He was
the first to naturalize fully in German poesy
the terzine verse; in that measure is written
(Salaz y Gomez, one of his finest poems.
the first to naturalize fully in German poesy
the terzine verse; in that measure is written
(Salaz y Gomez, one of his finest poems.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
28, 1587.
He was the rival of
Bibbiena, Machiavelli, and Ariosto in portrait-
ure of character and in liveliness of dialogue.
Of his plays, 95 in number, but few have been
printed. These are mainly imitations of Plau-
tus and Terence; the best of them are: (The
Hammer,' (The Slave,' and (the most famous
of all) (The Owl. ? He wrote also religious
dramas; among them (The Exaltation of the
Holy Cross) (1589).
Cecco d'Ascoli (chek'o däs-koʻlē), properly
Francesco Stabili. An Italian poet; born at
## p. 100 (#116) ############################################
CECH - CESAROTTI
100
Ascoli, about 1257; died in Florence, Sept. 16,
1327. He was a devoted student of astrology
and of demonology. For the expression and
defense of certain erroneous opinions he was
burned at the stake. His heretical or impious
doctrines are contained in a poem, unfinished
but of encyclopædic compass, Bitternesses,' of
which he lived to complete four books. The
subject of the first book was astronomy with
meteorology; of the second, stellar influence
with physiognomy; of the third, minerals ;
of the fourth, sundry problems, moral and
physical.
Cech, Svatopluk (chech). A notable Czech
poet and prose writer; born at Ostredek, Feb.
21, 1846. He was editor in succession of
several journals, and at the same time prac-
ticed law. After winning some celebrity as a
writer of stories and short poems, he made a
bolder Aight in 1872 with Dreams, in which
he shows great epic power. Besides (Dreams,
he has written several other poems, as (The
Adamites); “The Storm); (Songs of Morning. '
He is the most popular of Czech poets. As a
novelist he excels in lively wit and rich humor.
Among his works of prose fiction may be
named: Stories, Arabesques, and Humor-
esques, and the most amusing (Candidate for
Immortality. He wrote also (1885) Memories
from the Orient,' fruit of his travels.
Celakovsky, Frantisek Ladislav (chel'ä-
kõv"skē). A Czech poet and philologist; born
in Strakonitz, March 7, 1799; died in Prague,
Aug. 5, 1852. His earlier work was journal-
istic and pedagogical, his reputation in poesy
dating from the appearance of (Slav Folk-
Songs) (1822), to which succeeded various brill-
iant performances of a like nature : Echo of
Russian Folk Songs) (1829); "Echo of Bohe-
mian Folk Songs) (1840); etc. He translated
Herder and Scott into his own vernacular
with felicitous results.
Cellini, Benvenuto (chel-lē'nē). An Ital-
ian sculptor, metal-worker, and writer of
memoirs; born in Florence, Nov. 3, 1500; died
there, Feb. 13, 1571. His tremendous advent-
ures and his miraculous genius (as set forth
by himself in his (Autobiography') gives the
fascinating story of his life an important place
in letters, particularly as he is a master of
style. *
Celsus (sel'sus). A Roman controversial
writer; flourished in the second century. His
(True Discourse,' an attack on Christianity, is
lost; but it figures conspicuously in the history
of the early Church.
Celtes, Konrad (tsel'tes ). [The Greek
equivalent of his real name, Pickel. ] A cele-
brated German humanist; born 1459; died 1508.
His most celebrated work is a volume of
(Odes) (1513). He did much to promote the
study of the classics, and wrote his own poems
in Latin.
Centlivre, Susannah. An English drama-
tist; born (Freeman ? ) in Ireland (? ), 1667 (? );
died in London, Dec. 1, 1723. Her third hus-
band, from whom she derives the name by
which she is known in literature, was cook to
Queen Anne. (The Gamester) and (The Busy
Body) are her best comedies, but (The Per-
jured Husband is widely known. These plays
are very witty in dialogue. but unoriginal in
plot.
Ceo, Violante do (sā'o) A famed Portu-
guese poet; born in Lisbon, 1601; died, 1693.
She was styled the tenth Muse. Her (Por.
tuguese Parnassus) and miscellaneous poems
are greatly admired.
Cerretti, Luigi (cher-et'tē). An Italian poet
and rhetorician; born in Modena, Nov. I, 1738;
died in Pavia, March 5, 1808. The purity and
elegance of his diction made him, at an early
age, the most distinguished professor of rheto-
ric and oratory in Italy. His Poems and Select
Prose, collected into a posthumous volume,
were instantly successful, and have retained
their rank ever since.
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (sér-van'.
tēz or ther-vän'tes sä-ä-vā'drä). A celebrated
Spanish romancist; born at Alcalá de Henares
in 1547; died at Madrid, April 23, 1616. He
wrote many romances and stories, but he lives
in fame through (Don Quixote. He served
some years in the army; was captured by cor-
sairs and held five years in servitude. His
fellow captives testified to his self-denying
services to them while in the hands of the Al.
gerines. His first attempt in literature was the
composition of a pastoral romance, (Galatea,
in the traditional style and spirit. Of twenty
or thirty plays written by him, two only sur-
vive, and they have no celebrity. The first
part of Don Quixote) was published in 1605,
and it had a hearty reception from the begin-
ing among the populace, though not among
the cultured classes. Before the year was out.
five editions, some authorized, others pirated,
were published, and the Don and his grotesque
retainer appeared like immemorial traditional
characters in every pageant. The continuation
of the immortal story, however, did not appear
till 1615— and then because spurious continu-
ations published under his name fairly forced
Cervantes's hand. Meanwhile he busied him-
self with writing poems and novels now for-
gotten. On all these dead works he bestowed
great care before he gave them to the public:
he wrote (Don Quixote) with running pen. ” *
Cesarotti, Melchiore (chā-sär-õt'tē). A dis-
tinguished Italian poet and scholar; born in
Padua, May 15, 1730; died at Solvaggiano,
Nov. 3, 1808. He held a professorship at Padua.
His translation of "Ossian) (1763) was hailed
as a work of genius. (A Course in Greek
Literature) remains incomplete ; but an Essay
on the Philosophy of Language Applied to
the Italian Tongue) (1785), and on analogous
theses, are perfect specimens of criticism; and
his poetry, though now falling into secondary
rank, is tasteful and ornate.
## p. 101 (#117) ############################################
CESNOLA - CHAMBERS
IOI
Cesnola, Luigi Palma di, Count (ches-nõʻlä).
A noted Italian-American archæologist ; born
at Rivarola, near Turin, July 29, 1832. Ap-
pointed United States consul at Cyprus, he
discovered a large number of antiquities there ;
the collection is now in the Metropolitan Mu-
seum, New York, which he is a director.
He has written : (Cyprus, its Ancient Cities,
Tombs, and Temples) (1877); (The Metro-
politan Museum of Art) (1882).
Cetina, Gutierre de (chet-e-nä or thā-te'nä).
A Spanish poet; born at Seville, early in the
16th century; died there (? ), about 1560. He
was a soldier, and served the Prince of Ascoli
till the death of that patron, when he departed
for Mexico. He spent some years in New
Spain, returning to Seville shortly before he
died. He chose to write in Italian measures
and forms, though in the Spanish tongue. His
sonnets, ballads, and epistles in terza rima, are
consummately graceful in expression, simple in
form, and inspired by tender feeling.
