No More Learning

there was no danger of their coming by a westerly route. Why
not let well enough alone? Apparently Emanuel did not put
much faith in the strait. We are told by Gaspar Correa that
Magellan then asked the royal permission to go and offer his
services to some other master. "The King said he might do
what he pleased. Upon this Magellan desired to kiss his hand
at parting, but the King would not offer it. "
The alternative was thus offered to Magellan of abandoning
his scheme of discovery or entering the service of Spain, and he
chose the latter course. For this he has been roundly abused,
not only by Portuguese writers from that day to this, but by
others who seem to forget that a man has as clear a right to
change his country and his allegiance as to move his home from
one town to another. In the relations between State and in-
dividual the duty is not all on one side. As Faria y Sousa,
more sensible than many of his countrymen, observes, the great


## p. 5785 (#369) ###########################################

JOHN FISKE
5785
>
navigator did all that honor demanded, when by a special clause.
in his agreement with Spain, he pledged himself to do nothing
prejudicial to the interests of Portugal.
It was in October 1517 that Magellan arrived in Seville and
became the guest of Diego Barbosa, alcaide of the arsenal there,
a Portuguese gentleman who had for several years been in the
Spanish service. Before Christmas of that year he was married
to his host's daughter Beatriz de Barbosa, who accompanied him
to the court. Magellan found favor in the eyes of the boy king
Charles V. , and even obtained active support from Bishop Fon-
seca, in spite of that prelate's ingrained hostility to noble schemes
and honorable men. It was decided to fit out an expedition to
pursue the search in which Solis had lately lost his life. More
than a year was consumed in the needful preparations; and it
was not until September 20th, 1519, that the little fleet cleared
the mouth of the Guadalquivir and stood out to sea.
There were five small ships, commanded as follows:
I. Trinidad, 110 tons, captain-general Ferdinand Magellan,
pilot Estevan Gomez.
2. San Antonio, 120 tons, captain Juan de Cartagena.
3. Concepcion, 90 tons, captain Gaspar Quesada.
4. Victoria, 85 tons, captain Luis de Mendoza.
5.
Santiago, 75 tons, captain Juan Serrano.
It is a striking illustration of the shiftlessness with which
things were apt to be done by the government, and the diffi-
culties under which great navigators accomplished their arduous
work, that these five ships were all old and decidedly the worse
for wear.
All seem to have been decked, with castles at the
stern and fore. About 280 men were on board, a motley crew
of Spaniards and Portuguese, Genoese and Sicilians, Flemings
and French, Germans and Greeks, with one Englishman from
Bristol, and a few negroes and Malays. Of Portuguese there
were at least seven-and-thirty, for the most part men attached to
Magellan and who had left their country with him. It was for-
tunate that he had so many such, for the wiles of King Emanuel
had pursued him into Spain and out upon the ocean. When
that sovereign learned that the voyage was really to be made,
he determined that it must not be allowed to succeed. Hired
ruffians lurked about street corners in Seville, waiting for a
chance that never came for rushing forth and stabbing the wary
navigator; orders were sent to captains in the East Indies -


## p. 5786 (#370) ###########################################

5786
JOHN FISKE
among them the gallant Sequeira whom Magellan had saved-
to intercept and arrest the fleet if it should ever reach those
waters; and worst of all, the seeds of mutiny were busily and
but too successfully sown in Magellan's own ships. Of the four
subordinate captains only one was faithful. Upon Juan Serrano,
the brother of his dearest friend, Magellan could absolutely rely.
The others, Cartagena, Mendoza, and Quesada, sailed out from
port with treason in their hearts. A few days after their start
a small caravel overtook the Trinidad, with an anxious message
to Magellan from his wife's father, Barbosa, begging him to be
watchful, since it had come to his knowledge that his captains.
had told their friends and relations that if they had any trouble
with him they would kill him. " For reply the commander coun-
seled Barbosa to be of good cheer, for be they true men or
false he feared them not, and would do his appointed work all
the same. For Beatriz, left with her little son Rodrigo, six
months old, the outlook must have been anxious enough.
«<
-
Our chief source of information for the events of the voyage
is the journal kept by a gentleman from Vicenza, the Chevalier
Antonio Pigafetta, who obtained permission to accompany the
expedition, "for to see the marvels of the ocean. " After leaving
the Canaries on the 3d of October the armada ran down toward
Sierra Leone and was becalmed, making only three leagues in
three weeks. Then "the upper air burst into life" and the frail
ships were driven along under bare poles, now and then dipping
their yard-arms. During a month of this dreadful weather, the
food and water grew scarce, and the rations were diminished.
The spirit of mutiny began to show itself. The Spanish captains
whispered among the crews that this man from Portugal had
not their interests at heart and was not loyal to the Emperor.
Toward the captain-general their demeanor grew more and more
insubordinate; and Cartagena one day, having come on board the
flag-ship, faced him with threats and insults. To his astonish-
ment Magellan promptly collared him, and sent him, a prisoner
in irons, on board the Victoria (whose captain was unfortunately.
also one of the traitors), while the command of the San Antonio
was given to another officer. This example made things quiet
for the moment.
On the 29th of November they reached the Brazilian coast
near Pernambuco; and on the 11th of January they arrived at
the mouth of La Plata, which they investigated sufficiently to


