No More Learning

The progress of the negotiation confirmed the suspicions
entertained by Jay as to the policy both of France and
Spain, with respect to the territorial limits of the United
States. The importance of obtaining the alliance and aid
of the Spanish ministry was such a# to have led him to
think, previous to his mission, that a cession might wisely
have been made of the navigation of the Mississippi, as an
inducement to such an alliance. But when Spain had, in
order to promote her own views, entered into the war,
when she refused to recognise the United States as a na-
tion, and failed in her engagements as to aid, every induce-
ment to such a concession ceased; and he dissuaded con-
gress from granting it, on the ground that it would render
a war with Spain unavoidable, and "that he should look on
his subscribing to the one, as fixing the other. "
* Sept. 21, 1782.
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? HAMILTON.
137
In the project of a treaty, in obedience to his instruc-
tions, which he was aware were known to Spain, he of-
fered this cession, but upon his own responsibility annexed
a declaration, "that if its acceptance, together with the pro-
posed alliance, should be postponed to a general peace, the
United States would not be bound by this offer. " Cir-
cumstances occurred subsequently to this, which had a
strong influence on the action of congress. On the cap-
ture of Pensacola, Spain, instead of providing in the capitu-
lation that the British troops should not serve against the
United States, permitted them to reinforce their garrison
at New-York. Similar terms were granted in the surren-
der of the Bahama islands.
These occurrences excited strong indignation in America,
which was increased by the unjustifiable interruption of
the Havana trade,* in consequence of which, American
vessels were detained a long time in the service of Spain, no
compensation for the delay made, and then sent away
without convoy, and many of them captured. But the
event which made most impression was an expedition of a
party of Spaniards and Indians from St. Louis, who seized
a small post on the St. Joseph, occupied by a few English
soldiers, took possession of it with its dependencies, and
also of the river Illinois, in the name of his catholic ma-
jesty, and displayed the standard of Spain as a formal
assertion of her title. This act was decisive of the pur-
poses of that government.
A committee was appointed by congress to revise the
instructions to Jay, (prepared by Madison,) not to insist
upon the free navigation of the Mississippi. Their report
would have exposed the United States to the risk, if ^pain
chose to claim it on the ground of the secret article with
France, of being compelled to conclude a treaty "on her
* 8D. C. 211.
18
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TIIE LIFE OF
first requisition. " It was amended on the next day* at the
instance of Rutledge, so as to direct him " to forbear making
any overtures or entering into any stipulations in conse-
quence of overtures previously made by him; and he was
authorized to leave Spain, and go into any other part
of Europe, whenever the state of his health might re-
quire it. "
If the American commissioner had any doubts remain-
ing as to the policy of Spain, they were removed by the
disclosure of the contents of an intercepted despatch from
the French ambassador at Madrid to Vergennes. This
document represented the strong aversion of the catholic
court to any American settlements on the Mississippi, as
they would engross the trade of New Orleans and Mexico;
that Spain was determined to make the Indians a barrier
between their possessions; "that she would find the
means, if necessary, to obstruct their progress; and that
France could not afford" Spain a greater proof of "her"
attachment, than in employing " her" influence in the Uni-
ted States to divert their views from the navigation of the
Mississippi. '! '
In the conference which has been mentioned between
D'Aranda and Jay on the twenty-ninth of June, the former
expatiated on the rights of Spain to a large tract of coun-
try east of the Mississippi, as conquests from England, re-
ferring to the post recently taken on the St Joseph, and
remarked as to such part of that region as she had not con-
quered, that it was the territory of free and independent
nations of Indians, whose lands could not be claimed by
the United States. J She then proposed a longitudinal
line as an arbitrary boundary, which would have dissev-
ered from the United States a large portion of her west-
ern territory- "The extravagance of this line" was indi-
? Aug. 1,1782. t Life of Jay, vol. 1, p. 139. X 8 D. C. 150.
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? HAMILTON.
