34.
5. P. Wendland, Die hellenistische-r mische Kultur in ihren Beziehungen zu Judentum und Christentum (Tubingen, 19724), p. 238.
6. J. M. Rist, Stoic Philosophy (Cambridge, 1969), p. 286.
7. P. Petit, La Paix romaine (19823), p. 194: "Marcus Aurelius, a Stoic phi losopher ofthe superstitious rather than the rational type, despite the traces ofa rather negative despair at the end of his life . "
8. Dodds, Pagans and Christians, pp. 8, 29 n. r.
9. Ibid. ,p. 29n. r.
IO. Historia Augusta, , V, 2.
l l. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 36, l.
12. Grimal, p. 53.
1 3 . Philostratus, Imagines, I , 30, 4, 8-9 Benndorf/Schenkl.
14. R. Dailly and H. van E enterre, "Le Cas Marc Aurele," Revue des etudes
15. Cassius Dio, LXXI, 6, 3-4.
16. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 36, 2.
17. Dailly and van E enterre, in Revue des hudes anciennes, 56: 3 54.
18. T. W. A ica, "The Opium Addiction ofMarcus Aurelius,"jou al ofthe
Histo Ideas, 1961, pp. 98- 9. See my re tation ofthis article, "Marc Aurele etait-il opiomane?
" in Memorial Andre]ean Festugiere (Geneva: Cramer, 1984), pp. 33-50.
19. Galen, De antidotis, I, l , in Opera omnia, vol. XIV, p. 2 Kuhn.
20. Galen, ibid. , I, 7, p. 42 Kuhn; II, 17, p. 201; II, 9, p. 155; cf P. Hadot in Memo al Andre]ean Festugiere, p. 3 8 .
2r. Galen, Ad Pisonem de theriaca, 2, vol. 14, pp. 216-217 Kuhn.
22. T. W. Africa, injou al ofthe Histo ofIdeas, 1961, p. I02, n. 78.
23. Ibid. , p. IOI.
24. Thomas De Quincey, Confessions ofan English Opium-Eater (New York:
Heritage Press, 1950; lst ed. : London, 1821), p. 60.
25. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 99, IO; 49, 3.
26. Greek Anthology, book VII, 472.
27. S , vol. 2, §762 = Stoidens, p. 178 [= Plutarch, On Common Notions, 44,
I083B-D -Trans. ].
anciennes, 56 (1954): 349-350.
Notes to Pages 253-275 3 3 5
28. Plato, Cratylus, 402a; cf A. A. Long, "Heraclitus and Stoicism," Philoso- phia (Academy ofAthens), 5-6 (1975 76), p. 153·
29. Plutarch, On the Disappearance Oracles, 39, 432a.
30. Ovid, Metamorphoses, 15, 179.
3 r. Plato, Republic, 486a, quoted by Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, VII, 3 5.
32. Philo ofAlexandria, On the Special Laws, III, l-2.
33. Maximus ofTyre, X II, 6, p. 91 D bner.
34. Ovid, Metamo hoses, XV, 147·
3 5 . For example, Seneca, Natural Questions, I, prae tio, 7-1 3 .
36. Metrodori Epicurei Fragmenta, . 37, ed. A. Korte, in Neue]ahrbucherfur
classische Philologie, Supplementband, XVII (1890), p. 557.
37. Cicero, Dream ofScipio, 3, 16. Cf A. -J. Festugiere, La Revelation d'Hermes
Trismegiste, vol. II (Paris, 1949), pp. 441
38. Pascal, Pensees, section II, §72.
39. P. Rabbow, Seelenfuhrung. Methodik der Exerzitien in der Antike (Munich,
1954), p. 85.
40. ]. Dal n, "Formgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zu den Selbstbetrachtun
gen Marc Aurels, " inaugural dissertation at the University of Munich (Munich, 1967).
4r. M. Alexandre, "Le travail de la sentence chez Marc Aurele: philosophie et rhetorique," in La Lico e, Publications de la Faculte des lettres et des langues de l'Universite de Poitiers, 1979/3, pp. 125-158.
42. R. B. Rutherford, The Meditations, pp. 126
43. Fronto, Ad Antonin. Imper. , De eloquentia, 4, 8, p. 140, 8 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. 79 Haines.