## p. 5787 (#371) ###########################################

JOHN FISKE
5787
convince them that it was a river's mouth and not a strait.
Three weeks were consumed in this work. Their course through
February and March along the coast of Patagonia was marked
by incessant and violent storms; and the cold became so intense
that, finding a sheltered harbor with plenty of fish at Port St.
Julian, they chose it for winter quarters and anchored there on
the last day of March. On the next day, which was Easter Sun-
day, the mutiny that so long had smoldered broke out in all its
fury.
The hardships of the voyage had thus far been what stanch
seamen called unusually severe, and it was felt that they had
done enough. No one except Vespucius and Jaques had ever
approached so near to the South Pole; and if they had not yet
found a strait, it was doubtless because there was none to find.
The rations of bread and wine were becoming very short, and
common prudence demanded that they should return to Spain.
If their voyage was practically a failure, it was not their fault;
there was ample excuse in the frightful storms they had suffered
and the dangerous strains that had been put upon their worn-out
ships. Such was the general feeling, but when expressed to
Magellan it fell upon deaf ears. No excuses, nothing but per-
formance, would serve his turn; for him hardships were made
only to be despised and dangers to be laughed at: and in short,
go on they must, until a strait was found or the end of that
continent reached. Then they would doubtless find an open way
to the Moluccas; and while he held out hopes of rich rewards.
for all, he appealed to their pride as Castilians. For the inflex-
ible determination of this man was not embittered by harshness,
and he could wield as well as any one the language that soothes
and persuades.
So long as all were busy in the fight against wind and wave,
the captain-general's arguments were of avail. But the delib-
erate halt to face the hardships of an antarctic winter, with
no prospect of stirring until toward September, was too much.
Patience under enforced inactivity was a virtue higher than these
sailors had yet been called upon to exhibit. The treacherous
captains had found their opportunity, and sowed distrust broad-
cast by hinting that a Portuguese commander could not better
serve his king than by leading a Spanish armada to destruction.
They had evidently secured their men and prepared their blow
before the fleet came to anchor. The ringleaders of the mutiny


## p. 5788 (#372) ###########################################

5788
JOHN FISKE
were the captains Quesada of the Concepcion and Mendoza of
the Victoria, with Juan de Cartagena, the deposed captain of the
San Antonio, which was now commanded by Magellan's cousin
Alvaro de Mesquita. On the night of Easter Sunday, Cartagena
and Quesada, with thirty men, boarded the San Antonio, seized
Mesquita and put him in irons; in the brief affray the mate of
the San Antonio was mortally wounded. One of the mutineers,
Sebastian Elcano, was put in command of the ship, such of the
surprised and bewildered crew as were likely to be loyal were
disarmed, and food and wine were handed about in token of
the more generous policy now to be adopted. All was done so
quickly and quietly that no suspicion of it reached the captain-
general or anybody on board the Trinidad.
On Monday morning the traitor captains felt themselves mas-
ters of the situation. Three of the five ships were in their
hands, and if they chose to go back to Spain, who could stop
them? If they should decide to capture the flag-ship and murder
their commander, they had a fair chance of success; for the faith-
ful Serrano in his little ship Santiago was no match for any one
of the three. Defiance seemed quite safe; and in the forenoon,
when a boat from the flag-ship happened to approach the San
Antonio she was insolently told to keep away, since Magellan no
longer had command over that ship. When this challenge was
carried to Magellan he sent the boat from ship to ship as a test,
and soon learned that only the Santiago remained loyal. Pres-
ently Quesada sent a message to the Trinidad requesting a con-
ference between the chief commander and the revolted captains.
Very well, said Magellan, only the conference must of course
be held on board the Trinidad; but for Quesada and his accom-
plices thus to venture in the lion's jaws was out of the ques-
tion, and they impudently insisted that the captain-general should
come on board the San Antonio.
Little did they realize with what a man they were dealing.
Magellan knew how to make them come to him. He had reason
to believe that the crew of the Victoria was less disloyal than
the others, and selected that ship for the scene of his first coup
de main. While he kept a boat in readiness, with a score of
trusty men armed to the teeth and led by his wife's brother
Barbosa, he sent another boat ahead to the Victoria, with his
alguazil or constable Espinosa, and five other men. Luis de Men-
doza, captain of the Victoria, suffered this small party to come.


## p. 5789 (#373) ###########################################

JOHN FISKE
5789
on board. Espinosa then served on Mendoza a formal sum-
mons to come to the flag-ship; and upon his refusal, quick as
lightning sprang upon him and plunged a dagger into his throat.
As the corpse of the rebellious captain dropped upon the deck,
Barbosa's party rushed over the ship's side with drawn cutlasses,
the dazed crew at once surrendered, and Barbosa took command.
The tables were now turned, and with three ships in loyal
hands Magellan blockaded the other two in the harbor. At night
he opened fire upon the San Antonio, and strong parties from
the Trinidad and the Victoria boarding her on both sides at
once, Quesada and his accomplices were captured. The Concep-
cion thereupon, overawed and crestfallen, lost no time in surren-
dering; and so the formidable mutiny was completely quelled in
less than four-and-twenty hours. Quesada was beheaded; Carta-
gena and a guilty priest, Pero Sanchez, were kept in irons until
the fleet sailed, when they were set ashore and left to their fate;
all the rest were pardoned, and open defiance of the captain-
general was no more dreamed of. In the course of the winter
the Santiago was wrecked while on a reconnoissance, but her
men were rescued after dreadful sufferings, and Serrano was
placed in command of the Concepcion.
At length on the 24th of August, with the earliest symptoms
of spring weather, the ships, which had been carefully over-
hauled and repaired, proceeded on their way. Violent storms
harassed them, and it was not until the 21st of October (St.
Ursula's day) that they reached the headland still known as Cape
Virgins. Passing beyond Dungeness they entered a large open
bay, which some hailed as the long-sought strait, while others
averred that no passage would be found there.
It was, says
Pigafetta, in Eden's version, "the straight now cauled the straight
of Magellanus, beinge in sum place C. x. leaques in length: and
in breadth sumwhere very large and in other places lyttle more
than halfe a leaque in bredth. On both the sydes of this strayght
are great and hygh mountaynes couered with snowe, beyonde the
whiche is the enteraunce into the sea of Sur.
Here one
of the shyppes stole away priuilic and returned into Spayne. "
More than five weeks were consumed in passing through the
strait, and among its labyrinthine twists and half-hidden bays
there was ample opportunity for desertion. As advanced recon-
noissances kept reporting the water as deep and salt, the convic-
tion grew that the strait was found, and then the question once