13>>
cated by Franklin and Jay to Vergennes, but he, as before,
was reserved. The secretary Rayneval took up the discus-
sion, urged Jay again to treat without any exchange of
powers with D'Aranda, and subsequently submitted to
him a memoir which defended at length the claims of
Spain, and proposed to the United States the admission
of another arbitrary limit.
This proposition implied that Great Britain was entitled
to all the country north of the Ohio, and left in question
the rights of the United States to the extensive western
region above the thirty-first degree of latitude. These sug-
gestions were considered as part of that policy which had
instructed* De Grasse "to withdraw his fleet when the
enemy were at our feet, and a month's delay would have
reduced either New-York or Charleston;" and which
would have postponed the recognition of independence to
the conclusion of a general peace.
The desire of France to confine the limits of the United
States, was again evinced about the time of the return of
Oswald's full commission. Upon an intimation by D'Aran-
da of a wish to commence the negotiation, Jay expressed
his readiness when their powers should be exchanged.
D'Aranda inquired whether Jay had not been apprised
of his having been authorized by the prime minister of
Spain. He admitted it, but required the exchange of their
commissions. This w&s objected to on the ground that
Spain had not acknowledged our independence. Ver-
gennes urged a treaty with Spain in the same manner as
with France--that Spain did not deny the independence--
and proposed that a conference should be held without
saying a word about it, stating that an acknowledgment
of it would be the natural effect of the proposed treaty.
Jay replied, that, being independent, "both the terms of his
* 3D. C. 355.
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THE LIFE OF
commission and the dignity of America forbade his treat-
ing on any other than an equal footing. "
On the same occasion, Rayneval urged the adoption of
the conciliatory line he had proposed, and the advantage
of placing the Indians on each side of it under the protec-
tion of the respective sovereigns. Jay answered, that as
far as these demands affected the Indians, it was a question
between them and the United States, and remarked upon
the recency of these territorial claims. Rayneval in reply
observed, "that the Spanish prime minister had not un-
derstood the subject, and imputed his former ideas of the
United States extending to the Mississippi to his ignorance
of that matter. " A reply that left it not difficult to con-
jecture by whom these recent claims had been suggested.
That Spain should have sought these advantages, might
have been anticipated from the policy of that nation.
How France could have sustained the proposed mutilation
according to an arbitrary line, involving a principle by
which it might have been extended much further east, it is
difficult to conceive, when the grounds of the American
pretensions are understood. By the treaty of Paris, all the
region claimed by the United States had been ceded to the
sovereign of Great Britain. This, by charter, she had
granted, and defined as extending to the Mississippi. Thus
it was held previous to the revolution, and thus under the
same limits it (by the revolution) devolved upon those who
had acquired the sovereignty of this country.
France had acknowledged the independence of the Uni-
ted States; she had by treaty admitted their territorial
claims; she had by treaty guarantied all the possessions
which then belonged to them, to take effect at the instant
of a war between France and Great Britain; which war,
preceding that between Spain and England, precluded all
pretensions on the part of Spain by right of conquest.
Immediately after the commission was received by Os-
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? HAMILTON.
141
wald, the commissioners entered upon the negotiation,
with an express agreement on each part, that it should not
be disclosed to France. It commenced on the first of
October, and on the eighth of that month, articles, of
which the draft was prepared by Jay, were mutually
signed.
After an express preliminary acknowledgment of the
independence of the United States, their boundaries were
defined as prescribed in the original ultimatum of seven-
teen hundred and seventy-nine. The right of fishing and
of curing fish at the accustomed places, as urged by Gou-
verneur Morris, the author of this ultimatum, but then
rejected by congress, was granted. The navigation of the
Mississippi was declared to be forever free and open to
both nations, and the citizens and subjects and ships of
each nation were to enjoy the same protection and privi-
leges in each other's ports and countries, respecting com-
merce, duties, and charges, as were enjoyed by native
subjects, saving to the chartered trading companies of
Great Britain their exclusive rights.
