No More Learning

de Vaudemont, et
deux regimens Anglais en eurent l'honneur. "]

[Footnote 447: Berwick; Saint Simon; Burnet, i. 112, 113. ; Feuquieres;
London Gazette, July 27. 31. Aug. 3. 1693; French Official Relation;
Relation sent by the King of Great Britain to their High Mightinesses,
Aug. 2. 1693; Extract of a Letter from the Adjutant of the King of
England's Dragoon Guards, Aug. 1. ; Dykvelt's Letter to the States
General dated July 30. at noon. The last four papers will be found in
the Monthly Mercuries of July and August 1693. See also the History
of the Last Campaign in the Spanish Netherlands by Edward D'Auvergne,
dedicated to the Duke of Ormond, 1693. The French did justice to
William. "Le Prince d'Orange," Racine wrote to Boileau, "pensa etre
pris, apres avoir fait des merveilles. " See also the glowing description
of Sterne, who, no doubt, had many times heard the battle fought over
by old soldiers. It was on this occasion that Corporal Trim was left
wounded on the field, and was nursed by the Beguine. ]

[Footnote 448: Letter from Lord Perth to his sister, June 17. 1694. ]

[Footnote 449: Saint Simon mentions the reflections thrown on the
Marshal. Feuquieres, a very good judge, tells us that Luxemburg was
unjustly blamed, and that the French army was really too much crippled
by its losses to improve the victory. ]

[Footnote 450: This account of what would have taken place, if Luxemburg
had been able and willing to improve his victory, I have taken from what
seems to have been a very manly and sensible speech made by Talmash
in the House of Commons on the 11th of December following. See Grey's
Debates. ]

[Footnote 451: William to Heinsius, July 20/30. 1693. ]

[Footnote 452: William to Portland, July 21/31. 1693. ]

[Footnote 453: London Gazette, April 24. , May 15. 1693. ]

[Footnote 454: Burchett's Memoirs of Transactions at Sea; Burnet, ii.
114, 115, 116. ; the London Gazette, July 17. 1693; Monthly Mercury of
July; Letter from Cadiz, dated July 4. ]

[Footnote 455: Narcissus Luttrell's Diary; Baden to the States General,
Jul 14/24, July 25/Aug 4. Among the Tanner MSS. in the Bodleian Library
are letters describing the agitation in the City. "I wish," says one of
Sancroft's Jacobite correspondents, "it may open our eyes and change our
minds. But by the accounts I have seen, the Turkey Company went from the
Queen and Council full of satisfaction and good humour. "]

[Footnote 456: London Gazette, August 21 1693; L'Hermitage to the States
General, July 28/Aug 7 As I shall, in this and the following chapters,
make large use of the despatches of L'Hermitage, it may be proper to say
something about him. He was a French refugee, and resided in London
as agent for the Waldenses. One of his employments had been to
send newsletters to Heinsius. Some interesting extracts from those
newsletters will be found in the work of the Baron Sirtema de
Grovestins. It was probably in consequence of the Pensionary's
recommendation that the States General, by a resolution dated July
24/Aug 3 1693, desired L'Hermitage to collect and transmit to them
intelligence of what was passing in England. His letters abound with
curious and valuable information which is nowhere else to be found. His
accounts of parliamentary proceedings are of peculiar value, and seem to
have been so considered by his employers.

Copies of the despatches of L'Hermitage, and, indeed of the despatches
of all the ministers and agents employed by the States General in
England from the time of Elizabeth downward, now are or will soon be
in the library of the British Museum. For this valuable addition to the
great national storehouse of knowledge, the country is chiefly
indebted to Lord Palmerston. But it would be unjust not to add that his
instructions were most zealously carried into effect by the late Sir
Edward Disbrowe, with the cordial cooperation of the enlightened men who
have charge of the noble collection of Archives at the Hague. ]

[Footnote 457: It is strange that the indictment should not have been
printed in Howell's State Trials. The copy which is before me was made
for Sir James Mackintosh. ]

[Footnote 458: Most of the information which has come down to us about
Anderton's case will be found in Howell's State Trials. ]

[Footnote 459: The Remarks are extant, and deserve to be read. ]

[Footnote 460: Narcissus Luttrell's Diary. ]

[Footnote 461: Narcissus Luttrell's Diary. ]

[Footnote 462: There are still extant a handbill addressed to All
Gentlemen Seamen that are weary of their Lives; and a ballad accusing
the King and Queen of cruelty to the sailors.