44. Fronto, Ad Antonin. Imper. , IV, l, p. ro5, 4-6 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 305 Haines.
45. [Here Marcus is quoting Hesiod, Works and Days, l97 -Trans. ]
46. W. Williams, "Individuality in the Roman Constitutions: Hadrian and the Antonines,"Journal ofRoman Studies, 66 (1976): 78-82.
47. Breithaupt, pp. 1 5-16, cites the parallel with the titles placed at the begin nings of the third and urth books of the Odyssey: Ta en Puloi; Ta en Lakedai moni ("The things that happened in Pylos"; "The things that happened in Lacedaemonia"). As r as Marcus' titles are concerned, this would correspond to " That which was written at Carnutum. "
48. Theiler, p. 307.
49. Breithaupt, p. 39.
50. Theiler, p. 307. Should we attach any importance to the ct that Reuch
lin, in 1 5 17, cites a passage om book IV as ifit belonged to book III? Cf above, Chapter 2, n. 9.
5 r . On the grammatical problem, see Theiler, p. 307.
52. Theiler, p. 347.
5 3. [Villon's poem La ballade des Seigneurs du temps Jadis consists of a series of
336 Notes to Pages 276-295
stanzas, each of which ends with the re ain "Mais ou est le preux Charle maigne? " -Trans. ]
54. Histo a Augusta, Lucius rus, VIII, 7-1 r .
55. On Caninius Celer, see G. W. Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (Ox rd, 1969), p. 53 (c£ Historia Augusta, MA, II, 4, p. 136; Philostratus, Lives ofthe Sophists, I, §524). The Hadrian mentioned by Marcus cannot be the rhetor Hadrian ofTyre, as Dal n believes (p. 69), r the rhetor Hadrian died well a er Caninius Celer, and was still alive when Marcus was writing (c£ Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, 1 1 , § 5 90) .
56. See P. Courcelle, Reche hes sur les Con ssions de Saint Augustin (Paris, 1968), pp. 12-29.
57. C£ P. Graindor, Un milliardaire antique: Herode Atticus et saJamille (Cairo, 1930); W. Ameling, Herodes Atticus, 2 vols. (Hildesheim, 1983).
58. On the documents we possess about this trial, see ]. H. Oliver, "Marcus Aurelius: Aspects of Civil and Cultural Policy in the East, " in Hesperia, Supple ment XIII, 1970. For a French translation of the documents, see S. Follet, " Lettre de Marc Aurele aux Atheniens (EM 1 3 3 66) : nouvelles lectures et inter pretations," Revue dephilologie, 53 (1979): 29-43. On the rst ofthese trials, see Fronto, Ad Marc. Caesar, III, 3 ; p. 37, 5 Van den Hout = vol. I, pp. 59 Haines. On the relations between Marcus and Herodes Atticus, see Bowersock, Greek Sophists, pp. 49, 94-100.
59. Fronto,AdVerumImper. ,I,6,p. III, 17VandenHout=vol. II,p. 154 Haines .
60. Fronto, Ad Amicos, I, 3, p. 173, 28 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 280 Haines.
6r. Fronto, Deferiis Alsiensibus, 4, p. 234, 13 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. I 8 Haines.
62. R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, p. 229.
63. On the rst book ofthe Meditations, see the excellent book by F. Marti- nazzolli, La "Successio " di Marco Aurelio (Bari, 1 9 5 1 ) .
64. Historia Augusta, , XXIX, I O .
65. See R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, p. 132.
66. Renan, p. 36.
67.
16. Ibid. , II, IO, 3.
17. SVF, vol. III, §45 [= Servius, Commentary on il's Aeneid, I, 604 -
Trans. ]. Cf Seneca, On the Happy Life, IX, 4: "(virtus) ipsa pretium sui"; Spinoza, Ethics, V, proposition XLII.
18. Here, I am llowing the text ofFarquharson.
19. Matthew 6:3.
20. Plotinus, Enneads, I 4, IO, 26
2r. Seneca, On Ben ts, IV, 34, 4; On Peace ofMind, XIII, 3.