The decision of the British cabinet upon these articles
was not received until the twenty-third of October, when
it was stated that objections arose as to the extent of the
boundaries and the absence of any provision for the tories,
to confer upon which, a person was deputed from Lon-
don.
Three days after, on the twenty-sixth* of October,
Adams arrived at Paris, and co-operated in support of the
terms which Jay had been the principal instrument in ob-
taining. It has been studiously laboured to give to Adams
the chief merit in this transaction; but it is only necessa-
ry to advert to the state of the negotiation when he arrived
at Paris, to decide to whom it belongs.
* Adams to Livingston, 6 D. C. 436.
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On resuming the negotiation, an effort was made to con
tract the limits of the United States, to bring the bounda-
ry to the Ohio, and to settle the loyalists in the vicinity of
the Illinois.
The court of St. James insisted upon retaining all the
territories comprehended within the province of Quebec,
by the acts of parliament respecting it. They contended
that Nova Scotia should extend to the Kennebec, and
claimed all the lands in the western country and on the
Mississippi not expressly included in our charters and go-
vernments, and also all not previously granted by the
crown. But the limits originally proposed were adhered
to, and, with some concessions to the east and north, were
acknowledged.
The points chiefly contested were the restitution, com-
pensation, and amnesty to the adherents of Great Britain,
and a limitation of the fisheries.
The former of these was most urged. It will be re-
corded to the honour of England, that it was the first in-
sisted upon and the last relinquished, and relinquished not
of choice, but because the British government were satis-
fied that congress did not possess the power to make or to
fulfil the necessary stipulations. A substitute was inserted
recommending the restitution of the confiscated estates.
No further confiscations nor prosecutions were to be per-
mitted, and all existing prosecutions were to be discon-
tinued. An express stipulation was also made, that no
legal impediment should be interposed to the full recovery,
in sterling money, by the creditors of either side, of all
bona fide debts previously contracted. All prisoners
were to be discharged; the American possessions were to
be evacuated without the destruction or deportation of
negroes or other American property; and conquests sub-
sequent to the execution of these articles were to be le-
stored without compensation. A separate and secret
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? HAMILTON. 143
article was added, defining the boundary between West
Florida and the United States, in case Great Britain should
recover, or be put in possession of it at the conclusion of
the war. The questions as to the fisheries were much de-
bated, and were satisfactorily adjusted, after a demand of
compensation for injuries being proposed by Franklin and
abandoned.
The policy of France with respect to these particulars,
also produced in the minds of the commissioners much
dissatisfaction. The details of the discussion as to the
fisheries are not preserved with sufficient minuteness to en-
able a very accurate judgment to be formed of the several
propositions made. Acting upon the instructions of the
fifteenth of June, seventeen hundred and eighty-one,
Franklin made no mention of this great interest until some
time after the arrival of Jay.
His demand of this right, which congress declared was
"no less indispensable in its exercise" than "indisputable
in its principles,"* was made to the British negotiator early
in July. It appears that this important claim, then made
the first time, created not a little surprise in the breast of
the British commissioner.
It had been declared by Lord Chatham that the " exclu-
sive right" to the fisheries "was an object worthy of being
contested by the extremities of war. " The reluctance of
England to the participation of the Americans in a pur-
suit which, as a nursery of seamen, would enable them to
contest the supremacy of the ocean, may be supposed to
have created obstacles on the part of that maritime power.
Former events had shown to France the importance the
English crown attached to it; and hence, had a disposition
existed to interpose an obstacle to a treaty, none other
would have been more readily seized upon. What shape
3 s. J. 158.
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THE LIFE OF
this question assumed in the progressive negotiations be-
tween Great Britain and France, is not known; whether
that of an equal division of the fisheries, with a total ex-
clusion of the people of the United States, or a limitation
of them merely to the coast fishery; but the evidence is >>
complete, that France, if she did not oppose, at least looked
coldly on the claims of the United States.