Ceva, Tommaso (chā'vä). An Italian poet
and mathematician; born in Milan, Dec. 20,
1648; died there, Feb. 3, 1736. He was a Jesuit
who attained peculiar proficiency in geometry,
and who also aided in spreading a knowledge
of Newton's discovery of the law of gravita-
tion. His poetry comprises a rhymed history
of Christ's youth, (The Boy Jesus' (1699); and
a New-Ancient Philosophy) (1729).
Chadbourne, Paul Ansel (chad bérn). A
distinguished American educator and miscel-
laneous writer; born at North Berwick, Me. ,
Oct. 21, 1823; died in New York, Feb. 23, 1883.
He was president of the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College at Amherst (1867 and 1882);
of the University of Wisconsin (1867-70); of
Williams College (1872-81). He wrote : Nat-
ural Theology) (1867); Instinct in Animals
and Men (1872); etc.
Chadwick, John White. An American poet,
prose-writer, and Unitarian divine; born in
Marblehead, Mass. , Oct. 19, 1840. His radical
semmons have attracted attention, and he has
been a liberal contributor to current literature.
Among his works are: (A Book of Poems)
(1875); (The Bible of To-Day' (1878); “Origin
and Destiny' (1883); (A Daring Faith) (1885);
(The Man Jesus); (The Faith of Reason);
(Old and New Unitarian Belief); (The Power
of an Endless Life); and others.
Chaillé-Long. Charles (shä-yā'lôn). An
American explorer; born of French parent-
age, at Baltimore, Md. 1843. After serving in
the Confederate army he went to Egypt, where
he was appointed lieutenant-colonel by the
Khedive (1870). Gordon made him chief-of-
staff and sent him on a mission to King Mtesa
of Uganda. He wrote : (The Three Prophets)
(1886); (Central Africa) (1887).
Chalkley, Thomas (châk'li). A noted Amer-
ican Quaker itinerant preacher; born in Lon-
don, sch 3, 1675;
Tortola, West In-
dies, Sept. 4, 1741. He spent his life preaching
in New England and the Southern colonies;
toward its end he made his home near Phil.
adelphia. His chief work was his "Life, La.
bors, and Travels,' whose quaintness made it
popular even outside the Society of Friends, and
has caused it to be several times reprinted.
Challemel-Lacour, Paul Armand (shäl-mel'
lä-kör'). A French statesman; born at Av.
ranches, May 19, 1827. He has figured con-
spicuously in journalism, and has published
Individualist Philosophy) (1864) and numerous
essays.
Chalmers, George. A Scottish historian;
born at Fochabers, 1742; died in London,
May 31, 1825. In 1763 he came to America
and settled in Baltimore, where he practiced
law for several years. At the beginning of the
Revolutionary War, he opposed the action of
the colonists; not meeting with success, he re-
turned to England. His writings are political,
historical, and biographical. Among his works
are : Churchyard Chips Concerning Scotland);
"Life of Daniel Defoe); and (Caledonia,' an
account of Scotland from the earliest period
(1807-24).
Chalmers, Thomas. A Scotch theologian
and social reformer; born at Anstruther, Fife-
shire, March 17, 1780; died in Edinburgh, May
1847. He was one of the greatest pulpit ora-
tors of Great Britain. His most important works
are : (Political Economy) (1832); “On the
Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral
and Intellectual Constitution of Man) (1833);
and many widely read volumes of sermons.
Chamberlain, Nathan Henry. An Amer.
ican Episcopal divine, biographer, and essay-
ist; born in Massachusetts, 1830. He has
written : Autobiography of a New England
Farmhouse) (1864); (Samuel Sewall and the
World He Lived in (1895); (The Sphinx in
Aubrey Parish.
Chamberlin, Joseph Edgar. An Amer.
ican journalist; born in Vermont, 1851. He
is known as the Listener) of the Boston
Transcript, and is also attached to the Youth's
Companion. He has written (The Listener in
the Town) and (The Listener in the Country.
Chambers, Charles Julius. An American
novelist; born in Bellefontaine, O. , Nov 21,
1850. In 1870 he traveled through the West
Indies, Europe, the United States, and Canada,
as special correspondent of the New York
Herald. In 1876 he published an account of
his few weeks of experience (incognito) in an
insane institution, entitled (A Mad World,'
which excited great interest. He is a con-
tributor to various periodicals; also author of
the two novels : (On a Margin) (1884); and
(Lovers Four and Maidens Five) (1886).
Chambers, Robert. An eminent Scotch
prose-writer and publisher; born at Peebles,
July 10, 1802; died at St. Andrews, March 17,
1871. He and his brother began in poverty
as small booksellers; issued penny leaflets of
useful information for the people, written in a
:
## p. 102 (#118) ############################################
CHAMBERS-CHAMPLIN
102
clear and simple though not infantile style,
which became very popular, and at last took
regular periodical form in Chambers' Journal;
and the great publishing-house which bears
the name of both developed gradually. The
excellent (Chambers' Encyclopædia for the
People) was an outgrowth of the Journal,
and edited by the brothers. Robert wrote also
(Traditions of Edinburgh and works on Scotch
history; but his most noted book was the
anonymous (Vestiges of Creation, for years
an unequaled theologic-scientific sensation.
Chambers, Robert William. An American
artist and novelist; born in Long Island, N. Y. ,
1865. His home is in New York. He has
written : (The King in Yellow); (The Red
Republic); (A King and a Few Dukes); etc. ;
and “With the Band,' a volume of ballads.
Chambers, William. A Scotch prose-writer
and editor, brother and partner of Robert, -
whom see for their joint work; born at Pee-
bles, April 16, 1800; died in Edinburgh, May
20, 1883. He wrote: (Things as They Are in
America' (1854); (American Slavery and Color)
(1857); France, its History and Revolutions)
(1871); (Stories of Old Families and Remark-
able Persons) (1878). He also compiled a
(Hand-Book of American Literature) (1857).
Chambray, Georges, Marquis de (shäm-
brā'). A French soldier and military writer;
born in Paris, 1783; died 1848. He served in
the Napoleonic wars, was in the fatal Russian
campaign, and during his active service saw
much fighting. (The History of the Expedi-
tion to Russia in 1812) (3d ed. 1839) is widely
known.
Chamfort, Sébastien Roch Nicolas, called
(shon-for'). A French moralist and critic (1741-
1794). Among his works are comedies, literary
criticisms, political articles, and poems; but
none compare with his Maxims and Thoughts,'
which are worthy to rank next after La Roche-
foucauld's Maxims. Sainte-Beuve says of
them that they are like a well-minted coins
that retain their value. Chamfort's tragedy
(Mustapha and Zeangir) has some scenes of
genuine passion, but as a whole it is artificial.
He wrote some tales in verse, but their licen-
tiousness is not redeemed even by grace of
style.
Chamier, Frederick. An English novelist ;
born in London in 1796; died at Liverpool (? ),
October 1870. He was a naval officer. He wrote
(Ben Brace); (Tom Bowline); Jack Adams);
(The Arethusa); and other once popular sea
tales, now neglected. He employs the methods
of Marryat.