22. Cicero gives a history of this exercise in his Tusculan Disputations, III, r 3 ,
28 ; cf I. Hadot, Seneca, pp. 6o-6r.
23 . Philo ofAlexandria, On the Special Laws, II, §46, 6-IO.
2 4 . I owe this excellent expression t o Mireille Armisen-Marchetti, " Imagina
tion et meditation chez Seneque. L'exemple de la praemeditatio, " Revue des Etudes Latines, 64 (1986): 185-195.
25. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 98, 6.
2 6 . Immanuel Kant, Foundations the Metaphysics ofMorals, 2nd section.
27. Stoi'ciens, p. 49 [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, I05-I07 -Trans. ]. Cf
E. Brehier, Etudes dephilosophie antique (Paris, 1987), pp. 135-138.
28. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 89, 14.
29. "Their" representation. We can render the Greek text more explicit in
this way, both because of the context and because of the parallel in Epictetus, Manual, §6r.
30. SVF, vol. III, §262; Philo ofAlexandria, Allegory ofthe Laws, I, §87; cf. Marcus Aurelius, I, 16, 5.
3r. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 34, 4.
32. Plato, Laws, VI, 756e-758a; Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, V, 6, rr3ra-b.
Notes to Pages 219-240 333
3 3 . Herodian, Histo of the Empire, I , 2 , 2 . Herodian is thinking in particular of the marriage of Lucilla, widow of the emperor Lucius Verus, with Claudius Pompeianus. It appears that this marriage was pleasing neither to Lucilla nor to her mother, Faustina.
34. SVF, vol. III, §125.
35. Plato, Republic, 617e1; 620d8; Phaedo, I07d7.
3 6 . Louis Lavelle, L'Erreur de Narcisse (Paris, 1 9 3 9) , p. l I I [trans. W. T. Gaird
ner, The Dilemma Narcissus, London and New York, 1973. Lavelle (1883- 1951), professor of philosophy at the Sorbonne and the College de France,
proposed a spiritual version ofexistentialism. -Trans. ].
37. Socrates in Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, VII, 3, 1145b21-27; Plato, Pro
tagoras, 345d; Gorgias, 509e; Timaeus, 86d.
3 8 . Galen, De animi cuiuslibet peccatorum dignotione et curatione , ed. W. de Boer,
Galeni de animi cuiuslibet peccatorum dignotione et curatione (= Corpus medicorum Graecorum, vol. 5. 4. r. 1 [Leipzig: Teubner, 1937]), p. 53 DeBoer=vol. V, p. 77 Kiihn.
39. Seneca, On Clemency, III, 4.
40. Lavelle, L'Erreur de Narcisse, p. 196. C£ J. de Romilly, La douceur dans la pensee grecque (Paris, l 979) .
41. Epictetus, Discourses, III, 22, 54. 42. Matthew 25:40.
43 . Seneca, On Clemency, III, 3 .
9 . rtue andJoy
r . Protagoras, 325a; 329c; Republic, 487a5; Phaedo, 69b2; Laws, I, 630-63 l and XII, 963 .
2. Stoidens, pp. 44-46 [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, §§87-93]; 56-58 [=D. L. , Lives, VII, §§125-131]; SVF, vol. III, §§262 ; §§295
3. Orphei Hymni, ed. G. Quandt (Berlin, 1955), Hymn IO.
4. K. Smolak, "Der Hymnus des Mesomedes an die Natur," Wiener Human istische Blatter, 29 (1987): 1-13.
5 . Cicero, On Duties, I , 4 , I I ; I , 5 , 1 5 . These notions are developed through out the bulk ofBook I.
6. On apparent con rmity with nature which is linked to pleasure, and leads us astray, see Cicero, Laws, I, 3 l .
7 . Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 59, 16-17.
8. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, X, 4, 1174b33.
9 . Seneca, On the Happy L e, IX, 2 ; c[ Stoidens, p . 46 (§94) [= Diogenes
Laertius, Lives, VII, 94 -Trans. ] .
IO. Seneca, On the Happy L e, XV, 2.
lr. Stoidens,p. 53(§116)[=DiogenesLaertius,Lives,VII,II6-Trans. ]. 12. Ibid. , p. 166 (= Plutarch, On Common Notions, 35, I077b).