In a conversation held between Jay and Rayneval, (after
Great Britain had resolved to grant them,) to an inquiry by
the latter," what we demanded as to the fisheries," on being
informed " that we insisted on enjoying a rjght in common
to them with Great Britain, he intimated that our views
should not extend further than a coast fishery, and insinua-
ted that pains had lately been taken in the eastern states to
excite their apprehensions and increase their demands on
that head. We told him that such a right was essential
to us, and that our people would not be content to make
peace without it; and Franklin explained very fully their
great importance to the eastern states in particular. He
softened his manner--observed that it was natural for
France to wish better to us than to England; but as the
fisheries were a great nursery for seamen, we might sup-
pose that England would be disinclined to admit others to
share in it, and that for his part he wished there might be
as few obstacles to a peace as possible. He reminded us
also, that Oswald's new commission had been issued poste-
rior to his arrival at London. "
The only remaining question that excites attention upon
which the course of France is to be investigated, is as to
the proposed stipulations with respect to the loyalists. In
the despatch from Adams,* the representations made by
the French envoy to congress, and the opinion of Ver-
gennes in favour of clemency and restitution, are imputed
* 6 D. C. 443-445.
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? HAMILTON.
145
to a knowledge that the American commissioners were in-
structed not to make any express engagements in their
behalf, and that congress had not a constitutional authority
to make them; and it is suggested that the pertinacity of
England in protecting her adherents, was "stimulated by
French emissaries. " Congress had indeed declared that it
was their "particular wish" that the return " of these fu-
gitives and exiles from their country" should "be most
strenuously opposed,"* and that any stipulations for their
return were dishonourable to the government of the states
and obnoxious to the people at large. But that France
should have interposed her influence in their behalf, against
a policy so impolitic and harsh, may be ascribed to other
motives--to the feelings of a nation which regarded loyal-
ty as a virtue--which supposed that clemency was the
proper attribute of a crown, and would not, at least on the
part of her ally, be a theme of reproach.
Vergennes, upon an annunciation being made to
him of the signature of the treaty, addressed a sharp re-
buke to Franklin for having concluded the preliminary
articles without any communication to him, " although the
instructions from congress prescribe that nothing should
be done without the participation of the king. " Franklin
mildly answered, that nothing had been agreed in the
preliminaries contrary to the interest of France, " and that
no peace was to take place between us and England till
France concluded hers. " He disclaimed any intentional
disrespect to the king, and asked to be excused "this single
indiscretion. "f
In a subsequent letter to the American government, af-
ter stating that Vergennes had been satisfied on this point,
he observed, in reference to a possible censure by con-
gress, "that their nomination of five persons to this ser-
? 3 S. J. 159. Report of Lovell, Carroll, and Madison, t 4 D. C. 57.
19
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146
THE LIFE OF
vice, seems to mark that they had some dependence on
our joint judgments, since one alone could have made a
treaty by direction of the French ministry as well as
twenty. " He imputes the conduct of France to an appre-
hension that if America should have claimed too much, the
opportunity of peace might have been lost; comments on
the suspicions entertained by Adams that Vergennes and
he " were continually plotting against him, and employing
the ministers of Europe to depreciate his character;" but
at the same time makes the declaration, " I am persuaded,
however, that he means well for his country, is always an
honest man, often a wise one, but sometimes and in some
things absolutely out of his senses. "*
The result of these negotiations was received by the
people of America with a burst of approbation. Not only
had the United States obtained all, but more than they
could have expected; every essential right had been se-
cured--no sacrifice had been made of the national honour.
But a different feeling existed with a party in congress;
that which the nation approved, they deemed deserving
of censure.
The American commissioners, on the annunciation to
congress of the conclusion of the preliminary treaty, ex-
plained the motives which had induced them to approve
of its leading articles. As to the boundaries, they stated
the extent of the British claims--the hostility of France.
and Spain to the American interests--and the advanta-
geous limits which had been established.
The provision for the British creditors was defended on
the obvious principles of justice. The articles as to the
refugees were represented as having been assented to by
Great Britain because it was particularly important to its
administration then to conclude the negotiation. The
* 4 D. C. 139.
