;
accompanied
embas-
sies to St.
sies to St.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
, 1848;
died 1893. She contributed to magazines; pub-
lished (The Huguenot Influence in Rhode
Island, and (South Country Neighbors) (1887).
Carpenter, Stephen Cutter. An American
journalist and prose-writer; born in England;
died about 1820. He came to the United States
(1803) and settled in Charleston, S. C. , where
he soon founded and published with John
Bristed the Monthly Register Magazine and
Review of the United States. Later he was
editor of the Mirror of Taste and Dramatic
Censor, in which appeared some clever sketches
of American actors. His works include:
(Memoirs of Jefferson, Containing a Concise
History of the United States from the Ac-
knowledgment of their Independence, with a
View of the Rise and Progress of French In-
fuence and French Principles in that Country)
(2 vols. , 1809); (Select American Speeches,
Forensic and Parliamentary, with Prefatory
Remarks; a Sequel to Dr. Chapman's Select
Speeches) (1815); and under the pen-name of
“Donald Campbell, Overland Journey to
India' (2d ed. 1809-10), and Letter on the Pres.
ent Times. )
Carr, Lucien. An American archäologist ;
born in Missouri, 1829. He has written:
(Mounds of the Mississippi Valley) (1883);
(Missouri, a Bone of Contention) (1888); and
(Prehistoric Remains of Kentucky) (with
Shaler).
Carrér, Luigi (kä-rār'). An Italian poet
(1801-50); born at Venice. His first volume of
(Poems) contained sonnets, odes, and ballads
(1832). He wrote a poetical account of the
history of Venice, and published four volumes
of Prose and Poetry) (1837). He is ranked
among the best of the later Italian poets.
Carrera, Valentino (kär-rā'rä). An Italian
dramatic poet; born at Turin, Dec. 19, 1834.
He is one of the most original dramatists of
Italy, especially in comedy. Among his many
comedies, vaudevilles, etc. , the play which won
3
## p. 96 (#112) #############################################
96
CARRINGTON-CARY
sermons.
for him a wide reputation was (La Quaderna
di Nanni) (1870), a perfect picture of Floren-
tine life. He wrote some historical sketches
and narratives of travel.
Carrington, Henry Beebe. A distinguished
American soldier and military writer; born at
Wallingford, Conn. , March 2, 1824. Originally
a lawyer, he became brigadier-general of volun-
teers in the Civil War, served in the West till
1868, and was appointed professor of military
science at Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind.
His present home is in Boston. He wrote:
(Battles of the American Revolution) (3d ed.
1878); (Apsaraka, or Indian Operations on the
Plains); etc.
Carroll, Anna Ella. An American polit-
ical writer; born in Maryland, 1815; died in
1894. She wrote: (The Great American Battle)
(1856); (The Star of the West' (1856); (The
War Powers of the General Government)
(1861); etc.
Carroll, Lewis, pseudonym of Charles Lut-
widge Dodgson. A notable English humorist ;
born 1833; died January 1898. His fame is
based on the stories — nominally for the nurs-
ery, but only appreciable in their full merit
by adults -(Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)
(1865), and its sequel (Through the Looking-
Glass) (1872). They are fantasy-fables, full of
what seems pure nonsense, but is really based
largely on reductions to absurdity of illogi-
cal popular usages in language or reasoning.
They have been translated into most of the
languages of Europe. Some excellent nonsense
verse is also found in the collections (Phan-
tasmagoria) (1869), the poem (The Hunting of
the Snark) (1876), and the inferior prose fairy-
tale (Sylvie and Bruno. The author has pub-
lished several works on mathematics and logic,
in both serious and humorous form; but the
playfulness of the latter demands too much
expert scholarship to be popular. *
Carruthers, William A. An American nov-
elist; born in Virginia about 1800; died in
Savannah, Ga. , about 1850. He was profession-
ally a physician, but wrote a number of spirited
romances founded on incidents in American
history. His best work is (The Cavaliers of
Virginia, or the Recluse of Jamestown, an His-
torical Romance of the Old Dominion (1832).
He is the author also of "The Knights of the
Horse-Shoe, a Traditionary Tale of the Cocked
Hat Gentry in the Old Dominion' (1845).
Carryl, Charles Edward. An American
story-writer; born in New York city, Dec. 30,
1841. In 1885 he published Davy and the
Goblin,' followed by (The Admiral's Caravan,'
both juveniles in the manner of Lewis Carroll.
He is a broker in New York city.
Carter, Elizabeth. An English writer; born
in Kent, 1717; died in London, 1806. She is
remembered for her version of Epictetus, al-
though her (Ode to Wisdom (1746) is ad-
mired.
Carter, Robert. An American littérateur;
born in Albany, N. Y. , Feb. 5, 1819; died in
Cambridge, Mass. , Feb. 15, 1879. At first as-
sociated with Lowell in a monthly magazine,
later the private secretary of Prescott, then co-
editor of a newspaper with Hildreth, he passed
his life in miscellaneous journalistic and liter-
ary work; the most important being a large
share in editing (1859–63) the first two editions
of the American Cyclopædia. His one book,
(A Summer Cruise on the Coast of New Eng.
land' (1864), was long popular as an enter-
taining travel sketch, and among naturalists
for its account of New England fishes.
Carteret, Antoine Alfred Désiré (kär-trā').
A Swiss statesman and fabulist; born Ge-
neva, April 2, 1813; died there, Jan 31, 1889.
His political career was long and brilliant;
and in literature he has made a name with
pleasing Fables) (1873), frequently treating
political subjects, and a novel, (Two Friends)
(1872), descriptive of Genevese customs.
Cartwright, Peter. An American contro-
versialist and sermonist; born in Virginia, Sept.
1, 1785; died Sept. 25, 1872. He was a Meth-
odist clergyman, of great power and eccen-
tricity, and preached, it is said, fully 15,000
He published (A Controversy with
the Devil'; Autobiography of a Backwoods
Preacher); (Fifty Years a Presiding Elder.
Cartwright, William. An English drama-
tist and poet; born in Northway, September
1611, or Aug. 16, 1615; died at Oxford, Nov.
29, 1643. His plays were immensely success.
ful at the time; (The Ordinary) is probably
the best, but “The Royal Slave) is meritorious,
and both contain much lively wit and satire
at the expense of the Puritans. The poems
are not so good.
Carutti di Cantogno, Domenico, Baron
(kä-röt'ē dē kän-ton'yo). An Italian historian
and publicist; born in Cumiana, near Turin,
Nov. 26, 1821. As a young man he took to
romance-writing, but was speedily absorbed in
politics and rose to great distinction. When
he resumed the pen, it was to compile such
solid works as History of the Reign of Vic-
tor Amadeus II. (1856), and History of the
Reign of Charles Emanuel III. (1859), which
are interesting and scholarly.