Chamisso, Adelbert von (shä-mēs'so). A
German lyrist; born at the castle of Boncourt,
Champagne, Jan. 30, 1781; died at Berlin, Aug.
21, 1838. His love of poetry brought him into
intimate association with many kindred spir-
its, as Varnhagen von Ense, Theremin, Hitzig,
and La Motte Fouqué. He made a voyage of
circumnavigation as a naturalist on a Russian
ship, 1815-18. The first of his poetical compo-
sitions were published (1804) in “The Muses'
Almanac. By far his most celebrated work
is (Peter Schlemihl,' a tale of a man who lost
his shadow. In association with Gaudy he
translated some of Béranger's 'Songs.
He was
the first to naturalize fully in German poesy
the terzine verse; in that measure is written
(Salaz y Gomez, one of his finest poems. *
Champfleury (shon-fé-re'), pseudonym of
Jules Fleury-Husson. A French novelist and
miscellaneous writer; born at Laon, Sept. 10,
1821 ; died at Sèvres, Dec. 5, 1889. His story of
(Les Chien-Caillous) was in Victor Hugo's
opinion a masterpiece of realistic description.
He wrote an autobiographical novel of his
youthful years in (The Confessions of Sylvius)
(1849), continuing the story in "The Advent-
ures of Mariette) (1856). But his Burghers of
Molinchart) (1855), a satiric delineation of the
provincial bourgeoisie, made him famous. He
is a pronounced realist. Among his later
novels, (The Tourangeau Girls) (1864) and
(The Little Rose,' are most worthy of mention.
He compiled a "General History of Caricature)
(5 vols. , 1865-85), with a supplementary volume,
(Secret Museum of Caricature) (1888); and
several other works on the arts of design and
ceramics.
Champier, Symphorien (shon-pyā'). A
French historian, poet, and physician; born,
1471 or 1472, in St. Symphorien-le-Loise, Lyon-
nais; died at Lyons, about 1540. Famed as a
physician, with powerful friends at court and
an ample fortune, he took delight in literature
and the society of literary men, himself writing
a series of poems for "Virtuous Ladies) (1503),
in four divisions, entitled The Flower of
Dames' (The Rule of Love,' (The Prophecies
of the Sibyls,' and (The Book of True Love,
respectively. His best history is an account of
Princes and Battles) (1502).
Champlin, James Tift. An American prose-
writer; born in Colchester, Conn. , June 9, 1811;
died in Portland, Me. , March 15, 1882. He was
a Baptist minister in Portland, Me. , 1838-41;
then professor of ancient languages at Colby
University (Waterville, Me. ), and its president
1857-73. A portion of his extensive writings are :
(Text-Book of Intellectual Philosophy) (1860);
(First Principles of Ethics) (1861); 'Constitution
of the United States, with Brief Comments)
(1880).
Champlin, John Denison. An American
prose-writer; born in Stonington, Conn. , Jan.
29, 1834. He began his literary career in New
York in 1869, with contributions to periodicals.
In 1873 he edited Fox's Mission to Russia,
and became a reviser, and in 1875 assistant
editor, of the American Cyclopædia. He
has written : Young Folks' Catechisms of
Common Things) (1880); (Young Folks' Cy-
clopædia of Persons and Places) (1880);
(Young Folks’ Astronomy); and (Chronicle of
the Coach) (1886). In 1894 he was editor of
Scribner's Art Cyclopædias, of which two
## p. 103 (#119) ############################################
CHAMPNEY-CHARISI
103
volumes of the first part were published (1886)
as "Cyclopædia of Painters and Paintings.
Champney, Mrs. Elizabeth (Williams).
An American novelist and writer of juveniles;
born at Springfield, O. , 1850. Many of her books
are illustrated by her husband, the artist J. W.
Champney. Among them are the Vassar Girls
series,-(Three Vassar Girls Abroad, (In Eng-
land, (In South America, etc. ; (In the Sky-
Parlor); (All Around a Palette); (Rosemary
and Rue); (The Bubbling Teapot); (Bourbon
Lilies); (Sebia's Tangled Web); and many
other interesting stories.
Chandler, Elizabeth Margaret. An Amer-
ican poet; born near Wilmington, Del. , Dec.
24, 1807; died Nov. 22, 1834. Her most pop-
ular poem was (The Slave Ship. Many of her
subsequent verses were written in the same
strain, and published in the Genius of Universal
Emancipation, a Philadelphia abolitionist peri-
odical. Her poems were published with a me-
moir by Benjamin Lundy (1836).
Chaney, George Leonard. A Unitarian
clergyman and miscellaneous writer; born in
Massachusetts, 1836. He was pastor of the
Hollis Street Church in Boston (1862-79); af-
terward at Atlanta, Ga. , where he edited the
Southern Unitarian (1893–96). Among his works
are : (F. Grant & Co. (1874), a book for boys;
(Alóha) (1880), travels in the Sandwich Islands;
(Every-Day Life and Every-Day Morals) (1884),
a volume of essays; etc.
Chanler, Mrs. Amélie Rives. See Trou-
betskoi.
Channing, William Ellery. An eminent
American theologian, one of the founders of
American Unitarianism; born at Newport, R. I. ,
April 7, 1780; died at Bennington, Vt. , April
1842. His works were published in 1848. *
Channing, William Ellery. An American
poet, nephew of W. E. Channing the elder;
born in Boston, Mass. , June 10, 1818. He is
author of 'Poems) (1843-47); (The Wood-
man (1849); Near Home (1858); (The Wan-
derer) (1872); “Conversations in Rome (1847);
and (Thoreau, the Poet-Naturalist) (1873).
Channing, William Henry. An American
Unitarian divine and biographer, nephew of
W. E. Channing the elder; born at Boston,
May 25, 1810; died in London, Dec. 23, 1884.
Settling in England, he succeeded James Mar-
tineau as pastor at Liverpool. His daughter
married Sir Edwin Arnold. His principal work
was "Memoir of William Ellery Channing (3
vols. , 1848).
Chapelain, Jean (shäp-lan'). A French
poet and critic; born in Paris, Dec. 5, 1595;
died there, Feb. 24, 1674. By his own unaided
efforts he acquired a knowledge of Greek and
Latin, Italian and Spanish. He won the favor
of Cardinal Richelieu by his preface to Marini's
notorious poem 'Adone, and was a leading
founder of he French Academy, whose first
meetings were held at his house. Through
court influence he rose to be a recognized law-
giver of literature. He published in 1756 the
first installment, 12 cantos, of a great epic, “The
Maid of Orleans, on which he had been at
work 20 years.
But the critics, headed by
Boileau, were so unfavorable that though of
the first installment six editions were sold in
18 months, no publisher could be found for
the sequel.
Chapelle, Claude Emmanuel Luillier, called
(shä-pel'). A French poet (1626-86). He was
illegitimate son of a man of wealth, who gave
him an excellent education and left him a large
fortune. He owes his place in literary records
to his good fortune in having been associated
with the foremost literary men of his time,--
Racine, Molière, Boileau. He wrote some
verses of indifferent merit; with Bachaumont
he was joint author of (Travels in Provence
and Languedoc) (1663), written in mixed prose
and verse, a fashion which prevailed for a
while in France.