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? HAMtLTON. 147
concealment of the provisions of the treaty from France
was justified on the ground that they " did not correspond
with the policy of France. " The stipulation to act "in
confidence and in concurrence with her," was founded on
a mutual understanding that she would assist the United
States in obtaining their " indubitable rights;" and having
opposed them, they insisted she was no longer entitled to
that confidence, and that the injunction "to do nothing
without the advice and consent of that court," could not
have intended a consultation to procure an injury.
The separate article, they observed, was added from co-
gent motives. Deeming it important to extend the limits
of the United States to the lowest possible point on the
Mississippi, it was thought advisable to impress Britain
with a strong sense of the value of this navigation to her
future commerce on the interior waters from the Saint
Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico, and thus to render her
averse to the claims of Spain. These objects militated
against each other, because to enhance the value of the
navigation, was also to enhance the value of the contiguous
territory, and disincline England to a dereliction of it.
This was effected by a composition: Great Britain with-
drew her pretensions above the Yazoo, and the United
States ceded all below it, in case that power should repos-
sess Florida; both parties retaining the common use of
the Mississippi. This composition was inserted in a sepa-
rate article, expressly in order to keep it secret, lest Spain
should have been irritated and have retarded the conclu-
sion of the negotiation. France had no interest in this
matter--she was not entitled to be informed of it.
Jefferson had been appointed early in the session a
member of this commission, and was at this time engaged
in the department of state preparing for its duties. The
advices removing the motives to his departure, his appoint-
ment was revoked.
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Under date of the sixth of November, the secretary
of foreign affairs had written "that the clauses of the
commission to Mr. Fitzherbert, which were designed to
include the United States, were strong indications of the
extreme reluctance of the British to give up their supposed
dominion over this country. " In another letter, under the
supposition that England would withhold the fisheries, he
observed, "they are essential to some states, and we can-
not but hate the nation that keeps us from using this com-
mon favour of Providence. "
Notwithstanding the evidence these despatches gave
that the clauses in the commission which he had repro-
bated were inserted with the approbation of Vergennes,
and although England had yielded the fisheries in despite
of the efforts of France to keep us from " using this com-
mon favour of Providence," a criminatory letter was ad-
dressed by him to congress, asking their directions as to
the reply to be given to these communications.
In this letter, after a sharp condemnation of their con-
duct, he proposed three resolutions to be passed: one
directing him to communicate the secret article to the am-
bassador of France, in such manner as will best remove
any unfavourable impression of the sincerity of these
states or their minister; another, informing the Ameri-
can commissioners of this act, and of the reasons which
influenced congress, and instructing them to agree that in
whatever hands West Florida might remain at the conclu-
sion of the war, the United States will be satisfied with
the limits in the separate article; and a third, declaring the
"sense" of congress that the provisional articles " are not
to take place until a peace shall have been actually signed"
between France and Britain.
The preamble to these articles declared, " that the treaty
of peace which they were to constitute, was not to be
concluded until terms of a peace shall be agreed upon be-
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? HAMILTON. 149
tween Great Britain and France. His Britannic majesty
shall be ready to conclude such treaty accordingly. " This
preamble, he declared, was so expressed, as to render it
"very doubtful whether our treaty does not take place the
moment France and England have agreed on the terms
of their treaty, though France should refuse to sign till her
allies were satisfied. "
Had the proposed resolution passed, its effect would
have been to keep the question of peace or war open until
France should have satisfied her allies;--to have made the
termination of this controversy depend on the disposition
of Spain to relinquish her extravagant pretensions to the
western territory of the United States.