Cary, Alice. An American poet; born near
Cincinnati, O. , April 26, 1820; died in New
York city, Feb. 12, 1871. When quite young
she commenced writing sketches and poems
for the press. In 1852 she, with her sister
Phoebe, removed to New York city, where they
lived during the rest of their lives. In 1850
the sisters published a volume entitled Poems
by Alice and Phæbe Cary. Alice soon after
published "Clovernook, or Recollections of our
Neighborhood in the West) (1851-53); “Hagar,
a Story of To-Day) (1852); Married not Mated)
(1856); (The Lover's Diary) (1867); and Snow-
Be es: A Bo for Young Folks) (1869).
a
## p. 97 (#113) #############################################
CARY – CASTELLO-BRANCO
97
(
Cary, Edward. An American journalist;
born in New York State, 1840. He has long
been connected with the New York Times.
His principal published work is a Life of
George William Curtis.
Cary, Henry Francis. An English poet and
translator of Dante; born at Gibraltar, Spain,
Dec. 6, 1772; died in London, Aug. 14, 1844.
Although his fame rests upon his version of
Dante's Divine Comedy,' he possessed an inti-
mate knowledge of Latin, Greek, and French,
and translated masterpieces from those lan-
guages adequately and with grace.
Cary, Phoebe. An American poet and prose-
writer, sister of Alice; born in Cincinnati, O. ,
Sept. 4, 1824; died in Newport, R. I. , July
31, 1871. She contributed numerous sketches to
various periodicals; and with her sister pub-
lished many books, among which are (Poems
and Parodies) (1854), and Poems of Faith,
Hope, and Love.
Casanova de Seingalt, Giovanni Jacopo
(kä"sa-nö'vä de sin'gält). An Italian advent-
urer; born at Venice, 1725; died in Bohemia,
June 4, 1798. Expelled from Venice for his
scandalous irregularities, he returned there and
was imprisoned ; after some months he made
his escape, and for twenty years traveled over
Europe, imposing upon all classes of society
with his pretensions to occult science and knowl-
edge of all the secrets of alchemy, including
rejuvenation of the old. Among his dupes were
Mme. de Pompadour, Frederick the Great, and
even that other prince of charlatans, Cagliostro.
He wrote his Memoirs,' which were published
(1828) in 12 volumes. *
Casas, Bartolomeo de las (kä'säs). A Span-
ish missionary to the aborigines of New Spain ;
born at Seville, 1474; died at Madrid, July 1566.
Moved to compassion by the inhuman treatment
of the natives by their Spanish taskmasters, he
labored to have them put under protection of
the law, and to have slaves imported from Africa
for labor in the mines and on the plantations.
He wrote memoirs in the interest of the abo-
rigines, as (A Very Brief Account of the Ruin
of the Indies) (1542); “Twenty Reasons); etc.
He wrote a History of the Indies, but it has
not been printed. *
Casgrain, Abbe Henry Raymond (kä-gran').
A Canadian historical writer; born in Rivière
Quelle, Quebec, Dec. 16, 1831. Oct. 5, 1856, he
was ordained a priest. He was professor at
Ste. Anne's College until 1859, and afterward
vicar at Quebec Cathedral from 1860 till 1873.
Among his most important works are: (History
of the Hôtel Dieu de Quebec); My Cana-
dian Parish in the Seventeenth Century. A
collection of his entire works was published in
1886.
Cass, Lewis. A famous American states-
man, diplomatist, and soldier; born at Exeter,
X. H. , Oct. 9, 1872; died at Detroit, Mich. ,
June 17, 1866. He served in the War of 1812;
was governor of Michigan Territory (1813-
31); Secretary of War (1831-36); minister to
France (1836-42); United States Senator (1845-
48); Presidential candidate (1848); United
States Senator (1849-57); Secretary of State
(1857-60). He wrote: (History, Traditions,
and Languages of the Indians) (1823); France,
its King, Court, and Government'; etc.
Cassin, John. An American ornithologist;
born near Chester, Pa. , Sept. 6, 1813; died in
Philadelphia, Jan. 10, 1869. Among his more
important works may be named : Mammalogy
and Ornithology of the Wilkes Exploring Ex-
pedition); (Ornithology of Perry's Expedition
to Japan'; etc.
Castanheda, Fernão Lopez de (käs-tän-
ā'dä). A Portuguese historian; born 1500 (? );
died 1559. His father having been appointed
to an important post in India, he was taken
thither in youth, and was thus led to make
the careful and unremitting researches em-
bodied in the History of the Discovery and
Conquest of India by the Portuguese) (1551-
61), a work upon which Camoens drew largely
in the course of his epic activity.
Castelar, Emilio (käs-tā-lär'). An eminent
Spanish orator, statesman, and writer; born at
Cadiz, Sept. 8, 1832. In early manhood he was
a journalist. In 1864, he became professor of
history in the University of Madrid. He was
always a “Progressist," and gradually became
a leader in all the struggles of the Liberal
party of Spain. His eloquence is poetic and
rhetorical, of marvelous Auency and enthusiasm.
He has written many historical and political
works; among them : (Civilization in the First
Five Centuries of Christianity); Questions Po.
litical and Social); (History of the Republican
Movement in Europe); (Historical Gallery of
Celebrated Women'; (History's Tragedies.
Castelein, Matthijs de (käs-tel-in'). A Dutch
poet (1485-1550); born at Pamele (Oudenarde).
He was the acknowledged lawgiver and pat-
tern of all the Dutch rhetoricians of his time,
in his (Art of Rhetoric. He composed many
plays, but only two of them were published :
one of these is the Story of Pyramus and
Thisbe. He wrote also "Ballads) and a vol.
ume of Various Lays,' in melodious verse.
Castelli, Ignaz Franz (käs-tel'lē). An Aus-
trian poet (1781-1862). He wrote many war
songs; one of which, War-Song of the Aus-
trian Army) (1809), was deemed not unworthy
of notice by the official organ of the French
government. His opera “The Swiss Family)
(1811) was produced on every German stage.
His theatrical pieces numbered over 200.
Castello-Branco, Camillo (käs-tel'lo
bränk'ā). A notable Portuguese novelist and
poet; born in Lisbon, March 16, 1826; died at
San Miguel de Seide, June 6, 1890. He is the
most popular of the modern romancists of
Portugal, and at the same time the most na-
tional in tone, spirit, and form. Realism char-
acterizes his numerous novels (over 100); the
best known being : Love of Perdition (1862);
(The Marquis of Torres Novas); (Brilliants
7
## p. 98 (#114) #############################################
98
CASTELNOVO-CATO
was
from Brazil. All of them are genuine pictures
of Portuguese life. Among his poetic composi-
tions, the collection published under the title
(A Book) (1854) holds the first place.
Castelnovo, Leo di (käs-tel-no'vo), pseudo-
nym of Count Leopoldo Pullè. An Italian
dramatist and poet; born in Verona, April 17,
1835. He is conspicuous politically, and has
written a number of plays, mostly comedies;
the best being probably Drink or Choke)
[“O bere o affogare, meaning a case of Hob-
son's choice) and (A Dead Heart. Harp
and Guitar) is a verse collection. Notable too
is his novel, Do the Dead Return ? )
Castelnuovo, Enrico (käs''tel-nö-õ'vo). An
Italian novelist; born at Florence, 1839. His
stories have attained great popularity; among
them: Prof. Romualdo) (1878); (Two Con-
ventions) (1885); (Reminiscences and Fancies)
(1886). He is one of the acknowledged Ital-
ian masters of the (novel of the inner life »
(romano intimo).