Chapin, Edwin Hubbell. A noted American
Universalist divine and essayist; born at Union
Village, N. Y. , Dec. 29, 1814; died in New
York, his long-time residence, Dec. 27, 1880.
An effective preacher and lecturer, he was one
of the powers for good in his day. He wrote:
Moral Aspects of City Life) (1853) ; (True
Manliness) (1854); (Crown of Thorns); etc.
Chaplin, Heman White. An American law-
yer and short story writer; born in Rhode
Island, 1847. His (Five Hundred Dollars and
Other Stories of New England Life) ranks
with the best works of its kind.
Chaplin, Jeremiah. An American historical
writer; born in Danvers, Mass. , 1813; died in
New Utrecht, N. Y. , March 5, 1886. He was
author of: Life of Charles Sumner); Life
of Franklin'; (Riches of Bunyan); Life of
Galen); and Life of Henry Dunster, First
President of Harvard College) (1872), which is
a work of much historical value.
Chapman, George. An English dramatist
and translator of Homer; born in Hitchin,
Hertford, 1559; died at London, May 12, 1634.
What distinguishes his plays is the intuitive
appreciation they reveal of the material and
mechanical limitations of the theatre. The
comedies (All Fools but the Fool) and (May
Day) are well known; as are the tragedies
(Bussy d'Amboise) and (The Tragedy of
Charles, Duke of Byron. ' The version of
Homer (new ed. 1897) is celebrated. *
Chapone, Hesther (shä-põn'). An English
story-writer and poet; born in Northampton-
shire, Oct. 27, 1727; died 1801. She wrote:
(Ode to Peace); (Fidelia', a story; (Miscel.
lanies in Prose and Verse); and other works.
Charisi, Jehuda ben Salomo (chä-rē'zē),
known also as Alcharisi. A Spanish Jewish
poet; born in Xeres, about 1190 (? ); died
1235. A devoted student of Arabian poetry,
he rendered the "Sittings) or (Assemblies) of
the great poet Hariri into Hebrew; but his
## p. 104 (#120) ############################################
104
CHARRAS - CHAUCER
masterpiece is the exquisite (Tach-Kemoni,
or picture of every-day Jewish life and char-
acter in his own time,-a poem in which an
Arabian influence predominates.
Charras, Jean Baptiste Adolphe (shär-ä').
A French military historian and expert; born
in Pfalzburg, Lorraine, Jan. 7, 1810; died in
Basel, Switzerland, Jan. 23, 1865. His vicissi-
tudes in the army, the result of his own repub-
licanism and the revolutionary precipitateness
of French politics, did not prevent his rise to
distinction, although his promotion was inter-
fered with. He wrote: (History of the Cam-
paign of 1815: Waterloo) (6th ed. 1869), and
(History of the War of 1813 in Germany) (2d
ed. 1870).
Charrière, Isabelle Agnète de Saint Hya-
cinthe de (shä-ryır'). A French novelist, dram-
atist, and miscellaneous writer; born (Van
Tuyll) in Utrecht, 1740 or 1746(? ); died at Co-
lombier, Switzerland, Dec. 25, 1805. She was
one of the most accomplished women of her
day. Her fictions and studies, Caliste) (1788)
and (Neuchatel Letters) (1784), and the drama
( The Thou and the You,' contain much that
is admirable.
Chartier, Alain (shär-tyā'). A French poet ;
born in Bayeux, Normandy, about 1386; died in
1449. Early taken into royal favor for his
brilliance in rhetoric and rhyme, he won fame
with the Book of the Four Ladies) (1415),
inspired by the battle of Agincourt, and the
(Ballad of Fougières) (1449), a patriotic piece.
Chase, Salmon Portland. An American
statesman; born in Cornish, N. H. , Jan. 13, 1808 ;
died in New York city, May 7, 1873. He be-
came eminent as lawyer, United States Senator
from and governor of Ohio, Secretary of the
Treasury, and Chief Justice of the United States
Supreme Court. He was one of the able and
strong-willed men whom Mr. Lincoln called
about him during the war era, and did signal
service to the government and the Union. He
compiled a summary of the laws of Ohio, with
a historical sketch of the State (3 vols. , 1832).
Chase, Thomas. An American educator and
prose-writer; born in Worcester, Mass. , June 16,
1827; died in Providence, R. I. , Oct. 5, 1892.
In 1855 became professor of philology and
classical literature at Haverford College, near
Philadelphia; in 1875 its president. In 1878
Harvard gave him the degree of LL. D.
Among his publications are: (Hellas: her
Monuments and Scenery) (1861); an address
on Liberal Education : Its Aims and Methods.
Chasles, Philarète (shāl). A French his-
torical and literary critic; born in Mainvilliers,
near Chartres, Oct. 8, 1798; died in Venice,
July 18, 1873. The son of a Jacobin, and edu-
cated according to Rousseau, he acquired the
point of view which, enlarged by life abroad,
makes his essays so unique and instructive. He
has written in every imaginable prose form,
from a romance to a riddle: but his enduring
work is contained in French Language and
Literature from the Beginning of the Sixteenth
Century to 1610) (1828); “Studies of Antiquity)
(1847); (Studies of the Sixteenth Century in
France) (1848); Journeys of a Critic through
Life and Books) (2d series, 2d ed. 1866-68);
and Memoirs) (1876–78).
Châteaubriand, François René Auguste,
Vicomte de (shä-to-brē-on'). A great French
statesman, traveler, novelist, and historical
writer; born at St. Malo, September 1768;
died at Paris, July 4, 1848. He made a voyage
in search of the Northwest Passage in 1791 ;
but on touching the American continent aban-
doned that quest, and proposed to himself a
study of the life of the American Indians. He
lived for some time among the aborigines, and
the fruits of his observations were the three
novels (Atala, René,' and (The Natchez,
which by the charms of the literary style and
the interesting poetical descriptions of life
remote from civilization, won instant and great
popularity. Perhaps his greatest and certainly
his most ambitious work is (The Genius of
Christianity) (5 vols. , 1856-57), in which the
dogmas, practices, etc. , of Catholic Christianity
are defended against infidel attack. Other writ-
ings of his in the direction of Christian apolo-
getic are : (The Martyrs, or Triumph of the
Christian Religion 12 vols. , 1809); (A Journey
from Paris to Jerusalem? (3 vols. , 1811). Of
works connected with literature and its history,
he wrote (An Essay on English Literature)
and translated Milton's (Paradise Lost. *
Châteaubrun, Jean Baptiste Vivien (shä-to.
brün'). A French dramatist; born at Angou-
lême, 1686; died 1775. He was elected to the
French Academy, 1753. His tragedy of (The
Trojan Woman) was once very popular.
Chatfield-Taylor, Hobart Chatfield. An
American novelist; born in Illinois, 1865; resi-
dent in Chicago. He has written : (With Edge
Tools); (An American Peeress); (Two Women
and a Fool); (The Land of the Castanet. ?
Chatrian, Alexandre. See Erckmann-Cha-
trian.
Chatterton, Thomas. An English poet, re-
puted the marvelous youth) of literature;
born in Bristol, Nov. 20, 1752; committed sui-
cide at London, Aug. 25, 1770. He had pre-
cocious taste and considerable poetic talent,
perhaps overrated from the interest of his
pathetic fate and youth, and the literary sen-
sation of his spurious “Rowley” poems, –
supposed to have been found in the chest of
a mediæval clerk, but written by Chatterton
in a palpably impossible dialect.