## p. 5790 (#374) ###########################################

5790
JOHN FISKE
more arose whether it would not be best to go back to Spain,
satisfied with this discovery, since with all these wretched delays
the provisions were again running short. Magellan's answer,
uttered in measured and quiet tones, was simply that he would
go on and do his work "if he had to eat the leather off the
ship's yards. " Upon the San Antonio there had always been a
large proportion of the malcontents, and the chief pilot, Estevan
Gomez, having been detailed for duty on that ship, lent himself
to their purposes.
The captain, Mesquita, was again seized and
put in irons, a new captain was chosen by the mutineers, and
Gomez piloted the ship back to Spain, where they arrived after
a voyage of six months, and screened themselves for a while by
lying about Magellan.
As for that commander, in Richard Eden's words, "when the
capitayne Magalianes was past the strayght and sawe the way
open to the other mayne sea, he was so gladde therof that for
ioy the teares fell from his eyes, and named the poynt of the
lande from whense he fyrst sawe that sea Capo Desiderato. Sup-
posing that the shyp which stole away had byn loste, they erected
a crosse uppon the top of a hyghe hyll to direct their course
in the straight yf it were theyr chaunce to coome that way. "
The broad expanse of waters before him seemed so pleasant to
Magellan, after the heavy storms through which he had passed,
that he called it by the name it still bears, Pacific. But the
worst hardships were still before him. Once more a Sea of
Darkness must be crossed by brave hearts sickening with hope
deferred. If the mid-Atlantic waters had been strange to Colum-
bus and his men, here before Magellan's people all was thrice
unknown.
«< They were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea;"
and as they sailed month after month over the waste of waters,
the huge size of our planet began to make itself felt. Until
after the middle of December they kept a northward course, near
the coast of the continent, running away from the antarctic cold.
Then northwesterly and westerly courses were taken, and on the
24th of January, 1521, a small wooded islet was found in water
where the longest plummet-lines failed to reach bottom. Already
the voyage since issuing from the strait was nearly twice as long
as that of Columbus in 1492 from the Canaries to Guanahani. .


## p. 5791 (#375) ###########################################

JOHN FISKE
5791
From the useless island, which they called San Pablo, a further
run of eleven days brought them to another uninhabited rock,
which they called Tiburones, from the quantity of sharks observed
in the neighborhood. There was neither food nor water to be
had there, and a voyage of unknown duration, in reality not less
than 5,000 English miles, was yet to be accomplished before a
trace of land was again to greet their yearning gaze. Their
sufferings may best be told in the quaint and touching words in
which Shakespeare read them:-"And hauynge in this tyme con-
sumed all theyr bysket and other vyttayles, they fell into such
necessitie that they were inforced to eate the pouder that re-
mayned therof beinge now full of woormes.
Theyre
freshe water was also putrifyed and become yelow. They dyd
eate skynnes and pieces of lether which were foulded abowt cer-
teyne great ropes of the shyps. [Thus did the captain-general's
words come true. ] But these skynnes being made verye harde
by reason of the soonne, rayne, and wynde, they hunge them by
a corde in the sea for the space of foure or fiue dayse to mollifie
them, and sodde them, and eate them. By reason of this famen
and vnclene feedynge, summe of theyr gummes grewe so ouer
theyr teethe [a symptom of scurvy], that they dyed miserably
for hunger. And by this occasion dyed xix. men, and
besyde these that dyed, xxv. or. xxx. were so sicke that they
were not able to doo any seruice with theyr handes or arms for
feeblenesse: So that was in maner none without sum disease. In
three monethes and xx. dayes, they sayled foure thousande
leaques in one goulfe by the sayde sea cauled Pacificum (that is)
peaceable, whiche may well bee so cauled forasmuch as in all
this tyme hauyng no syght of any lande, they had no misfortune
of wynde or any other tempest.
So that in fine, if god
of his mercy had not gyuen them good wether, it was necessary
that in this soo greate a sea they shuld all haue dyed for hun-
Whiche neuertheless they escaped soo hardely, that it may
bee doubted whether euer the like viage may be attempted with
so goode successe. "
ger.
One would gladly know-albeit Pigafetta's journal and the
still more laconic pilot's log-book leave us in the dark on this
point-how the ignorant and suffering crews interpreted this
everlasting stretch of sea, vaster, said Maximilian Transylvanus,
"than the human mind could conceive. " To them it may well
have seemed that the theory of a round and limited earth was
·
1


## p. 5792 (#376) ###########################################

5792
JOHN FISKE
wrong after all, and that their infatuated commander was leading
them out into the fathomless abysses of space, with no welcom-
ing shore beyond. But that heart of triple bronze, we may be
sure, did not flinch. The situation had got beyond the point
where mutiny could be suggested as a remedy. The very des-
perateness of it was all in Magellan's favor; for so far away had
they come from the known world that retreat meant certain
death. The only chance of escape lay in pressing forward. At
last, on the 6th of March, they came upon islands inhabited by
savages ignorant of the bow and arrow, but expert in handling
their peculiar light boats. Here the dreadful sufferings were
ended, for they found plenty of fruit and fresh vegetables,
besides meat. The people were such eager and pertinacious
thieves that their islands received the name by which they are
still known, the Islas de Ladrones, or isles of robbers.
On the 16th of March the three ships arrived at the islands
which some years afterward were named Philippines, after Philip
II. of Spain. Though these were islands unvisited by Europeans,
yet Asiatic traders from Siam and Sumatra, as well as from
China, were to be met there, and it was thus not long before
Magellan became aware of the greatness of his triumph. He
had passed the meridian of the Moluccas, and knew that these
islands lay to the southward within an easy sail. He had accom-
plished the circumnavigation of the earth through its unknown
portion, and the remainder of his route lay through seas already
traversed. An erroneous calculation of longitudes confirmed him
in the belief that the Moluccas, as well as the Philippines,
properly belonged to Spain. Meanwhile in these Philippines of
themselves he had discovered a region of no small commercial
importance. But his brief tarry in these interesting islands had
fatal results; and in the very hour of victory the conqueror
perished, slain in a fight with the natives, the reason of which
we can understand only by considering the close complication of
commercial and political interests with religious notions so com-
mon in that age.
As the typical Spaniard or Portuguese was then a persecutor
of heresy at home, so he was always more or less of a missionary
abroad, and the missionary spirit was in his case intimately
allied with the crusading spirit. If the heathen resisted the
gospel, it was quite right to slay and despoil them. Magellan's
nature was devoutly religious, and exhibited itself in the points.