Castelvecchio, Riccardo (käs''tel-vek'e-),
pseudonym of Count Giulio Pulle. An Ital-
ian dramatist, father of Count Leopoldo Pulle;
born in Verona. His greatest success
(The Romantic Lady and the Homeopathic
Doctor) (new ed. 1869), a comedy; another,
(The Discreet [Lady's] Maid, is also very
popular.
Casti, Giambattista (käs'tē). An Italian
poet (1721-1803). He entered the service of
the Emperor Joseph II.
; accompanied embas-
sies to St. Petersburg, etc. He won fame by
his "Gay Stories in Ottava Rima, and acided
to it by his witty satiric (Talking Animals)
(1802). The latter work was immediately trans-
lated into most of the languages of Europe.
The English translation, with numerous addi-
tions, was made by W. S. Rose, and published
as (The Court and Parliament of Beasts)
(1819). Casti wrote also two very successful
comic operas, and a poetic satire on court life
in the reign of Catharine II. of Russia.
Castiglione, Baldassare, Count (käs-tēl.
yo'nē). An Italian poet and statesman (1478–
1529); born in the district of Mantua. He
wrote a volume of Poems Vernacular and
Latin. But the work to which he owes his
literary fame is "The Book of the Courtier,
a masterpiece of elegant and ornate prose.
It lays down the laws of courtesy and of courtly
manners, and incidentally gives a view of life
in the highest society in the author's time. *
Castilho, Antonio Feliciano (käs-tēl'o). A
Portuguese poet (1800-75). Though almost
blind, he studied jurisprudence at Coimbra.
His first poetical composition, Letters of Echo
and Narcissus, published while he was a
student, won him great celebrity. He excelled
in pastorals; and to this class belong his
(Spring,' and 'Love and Melancholy, or the
Latest Heloise. ) He had a deep sympathy
with nature, and was a master of elegiac verse.
Castillejo, Christóval de (käs-tēl-yā'ho).
The last representative of the ancient Spanish
poetry (1490-1556); born at Ciudad Rodrigo.
He opposed the introduction of Italian styles
into the poetry of Spain, and justified his oppo.
sition by demonstrating in his own work the
competence of the traditional styles of Spain
for the expression of all moods and all senti-
ments. His satiric vein, especially in the Dia-
logue on the Condition of Women and the (Ser-
mon on Loves,' offended both clergy and laity.
Castillo-Solorzano, Alonso del (käs-tēl'yo-
sõ-lör'thäʼno). A Spanish romancer and poet
of the 17th century. His stories, (The Gar-
rulous Humbug, (The Allurement of Money,'
and others, are still popular and are still re-
printed. Of his comedies the most notable is
(The Marquis of Cigarral. ? His fables after
the manner of Ovid would not be deemed un-
worthy of the Roman poet.
Castlemon, Harry. See Fosdick, Charles
Austin.
Castro, Agustin (käs'tro). A Mexican poet;
born in Cordova, Vera Cruz, Jan. 24, 1728;
died in Bologna, Italy, 1790. A Jesuit priest,
an unpedantic scholar, he taught philosophy,
and also translated masterpieces with almost
unfailing sureness of touch. His original verse,
always warm and pure, includes (Hernán Cor-
tés,' and Charts) to guide the budding poetic
genius; while the versions he made of Seneca,
Horace, Sappho, Milton, Fénelon, and Euripi-
des, receive merited praise.
Catherine, St. , of Sienna. An Italian saint
and religious writer; born in Sienna, Italy,
1347; died 1380. Her letters and treatises are
greatly admired. She is styled the seraphic
virgin” on account of her insight into spiritual
things. A new edition of her Writings,' dic-
tated to her secretary by the saint in moments
of ecstasy, appeared in 1896.
Catherwood, Mary Hartwell. An Ameri.
can writer of historical romances; born in
Luray, O. , Dec. 16, 1847. She is author of
Craque-o'-Doom (1881); (The Romance of
Dollard' (1889); (The Story of Tonty) (1890);
(A Woman in Armor); (The Lady of Fort
St. John); "The Chase of St. Castin, and
Other Tales); (The Spirit of an Illinois Town);
(The White Islander); and other novels.
Catlin, George. An American prose-writer
and painter; born in Wilkesbarre, Pa. , 1796;
died in Jersey City, N. J. , Dec. 23, 1872. From
1832 till 1839 he traveled and lived among
the Indians of America, of whom he painted
hundreds of portraits; in 1841 he published
(Illustrations of the Manners, etc. , of the North
American Indians ;) and subsequently, Life
among the Indians) and (The Breath of Life.
His little book “Shut Your Mouth) was widely
read; it was founded on his theory that the
Indians owed their vigor of health to their
habit of breathing through the nose.
Cato, Marcus Porcius (kā'to), the Censor.
A Roman statesman and pamphleteer (234-
## p. 99 (#115) #############################################
CATON – CECCO D'ASCOLI
99
8
(
149 B. C. ). He exercised the broad powers of
the censor's office with inflexible, almost fanat.
ical rigor, and absolute impartiality. In his
eyes nothing was good that was not ancient.
He wrote many tractates on different subjects;
but one only of them is extant, 'On Farming,
a collection of the rules of good husbandry.
Of his summary of the early annals of Rome,
(Beginnings, we have only a few fragments. *
Caton, John Dean. A prominent American
lawyer and miscellaneous writer; born at Mon-
roe, N. Y. , 1812. He was Chief Justice of Illinois
(1855-64). He wrote : (A Summer in Norway)
(1875); (The Last of the Illinois, and a Sketch
of the Pottawatomies) (1876); (The Antelope
and Deer of America) (1877); etc.
Cats, Jacob (käts). A Dutch poet; born in
Brouwershaven, Zeeland, Nov. 10, 1577; died at
his estate of Zorgvliet, near the Hague, Sept.
12, 1660. He had a distinguished public career
as a diplomat, jurist, and educator; but his en-
during renown depends upon his various poems,
(Emblems,' (Maiden Duty, Inward Strife,'
and others, in all of which the ethics of domes-
tic life are expounded with much cheerful dull-
ness. The collected edition, under the title of
(Father Cats's Book,' has attained a practically
universal circulation throughout Holland. *
Catullus, Caius Valerius (ka-tul'us). The
greatest of Roman lyric poets (84-54 B. C. );
born at Verona. Of his compositions 116 have
come down to our time. The finest are those
"To Lesbia); "The Boat); and (Address to
Himself. *
Cavalcanti, Guido (kä-väl-kän'tē). One of
the earliest Italian poets (about 1235-1300).
His poems consist of sonnets, ballads, and songs,
to a young woman whose acquaintance he
made at Toulouse on a pilgrimage to Santiago.
Cavalcaselle, Giovanni Battista (kä-väl.
kä'sel). An Italian historian of art; born at
Legnano, Jan. 22, 1820; died November 1897.
He became the literary associate of J. A.
Crowe, with whom he produced the epoch-
making History of Painting in Italy) (1864-
71), the most complete work on the subject;
(Early Flemish Painters) (1857–72); Life of
Titian' (1877); and others.