"To robbers, thieves, and felons, they
Freely grant pardons every day.
Only poor seamen, who alone
Do keep them in their father's throne,
Must have at all no mercy shown. "]

Narcissus Luttrell gives an account of the scene at Whitehall. ]

[Footnote 463: L'Hermitage, Sept. 5/15. 1693; Narcissus Luttrell's
Diary. ]

[Footnote 464: Narcissus Luttrell's Diary. ]

[Footnote 465: Narcissus Luttrell's Diary. In a pamphlet published
at this time, and entitled A Dialogue between Whig and Tory, the Whig
alludes to "the public insolences at the Bath upon the late defeat in
Flanders. " The Tory answers, "I know not what some hotheaded drunken
men may have said and done at the Bath or elsewhere. " In the folio
Collection of State Tracts, this Dialogue is erroneously said to have
been printed about November 1692. ]

[Footnote 466: The Paper to which I refer is among the Nairne MSS. ,
and will be found in Macpherson's collection. That excellent writer Mr.
Hallam has, on this subject, fallen into an error of a kind very rare
with him. He says that the name of Caermarthen is perpetually mentioned
among those whom James reckoned as his friends. I believe that the
evidence against Caermarthen will be found to begin and to end with the
letter of Melfort which I have mentioned. There is indeed, among the
Nairne MSS, which Macpherson printed, an undated and anonymous letter
in which Caermarthen is reckoned among the friends of James. But this
letter is altogether undeserving of consideration. The writer was
evidently a silly hotheaded Jacobite, who knew nothing about the
situation or character of any of the public men whom he mentioned. He
blunders grossly about Marlborough, Godolphin, Russell, Shrewsbury
and the Beaufort family. Indeed the whole composition is a tissue of
absurdities. ]

It ought to be remarked that, in the Life of James compiled from his own
Papers, the assurances of support which he received from Marlborough,
Russell, Godolphin Shrewsbury, and other men of note are mentioned with
very copious details. But there is not a word indicating that any such
assurances were ever received from Caermarthen. ]

[Footnote 467: A Journal of several Remarkable Passages relating to the
East India Trade, 1693. ]

[Footnote 468: See the Monthly Mercuries and London Gazettes of
September, October, November and December 1693; Dangeau, Sept. 5. 27. ,
Oct. 21. , Nov. 21. ; the Price of the Abdication, 1693. ]

[Footnote 469: Correspondence of William and Heinsius; Danish Note,
dated Dec 11/21 1693. The note delivered by Avaux to the Swedish
government at this time will be found in Lamberty's Collection and in
the Memoires et Negotiations de la Paix de Ryswick. ]

[Footnote 470: "Sir John Lowther says, nobody can know one day what a
House of Commons would do the next; in which all agreed with him. " These
remarkable words were written by Caermarthen on the margin of a paper
drawn up by Rochester in August 1692. Dalrymple, Appendix to part ii.
chap. 7. ]

[Footnote 471: See Sunderland's celebrated Narrative which has often
been printed, and his wife's letters, which are among the Sidney papers,
published by the late Serjeant Blencowe. ]

[Footnote 472: Van Citters, May 6/16. 1690. ]

[Footnote 473: Evelyn, April 24. 1691. ]

[Footnote 474: Lords' Journals, April 28. 1693. ]

[Footnote 475: L'Hermitage, Sept. 19/29, Oct 2/12 1693. ]