## p. 5793 (#377) ###########################################

JOHN FISKE
5793
of strength and weakness most characteristic of his age. After
he had made a treaty of alliance with the king of the island of
Sebu, in which, among other things, the exclusive privilege of
trading there was reserved to the Spaniards, Magellan made the
unexpected discovery that the king and his people were ready
and even eager to embrace Christianity! They had conceived an
exalted idea of the powers and accomplishments of these white
strangers, and apparently wished to imitate them in all things.
So in less than a week's time a huge bonfire had been made of
the idols, a cross was set up in the market, and all the people
on the island were baptized! Now, the king of Sebu claimed
allegiance from chieftains on neighboring islands, who were slow
to render it; and having adopted the white man's "medicine," he
naturally wished to test its efficacy. What was Christianity good
for, if not to help you to humble your vassals? So the Christian
king of Sebu demanded homage from the pagan king of Matan;
and when the latter potentate scornfully refused, there was a
clear case for a crusade! The steadfast commander, the ally and
protector of his new convert, the peerless navigator, the knight
without fear and without reproach, now turned crusader as
quickly as he had turned missionary. Indeed, there was no
turning. These various aspects of life's work were all one to
him; he would have summed up the whole thing as "serving God
and doing his duty. " So Magellan crossed over to the island
of Matan on the 27th of April, 1521, and was encountered by
the natives in overwhelming force. After a desperate fight the
Spaniards were obliged to retreat to their boats; and their com-
mander, who years before had been the last man to leave a sink-
ing ship, now lingered on the brink of danger, screening his men,
till his helmet was knocked off and his right arm disabled by a
spear thrust.
A sudden blow brought him to the ground; and
then, says the Chevalier Pigafetta, "the Indians threw themselves
upon him with iron-pointed bamboo spears and scimitars, and
every weapon they had, and ran him through-our mirror, our
light, our comforter, our true guide-until they killed him. ”
In these scenes, as so often in life, the grotesque and the
tragic were strangely mixed. The defeat of the white men con-
vinced the king of Sebu that he had overestimated the blessings
of Christianity; and so, by way of atonement for the slight he
had cast upon the gods of his fathers, he invited some thirty of
the leading Spaniards to a banquet and massacred them. Among
X-363


## p. 5794 (#378) ###########################################

5794
JOHN FISKE
the men thus cruelly slain were the faithful captains Barbosa and
Serrano. As the ships sailed hastily away, the natives were seen
chopping down the cross and conducting ceremonies in expiation
of their brief apostasy. The blow was a sad one. Of the 280
men who had sailed out from the Guadalquivir, only 115 re-
mained. At the same time the Concepcion, being adjudged no
longer seaworthy, was dismantled and burned to the water's
edge. The constable Espinosa was elected captain of the Vic-
toria; and the pilot Carvalho was made captain-general, but
proving incompetent, was presently superseded by that Sebastian
Elcano who had been one of the mutineers at Port St. Julian.
When the Trinidad and Victoria, after visiting Borneo, reached
the Moluccas, they found that Francisco Serrano had been mur-
dered by order of the king of Tidor at about the same time that
his friend Magellan had fallen at Matan. The Spaniards spent
some time in these islands, trading. When they were ready to
start, on the 18th of December, the Trinidad sprang a leak. It
was thereupon decided that the Victoria should make for the
Cape of Good Hope without delay, in order not to lose the
favorable east monsoon. The Trinidad was to be thoroughly
repaired, and then take advantage of the reversal of monsoon to
sail for Panama. Apparently it was thought that the easterly
breeze which had wafted them so steadily across the Pacific was
a monsoon and would change like the Indian winds,-a most dis-
astrous error. Of the 101 men still surviving, 54 were assigned
to the Trinidad and 47 to the Victoria. The former ship was
commanded by Espinosa, the latter by Elcano.
When the Trinidad set sail, April 6, 1522, she had the west-
erly monsoon in her favor; but as she worked up into the
northern Pacific she encountered the northeast trade-wind, and
in trying to escape it groped her way up to the fortieth parallel
and beyond. By that time, overcome with famine and scurvy,
she faced about and ran back to the Moluccas. When she
arrived, it was without her mainmast. Of her 54 men, all but 19
had found a watery grave; and now the survivors were seized by
a party of Portuguese, and a new chapter of misery was begun.
Only the captain Espinosa and three of the crew lived to see
Spain again.
Meanwhile on the 16th of May the little Victoria, with starva-
tion and scurvy already thinning the ranks, with foretopmast
gone by the board and fore-yard badly sprung, cleared the Cape


## p. 5795 (#379) ###########################################

JOHN FISKE
5795
of Good Hope, and thence was borne on the strong and friendly
current up to the equator, which she crossed on the 8th of June.
Only fifty years since Santarem and Escobar, first of Europeans,
had crept down that coast and crossed it. Into that glorious
half-century what a world of suffering and achievement had
been crowded! Dire necessity compelled the Victoria to stop at
the Cape Verde Islands. Her people sought safety in deceiving
the Portuguese with the story that they were returning from a
voyage in Atlantic waters only, and thus they succeeded in buy-
ing food.
But while this was going on, as a boat-load of thirteen
men had been sent ashore for rice, some silly tongue, loosened
by wine in the head of a sailor who had cloves to sell, babbled
the perilous secret of Magellan and the Moluccas. The thirteen
were at once arrested, and a boat called upon the Victoria, with
direful threats, to surrender; but she quickly stretched every
inch of her canvas and got away. This was on the 13th of July,
and eight weeks of ocean remained. At last, on the 6th of Sep-
tember-the thirtieth anniversary of the day when Columbus
weighed anchor for Cipango-the Victoria sailed into the Gua-
dalquivir, with eighteen gaunt and haggard survivors to tell the
proud story of the first circumnavigation of the earth.
The voyage thus ended was doubtless the greatest feat of
navigation that has ever been performed, and nothing can be
imagined that would surpass it except a journey to some other
planet. It has not the unique historic position of the first voyage
of Columbus, which brought together two streams of human life
that had been disjoined since the Glacial Period. But as an
achievement in ocean navigation that voyage of Columbus sinks
into insignificance by the side of it; and when the earth was a
second time encompassed by the greatest English sailor of his
age, the advance in knowledge, as well as the different route
chosen, had much reduced the difficulty of the performance.
When we consider the frailness of the ships, the immeasurable
extent of the unknown, the mutinies that were prevented or
quelled, and the hardships that were endured, we can have no
hesitation in speaking of Magellan as the prince of navigators.
Nor can we ever fail to admire the simplicity and purity of that
devoted life, in which there is nothing that seeks to be hidden or
explained away.
It would have been fitting that the proudest crest ever granted
by a sovereign—a terrestrial globe belted with the legend Primus