Cavallotti, Felice (kä-väl-ot'tē). An Italian
poet; born at Milan, Nov. 6, 1842. His Polit-
ical Poems) brought upon him censure from
the public authorities. With his tragedies,
(Agnes de Gonzaga) and (Alcibiades) (1874),
he established his reputation as a dramatist.
He is the author of several other dramas and
of two volumes of lyric poetry. His best work
is (The Canticle of Canticles.
Cavendish, Margaret (Duchess of New-
castle). An English writer; born in Essex,
1024(? ); died 1674. She wrote Philosophical
Fancies); and a collection of poems, (The Pas-
time and Recreation of the Queen of Fairies.
Cavour, Count Camillo Benso di (kä-vör').
A celebrated Italian statesman; was born at
Turin, Aug. 10, 1810; died June 6, 1861. His
great services to Italy are apparent in his
Letters) (1821-61): 'Unprinted Letters) (1862);
(Parliamentary Speeches) (1863); and (Corre-
spondence and Writings) (1892).
Cawein, Madison Julius. An American
poet; born in Louisville, Ky. , March 23, 1865.
Among his works are: Blooms of the Berry)
(1887); (The Triumph of Music) (1888); 'Lyrics
and Idyls) (1890); Days and Dreams); (Moods
and Memories ); (Intimations of the Beautiful”;
(Accolon of Gaul); Poems of Nature and
Love); (Red Leaves and Roses); and (Under-
tones. '
Caxton, William. An English printer and
scholar; born in the Weald of Kent, 1422 (? );
died 1491. His Recuyell (collection) of the
Histories of Troy,' translated by him from the
French, appears to have been printed in 1974,
most probably at Bruges in Belgium. It
was the first book in English reproduced by
typography. He set up a printing-office in
Westminster, 1477 ; and on Nov. 18 of that
year issued (The Dictes and Sayings of the
Philosophers, folio, a work ever memorable
as the first book printed in England -only
420 years ago! He printed in all 71 separate
works, very many of them translated by him
from the French; his translations even of Latin
classic authors were made, not directly from
the original language, but from French ver-
sions.
Caylus, Marthe Marguerite de Villette,
Marquise de (kā'lüs). A French writer of
memoirs; born in Poitou, 1673; died at Paris
(? ), April 15, 1729. Long an ornament of the
brilliant court of Louis XIV. , she passed her
declining years in dictating My Recollections,
in which a valuable insight into the life of
Louis XIV. is afforded, through the medium
of a singularly happy style.
Cazotte, Jacques (kä-zot). A French poet
and humorist (1719-92). His masterpieces are:
(Oliver) (1762), a poem of chivalry after the
manner of Ariosto; and (The Devil in Love)
(1772), a tale of wonder which is still a popu-
lar favorite. He had extraordinary skill in
versifying, as shown by his adding a seventh
canto to Voltaire's (Civil War of Geneva) with
such perfect imitation of Voltaire's style and
manner as to deceive all Paris,
Cecchi, Giammaria (chek'ē). An Italian
dramatist; born in Florence, April 14, 1518;
died there, Oct. 28, 1587. He was the rival of
Bibbiena, Machiavelli, and Ariosto in portrait-
ure of character and in liveliness of dialogue.
Of his plays, 95 in number, but few have been
printed. These are mainly imitations of Plau-
tus and Terence; the best of them are: (The
Hammer,' (The Slave,' and (the most famous
of all) (The Owl. ? He wrote also religious
dramas; among them (The Exaltation of the
Holy Cross) (1589).
Cecco d'Ascoli (chek'o däs-koʻlē), properly
Francesco Stabili. An Italian poet; born at
## p. 100 (#116) ############################################
CECH - CESAROTTI
100
Ascoli, about 1257; died in Florence, Sept. 16,
1327. He was a devoted student of astrology
and of demonology. For the expression and
defense of certain erroneous opinions he was
burned at the stake. His heretical or impious
doctrines are contained in a poem, unfinished
but of encyclopædic compass, Bitternesses,' of
which he lived to complete four books. The
subject of the first book was astronomy with
meteorology; of the second, stellar influence
with physiognomy; of the third, minerals ;
of the fourth, sundry problems, moral and
physical.
Cech, Svatopluk (chech). A notable Czech
poet and prose writer; born at Ostredek, Feb.
21, 1846. He was editor in succession of
several journals, and at the same time prac-
ticed law. After winning some celebrity as a
writer of stories and short poems, he made a
bolder Aight in 1872 with Dreams, in which
he shows great epic power. Besides (Dreams,
he has written several other poems, as (The
Adamites); “The Storm); (Songs of Morning. '
He is the most popular of Czech poets. As a
novelist he excels in lively wit and rich humor.
Among his works of prose fiction may be
named: Stories, Arabesques, and Humor-
esques, and the most amusing (Candidate for
Immortality. He wrote also (1885) Memories
from the Orient,' fruit of his travels.
Celakovsky, Frantisek Ladislav (chel'ä-
kõv"skē). A Czech poet and philologist; born
in Strakonitz, March 7, 1799; died in Prague,
Aug. 5, 1852. His earlier work was journal-
istic and pedagogical, his reputation in poesy
dating from the appearance of (Slav Folk-
Songs) (1822), to which succeeded various brill-
iant performances of a like nature : Echo of
Russian Folk Songs) (1829); "Echo of Bohe-
mian Folk Songs) (1840); etc. He translated
Herder and Scott into his own vernacular
with felicitous results.
Cellini, Benvenuto (chel-lē'nē). An Ital-
ian sculptor, metal-worker, and writer of
memoirs; born in Florence, Nov. 3, 1500; died
there, Feb. 13, 1571. His tremendous advent-
ures and his miraculous genius (as set forth
by himself in his (Autobiography') gives the
fascinating story of his life an important place
in letters, particularly as he is a master of
style. *
Celsus (sel'sus). A Roman controversial
writer; flourished in the second century. His
(True Discourse,' an attack on Christianity, is
lost; but it figures conspicuously in the history
of the early Church.
Celtes, Konrad (tsel'tes ). [The Greek
equivalent of his real name, Pickel. ] A cele-
brated German humanist; born 1459; died 1508.
His most celebrated work is a volume of
(Odes) (1513). He did much to promote the
study of the classics, and wrote his own poems
in Latin.
Centlivre, Susannah. An English drama-
tist; born (Freeman ? ) in Ireland (? ), 1667 (? );
died in London, Dec. 1, 1723. Her third hus-
band, from whom she derives the name by
which she is known in literature, was cook to
Queen Anne. (The Gamester) and (The Busy
Body) are her best comedies, but (The Per-
jured Husband is widely known. These plays
are very witty in dialogue. but unoriginal in
plot.
Ceo, Violante do (sā'o) A famed Portu-
guese poet; born in Lisbon, 1601; died, 1693.
She was styled the tenth Muse. Her (Por.
tuguese Parnassus) and miscellaneous poems
are greatly admired.
Cerretti, Luigi (cher-et'tē). An Italian poet
and rhetorician; born in Modena, Nov. I, 1738;
died in Pavia, March 5, 1808. The purity and
elegance of his diction made him, at an early
age, the most distinguished professor of rheto-
ric and oratory in Italy. His Poems and Select
Prose, collected into a posthumous volume,
were instantly successful, and have retained
their rank ever since.