[Footnote 476: It is amusing to see how Johnson's Toryism breaks out
where we should hardly expect to find it. Hastings says, in the Third
Part of Henry the Sixth,

"Let us be back'd with God and with the seas Which He hath given for
fence impregnable, And with their helps alone defend ourselves. "

"This," says Johnson in a note, "has been the advice of every man who,
in any age, understood and favoured the interest of England. "]

[Footnote 477: Swift, in his Inquiry into the Behaviour of the Queen's
last Ministry, mentions Somers as a person of great abilities, who used
to talk in so frank a manner that he seemed to discover the bottom
of his heart. In the Memoirs relating to the Change in the Queen's
Ministry, Swift says that Somers had one and only one unconversable
fault, formality. It is not very easy to understand how the same man
can be the most unreserved of companions and yet err on the side of
formality. Yet there may be truth in both the descriptions. It is well
known that Swift loved to take rude liberties with men of high rank and
fancied that, by doing so, he asserted his own independence. He has been
justly blamed for this fault by his two illustrious biographers, both
of them men of spirit at least as independent as his, Samuel Johnson
and Walter Scott. I suspect that he showed a disposition to behave with
offensive familiarity to Somers, and that Somers, not choosing to submit
to impertinence, and not wishing to be forced to resent it, resorted,
in selfdefence, to a ceremonious politeness which he never would have
practised towards Locke or Addison. ]

[Footnote 478: The eulogies on Somers and the invectives against him are
innumerable. Perhaps the best way to come to a just judgment would be to
collect all that has been said about him by Swift and by Addison. They
were the two keenest observers of their time; and they both knew him
well. But it ought to be remarked that, till Swift turned Tory, he
always extolled Somers not only as the most accomplished, but as the
most virtuous of men. In the dedication of the Tale of a Tub are these
words, "There is no virtue, either of a public or private life, which
some circumstances of your own have not often produced upon the stage of
the world;" and again, "I should be very loth the bright example of your
Lordship's virtues should be lost to other eyes, both for their sake and
your own. " In the Discourse of the Contests and Dissensions at Athens
and Rome, Somers is the just Aristides. After Swift had ratted he
described Somers as a man who "possessed all excellent qualifications
except virtue. "]

[Footnote 479: See Whiston's Autobiography. ]

[Footnote 480: Swift's note on Mackay's Character of Wharton. ]

[Footnote 481: This account of Montague and Wharton I have collected
from innumerable sources. I ought, however, to mention particularly the
very curious Life of Wharton published immediately after his death. ]

[Footnote 482: Much of my information about the Harleys I have derived
from unpublished memoirs written by Edward Harley, younger brother of
Robert. A copy of these memoirs is among the Mackintosh MSS. ]

[Footnote 483: The only writer who has praised Harley's oratory, as far
as I remember, is Mackay, who calls him eloquent. Swift scribbled in the
margin, "A great lie. " And certainly Swift was inclined to do more than
justice to Harley. "That lord," said Pope, "talked of business in so
confused a manner that you did not know what he was about; and every
thing he went to tell you was in the epic way; for he always began in
the middle. "--Spence's Anecdotes. ]

[Footnote 484: "He used," said Pope, "to send trifling verses from Court
to the Scriblerus Club almost every day, and would come and talk idly
with them almost every night even when his all was at stake. " Some
specimens of Harley's poetry are in print. The best, I think, is a
stanza which he made on his own fall in 1714; and bad is the best.