## p. 5796 (#380) ###########################################

5796
JOHN FISKE
circumdedisti me (Thou first encompassed me) — should have been
bestowed upon the son and representative of the hero; but
when the Victoria returned there was none to receive such recog-
nition. In September 1521, Magellan's son, the little Rodrigo,
died; and by March 1522 the gentle mother Beatriz had heard,
by way of the Portuguese Indies, of the fate of her husband and
her brother. In that same month-"grievously sorrowing," as
we are told-she died. The coat-of-arms with the crest just
mentioned, along with a pension of five hundred ducats, was
granted to Elcano, a weak man who had ill deserved such honor.
Espinosa was also, with more justice, pensioned and ennobled.
$


## p. 5797 (#381) ###########################################

5797
EDWARD FITZGERALD
(1809-1883)
BY NATHAN HASKELL DOLE
DWARD FITZGERALD was the third son of John Purcell, and
Mary Frances Fitzgerald his cousin. He was born March
31st, 1809, at Bredfield House near Suffolk. When the boy
was five years old, Mr. Purcell took his family to France. In Paris
they occupied the house in which Robespierre had once lived. The
following year Mrs. Purcell's father died, and her husband assumed
the name and arms of the Fitzgeralds. Edward frequently referred
to his Irish blood: he called himself "a scatter-brained Paddy! "
In 1821 he was sent to King Edward VI. 's
School at Bury St. Edmunds, where his two
brothers were. He was there five years, and
then went to Trinity College. Fitzgerald
obtained his degree somewhat to his own
surprise, for he had taken his course in a
characteristically comfortable manner; as Mr.
Wright says, amusing himself with music
and drawing and poetry. " After a brief visit
at Paris, he returned to England and began
to carry out the experiment of his semi-
misanthropic retreat from the world; he be-
came a vegetarian: "The great secret of it
all," he said, "is not eating meat! " He
wrote his friend Allen:-"I cannot stand see-
ing new faces in the polite circles. You must know I am going to
become a great bear, and have got all sorts of Utopian ideas into my
head about society. " As he lived, he grew shyer and shyer even with
his friends.
«<
EDWARD FITZGERALD

He went to live near Naseby, where his father had an estate
which included a large part of the celebrated battle-field. It was
there in 1831 that he wrote his earliest known poem; it was printed
in Hone's Year Book, and shortly afterwards in the Athenæum.
The dates of his letters to Frederic Tennyson and other friends
show the pleasant rounds of his residences: now at Southampton,
now in London, where his mother kept up great style, driving her
four horses; now at Geldestone, now at Wherstead Lodge near Ips-
wich, where his parents lived for ten years; then at Boulge Hall,
Woodbridge. At Boulge he lived in a one-story thatched cottage,


## p. 5798 (#382) ###########################################

5798
EDWARD FITZGERALD
just outside his father's park. The Rev. George Crabbe gives this
picture of him: :-
"He used to walk by himself, slowly, with a Skye terrier. I was rather
afraid of him. He seemed a proud and very punctilious man.
. He
seemed to me when I first saw him as he was when he died, only not stoop-
ing: always like a grave middle-aged man; never seemed very happy or
light-hearted, though his conversation was most amusing sometimes. »
In 1847 he contributed a number of notes and illustrations to
Singer's edition of Selden's Table Talk,' but refused to allow his
services to be acknowledged. He also wrote what he calls "a little
dapper memoir" as a preface to the posthumously published 'Poems
and Letters' of Bernard Barton the Quaker, whose daughter he mar-
ried. In 1851 he published anonymously a little volume of less than
a hundred pages, called 'Euphranor. ' Couched in exquisite English,
it appealed to a small but cultured audience. A second edition was
called for, and then the demand for it ceased.
Under the stimulating friendship of the learned Professor E. B.
Cowell, he took up the study of Spanish, and in 1863 published a
translation of Six Dramas from Calderon. ' This was the only book
to which he ever put his name. The same year he was amusing him-
self with poking out some Persian which E. Cowell would inaugurate
[inoculate? ] him with. " He did not agree with Cowell in regard to
the mystical interpretation of the wine-cup and cup-bearer. In 1855
he was "stilting into too Miltonic verse the ingenuous prattle of
Jámí. " "It is an amusement to me," he wrote, "to take what liber-
ties I like with these Persians; who (as I think) are not poets enough
to frighten one from such excursions, and who really do want a
little art to shape them. " Omar Khayyám he considered the best
and most satisfying of them all, but he called his version "very
one-sided;
what I do, comes up as a bubble to the surface
and breaks. "
In 1857 he took up the Agamemnon' of Eschylus and began
to make a very free translation of it, "not for scholars but for those
who are ignorant of Greek. " He had no scruple about adding splen-
did passages to the 'Agamemnon,' such as Eschylus might have
written had he lived in the nineteenth century. In the same way
he raised the poetic level of Omar, as can be seen by reading the
various versions of the 'Rubáiyát. '
Besides the works already mentioned, Fitzgerald made very free
translations or paraphrases of several others of Calderon's metrical
dramas; of the 'Edipus Tyrannus' and 'Edipus Coloneus' of Soph-
ocles; and of masterpieces of two Persian poets-Salámán and
Absál' of Jami, and The Bird-Parliament' or 'Bird-Confab' of Attar.
These, together with a few fragments of verse, original or translated,