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (sér-van'.
tēz or ther-vän'tes sä-ä-vā'drä).
died 1893. She contributed to magazines; pub-
lished (The Huguenot Influence in Rhode
Island, and (South Country Neighbors) (1887).
Carpenter, Stephen Cutter. An American
journalist and prose-writer; born in England;
died about 1820. He came to the United States
(1803) and settled in Charleston, S. C. , where
he soon founded and published with John
Bristed the Monthly Register Magazine and
Review of the United States. Later he was
editor of the Mirror of Taste and Dramatic
Censor, in which appeared some clever sketches
of American actors. His works include:
(Memoirs of Jefferson, Containing a Concise
History of the United States from the Ac-
knowledgment of their Independence, with a
View of the Rise and Progress of French In-
fuence and French Principles in that Country)
(2 vols. , 1809); (Select American Speeches,
Forensic and Parliamentary, with Prefatory
Remarks; a Sequel to Dr. Chapman's Select
Speeches) (1815); and under the pen-name of
“Donald Campbell, Overland Journey to
India' (2d ed. 1809-10), and Letter on the Pres.
ent Times. )
Carr, Lucien. An American archäologist ;
born in Missouri, 1829. He has written:
(Mounds of the Mississippi Valley) (1883);
(Missouri, a Bone of Contention) (1888); and
(Prehistoric Remains of Kentucky) (with
Shaler).
Carrér, Luigi (kä-rār'). An Italian poet
(1801-50); born at Venice. His first volume of
(Poems) contained sonnets, odes, and ballads
(1832). He wrote a poetical account of the
history of Venice, and published four volumes
of Prose and Poetry) (1837). He is ranked
among the best of the later Italian poets.
Carrera, Valentino (kär-rā'rä). An Italian
dramatic poet; born at Turin, Dec. 19, 1834.
He is one of the most original dramatists of
Italy, especially in comedy. Among his many
comedies, vaudevilles, etc. , the play which won
3
## p. 96 (#112) #############################################
96
CARRINGTON-CARY
sermons.
for him a wide reputation was (La Quaderna
di Nanni) (1870), a perfect picture of Floren-
tine life. He wrote some historical sketches
and narratives of travel.
Carrington, Henry Beebe. A distinguished
American soldier and military writer; born at
Wallingford, Conn. , March 2, 1824. Originally
a lawyer, he became brigadier-general of volun-
teers in the Civil War, served in the West till
1868, and was appointed professor of military
science at Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind.
His present home is in Boston. He wrote:
(Battles of the American Revolution) (3d ed.
1878); (Apsaraka, or Indian Operations on the
Plains); etc.
Carroll, Anna Ella. An American polit-
ical writer; born in Maryland, 1815; died in
1894. She wrote: (The Great American Battle)
(1856); (The Star of the West' (1856); (The
War Powers of the General Government)
(1861); etc.
Carroll, Lewis, pseudonym of Charles Lut-
widge Dodgson. A notable English humorist ;
born 1833; died January 1898. His fame is
based on the stories — nominally for the nurs-
ery, but only appreciable in their full merit
by adults -(Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)
(1865), and its sequel (Through the Looking-
Glass) (1872). They are fantasy-fables, full of
what seems pure nonsense, but is really based
largely on reductions to absurdity of illogi-
cal popular usages in language or reasoning.
They have been translated into most of the
languages of Europe. Some excellent nonsense
verse is also found in the collections (Phan-
tasmagoria) (1869), the poem (The Hunting of
the Snark) (1876), and the inferior prose fairy-
tale (Sylvie and Bruno. The author has pub-
lished several works on mathematics and logic,
in both serious and humorous form; but the
playfulness of the latter demands too much
expert scholarship to be popular. *
Carruthers, William A. An American nov-
elist; born in Virginia about 1800; died in
Savannah, Ga. , about 1850. He was profession-
ally a physician, but wrote a number of spirited
romances founded on incidents in American
history. His best work is (The Cavaliers of
Virginia, or the Recluse of Jamestown, an His-
torical Romance of the Old Dominion (1832).
He is the author also of "The Knights of the
Horse-Shoe, a Traditionary Tale of the Cocked
Hat Gentry in the Old Dominion' (1845).
Carryl, Charles Edward. An American
story-writer; born in New York city, Dec. 30,
1841. In 1885 he published Davy and the
Goblin,' followed by (The Admiral's Caravan,'
both juveniles in the manner of Lewis Carroll.
He is a broker in New York city.
Carter, Elizabeth. An English writer; born
in Kent, 1717; died in London, 1806. She is
remembered for her version of Epictetus, al-
though her (Ode to Wisdom (1746) is ad-
mired.
Carter, Robert. An American littérateur;
born in Albany, N. Y. , Feb. 5, 1819; died in
Cambridge, Mass. , Feb. 15, 1879. At first as-
sociated with Lowell in a monthly magazine,
later the private secretary of Prescott, then co-
editor of a newspaper with Hildreth, he passed
his life in miscellaneous journalistic and liter-
ary work; the most important being a large
share in editing (1859–63) the first two editions
of the American Cyclopædia. His one book,
(A Summer Cruise on the Coast of New Eng.
land' (1864), was long popular as an enter-
taining travel sketch, and among naturalists
for its account of New England fishes.
Carteret, Antoine Alfred Désiré (kär-trā').
A Swiss statesman and fabulist; born Ge-
neva, April 2, 1813; died there, Jan 31, 1889.
His political career was long and brilliant;
and in literature he has made a name with
pleasing Fables) (1873), frequently treating
political subjects, and a novel, (Two Friends)
(1872), descriptive of Genevese customs.
Cartwright, Peter. An American contro-
versialist and sermonist; born in Virginia, Sept.
1, 1785; died Sept. 25, 1872. He was a Meth-
odist clergyman, of great power and eccen-
tricity, and preached, it is said, fully 15,000
He published (A Controversy with
the Devil'; Autobiography of a Backwoods
Preacher); (Fifty Years a Presiding Elder.
Cartwright, William. An English drama-
tist and poet; born in Northway, September
1611, or Aug. 16, 1615; died at Oxford, Nov.
29, 1643. His plays were immensely success.
ful at the time; (The Ordinary) is probably
the best, but “The Royal Slave) is meritorious,
and both contain much lively wit and satire
at the expense of the Puritans. The poems
are not so good.
Carutti di Cantogno, Domenico, Baron
(kä-röt'ē dē kän-ton'yo). An Italian historian
and publicist; born in Cumiana, near Turin,
Nov. 26, 1821. As a young man he took to
romance-writing, but was speedily absorbed in
politics and rose to great distinction. When
he resumed the pen, it was to compile such
solid works as History of the Reign of Vic-
tor Amadeus II. (1856), and History of the
Reign of Charles Emanuel III. (1859), which
are interesting and scholarly.