334 Notes to Pages 241-253
l 3 . I b i d . , p . 4 4 ( § 8 8 : t h e e a s y o w o f l i fe ) [ = D i o g e n e s L a e r t i u s , L i v e s , V I I , § 8 8 -Trans. ].
14. Plato, Laws, IV, 716ar.
10. Marcus Aurelius in His Meditations
r. Renan, p. 274. 2. Ibid. , p. 267. 3. Ibid. , p. 30.
4. Ibid. , p. 34.
5. P. Wendland, Die hellenistische-r mische Kultur in ihren Beziehungen zu Judentum und Christentum (Tubingen, 19724), p. 238.
6. J. M. Rist, Stoic Philosophy (Cambridge, 1969), p. 286.
7. P. Petit, La Paix romaine (19823), p. 194: "Marcus Aurelius, a Stoic phi losopher ofthe superstitious rather than the rational type, despite the traces ofa rather negative despair at the end of his life . "
8. Dodds, Pagans and Christians, pp. 8, 29 n. r.
9. Ibid. ,p. 29n. r.
IO. Historia Augusta, , V, 2.
l l. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 36, l.
12. Grimal, p. 53.
1 3 . Philostratus, Imagines, I , 30, 4, 8-9 Benndorf/Schenkl.
14. R. Dailly and H. van E enterre, "Le Cas Marc Aurele," Revue des etudes
15. Cassius Dio, LXXI, 6, 3-4.
16. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 36, 2.
17. Dailly and van E enterre, in Revue des hudes anciennes, 56: 3 54.
18. T. W. A ica, "The Opium Addiction ofMarcus Aurelius,"jou al ofthe
Histo Ideas, 1961, pp. 98- 9. See my re tation ofthis article, "Marc Aurele etait-il opiomane?
" in Memorial Andre]ean Festugiere (Geneva: Cramer, 1984), pp. 33-50.
19. Galen, De antidotis, I, l , in Opera omnia, vol. XIV, p. 2 Kuhn.
20. Galen, ibid. , I, 7, p. 42 Kuhn; II, 17, p. 201; II, 9, p. 155; cf P. Hadot in Memo al Andre]ean Festugiere, p. 3 8 .
2r. Galen, Ad Pisonem de theriaca, 2, vol. 14, pp. 216-217 Kuhn.
22. T. W. Africa, injou al ofthe Histo ofIdeas, 1961, p. I02, n. 78.
23. Ibid. , p. IOI.
24. Thomas De Quincey, Confessions ofan English Opium-Eater (New York:
Heritage Press, 1950; lst ed. : London, 1821), p. 60.
25. Seneca, Letters to Lucilius, 99, IO; 49, 3.
26. Greek Anthology, book VII, 472.
27. S , vol. 2, §762 = Stoidens, p. 178 [= Plutarch, On Common Notions, 44,
I083B-D -Trans. ].
anciennes, 56 (1954): 349-350.
Notes to Pages 253-275 3 3 5
28. Plato, Cratylus, 402a; cf A. A. Long, "Heraclitus and Stoicism," Philoso- phia (Academy ofAthens), 5-6 (1975 76), p. 153·
29. Plutarch, On the Disappearance Oracles, 39, 432a.
30. Ovid, Metamorphoses, 15, 179.
3 r. Plato, Republic, 486a, quoted by Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, VII, 3 5.
32. Philo ofAlexandria, On the Special Laws, III, l-2.
33. Maximus ofTyre, X II, 6, p. 91 D bner.
34. Ovid, Metamo hoses, XV, 147·
3 5 . For example, Seneca, Natural Questions, I, prae tio, 7-1 3 .
36. Metrodori Epicurei Fragmenta, . 37, ed. A. Korte, in Neue]ahrbucherfur
classische Philologie, Supplementband, XVII (1890), p. 557.
37. Cicero, Dream ofScipio, 3, 16. Cf A. -J. Festugiere, La Revelation d'Hermes
Trismegiste, vol. II (Paris, 1949), pp. 441
38. Pascal, Pensees, section II, §72.
39. P. Rabbow, Seelenfuhrung. Methodik der Exerzitien in der Antike (Munich,
1954), p. 85.