Bibbiena, Machiavelli, and Ariosto in portrait-
ure of character and in liveliness of dialogue.
Of his plays, 95 in number, but few have been
printed. These are mainly imitations of Plau-
tus and Terence; the best of them are: (The
Hammer,' (The Slave,' and (the most famous
of all) (The Owl. ? He wrote also religious
dramas; among them (The Exaltation of the
Holy Cross) (1589).
Cecco d'Ascoli (chek'o däs-koʻlē), properly
Francesco Stabili. An Italian poet; born at
## p. 100 (#116) ############################################
CECH - CESAROTTI
100
Ascoli, about 1257; died in Florence, Sept. 16,
1327. He was a devoted student of astrology
and of demonology. For the expression and
defense of certain erroneous opinions he was
burned at the stake. His heretical or impious
doctrines are contained in a poem, unfinished
but of encyclopædic compass, Bitternesses,' of
which he lived to complete four books. The
subject of the first book was astronomy with
meteorology; of the second, stellar influence
with physiognomy; of the third, minerals ;
of the fourth, sundry problems, moral and
physical.
Cech, Svatopluk (chech). A notable Czech
poet and prose writer; born at Ostredek, Feb.
21, 1846. He was editor in succession of
several journals, and at the same time prac-
ticed law. After winning some celebrity as a
writer of stories and short poems, he made a
bolder Aight in 1872 with Dreams, in which
he shows great epic power. Besides (Dreams,
he has written several other poems, as (The
Adamites); “The Storm); (Songs of Morning. '
He is the most popular of Czech poets. As a
novelist he excels in lively wit and rich humor.
Among his works of prose fiction may be
named: Stories, Arabesques, and Humor-
esques, and the most amusing (Candidate for
Immortality. He wrote also (1885) Memories
from the Orient,' fruit of his travels.
Celakovsky, Frantisek Ladislav (chel'ä-
kõv"skē). A Czech poet and philologist; born
in Strakonitz, March 7, 1799; died in Prague,
Aug. 5, 1852. His earlier work was journal-
istic and pedagogical, his reputation in poesy
dating from the appearance of (Slav Folk-
Songs) (1822), to which succeeded various brill-
iant performances of a like nature : Echo of
Russian Folk Songs) (1829); "Echo of Bohe-
mian Folk Songs) (1840); etc. He translated
Herder and Scott into his own vernacular
with felicitous results.
Cellini, Benvenuto (chel-lē'nē). An Ital-
ian sculptor, metal-worker, and writer of
memoirs; born in Florence, Nov. 3, 1500; died
there, Feb. 13, 1571. His tremendous advent-
ures and his miraculous genius (as set forth
by himself in his (Autobiography') gives the
fascinating story of his life an important place
in letters, particularly as he is a master of
style. *
Celsus (sel'sus). A Roman controversial
writer; flourished in the second century. His
(True Discourse,' an attack on Christianity, is
lost; but it figures conspicuously in the history
of the early Church.
Celtes, Konrad (tsel'tes ). [The Greek
equivalent of his real name, Pickel. ] A cele-
brated German humanist; born 1459; died 1508.
His most celebrated work is a volume of
(Odes) (1513). He did much to promote the
study of the classics, and wrote his own poems
in Latin.
Centlivre, Susannah. An English drama-
tist; born (Freeman ? ) in Ireland (? ), 1667 (? );
died in London, Dec. 1, 1723. Her third hus-
band, from whom she derives the name by
which she is known in literature, was cook to
Queen Anne. (The Gamester) and (The Busy
Body) are her best comedies, but (The Per-
jured Husband is widely known. These plays
are very witty in dialogue. but unoriginal in
plot.
Ceo, Violante do (sā'o) A famed Portu-
guese poet; born in Lisbon, 1601; died, 1693.
She was styled the tenth Muse. Her (Por.
tuguese Parnassus) and miscellaneous poems
are greatly admired.
Cerretti, Luigi (cher-et'tē). An Italian poet
and rhetorician; born in Modena, Nov. I, 1738;
died in Pavia, March 5, 1808. The purity and
elegance of his diction made him, at an early
age, the most distinguished professor of rheto-
ric and oratory in Italy. His Poems and Select
Prose, collected into a posthumous volume,
were instantly successful, and have retained
their rank ever since.
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (sér-van'.
tēz or ther-vän'tes sä-ä-vā'drä). A celebrated
Spanish romancist; born at Alcalá de Henares
in 1547; died at Madrid, April 23, 1616. He
wrote many romances and stories, but he lives
in fame through (Don Quixote. He served
some years in the army; was captured by cor-
sairs and held five years in servitude. His
fellow captives testified to his self-denying
services to them while in the hands of the Al.
gerines. His first attempt in literature was the
composition of a pastoral romance, (Galatea,
in the traditional style and spirit. Of twenty
or thirty plays written by him, two only sur-
vive, and they have no celebrity. The first
part of Don Quixote) was published in 1605,
and it had a hearty reception from the begin-
ing among the populace, though not among
the cultured classes. Before the year was out.
five editions, some authorized, others pirated,
were published, and the Don and his grotesque
retainer appeared like immemorial traditional
characters in every pageant. The continuation
of the immortal story, however, did not appear
till 1615— and then because spurious continu-
ations published under his name fairly forced
Cervantes's hand. Meanwhile he busied him-
self with writing poems and novels now for-
gotten. On all these dead works he bestowed
great care before he gave them to the public:
he wrote (Don Quixote) with running pen. ” *
Cesarotti, Melchiore (chā-sär-õt'tē). A dis-
tinguished Italian poet and scholar; born in
Padua, May 15, 1730; died at Solvaggiano,
Nov. 3, 1808. He held a professorship at Padua.
His translation of "Ossian) (1763) was hailed
as a work of genius. (A Course in Greek
Literature) remains incomplete ; but an Essay
on the Philosophy of Language Applied to
the Italian Tongue) (1785), and on analogous
theses, are perfect specimens of criticism; and
his poetry, though now falling into secondary
rank, is tasteful and ornate.
## p. 101 (#117) ############################################
CESNOLA - CHAMBERS
IOI
Cesnola, Luigi Palma di, Count (ches-nõʻlä).
A noted Italian-American archæologist ; born
at Rivarola, near Turin, July 29, 1832. Ap-
pointed United States consul at Cyprus, he
discovered a large number of antiquities there ;
the collection is now in the Metropolitan Mu-
seum, New York, which he is a director.
He has written : (Cyprus, its Ancient Cities,
Tombs, and Temples) (1877); (The Metro-
politan Museum of Art) (1882).
Cetina, Gutierre de (chet-e-nä or thā-te'nä).
A Spanish poet; born at Seville, early in the
16th century; died there (? ), about 1560. He
was a soldier, and served the Prince of Ascoli
till the death of that patron, when he departed
for Mexico. He spent some years in New
Spain, returning to Seville shortly before he
died. He chose to write in Italian measures
and forms, though in the Spanish tongue. His
sonnets, ballads, and epistles in terza rima, are
consummately graceful in expression, simple in
form, and inspired by tender feeling.