Cary, Alice. An American poet; born near
Cincinnati, O. , April 26, 1820; died in New
York city, Feb. 12, 1871. When quite young
she commenced writing sketches and poems
for the press. In 1852 she, with her sister
Phoebe, removed to New York city, where they
lived during the rest of their lives. In 1850
the sisters published a volume entitled Poems
by Alice and Phæbe Cary. Alice soon after
published "Clovernook, or Recollections of our
Neighborhood in the West) (1851-53); “Hagar,
a Story of To-Day) (1852); Married not Mated)
(1856); (The Lover's Diary) (1867); and Snow-
Be es: A Bo for Young Folks) (1869).
a
## p. 97 (#113) #############################################
CARY – CASTELLO-BRANCO
97
(
Cary, Edward. An American journalist;
born in New York State, 1840. He has long
been connected with the New York Times.
His principal published work is a Life of
George William Curtis.
Cary, Henry Francis. An English poet and
translator of Dante; born at Gibraltar, Spain,
Dec. 6, 1772; died in London, Aug. 14, 1844.
Although his fame rests upon his version of
Dante's Divine Comedy,' he possessed an inti-
mate knowledge of Latin, Greek, and French,
and translated masterpieces from those lan-
guages adequately and with grace.
Cary, Phoebe. An American poet and prose-
writer, sister of Alice; born in Cincinnati, O. ,
Sept. 4, 1824; died in Newport, R. I. , July
31, 1871. She contributed numerous sketches to
various periodicals; and with her sister pub-
lished many books, among which are (Poems
and Parodies) (1854), and Poems of Faith,
Hope, and Love.
Casanova de Seingalt, Giovanni Jacopo
(kä"sa-nö'vä de sin'gält). An Italian advent-
urer; born at Venice, 1725; died in Bohemia,
June 4, 1798. Expelled from Venice for his
scandalous irregularities, he returned there and
was imprisoned ; after some months he made
his escape, and for twenty years traveled over
Europe, imposing upon all classes of society
with his pretensions to occult science and knowl-
edge of all the secrets of alchemy, including
rejuvenation of the old. Among his dupes were
Mme. de Pompadour, Frederick the Great, and
even that other prince of charlatans, Cagliostro.
He wrote his Memoirs,' which were published
(1828) in 12 volumes. *
Casas, Bartolomeo de las (kä'säs). A Span-
ish missionary to the aborigines of New Spain ;
born at Seville, 1474; died at Madrid, July 1566.
Moved to compassion by the inhuman treatment
of the natives by their Spanish taskmasters, he
labored to have them put under protection of
the law, and to have slaves imported from Africa
for labor in the mines and on the plantations.
He wrote memoirs in the interest of the abo-
rigines, as (A Very Brief Account of the Ruin
of the Indies) (1542); “Twenty Reasons); etc.
He wrote a History of the Indies, but it has
not been printed. *
Casgrain, Abbe Henry Raymond (kä-gran').
A Canadian historical writer; born in Rivière
Quelle, Quebec, Dec. 16, 1831. Oct. 5, 1856, he
was ordained a priest. He was professor at
Ste. Anne's College until 1859, and afterward
vicar at Quebec Cathedral from 1860 till 1873.
Among his most important works are: (History
of the Hôtel Dieu de Quebec); My Cana-
dian Parish in the Seventeenth Century. A
collection of his entire works was published in
1886.
Cass, Lewis. A famous American states-
man, diplomatist, and soldier; born at Exeter,
X. H. , Oct. 9, 1872; died at Detroit, Mich. ,
June 17, 1866. He served in the War of 1812;
was governor of Michigan Territory (1813-
31); Secretary of War (1831-36); minister to
France (1836-42); United States Senator (1845-
48); Presidential candidate (1848); United
States Senator (1849-57); Secretary of State
(1857-60). He wrote: (History, Traditions,
and Languages of the Indians) (1823); France,
its King, Court, and Government'; etc.
Cassin, John. An American ornithologist;
born near Chester, Pa. , Sept. 6, 1813; died in
Philadelphia, Jan. 10, 1869. Among his more
important works may be named : Mammalogy
and Ornithology of the Wilkes Exploring Ex-
pedition); (Ornithology of Perry's Expedition
to Japan'; etc.
Castanheda, Fernão Lopez de (käs-tän-
ā'dä). A Portuguese historian; born 1500 (? );
died 1559. His father having been appointed
to an important post in India, he was taken
thither in youth, and was thus led to make
the careful and unremitting researches em-
bodied in the History of the Discovery and
Conquest of India by the Portuguese) (1551-
61), a work upon which Camoens drew largely
in the course of his epic activity.
Castelar, Emilio (käs-tā-lär'). An eminent
Spanish orator, statesman, and writer; born at
Cadiz, Sept. 8, 1832. In early manhood he was
a journalist. In 1864, he became professor of
history in the University of Madrid. He was
always a “Progressist," and gradually became
a leader in all the struggles of the Liberal
party of Spain. His eloquence is poetic and
rhetorical, of marvelous Auency and enthusiasm.
He has written many historical and political
works; among them : (Civilization in the First
Five Centuries of Christianity); Questions Po.
litical and Social); (History of the Republican
Movement in Europe); (Historical Gallery of
Celebrated Women'; (History's Tragedies.
Castelein, Matthijs de (käs-tel-in'). A Dutch
poet (1485-1550); born at Pamele (Oudenarde).
He was the acknowledged lawgiver and pat-
tern of all the Dutch rhetoricians of his time,
in his (Art of Rhetoric. He composed many
plays, but only two of them were published :
one of these is the Story of Pyramus and
Thisbe. He wrote also "Ballads) and a vol.
ume of Various Lays,' in melodious verse.
Castelli, Ignaz Franz (käs-tel'lē). An Aus-
trian poet (1781-1862). He wrote many war
songs; one of which, War-Song of the Aus-
trian Army) (1809), was deemed not unworthy
of notice by the official organ of the French
government. His opera “The Swiss Family)
(1811) was produced on every German stage.
His theatrical pieces numbered over 200.
Castello-Branco, Camillo (käs-tel'lo
bränk'ā). A notable Portuguese novelist and
poet; born in Lisbon, March 16, 1826; died at
San Miguel de Seide, June 6, 1890. He is the
most popular of the modern romancists of
Portugal, and at the same time the most na-
tional in tone, spirit, and form. Realism char-
acterizes his numerous novels (over 100); the
best known being : Love of Perdition (1862);
(The Marquis of Torres Novas); (Brilliants
7
## p. 98 (#114) #############################################
98
CASTELNOVO-CATO
was
from Brazil. All of them are genuine pictures
of Portuguese life. Among his poetic composi-
tions, the collection published under the title
(A Book) (1854) holds the first place.
Castelnovo, Leo di (käs-tel-no'vo), pseudo-
nym of Count Leopoldo Pullè. An Italian
dramatist and poet; born in Verona, April 17,
1835. He is conspicuous politically, and has
written a number of plays, mostly comedies;
the best being probably Drink or Choke)
[“O bere o affogare, meaning a case of Hob-
son's choice) and (A Dead Heart. Harp
and Guitar) is a verse collection. Notable too
is his novel, Do the Dead Return ? )
Castelnuovo, Enrico (käs''tel-nö-õ'vo). An
Italian novelist; born at Florence, 1839. His
stories have attained great popularity; among
them: Prof. Romualdo) (1878); (Two Con-
ventions) (1885); (Reminiscences and Fancies)
(1886). He is one of the acknowledged Ital-
ian masters of the (novel of the inner life »
(romano intimo).