## p. 5799 (#383) ###########################################

EDWARD FITZGERALD
5799
form the bulk of the life work of a man who cared nothing for fame;
who on the contrary avoided it with as much solicitude as most am-
bitious men seek to win it.
The critics, not understanding his views, attacked him so severely
for his versions of Calderon that he withdrew the volume from sale;
but he kept on for his own amusement. "He jotted down materials
for a vocabulary of rustic or rural English. " He also made for Notes
and Queries (1870) a similar vocabulary of East-Anglican sea terms.
These were collected with the aid of Captain West, his viking-captain
of a herring-lugger which he built as an experiment in altruism. His
edition of the Rubáiyát' of Omar Khayyám was published anony-
mously by Bernard Quaritch in 1859, after it had lain neglected for
two years in the office of Fraser's Magazine. It was equally neglected
by the public; and the publisher, to whom he made a gift of the
work, exposed the pamphlets for sale at a penny each. They were
gradually picked up, and the germs of the Omar Khayyám cult were
planted. It was almost ten years before a second edition was called
for; in this the number of quatrains was increased from seventy-five
to one hundred and ten. Professor Norton, in a private letter which
we are privileged to quote, says, "Fitzgerald's 'Omar' illustrates the
miracle of trans-substantiation of the bare elements into the very
blood and body of poetry. " Fitzgerald himself said, "A translation
must be a paraphrase to be readable. " In 1864 Fitzgerald bought a
small farm-house on the outskirts of Woodbridge, and enlarged it
into a mansion which he called "Little Grange. " Here this "peace-
able, affectionate, and ultra-modest man," as Carlyle called him, lived
his "innocent, far niente life. " In June 1883 he went to visit his old
friend Mr. Crabbe at Merton Rectory. In the morning he was found
"as if sleeping peacefully, but quite dead. " Mr. Crabbe wrote, "A
very noble character has passed away. " He was buried in the little
churchyard at Boulge, which has since become a shrine of pious pil-
grimage.
He left his friend William Aldis Wright a tin box, which was
found to contain such of his papers and books as he thought might
possibly bear to be published; and Mr. Wright issued them in two
volumes, together with another containing his letters.
Since then, Fitzgerald's fame has been continually growing, and
the world recognizes that he added at least one classic to universal
literature.
головы


## p. 5800 (#384) ###########################################

5800
EDWARD FITZGERALD
CHIVALRY
From Euphranor'
E SAT down in one of those little arbours cut into the Lilac
WⓇ bushes round the Bowling-green; and while Euphranor
and I were quaffing each a glass of Home-brew'd, Lycion
took up the volume of Digby which Euphranor had laid on the
table.
"Ah, Lycion," said Euphranor, putting down his glass, "there
is one would have put you up to a longer and stronger pull than
we have had to-day. "
"Chivalry," said Lycion, glancing carelessly over the leaves.
"Don't you remember "-addressing me- "what an absurd thing
that Eglinton Tournament was? What a complete failure! There
was the Queen of Beauty on her throne - Lady Seymour-
who alone of all the whole affair was not a sham-and the
Heralds, and the Knights in full Armour on their horses — they
had been practicing for months, I believe — but unluckily, at the
very moment of Onset the rain began, and the Knights threw
down their lances and put up their umbrellas. "
-
I laugh'd, and said I remembered something like it had oc-
curr'd, though not to that umbrella-point, which I thought was
a theatrical or Louis Philippe Burlesque on the affair. And I
asked Euphranor "what he had to say in defense of the Tourna
ment ? »
"Nothing at all," he replied. "It was a silly thing, and fit to
be laughed at for the very reason that it was a sham, as Lycion
says. As Digby himself tells us," he went on, taking the Book
and rapidly turning over the leaves-"Here it is" and he
read: -
"The error that leads men to doubt of this first propo-
sition'—that is, you know, that Chivalry is not a thing past,
but, like all things of Beauty, eternal-'the error that leads men
to doubt of this first proposition consists in their supposing that
Tournaments, and steel Panoply, and Coat arms, and Aristocratic
institutions, are essential to Chivalry; whereas these are in fact
only accidental attendants upon it, subject to the influence of
Time, which changes all such things. ""
-
"I suppose," said Lycion, "your man-whatever his name is
—would carry us back to the days of King Arthur and the
Seven Champions- whenever they were that one used to read
-


## p. 5801 (#385) ###########################################

EDWARD FITZGERALD
5801
about when a Child? I thought Don Quixote had put an end to
all that long ago. "
"Well, he at any rate," said Euphranor, "did not depend on
fine Accoutrement for his Chivalry. "
"Nay," said I; "but did he not believe in his rusty armour
perhaps even the pasteboard Visor he fitted to it-as impregnable
as the Cause
>>>
"And some old Barber's bason as the Helmet of Mambrino,"
interposed Lycion-
"And his poor Rocinante not to be surpass'd by the Bavieca
of the Cid-believed in all this, I say, as really as in the Wind-
mills and Wine-skins being the Giants and Sorcerers he was to
annihilate ? »
―――――
"To be sure he did," said Lycion; "but Euphranor's Round-
table men
- many of them great rascals, I believe-knew a real
Dragon or Giant-when they met him- better than Don Qui-
xote. "
"Perhaps, however," said I, who saw Euphranor's colour ris-
ing, "he and Digby would tell us that all such Giants and
Dragons may be taken for Symbols of certain Forms of Evil,
which his Knights went about to encounter and exterminate. ”
"Of course," said Euphranor with an indignant snort, "every
Child knows that: then as now to be met with and put down in
whatsoever shapes they appear as long as Tyranny and Oppres-
sion exist. "
"Till finally extinguisht, as they crop up, by Euphranor and
his Successors," said Lycion.
(
"Does not Carlyle somewhere talk to us of a Chivalry of
Labour'? " said I; "that henceforward not 'Arms and the Man,'
but 'Tools and the Man,' are to furnish the Epic of the world. "
"Oh well, said Lycion, "if the Table-Round' turn into a
Tailor's Board-'Charge, Chester, charge! ' say I-only not
exorbitantly for the Coat you provide for us-which indeed,
like true Knights, I believe you should provide for us gratis. "
"Yes, my dear fellow," said I laughing, "but then You must
not sit idle, smoking your cigar, in the midst of it; but as your
Ancestors led on mail'd troops at Agincourt, so must you put
yourself, shears in hand, at the head of this Host, and become
what Carlyle calls a Captain of Industry,' a Master-tailor,
leading on a host of Journeymen to fresh fields and conquests
new. "