Ceva, Tommaso (chā'vä). An Italian poet
and mathematician; born in Milan, Dec. 20,
1648; died there, Feb. 3, 1736. He was a Jesuit
who attained peculiar proficiency in geometry,
and who also aided in spreading a knowledge
of Newton's discovery of the law of gravita-
tion. His poetry comprises a rhymed history
of Christ's youth, (The Boy Jesus' (1699); and
a New-Ancient Philosophy) (1729).
Chadbourne, Paul Ansel (chad bérn). A
distinguished American educator and miscel-
laneous writer; born at North Berwick, Me. ,
Oct. 21, 1823; died in New York, Feb. 23, 1883.
He was president of the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College at Amherst (1867 and 1882);
of the University of Wisconsin (1867-70); of
Williams College (1872-81). He wrote : Nat-
ural Theology) (1867); Instinct in Animals
and Men (1872); etc.
Chadwick, John White. An American poet,
prose-writer, and Unitarian divine; born in
Marblehead, Mass. , Oct. 19, 1840. His radical
semmons have attracted attention, and he has
been a liberal contributor to current literature.
Among his works are: (A Book of Poems)
(1875); (The Bible of To-Day' (1878); “Origin
and Destiny' (1883); (A Daring Faith) (1885);
(The Man Jesus); (The Faith of Reason);
(Old and New Unitarian Belief); (The Power
of an Endless Life); and others.
Chaillé-Long. Charles (shä-yā'lôn). An
American explorer; born of French parent-
age, at Baltimore, Md. 1843. After serving in
the Confederate army he went to Egypt, where
he was appointed lieutenant-colonel by the
Khedive (1870). Gordon made him chief-of-
staff and sent him on a mission to King Mtesa
of Uganda. He wrote : (The Three Prophets)
(1886); (Central Africa) (1887).
Chalkley, Thomas (châk'li). A noted Amer-
ican Quaker itinerant preacher; born in Lon-
don, sch 3, 1675;
Tortola, West In-
dies, Sept. 4, 1741. He spent his life preaching
in New England and the Southern colonies;
toward its end he made his home near Phil.
adelphia. His chief work was his "Life, La.
bors, and Travels,' whose quaintness made it
popular even outside the Society of Friends, and
has caused it to be several times reprinted.
Challemel-Lacour, Paul Armand (shäl-mel'
lä-kör'). A French statesman; born at Av.
ranches, May 19, 1827. He has figured con-
spicuously in journalism, and has published
Individualist Philosophy) (1864) and numerous
essays.
Chalmers, George. A Scottish historian;
born at Fochabers, 1742; died in London,
May 31, 1825. In 1763 he came to America
and settled in Baltimore, where he practiced
law for several years. At the beginning of the
Revolutionary War, he opposed the action of
the colonists; not meeting with success, he re-
turned to England. His writings are political,
historical, and biographical. Among his works
are : Churchyard Chips Concerning Scotland);
"Life of Daniel Defoe); and (Caledonia,' an
account of Scotland from the earliest period
(1807-24).
Chalmers, Thomas. A Scotch theologian
and social reformer; born at Anstruther, Fife-
shire, March 17, 1780; died in Edinburgh, May
1847. He was one of the greatest pulpit ora-
tors of Great Britain. His most important works
are : (Political Economy) (1832); “On the
Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral
and Intellectual Constitution of Man) (1833);
and many widely read volumes of sermons.
Chamberlain, Nathan Henry. An Amer.
ican Episcopal divine, biographer, and essay-
ist; born in Massachusetts, 1830. He has
written : Autobiography of a New England
Farmhouse) (1864); (Samuel Sewall and the
World He Lived in (1895); (The Sphinx in
Aubrey Parish.
Chamberlin, Joseph Edgar. An Amer.
ican journalist; born in Vermont, 1851. He
is known as the Listener) of the Boston
Transcript, and is also attached to the Youth's
Companion. He has written (The Listener in
the Town) and (The Listener in the Country.
Chambers, Charles Julius. An American
novelist; born in Bellefontaine, O. , Nov 21,
1850. In 1870 he traveled through the West
Indies, Europe, the United States, and Canada,
as special correspondent of the New York
Herald. In 1876 he published an account of
his few weeks of experience (incognito) in an
insane institution, entitled (A Mad World,'
which excited great interest. He is a con-
tributor to various periodicals; also author of
the two novels : (On a Margin) (1884); and
(Lovers Four and Maidens Five) (1886).
Chambers, Robert. An eminent Scotch
prose-writer and publisher; born at Peebles,
July 10, 1802; died at St. Andrews, March 17,
1871. He and his brother began in poverty
as small booksellers; issued penny leaflets of
useful information for the people, written in a
:
## p. 102 (#118) ############################################
CHAMBERS-CHAMPLIN
102
clear and simple though not infantile style,
which became very popular, and at last took
regular periodical form in Chambers' Journal;
and the great publishing-house which bears
the name of both developed gradually. The
excellent (Chambers' Encyclopædia for the
People) was an outgrowth of the Journal,
and edited by the brothers. Robert wrote also
(Traditions of Edinburgh and works on Scotch
history; but his most noted book was the
anonymous (Vestiges of Creation, for years
an unequaled theologic-scientific sensation.
Chambers, Robert William. An American
artist and novelist; born in Long Island, N. Y. ,
1865. His home is in New York. He has
written : (The King in Yellow); (The Red
Republic); (A King and a Few Dukes); etc. ;
and “With the Band,' a volume of ballads.
Chambers, William. A Scotch prose-writer
and editor, brother and partner of Robert, -
whom see for their joint work; born at Pee-
bles, April 16, 1800; died in Edinburgh, May
20, 1883. He wrote: (Things as They Are in
America' (1854); (American Slavery and Color)
(1857); France, its History and Revolutions)
(1871); (Stories of Old Families and Remark-
able Persons) (1878). He also compiled a
(Hand-Book of American Literature) (1857).
Chambray, Georges, Marquis de (shäm-
brā'). A French soldier and military writer;
born in Paris, 1783; died 1848. He served in
the Napoleonic wars, was in the fatal Russian
campaign, and during his active service saw
much fighting. (The History of the Expedi-
tion to Russia in 1812) (3d ed. 1839) is widely
known.
Chamfort, Sébastien Roch Nicolas, called
(shon-for'). A French moralist and critic (1741-
1794). Among his works are comedies, literary
criticisms, political articles, and poems; but
none compare with his Maxims and Thoughts,'
which are worthy to rank next after La Roche-
foucauld's Maxims. Sainte-Beuve says of
them that they are like a well-minted coins
that retain their value. Chamfort's tragedy
(Mustapha and Zeangir) has some scenes of
genuine passion, but as a whole it is artificial.
He wrote some tales in verse, but their licen-
tiousness is not redeemed even by grace of
style.
Chamier, Frederick. An English novelist ;
born in London in 1796; died at Liverpool (? ),
October 1870. He was a naval officer. He wrote
(Ben Brace); (Tom Bowline); Jack Adams);
(The Arethusa); and other once popular sea
tales, now neglected. He employs the methods
of Marryat.
Chamisso, Adelbert von (shä-mēs'so). A
German lyrist; born at the castle of Boncourt,
Champagne, Jan. 30, 1781; died at Berlin, Aug.