Castelvecchio, Riccardo (käs''tel-vek'e-),
pseudonym of Count Giulio Pulle. An Ital-
ian dramatist, father of Count Leopoldo Pulle;
born in Verona. His greatest success
(The Romantic Lady and the Homeopathic
Doctor) (new ed. 1869), a comedy; another,
(The Discreet [Lady's] Maid, is also very
popular.
Casti, Giambattista (käs'tē). An Italian
poet (1721-1803). He entered the service of
the Emperor Joseph II.
; accompanied embas-
sies to St. Petersburg, etc. He won fame by
his "Gay Stories in Ottava Rima, and acided
to it by his witty satiric (Talking Animals)
(1802). The latter work was immediately trans-
lated into most of the languages of Europe.
The English translation, with numerous addi-
tions, was made by W. S. Rose, and published
as (The Court and Parliament of Beasts)
(1819). Casti wrote also two very successful
comic operas, and a poetic satire on court life
in the reign of Catharine II. of Russia.
Castiglione, Baldassare, Count (käs-tēl.
yo'nē). An Italian poet and statesman (1478–
1529); born in the district of Mantua. He
wrote a volume of Poems Vernacular and
Latin. But the work to which he owes his
literary fame is "The Book of the Courtier,
a masterpiece of elegant and ornate prose.
It lays down the laws of courtesy and of courtly
manners, and incidentally gives a view of life
in the highest society in the author's time. *
Castilho, Antonio Feliciano (käs-tēl'o). A
Portuguese poet (1800-75). Though almost
blind, he studied jurisprudence at Coimbra.
His first poetical composition, Letters of Echo
and Narcissus, published while he was a
student, won him great celebrity. He excelled
in pastorals; and to this class belong his
(Spring,' and 'Love and Melancholy, or the
Latest Heloise. ) He had a deep sympathy
with nature, and was a master of elegiac verse.
Castillejo, Christóval de (käs-tēl-yā'ho).
The last representative of the ancient Spanish
poetry (1490-1556); born at Ciudad Rodrigo.
He opposed the introduction of Italian styles
into the poetry of Spain, and justified his oppo.
sition by demonstrating in his own work the
competence of the traditional styles of Spain
for the expression of all moods and all senti-
ments. His satiric vein, especially in the Dia-
logue on the Condition of Women and the (Ser-
mon on Loves,' offended both clergy and laity.
Castillo-Solorzano, Alonso del (käs-tēl'yo-
sõ-lör'thäʼno). A Spanish romancer and poet
of the 17th century. His stories, (The Gar-
rulous Humbug, (The Allurement of Money,'
and others, are still popular and are still re-
printed. Of his comedies the most notable is
(The Marquis of Cigarral. ? His fables after
the manner of Ovid would not be deemed un-
worthy of the Roman poet.
Castlemon, Harry. See Fosdick, Charles
Austin.
Castro, Agustin (käs'tro). A Mexican poet;
born in Cordova, Vera Cruz, Jan. 24, 1728;
died in Bologna, Italy, 1790. A Jesuit priest,
an unpedantic scholar, he taught philosophy,
and also translated masterpieces with almost
unfailing sureness of touch. His original verse,
always warm and pure, includes (Hernán Cor-
tés,' and Charts) to guide the budding poetic
genius; while the versions he made of Seneca,
Horace, Sappho, Milton, Fénelon, and Euripi-
des, receive merited praise.
Catherine, St. , of Sienna. An Italian saint
and religious writer; born in Sienna, Italy,
1347; died 1380. Her letters and treatises are
greatly admired. She is styled the seraphic
virgin” on account of her insight into spiritual
things. A new edition of her Writings,' dic-
tated to her secretary by the saint in moments
of ecstasy, appeared in 1896.
Catherwood, Mary Hartwell. An Ameri.
can writer of historical romances; born in
Luray, O. , Dec. 16, 1847. She is author of
Craque-o'-Doom (1881); (The Romance of
Dollard' (1889); (The Story of Tonty) (1890);
(A Woman in Armor); (The Lady of Fort
St. John); "The Chase of St. Castin, and
Other Tales); (The Spirit of an Illinois Town);
(The White Islander); and other novels.
Catlin, George. An American prose-writer
and painter; born in Wilkesbarre, Pa. , 1796;
died in Jersey City, N. J. , Dec. 23, 1872. From
1832 till 1839 he traveled and lived among
the Indians of America, of whom he painted
hundreds of portraits; in 1841 he published
(Illustrations of the Manners, etc. , of the North
American Indians ;) and subsequently, Life
among the Indians) and (The Breath of Life.
His little book “Shut Your Mouth) was widely
read; it was founded on his theory that the
Indians owed their vigor of health to their
habit of breathing through the nose.
Cato, Marcus Porcius (kā'to), the Censor.
A Roman statesman and pamphleteer (234-
## p. 99 (#115) #############################################
CATON – CECCO D'ASCOLI
99
8
(
149 B. C. ). He exercised the broad powers of
the censor's office with inflexible, almost fanat.
ical rigor, and absolute impartiality. In his
eyes nothing was good that was not ancient.
He wrote many tractates on different subjects;
but one only of them is extant, 'On Farming,
a collection of the rules of good husbandry.
Of his summary of the early annals of Rome,
(Beginnings, we have only a few fragments. *
Caton, John Dean. A prominent American
lawyer and miscellaneous writer; born at Mon-
roe, N. Y. , 1812. He was Chief Justice of Illinois
(1855-64). He wrote : (A Summer in Norway)
(1875); (The Last of the Illinois, and a Sketch
of the Pottawatomies) (1876); (The Antelope
and Deer of America) (1877); etc.
Cats, Jacob (käts). A Dutch poet; born in
Brouwershaven, Zeeland, Nov. 10, 1577; died at
his estate of Zorgvliet, near the Hague, Sept.
12, 1660. He had a distinguished public career
as a diplomat, jurist, and educator; but his en-
during renown depends upon his various poems,
(Emblems,' (Maiden Duty, Inward Strife,'
and others, in all of which the ethics of domes-
tic life are expounded with much cheerful dull-
ness. The collected edition, under the title of
(Father Cats's Book,' has attained a practically
universal circulation throughout Holland. *
Catullus, Caius Valerius (ka-tul'us). The
greatest of Roman lyric poets (84-54 B. C. );
born at Verona. Of his compositions 116 have
come down to our time. The finest are those
"To Lesbia); "The Boat); and (Address to
Himself. *
Cavalcanti, Guido (kä-väl-kän'tē). One of
the earliest Italian poets (about 1235-1300).
His poems consist of sonnets, ballads, and songs,
to a young woman whose acquaintance he
made at Toulouse on a pilgrimage to Santiago.
Cavalcaselle, Giovanni Battista (kä-väl.
kä'sel). An Italian historian of art; born at
Legnano, Jan. 22, 1820; died November 1897.
He became the literary associate of J. A.
Crowe, with whom he produced the epoch-
making History of Painting in Italy) (1864-
71), the most complete work on the subject;
(Early Flemish Painters) (1857–72); Life of
Titian' (1877); and others.