## p. 5802 (#386) ###########################################

5802
EDWARD FITZGERALD
"Besides," said Euphranor, who did not like Carlyle, nor
relish this sudden descent of his hobby, "surely Chivalry will
never want a good Cause to maintain, whether private or public.
As Tennyson says, King Arthur, who was carried away wounded
to the island valley of Avilion, returns to us in the shape of a
'modern Gentleman' who may be challenged, even in these later
days, to no mock Tournament, Lycion, in his Country's defense,
and with something other than the Doctor's shears at his side. "
To this Lycion, however, only turn'd his cigar in his mouth
by way of reply, and look'd somewhat superciliously at his
Antagonist. And I, who had been looking into the leaves of the
Book that Euphranor had left open, said:—
"Here we are as usual, discussing without having yet agreed
on the terms we are using. Euphranor has told us on the word
of his Hero what Chivalry is not: let him read what it is that
we are talking about. "
I then handed him the Book to read to us, while Lycion,
lying down on the grass, with his hat over his eyes, composed
himself to inattention. And Euphranor read:
Here Lycion, who had endured the reading with an occasional
yawn, said he wish'd "those fellows up-stairs would finish their
pool. »
-
"And see again," continued I, taking the book from Euphra-
nor's hands" after telling us that Chivalry is mainly but another
name for Youth, Digby proceeds to define more particularly what
that is.
So that Lycion, you see," said I, looking up
from the book and tapping on the top of his hat, "is, in virtue
of his eighteen Summers only, a Knight of Nature's own dub-
bing-yes, and here we have a list of the very qualities which
constitute him one of the Order. And all the time he is pre-
tending to be careless, indolent, and worldly, he is really burst-
ing with suppressed Energy, Generosity, and Devotion. "
"I did not try to understand your English any more than
your Greek," said Lycion; "but if I can't help being the very
fine Fellow whom I think you were reading about, why, I want
to know what is the use of writing books about it for my edifi-
cation. "
"O yes, my dear fellow," said I; "it is like giving you an
Inventory of your goods, which else you lose, or even fling away,
in your march to Manhood-which you are so eager to reach.
Only to repent when gotten there; for I see Digby goes on-


## p. 5803 (#387) ###########################################

EDWARD FITZGERALD
5803
'What is termed Entering the World' which Manhood of course
must do'assuming its Principles and Maxims'—which usually
follows' is nothing else but departing into those regions to
which the souls of the Homeric Heroes went sorrowing. '»
"Ah, you remember," said Euphranor, "how Lamb's friend,
looking upon the Eton Boys in their Cricket-field, sighed to
think of so many fine Lads so soon turning into frivolous Mem-
bers of Parliament'! "
“But why 'frivolous'? " said Lycion.
"Ay, why 'frivolous'? " echoed I, "when entering on the
Field where, Euphranor tells us, their Knightly service may be
call'd into action. "
"Perhaps," said Euphranor, "entering before sufficiently
equipp'd for that part of their calling. "
"Well," said Lycion, "the Laws of England determine other-
wise, and that is enough for me, and I suppose for her, what-
ever your ancient or modern pedants say to the contrary. ”
"You mean," said I, "in settling Twenty-one as the Age of
'Discretion,' sufficient to manage not your own affairs only, but
those of the Nation also? »
The hat nodded.
"Not yet, perhaps, accepted for a Parliamentary Knight com-
plete," said I, "so much as Squire to some more experienced if
not more valiant Leader. Only providing that Neoptolemus do
not fall into the hands of a too politic Ulysses, and under him
lose that generous Moral, whose Inventory is otherwise apt to
get lost among the benches of St. Stephen's-in spite of pre-
liminary Prayer. "
"Aristotle's Master, I think," added Euphranor with some
mock gravity, "would not allow any to become Judges in his
Republic till near to middle life, lest acquaintance with Wrong
should harden them into a distrust of Humanity; and acquaint-
ance with Diplomacy is said to be little less dangerous. "
"Though, by the way," interposed I, "was not Plato's Master
accused of perplexing those simple Affections and Impulses of
Youth by his Dialectic, and making premature Sophists of the
Etonians of Athens ? "
"By Aristophanes, you mean," said Euphranor, with no mock
gravity now; "whose gross caricature help'd Anytus and Co. to
that Accusation which ended in the murder of the best and
wisest man of all Antiquity. "


## p. 5804 (#388) ###########################################

5804
EDWARD FITZGERALD
"Well, perhaps," said I, "he had been sufficiently punish'd by
that termagant Wife of his-whom, by the way, he may have
taught to argue with him instead of to obey. Just as that Son
of poor old Strepsiades, in what you call the Aristophanic Cari-
cature, is taught to rebel against parental authority, instead of
doing as he was bidden; as he would himself have the Horses to
do that he was spending so much of his Father's money upon:
and as we would have our own Horses, Dogs, and Children,— and
Young Knights. "
"You have got your Heroes into fine company, Euphranor,"
said Lycion, who, while seeming inattentive to all that went
against him, was quick enough to catch at any turn in his favour.
"Why, let me see," said I, taking up the book again, and
running my eye over the passage—"yes,—'Ardent of desire,' —
'Tractable,'-some of them
some of them at least-'Without comprehending
much'-'Ambitious' — 'Despisers of Riches'—'Warm friends and
hearty Companions' - really very characteristic of the better
breed of Dogs and Horses. And why not? The Horse, you
know, has given his very name to Chivalry, because of his asso-
ciation in the Heroic Enterprises of Men-El mas Hidalgo Bruto,
Calderon calls him. He was sometimes buried, I think, along
with our heroic Ancestors - just as some favourite wife was
buried along with her husband in the East. So the Muse sings
of those who believe their faithful Dog will accompany them to
the World of Spirits-as even some wise and good Christian men
have thought it not impossible he may, not only because of his
Moral, but - »
"Well," said Euphranor, "we need not trouble ourselves about
carrying the question quite so far. "
"Well," said I, "your great Schools might condescend to take
another hint from abroad where some one- Fellenberg again, I
think had a Riding-house in his much poorer School, where
you might learn not only to sit your horse if ever able to pro-
vide one for yourself, but also to saddle, bridle, rub him down,
with the ss'ss-ss'ss which I fancy was heard on the morning of
Agincourt-if, by the way, one horse was left in all the host. "
"Well, come," said Euphranor; "the Gladiator at any rate
is gone- and the Boxer after him—and the Hunter, I think,
going after both; perhaps the very Horse he rides gradually to
be put away by Steam into some Museum among the extinct
Species that Man has no longer room or business for. "
-