40. ]. Dal n, "Formgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zu den Selbstbetrachtun
gen Marc Aurels, " inaugural dissertation at the University of Munich (Munich, 1967).
4r. M. Alexandre, "Le travail de la sentence chez Marc Aurele: philosophie et rhetorique," in La Lico e, Publications de la Faculte des lettres et des langues de l'Universite de Poitiers, 1979/3, pp. 125-158.
42. R. B. Rutherford, The Meditations, pp. 126
43. Fronto, Ad Antonin. Imper. , De eloquentia, 4, 8, p. 140, 8 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. 79 Haines.
44. Fronto, Ad Antonin. Imper. , IV, l, p. ro5, 4-6 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 305 Haines.
45. [Here Marcus is quoting Hesiod, Works and Days, l97 -Trans. ]
46. W. Williams, "Individuality in the Roman Constitutions: Hadrian and the Antonines,"Journal ofRoman Studies, 66 (1976): 78-82.
47. Breithaupt, pp. 1 5-16, cites the parallel with the titles placed at the begin nings of the third and urth books of the Odyssey: Ta en Puloi; Ta en Lakedai moni ("The things that happened in Pylos"; "The things that happened in Lacedaemonia"). As r as Marcus' titles are concerned, this would correspond to " That which was written at Carnutum. "
48. Theiler, p. 307.
49. Breithaupt, p. 39.
50. Theiler, p. 307. Should we attach any importance to the ct that Reuch
lin, in 1 5 17, cites a passage om book IV as ifit belonged to book III? Cf above, Chapter 2, n. 9.
5 r . On the grammatical problem, see Theiler, p. 307.
52. Theiler, p. 347.
5 3. [Villon's poem La ballade des Seigneurs du temps Jadis consists of a series of
336 Notes to Pages 276-295
stanzas, each of which ends with the re ain "Mais ou est le preux Charle maigne? " -Trans. ]
54. Histo a Augusta, Lucius rus, VIII, 7-1 r .
55. On Caninius Celer, see G. W. Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire (Ox rd, 1969), p. 53 (c£ Historia Augusta, MA, II, 4, p. 136; Philostratus, Lives ofthe Sophists, I, §524). The Hadrian mentioned by Marcus cannot be the rhetor Hadrian ofTyre, as Dal n believes (p. 69), r the rhetor Hadrian died well a er Caninius Celer, and was still alive when Marcus was writing (c£ Philostratus, Lives of the Sophists, 1 1 , § 5 90) .
56. See P. Courcelle, Reche hes sur les Con ssions de Saint Augustin (Paris, 1968), pp. 12-29.
57. C£ P. Graindor, Un milliardaire antique: Herode Atticus et saJamille (Cairo, 1930); W. Ameling, Herodes Atticus, 2 vols. (Hildesheim, 1983).
58. On the documents we possess about this trial, see ]. H. Oliver, "Marcus Aurelius: Aspects of Civil and Cultural Policy in the East, " in Hesperia, Supple ment XIII, 1970. For a French translation of the documents, see S. Follet, " Lettre de Marc Aurele aux Atheniens (EM 1 3 3 66) : nouvelles lectures et inter pretations," Revue dephilologie, 53 (1979): 29-43. On the rst ofthese trials, see Fronto, Ad Marc. Caesar, III, 3 ; p. 37, 5 Van den Hout = vol. I, pp. 59 Haines. On the relations between Marcus and Herodes Atticus, see Bowersock, Greek Sophists, pp. 49, 94-100.
59. Fronto,AdVerumImper. ,I,6,p. III, 17VandenHout=vol. II,p. 154 Haines .
60. Fronto, Ad Amicos, I, 3, p. 173, 28 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 280 Haines.
6r. Fronto, Deferiis Alsiensibus, 4, p. 234, 13 Van den Hout = vol. II, p. I 8 Haines.
62. R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, p. 229.
63. On the rst book ofthe Meditations, see the excellent book by F. Marti- nazzolli, La "Successio " di Marco Aurelio (Bari, 1 9 5 1 ) .
64. Historia Augusta, , XXIX, I O .
65. See R. B. Rutherford, Meditations, p. 132.
66. Renan, p. 36.
67.