When the character of this treaty is considered, it is not
to be supposed that a communication of such a complexion
would have been prepared on the sole responsibility and
suggestion of its author, and without confidence in the
strength of the party in congress devoted to France. On
its being read, a vote of censure was proposed as to a
negotiation which must forever command the gratitude of
the American people, and in which Jay took "a lead no
less honourable to his talents than to his firmness. "
This vote of censure was sustained by Madison ;* but
* Judge Peters, who was a member of this congress, and who offered an
approving resolution, wrote to Jay :--
"I voted against an unwarrantable philippic of censure, brought forward
in congress against your conduct to please the French. I thought then,
and do now, that it was a mean compliance. Our friend Madison, who was
generally then with us, left his friends on that subject, and I never liked him
the better for it. " Jay replied: "After my return in 1784, I was informed
of the debate in congress on the proposed resolution which you mention. In
my opinion Madison voted consistently. "--2 Jay's Life, 401,404.
Referring to a resolution of Virginia, Madison wrote Randolph, January
7,1783:--" The preliminary requisition of an acknowledgment of our inde-
pendence, in the most ample manner, seems to be still more incautious, since
it disaccords with the treaty of alliance which admits the sufficiency of a
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there were those in that senate who would have incurred
any sacrifice, rather than a sacrifice of the dignity of their
country to avert the displeasure of any foreign power.
It was resisted, and resisted firmly, perseveringly, and
successfully.
Different substitutes were offered. That of Hamilton
declared, that "as congress are desirous of manifesting at
all times the most perfect confidence in their ally, the
secret article should be communicated to the minister of
France by the secretary of foreign affairs; and that he in-
form the commissioners of the reasons for that communi-
cation, expressing to them the desire of congress that they
will, upon all occasions, maintain perfect harmony and
confidence with an ally to whose generous assistance the
United States are so signally indebted; that congress en-
tertain a high sense of the services of these commissioners,
for their steady attention to the dignity and essential rights
of the United States, and in obtaining from the court of
Great Britain articles so favourable and so important to
those interests. "*
These substitutes were referred, and on the nineteenth
of March, a report was made, the draft of which still ex-
ists with encomiastic interlineations in Hamilton's hand.
During the debate on this report, intelligence of the sig-
lacit acknowledgment. " Also, March 18, 1783--"The latest letters from
our ministers express the greatest jealousy of Great Britain; and secondly,
that the situation of France betweenthe interfering claims of Spain and the
United States, to which may perhaps be added some particular views of her
own, having carried her into a discountenance of our claims, the suspicions
of our ministers on that side gave an opportunity to British address to decoy
them into a degree of confidence, which seems to leave their own reputa-
tions, as well bb the safety of their country, at the mercy of Shelburne. In
this business Jay has taken the lead, and proceeded to a length of which you
can form little idea. Adams has followed with cordiality; Franklin has
been dragged into it. "
? Vol. 2, No. 25, state department.
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? HAMILTON. 151
nature of the preliminary articles was received, and on
the fifteenth of April the instrument of ratification prepar-
ed by Hamilton was agreed to.
He wrote to Jay:--" Though I have not performed my
promise of writing to you, which I made you when
you left this country, yet I have not the less inter-
ested myself in your welfare and success. I have been
witness with pleasure to every event which has had a ten-
dency to advance you in the esteem of your country; and
I may assure you with sincerity, that it is as high as you
can possibly wish. ,
"The peace, which exceeds in the goodness of its terms
the expectations of the most sanguine, does the highest
honour to those who made it. It is the more agreeable, as
the time was come when thinking men began to be se-
riously alarmed at the internal embarrassments and ex-
hausted state of this country. The New-England people
talk of making you an annual fish-offering, as an acknow-
ledgment of your exertions for the participation of the
fisheries.