21, 1838. His love of poetry brought him into
intimate association with many kindred spir-
its, as Varnhagen von Ense, Theremin, Hitzig,
and La Motte Fouqué. He made a voyage of
circumnavigation as a naturalist on a Russian
ship, 1815-18. The first of his poetical compo-
sitions were published (1804) in “The Muses'
Almanac. By far his most celebrated work
is (Peter Schlemihl,' a tale of a man who lost
his shadow. In association with Gaudy he
translated some of Béranger's 'Songs.
He was
the first to naturalize fully in German poesy
the terzine verse; in that measure is written
(Salaz y Gomez, one of his finest poems. *
Champfleury (shon-fé-re'), pseudonym of
Jules Fleury-Husson. A French novelist and
miscellaneous writer; born at Laon, Sept. 10,
1821 ; died at Sèvres, Dec. 5, 1889. His story of
(Les Chien-Caillous) was in Victor Hugo's
opinion a masterpiece of realistic description.
He wrote an autobiographical novel of his
youthful years in (The Confessions of Sylvius)
(1849), continuing the story in "The Advent-
ures of Mariette) (1856). But his Burghers of
Molinchart) (1855), a satiric delineation of the
provincial bourgeoisie, made him famous. He
is a pronounced realist. Among his later
novels, (The Tourangeau Girls) (1864) and
(The Little Rose,' are most worthy of mention.
He compiled a "General History of Caricature)
(5 vols. , 1865-85), with a supplementary volume,
(Secret Museum of Caricature) (1888); and
several other works on the arts of design and
ceramics.
Champier, Symphorien (shon-pyā'). A
French historian, poet, and physician; born,
1471 or 1472, in St. Symphorien-le-Loise, Lyon-
nais; died at Lyons, about 1540. Famed as a
physician, with powerful friends at court and
an ample fortune, he took delight in literature
and the society of literary men, himself writing
a series of poems for "Virtuous Ladies) (1503),
in four divisions, entitled The Flower of
Dames' (The Rule of Love,' (The Prophecies
of the Sibyls,' and (The Book of True Love,
respectively. His best history is an account of
Princes and Battles) (1502).
Champlin, James Tift. An American prose-
writer; born in Colchester, Conn. , June 9, 1811;
died in Portland, Me. , March 15, 1882. He was
a Baptist minister in Portland, Me. , 1838-41;
then professor of ancient languages at Colby
University (Waterville, Me. ), and its president
1857-73. A portion of his extensive writings are :
(Text-Book of Intellectual Philosophy) (1860);
(First Principles of Ethics) (1861); 'Constitution
of the United States, with Brief Comments)
(1880).
Champlin, John Denison. An American
prose-writer; born in Stonington, Conn. , Jan.
29, 1834. He began his literary career in New
York in 1869, with contributions to periodicals.
In 1873 he edited Fox's Mission to Russia,
and became a reviser, and in 1875 assistant
editor, of the American Cyclopædia. He
has written : Young Folks' Catechisms of
Common Things) (1880); (Young Folks' Cy-
clopædia of Persons and Places) (1880);
(Young Folks’ Astronomy); and (Chronicle of
the Coach) (1886). In 1894 he was editor of
Scribner's Art Cyclopædias, of which two
## p. 103 (#119) ############################################
CHAMPNEY-CHARISI
103
volumes of the first part were published (1886)
as "Cyclopædia of Painters and Paintings.
Champney, Mrs. Elizabeth (Williams).
An American novelist and writer of juveniles;
born at Springfield, O. , 1850. Many of her books
are illustrated by her husband, the artist J. W.
Champney. Among them are the Vassar Girls
series,-(Three Vassar Girls Abroad, (In Eng-
land, (In South America, etc. ; (In the Sky-
Parlor); (All Around a Palette); (Rosemary
and Rue); (The Bubbling Teapot); (Bourbon
Lilies); (Sebia's Tangled Web); and many
other interesting stories.
Chandler, Elizabeth Margaret. An Amer-
ican poet; born near Wilmington, Del. , Dec.
24, 1807; died Nov. 22, 1834. Her most pop-
ular poem was (The Slave Ship. Many of her
subsequent verses were written in the same
strain, and published in the Genius of Universal
Emancipation, a Philadelphia abolitionist peri-
odical. Her poems were published with a me-
moir by Benjamin Lundy (1836).
Chaney, George Leonard. A Unitarian
clergyman and miscellaneous writer; born in
Massachusetts, 1836. He was pastor of the
Hollis Street Church in Boston (1862-79); af-
terward at Atlanta, Ga. , where he edited the
Southern Unitarian (1893–96). Among his works
are : (F. Grant & Co. (1874), a book for boys;
(Alóha) (1880), travels in the Sandwich Islands;
(Every-Day Life and Every-Day Morals) (1884),
a volume of essays; etc.
Chanler, Mrs. Amélie Rives. See Trou-
betskoi.
Channing, William Ellery. An eminent
American theologian, one of the founders of
American Unitarianism; born at Newport, R. I. ,
April 7, 1780; died at Bennington, Vt. , April
1842. His works were published in 1848. *
Channing, William Ellery. An American
poet, nephew of W. E. Channing the elder;
born in Boston, Mass. , June 10, 1818. He is
author of 'Poems) (1843-47); (The Wood-
man (1849); Near Home (1858); (The Wan-
derer) (1872); “Conversations in Rome (1847);
and (Thoreau, the Poet-Naturalist) (1873).
Channing, William Henry. An American
Unitarian divine and biographer, nephew of
W. E. Channing the elder; born at Boston,
May 25, 1810; died in London, Dec. 23, 1884.
Settling in England, he succeeded James Mar-
tineau as pastor at Liverpool. His daughter
married Sir Edwin Arnold. His principal work
was "Memoir of William Ellery Channing (3
vols. , 1848).
Chapelain, Jean (shäp-lan'). A French
poet and critic; born in Paris, Dec. 5, 1595;
died there, Feb. 24, 1674. By his own unaided
efforts he acquired a knowledge of Greek and
Latin, Italian and Spanish. He won the favor
of Cardinal Richelieu by his preface to Marini's
notorious poem 'Adone, and was a leading
founder of he French Academy, whose first
meetings were held at his house. Through
court influence he rose to be a recognized law-
giver of literature. He published in 1756 the
first installment, 12 cantos, of a great epic, “The
Maid of Orleans, on which he had been at
work 20 years.
But the critics, headed by
Boileau, were so unfavorable that though of
the first installment six editions were sold in
18 months, no publisher could be found for
the sequel.
Chapelle, Claude Emmanuel Luillier, called
(shä-pel'). A French poet (1626-86). He was
illegitimate son of a man of wealth, who gave
him an excellent education and left him a large
fortune. He owes his place in literary records
to his good fortune in having been associated
with the foremost literary men of his time,--
Racine, Molière, Boileau. He wrote some
verses of indifferent merit; with Bachaumont
he was joint author of (Travels in Provence
and Languedoc) (1663), written in mixed prose
and verse, a fashion which prevailed for a
while in France.
Chapin, Edwin Hubbell. A noted American
Universalist divine and essayist; born at Union
Village, N. Y. , Dec. 29, 1814; died in New
York, his long-time residence, Dec. 27, 1880.