Cavallotti, Felice (kä-väl-ot'tē). An Italian
poet; born at Milan, Nov. 6, 1842. His Polit-
ical Poems) brought upon him censure from
the public authorities. With his tragedies,
(Agnes de Gonzaga) and (Alcibiades) (1874),
he established his reputation as a dramatist.
He is the author of several other dramas and
of two volumes of lyric poetry. His best work
is (The Canticle of Canticles.
Cavendish, Margaret (Duchess of New-
castle). An English writer; born in Essex,
1024(? ); died 1674. She wrote Philosophical
Fancies); and a collection of poems, (The Pas-
time and Recreation of the Queen of Fairies.
Cavour, Count Camillo Benso di (kä-vör').
A celebrated Italian statesman; was born at
Turin, Aug. 10, 1810; died June 6, 1861. His
great services to Italy are apparent in his
Letters) (1821-61): 'Unprinted Letters) (1862);
(Parliamentary Speeches) (1863); and (Corre-
spondence and Writings) (1892).
Cawein, Madison Julius. An American
poet; born in Louisville, Ky. , March 23, 1865.
Among his works are: Blooms of the Berry)
(1887); (The Triumph of Music) (1888); 'Lyrics
and Idyls) (1890); Days and Dreams); (Moods
and Memories ); (Intimations of the Beautiful”;
(Accolon of Gaul); Poems of Nature and
Love); (Red Leaves and Roses); and (Under-
tones. '
Caxton, William. An English printer and
scholar; born in the Weald of Kent, 1422 (? );
died 1491. His Recuyell (collection) of the
Histories of Troy,' translated by him from the
French, appears to have been printed in 1974,
most probably at Bruges in Belgium. It
was the first book in English reproduced by
typography. He set up a printing-office in
Westminster, 1477 ; and on Nov. 18 of that
year issued (The Dictes and Sayings of the
Philosophers, folio, a work ever memorable
as the first book printed in England -only
420 years ago! He printed in all 71 separate
works, very many of them translated by him
from the French; his translations even of Latin
classic authors were made, not directly from
the original language, but from French ver-
sions.
Caylus, Marthe Marguerite de Villette,
Marquise de (kā'lüs). A French writer of
memoirs; born in Poitou, 1673; died at Paris
(? ), April 15, 1729. Long an ornament of the
brilliant court of Louis XIV. , she passed her
declining years in dictating My Recollections,
in which a valuable insight into the life of
Louis XIV. is afforded, through the medium
of a singularly happy style.
Cazotte, Jacques (kä-zot). A French poet
and humorist (1719-92). His masterpieces are:
(Oliver) (1762), a poem of chivalry after the
manner of Ariosto; and (The Devil in Love)
(1772), a tale of wonder which is still a popu-
lar favorite. He had extraordinary skill in
versifying, as shown by his adding a seventh
canto to Voltaire's (Civil War of Geneva) with
such perfect imitation of Voltaire's style and
manner as to deceive all Paris,
Cecchi, Giammaria (chek'ē). An Italian
dramatist; born in Florence, April 14, 1518;
died there, Oct. 28, 1587. He was the rival of
Bibbiena, Machiavelli, and Ariosto in portrait-
ure of character and in liveliness of dialogue.
Of his plays, 95 in number, but few have been
printed. These are mainly imitations of Plau-
tus and Terence; the best of them are: (The
Hammer,' (The Slave,' and (the most famous
of all) (The Owl. ? He wrote also religious
dramas; among them (The Exaltation of the
Holy Cross) (1589).
Cecco d'Ascoli (chek'o däs-koʻlē), properly
Francesco Stabili. An Italian poet; born at
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100
Ascoli, about 1257; died in Florence, Sept. 16,
1327. He was a devoted student of astrology
and of demonology. For the expression and
defense of certain erroneous opinions he was
burned at the stake. His heretical or impious
doctrines are contained in a poem, unfinished
but of encyclopædic compass, Bitternesses,' of
which he lived to complete four books. The
subject of the first book was astronomy with
meteorology; of the second, stellar influence
with physiognomy; of the third, minerals ;
of the fourth, sundry problems, moral and
physical.
Cech, Svatopluk (chech). A notable Czech
poet and prose writer; born at Ostredek, Feb.
21, 1846. He was editor in succession of
several journals, and at the same time prac-
ticed law. After winning some celebrity as a
writer of stories and short poems, he made a
bolder Aight in 1872 with Dreams, in which
he shows great epic power. Besides (Dreams,
he has written several other poems, as (The
Adamites); “The Storm); (Songs of Morning. '
He is the most popular of Czech poets. As a
novelist he excels in lively wit and rich humor.
Among his works of prose fiction may be
named: Stories, Arabesques, and Humor-
esques, and the most amusing (Candidate for
Immortality. He wrote also (1885) Memories
from the Orient,' fruit of his travels.
Celakovsky, Frantisek Ladislav (chel'ä-
kõv"skē). A Czech poet and philologist; born
in Strakonitz, March 7, 1799; died in Prague,
Aug. 5, 1852. His earlier work was journal-
istic and pedagogical, his reputation in poesy
dating from the appearance of (Slav Folk-
Songs) (1822), to which succeeded various brill-
iant performances of a like nature : Echo of
Russian Folk Songs) (1829); "Echo of Bohe-
mian Folk Songs) (1840); etc. He translated
Herder and Scott into his own vernacular
with felicitous results.
Cellini, Benvenuto (chel-lē'nē). An Ital-
ian sculptor, metal-worker, and writer of
memoirs; born in Florence, Nov. 3, 1500; died
there, Feb. 13, 1571. His tremendous advent-
ures and his miraculous genius (as set forth
by himself in his (Autobiography') gives the
fascinating story of his life an important place
in letters, particularly as he is a master of
style. *
Celsus (sel'sus). A Roman controversial
writer; flourished in the second century. His
(True Discourse,' an attack on Christianity, is
lost; but it figures conspicuously in the history
of the early Church.
Celtes, Konrad (tsel'tes ). [The Greek
equivalent of his real name, Pickel. ] A cele-
brated German humanist; born 1459; died 1508.
His most celebrated work is a volume of
(Odes) (1513). He did much to promote the
study of the classics, and wrote his own poems
in Latin.
Centlivre, Susannah. An English drama-
tist; born (Freeman ? ) in Ireland (? ), 1667 (? );
died in London, Dec. 1, 1723. Her third hus-
band, from whom she derives the name by
which she is known in literature, was cook to
Queen Anne. (The Gamester) and (The Busy
Body) are her best comedies, but (The Per-
jured Husband is widely known. These plays
are very witty in dialogue. but unoriginal in
plot.
Ceo, Violante do (sā'o) A famed Portu-
guese poet; born in Lisbon, 1601; died, 1693.
She was styled the tenth Muse. Her (Por.
tuguese Parnassus) and miscellaneous poems
are greatly admired.
Cerretti, Luigi (cher-et'tē). An Italian poet
and rhetorician; born in Modena, Nov. I, 1738;
died in Pavia, March 5, 1808. The purity and
elegance of his diction made him, at an early
age, the most distinguished professor of rheto-
ric and oratory in Italy. His Poems and Select
Prose, collected into a posthumous volume,
were instantly successful, and have retained
their rank ever since.
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (sér-van'.
tēz or ther-vän'tes sä-ä-vā'drä).