"We have now happily concluded the great work of
independence, but much remains to be done to reap the
fruits of it. Our prospects are not flattering. Every day
proves the inefiicacy of the present confederation; yet the
common danger being removed, we are receding instead
of advancing in a disposition to amend its defects. The
road to popularity in each state is, to inspire jealousies of
the power of congress; though nothing can be more appa-
rent than that they have no power, and that for the want
of it the resources of the country during the war could not
be drawn out, and we at this moment experience all the
mischief of a bankrupt and ruined credit. It is to be
hoped that when prejudice and folly have run themselves
out of breath, we may return to reason and correct our
errors. "
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THE LIFE OP
The preceding narrative develops a policy which evi-
dently sought to curtail the limits and to check the growth
of this infant empire. A confirmation of its purposes is to
be found in the instructions of Montmorin, the successor
of Vergennes, to his legate in the United States. "That
it is not advisable for France to give to America all the
stability of which she is susceptible: she will acquire a
degree of power she will be too well disposed to abuse. "
It is seen in the continued efforts of her agents to support
the impotent confederacy of the states, after every enlight-
ened and every virtuous patriot had condemned it; and
may be read in the proclamation to the world by their
successors, of the perfidious conduct of the old government
of France towards their too confiding ally.
Such a policy, it would seem, could only have been sug-
gested by and founded upon the subservience of leading
men in this country, who, prompted by illicit motives, allied
themselves to her corrupt and crafty councils.
When the existence and consequences of such a con-
nection are considered, Hamilton's public declaration will
not excite surprise :--
"Upon my first going into congress, I discovered symp-
toms of a party too well disposed to subject the interests
of the United States to the management of France.
Though I felt, in common with those who had participated
in the revolution, a lively sentiment of good-will towards
a power whose co-operation, however it was and ought to
have been dictated by its own interest, had been extremely
useful to us, and had been afforded in a liberal and hand-
some manner; yet, tenacious of the real independence of
our country, and dreading the preponderance of foreign
influence as the natural disease of popular government, I
was struck with disgust at the appearance, in the very
cradle of our republic, of a party actuated by an undue
complaisance to a foreign power, and I resolved at once to
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? HAMILTON.
153
resist this bias in our affairs: a resolution which has been
the chief cause of the persecution I have endured in the
subsequent stages of my political life.
"Among the fruits of the bias I have mentioned, were the
celebrated instructions to our commissioners, for treating
of peace with Great Britain; which, not only as to final
measures, but also as to preliminary and intermediate ne-
gotiations, placed them in a state of dependence on the
French ministry, humiliating to themselves and unsafe for
the interests of the country. This was the more excep-
tionable, as there was cause to suspect, that, in regard to
the two cardinal points of the fisheries and the navigation
of the Mississippi, the policy of the cabinet of Versailles
did not accord with the wishes of the United States.
"The commissioners, of whom Mr. Adams was one, had
the fortitude to break through the fetters which were laid
upon them by those instructions; and there is reason to
believe that, by doing it, they both accelerated the peace
with Great Britain and improved the terms, while they
preserved our faith with France. Yet a serious attempt
was made to obtain from congress a formal censure of
their conduct. The attempt failed, and instead of cen-
sure, the praise was awarded which was justly due to the
accomplishment of a treaty advantageous to this country
beyond the most sanguine expectation. In this result, my
efforts were heartily united. "
20
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THE LIFE OF
CHAPTER XVIII.
[1783. ]
The necessity felt by the friends of the public faith of
availing themselves of the army discontents, much as the
exercise of such an influence was apprehended, is shown
by the proceedings of Massachusetts, at that time the rich-
est state in the confederation, and which had suffered less
than any other from the war.
It will be remembered that the half-pay was established
in seventeen hundred and eighty, by a congress elected
before the articles of the confederation had gone into ope-
ration, while they were exercising all the large powers
which, in the early exigencies of the country, had been
conferred upon them, and which were incidental to the
purposes of their election; no question could, therefore,
exist as to their right to make this pledge.