An effective preacher and lecturer, he was one
of the powers for good in his day. He wrote:
Moral Aspects of City Life) (1853) ; (True
Manliness) (1854); (Crown of Thorns); etc.
Chaplin, Heman White. An American law-
yer and short story writer; born in Rhode
Island, 1847. His (Five Hundred Dollars and
Other Stories of New England Life) ranks
with the best works of its kind.
Chaplin, Jeremiah. An American historical
writer; born in Danvers, Mass. , 1813; died in
New Utrecht, N. Y. , March 5, 1886. He was
author of: Life of Charles Sumner); Life
of Franklin'; (Riches of Bunyan); Life of
Galen); and Life of Henry Dunster, First
President of Harvard College) (1872), which is
a work of much historical value.
Chapman, George. An English dramatist
and translator of Homer; born in Hitchin,
Hertford, 1559; died at London, May 12, 1634.
What distinguishes his plays is the intuitive
appreciation they reveal of the material and
mechanical limitations of the theatre. The
comedies (All Fools but the Fool) and (May
Day) are well known; as are the tragedies
(Bussy d'Amboise) and (The Tragedy of
Charles, Duke of Byron. ' The version of
Homer (new ed. 1897) is celebrated. *
Chapone, Hesther (shä-põn'). An English
story-writer and poet; born in Northampton-
shire, Oct. 27, 1727; died 1801. She wrote:
(Ode to Peace); (Fidelia', a story; (Miscel.
lanies in Prose and Verse); and other works.
Charisi, Jehuda ben Salomo (chä-rē'zē),
known also as Alcharisi. A Spanish Jewish
poet; born in Xeres, about 1190 (? ); died
1235. A devoted student of Arabian poetry,
he rendered the "Sittings) or (Assemblies) of
the great poet Hariri into Hebrew; but his
## p. 104 (#120) ############################################
104
CHARRAS - CHAUCER
masterpiece is the exquisite (Tach-Kemoni,
or picture of every-day Jewish life and char-
acter in his own time,-a poem in which an
Arabian influence predominates.
Charras, Jean Baptiste Adolphe (shär-ä').
A French military historian and expert; born
in Pfalzburg, Lorraine, Jan. 7, 1810; died in
Basel, Switzerland, Jan. 23, 1865. His vicissi-
tudes in the army, the result of his own repub-
licanism and the revolutionary precipitateness
of French politics, did not prevent his rise to
distinction, although his promotion was inter-
fered with. He wrote: (History of the Cam-
paign of 1815: Waterloo) (6th ed. 1869), and
(History of the War of 1813 in Germany) (2d
ed. 1870).
Charrière, Isabelle Agnète de Saint Hya-
cinthe de (shä-ryır'). A French novelist, dram-
atist, and miscellaneous writer; born (Van
Tuyll) in Utrecht, 1740 or 1746(? ); died at Co-
lombier, Switzerland, Dec. 25, 1805. She was
one of the most accomplished women of her
day. Her fictions and studies, Caliste) (1788)
and (Neuchatel Letters) (1784), and the drama
( The Thou and the You,' contain much that
is admirable.
Chartier, Alain (shär-tyā'). A French poet ;
born in Bayeux, Normandy, about 1386; died in
1449. Early taken into royal favor for his
brilliance in rhetoric and rhyme, he won fame
with the Book of the Four Ladies) (1415),
inspired by the battle of Agincourt, and the
(Ballad of Fougières) (1449), a patriotic piece.
Chase, Salmon Portland. An American
statesman; born in Cornish, N. H. , Jan. 13, 1808 ;
died in New York city, May 7, 1873. He be-
came eminent as lawyer, United States Senator
from and governor of Ohio, Secretary of the
Treasury, and Chief Justice of the United States
Supreme Court. He was one of the able and
strong-willed men whom Mr. Lincoln called
about him during the war era, and did signal
service to the government and the Union. He
compiled a summary of the laws of Ohio, with
a historical sketch of the State (3 vols. , 1832).
Chase, Thomas. An American educator and
prose-writer; born in Worcester, Mass. , June 16,
1827; died in Providence, R. I. , Oct. 5, 1892.
In 1855 became professor of philology and
classical literature at Haverford College, near
Philadelphia; in 1875 its president. In 1878
Harvard gave him the degree of LL. D.
Among his publications are: (Hellas: her
Monuments and Scenery) (1861); an address
on Liberal Education : Its Aims and Methods.
Chasles, Philarète (shāl). A French his-
torical and literary critic; born in Mainvilliers,
near Chartres, Oct. 8, 1798; died in Venice,
July 18, 1873. The son of a Jacobin, and edu-
cated according to Rousseau, he acquired the
point of view which, enlarged by life abroad,
makes his essays so unique and instructive. He
has written in every imaginable prose form,
from a romance to a riddle: but his enduring
work is contained in French Language and
Literature from the Beginning of the Sixteenth
Century to 1610) (1828); “Studies of Antiquity)
(1847); (Studies of the Sixteenth Century in
France) (1848); Journeys of a Critic through
Life and Books) (2d series, 2d ed. 1866-68);
and Memoirs) (1876–78).
Châteaubriand, François René Auguste,
Vicomte de (shä-to-brē-on'). A great French
statesman, traveler, novelist, and historical
writer; born at St. Malo, September 1768;
died at Paris, July 4, 1848. He made a voyage
in search of the Northwest Passage in 1791 ;
but on touching the American continent aban-
doned that quest, and proposed to himself a
study of the life of the American Indians. He
lived for some time among the aborigines, and
the fruits of his observations were the three
novels (Atala, René,' and (The Natchez,
which by the charms of the literary style and
the interesting poetical descriptions of life
remote from civilization, won instant and great
popularity. Perhaps his greatest and certainly
his most ambitious work is (The Genius of
Christianity) (5 vols. , 1856-57), in which the
dogmas, practices, etc. , of Catholic Christianity
are defended against infidel attack. Other writ-
ings of his in the direction of Christian apolo-
getic are : (The Martyrs, or Triumph of the
Christian Religion 12 vols. , 1809); (A Journey
from Paris to Jerusalem? (3 vols. , 1811). Of
works connected with literature and its history,
he wrote (An Essay on English Literature)
and translated Milton's (Paradise Lost. *
Châteaubrun, Jean Baptiste Vivien (shä-to.
brün'). A French dramatist; born at Angou-
lême, 1686; died 1775. He was elected to the
French Academy, 1753. His tragedy of (The
Trojan Woman) was once very popular.
Chatfield-Taylor, Hobart Chatfield. An
American novelist; born in Illinois, 1865; resi-
dent in Chicago. He has written : (With Edge
Tools); (An American Peeress); (Two Women
and a Fool); (The Land of the Castanet. ?
Chatrian, Alexandre. See Erckmann-Cha-
trian.
Chatterton, Thomas. An English poet, re-
puted the marvelous youth) of literature;
born in Bristol, Nov. 20, 1752; committed sui-
cide at London, Aug. 25, 1770. He had pre-
cocious taste and considerable poetic talent,
perhaps overrated from the interest of his
pathetic fate and youth, and the literary sen-
sation of his spurious “Rowley” poems, –
supposed to have been found in the chest of
a mediæval clerk, but written by Chatterton
in a palpably impossible dialect.