## p. 5805 (#389) ###########################################

EDWARD FITZGERALD
5805
"Nevertheless," said I, "war is not gone with the Gladiator,
and cannon and rifle yet leave room for hand-to-hand conflict, as
may one day- which God forbid! come to proof in our own
sea-girt Island. If safe from abroad, some Ruffian may still
assault you in some shady lane nay, in your own parlour — at
home, when you have nothing but your own strong arm, and
ready soul to direct it. Accidents will happen in the best-
regulated families. The House will take fire, the Coach will
break down, the Boat will upset; -is there no gentleman who
can swim, to save himself and others? no one do more to save
the Maid snoring in the garret, than helplessly looking on-or
turning away? Some one is taken ill at midnight; John is drunk
in bed; is there no gentleman can saddle Dobbin-much less
get a Collar over his Head, or the Crupper over his tail, without
such awkwardness as brings on his abdomen the kick he fears,
and spoils him for the journey. And I do maintain," I contin-
ued, "having now gotten the bit between my teeth'-maintain
against all Comers that, independent of any bodily action on their
part, these and the like Accomplishments, as you call them, do
carry with them, and I will say, with the Soul incorporate, that
habitual Instinct of Courage, Resolution, and Decision, which
together with the Good Humour which good animal Condition
goes far to ensure, do, I say, prepare and arm the Man not only
against the greater but against those minor Trials of Life, which
are so far harder to encounter because of perpetually cropping
up; and thus do cause him to radiate, if through a narrow circle,
yet through that imperceptibly to the whole world, a happier
atmosphere about him than could be inspired by Closet-loads of
Poetry, Metaphysic, and Divinity. No doubt there is danger, as
you say, of the Animal overpowering the Rational, as, I main-
tain, equally so of the reverse; no doubt the higher-mettled Colt
will be likeliest to run riot, as may my Lad, inflamed with Aris-
totle's 'Wine of Youth,' into excesses which even the virtuous
Berkeley says are the more curable as lying in the Passions;
whereas, says he, 'the dry Rogue who sets up for Judgment is
incorrigible. ' But, whatever be the result, VIGOUR of Body, as of
Spirit, one must have, subject like all good things to the worst
corruption - Strength itself, even of Evil, being a kind of Virtus
which Time, if not good Counsel, is pretty sure to moderate;
whereas Weakness is the one radical and incurable Evil, increas-
ing with every year of Life. "
―――
-


## p. 5806 (#390) ###########################################

5806
EDWARD FITZGERALD
FREELY TRANSLATED FROM THE
APOLOGUES
MANTIK-UT-TAIR,' OR THE BIRD-
PARLIAMENT,' OF FARÍD-UDDÍN ATTAR
Ο
[Mohammed Ibn Ibrahim Farid u'd Dín (Farid-uddín)— called "Attar," the
Druggist or Perfumer - was born at Kerken, a village of Khorassan near Nai-
shapur, in the year 1216, and died at the age of one hundred and fifteen in
the city of Shad'ach, where he lived for over eighty-five years. His industry
was equal to his longevity: he was an indefatigable collector of biographical
details, which employed in his wonderful series of lives of the Moslem
Saints - the Teskeret-al-Oulia (or (Ewha '). He wrote in prose many ascet-
ical and mystical works. Aside from his rhymed couplets he composed over
forty thousand distichs, including twelve thousand four-line strophes. His best
known work is the 'Mantik-ut-Tair) (Conversations of the Birds, or Bird-Par-
liament), an enormously long work which Edward Fitzgerald condensed into a
few pages; particularly selecting the Apologues or little stories with obvious
morals, such as are cited below. ]
THE FORTUNE OF THE GREAT
NE day Shah Mahmúd, riding with the Wind
A-hunting, left his Retinue behind,
And coming to a River, whose swift Course
Doubled back Game and Dog, and Man and Horse,
Beheld upon the Shore a little Lad
-
A-fishing, very poor, and Tatter-clad
He was, and weeping as his Heart would break.
So the Great Sultan, for good-humour's sake,
Pull'd in his Horse a moment, and drew nigh,
And after making his Salám, ask'd why
He wept
weeping, the Sultan said, so sore
As he had never seen one weep before.
The Boy look'd up, and "O Amír," he said,
"Sev'n of us are at home, and Father dead,
And Mother left with scarce a Bit of Bread:
And now since Sunrise have I fish'd- and see!
Caught nothing for our Supper-Woe is Me! "
The Sultan lighted from his Horse.
"Behold,"
Said he, "Good Fortune will not be controll'd:
And, since To-day yours seems to turn from you,
Suppose we try for once what mine will do,
And we will share alike in all I win. "
So the Shah took, and flung his Fortune in,


## p. 5807 (#391) ###########################################

EDWARD FITZGERALD
5807
The Net; which, cast by the Great Mahmúd's Hand,
A hundred glittering Fishes brought to Land.
The Lad look'd up in Wonder — Mahmúd smiled
And vaulted into Saddle. But the Child
Ran after "Nay, Amír, but half the Haul
Is yours by Bargain "-"Nay, To-day take all,"
The Sultan cried, and shook his Bridle free-
"But mind-To-morrow All belongs to Me-"
And so rode off. Next morning at Divan
The Sultan's Mind upon his Bargain ran,
And being somewhat in a mind for sport
Sent for the Lad: who, carried up to Court,
And marching into Royalty's full Blaze
With such a Catch of Fish as yesterday's,
The Sultan call'd and set him by his side,
And asking him, "What Luck? " The Boy replied,
"This is the Luck that follows every Cast,
Since o'er my Net the Sultan's Shadow pass’d. »
-
THE MISER
A FELLOW all his life lived hoarding Gold,
And, dying, hoarded left it. And behold,
One Night his Son saw peering through the House
A Man, with yet the semblance of a Mouse,
Watching a crevice in the Wall-and cried-
"My Father? "-"Yes," the Musulman replied,
>>
"Thy Father! "But why watching thus ? "- "For fear
Lest any smell my Treasure buried here. ”—
"But wherefore, Sir, so metamousified? ».
"Because, my Son, such is the true outside
Of the inner Soul by which I lived and died. "
THE DREAD
A CERTAIN Shah there was in Days foregone
Who had a lovely Slave he doated on,
And cherish'd as the Apple of his Eye,
Clad gloriously, fed sumptuously, set high,
And never was at Ease were He not by,
Who yet, for all this Sunshine, Day by Day
Was seen to wither like a Flower away.