The articles of the confederation were adopted on the
first March, seventeen hundred and eighty-one. By the
twelfth article, all the engagements of the previous con-
gresses were sanctioned as a charge against the United
States, " for the payment whereof the public faith was so-
lemnly pledged. " Yet, with a knowledge of this pledge,
the legislature of Massachusetts, under the influence of the
individuals who had been principally instrumental in
framing those articles, though they admitted the discre-
tionary power of congress to provide for the support of
the army, declared that the principles of equity had not
been attended to in the grant of half-pay: "that being,
in their opinion, a grant of more than an adequate reward
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? HAMILTON. 155
for their services, and inconsistent with that equality
which ought to subsist among citizens of free and republi-
can states; that such a measure appeared to be calculated
to raise and exalt some citizens in wealth and grandeur, to
the injury and oppression of others. "
Such was the language of a state, in reference to an
explicit public engagement, to an army which had by that
engagement alone been saved from dissolution. This re-
monstrance of Massachusetts was brought before congress
at a later period than that now under consideration. A
committee sustained the grant, independent of all consid-
erations of policy, upon the ground that it was a complete
and constitutional act; yet such were the jealousies of this
assembly, that on the discussion of their report, the decla-
ration of the constitutional power of congress to make it
was stricken out; and the delegates of Massachusetts,
though some of them were in favour of the measure,
yielded so far to the influence of their state, as to decline
voting on the final question. *
Among the resolutions adopted by the army on the fif-
teenth of March, one expressed their " unshaken confi-
dence in the justice of congress and their country; and
stated that they were fully convinced that the representa-
tives of America would not disband or disperse them, un-
til their accounts were liquidated, the balances accurately
ascertained, and adequate funds established for their pay-
ment. "
The terms of this resolution had given great embarrass-
ment. The committee of which Hamilton was chairman,
requested him to communicate their difficulties to the com-
mander-in-chief, and to ask his private opinion, which ha
* A formal protest signed by Samuel Adams was presented to congress,
in which it is to be remarked, that this provision for the army is assigned as
one of the reasons for refusing the impost.
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THE LIFE OF
thus did:--" The army, by their resolutions, express an
expectation that congress will not disband them previous
to a settlement of accounts and the establishment of funds.
Congress may resolve upon the first, but the general opin-
ion is, that they cannot constitutionally declare the second.
They have no right by the confederation to demand funds,
they can only recommend; and to determine that the army
shall be continued in service till the states grant them,
would be to determine that the whole present army shall
be a standing army during peace, unless the states comply
with the requisitions for funds. This, it is supposed^would
excite the claims and jealousies of the states, and increase
rather than lessen the opposition to the funding scheme.
It is also observed that the longer the army is kept together,
the more the payment of past dues is procrastinated; the
abilities of the states being exhausted for their immediate
support, and a new debt every day incurred. It is further
suggested, that there is danger in keeping the army to-
gether in a state of inactivity, and that a separation of the
several lines would facilitate the settlement of accounts,
diminish present expense, and avoid the danger of the
union. It is added, that the officers of each line, being on
the spot, might, by their own solicitations and those of their
friends, forward the adoption of funds in the different
states. A proposition will be transmitted to you by Colo-
nel Bland, in the form of a resolution to be adopted by
congress, framed upon the principles of the foregoing rea-
soning.
"Another proposition is contained in the following reso-
lution :--' That the commander-in-chief be informed, it is
the intention of congress to effect the settlement of the
accounts of the respective lines previous to their reduction,
and that congress are doing and will continue to do every
thing in their power towards procuring satisfactory secu-
rities for what shall be found due on such settlement. '
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? HAMILTON.
157
"The scope of this, your excellency will perceive with-
out comment. I am to request you will favour me with
your sentiments on both the propositions, and in general
with your ideas of what had best be done with reference
to the expectation expressed by the officers, taking into
view the situation of congress. On one side, the army
expect they will not be disbanded till accounts are settled
and funds established; on the other hand, they have no
constitutional power of doing any thing more than to
recommend funds, and are persuaded that these will
meet with mountains of prejudice in some of the states.
A considerable progress has been made in a plan for
funding the public debt, and it is to be hoped it will ere
long go forth to the states with every argument that can
give it success.
"Philadelphia, 25th of March, 1783. " ,
This public letter was enclosed in a private one of the
same date, which exhibits his deep sense of the injuries to
which the army was exposed, and his indignation and dis-
gust at the imbecile counsels that induced congress to trifle
with so solemn an engagement.
"SIB,
"The enclosed I write more in a public than in a private
capacity.