"To serve with love,
And shed your blood,
Approved is above;
But here below
The examples show
'Tis fatal to be good. "]

[Footnote 485: The character of Harley is to be collected from
innumerable panegyrics and lampoons; from the works and the private
correspondence of Swift, Pope, Arbuthnot, Prior and Bolingbroke, and
from multitudes of such works as Ox and Bull, the High German Doctor,
and The History of Robert Powell the Puppet Showman. ]

[Footnote 486: In a letter dated Sept. 12. 1709 a short time before he
was brought into power on the shoulders of the High Church mob, he says:
"My soul has been among Lyons, even the sons of men, whose teeth are
spears and arrows, and their tongues sharp swords. But I learn how good
it is to wait on the Lord, and to possess one's soul in peace. " The
letter was to Carstairs. I doubt whether Harley would have canted thus
if he had been writing to Atterbury. ]

[Footnote 487: The anomalous position which Harley and Foley at this
time occupied is noticed in the Dialogue between a Whig and a Tory,
1693. "Your great P. Fo-y," says the Tory, "turns cadet and carries arms
under the General of the West Saxons. The two Har-ys, father and son,
are engineers under the late Lieutenant of the Ordnance, and bomb any
bill which he hath once resolv'd to reduce to ashes. " Seymour is the
General of the West Saxons. Musgrave had been Lieutenant of the Ordnance
in the reign of Charles the Second. ]

[Footnote 488: Lords' and Commons' Journals, Nov. 7. 1693. ]

[Footnote 489: Commons' Journals, Nov. 13. 1693; Grey's Debates. ]

[Footnote 490: Commons' Journals, Nov. 17. 1693. ]

[Footnote 491: Ibid. Nov. 22. 27. 1693; Grey's Debates. ]

[Footnote 492: Commons' Journals, Nov. 29. Dec. 6. 1693; L'Hermitage,
Dec. 1/11 1693. ]

[Footnote 493: L'Hermitage, Sept. 1/11. Nov. 7/17 1693. ]

[Footnote 494: See the Journal to Stella, lii. liii. lix. lxi. ; and Lady
Orkney's Letters to Swift. ]

[Footnote 495: See the letters written at this time by Elizabeth
Villiers, Wharton, Russell and Shrewsbury, in the Shrewsbury
Correspondence. ]

[Footnote 496: Commons' Journals, Jan. 6. 8. 1693/4. ]

[Footnote 497: Ibid. Jan. 19. 1693/4]

[Footnote 498: Hamilton's New Account. ]

[Footnote 499: The bill I found in the Archives of the Lords. Its
history I learned from the journals of the two Houses, from a passage
in the Diary of Narcissus Luttrell, and from two letters to the States
General, both dated on Feb 27/March 9 1694 the day after the debate in
the Lords. One of these letters is from Van Citters; the other, which
contains fuller information, is from L'Hermitage. ]

[Footnote 500: Commons' Journals, Nov. 28. 1693; Grey's Debates.
L'Hermitage expected that the bill would pas;, and that the royal assent
would not be withheld. On November. he wrote to the States General,
"Il paroist dans toute la chambre beaucoup de passion a faire passer ce
bil. " On Nov 28/Dec 8 he says that the division on the passing "n'a pas
cause une petite surprise.
Il est difficile d'avoir un point fixe sur
les idees qu'on peut se former des emotions du parlement, car il paroist
quelquefois de grander chaleurs qui semblent devoir tout enflammer, et
qui, peu de tems apres, s'evaporent. " That Seymour was the chief manager
of the opposition to the bill is asserted in the once celebrated Hush
Money pamphlet of that year. ]

[Footnote 501: Commons' Journals; Grey's Debates. The engrossed copy of
this Bill went down to the House of Commons and is lost. The original
draught on paper is among the Archives of the Lords. That Monmouth
brought in the bill I learned from a letter of L'Hermitage to the
States General Dec. 13. 1693. As to the numbers on the division, I have
followed the journals. But in Grey's Debates and in the letters of Van
Citters and L'Hermitage, the minority is said to have been 172. ]

[Footnote 502: The bill is in the Archives of the Lords. Its history I have
collected from the journals, from Grey's Debates, and from the highly
interesting letters of Van Citters and L'Hermitage. I think it clear
from Grey's Debates that a speech which L'Hermitage attributes to a
nameless "quelq'un" was made by Sir Thomas Littleton. ]

[Footnote 503: Narcissus Luttrell's Diary, September 1691. ]

[Footnote 504: Commons' Journals, Jan. 4. 1693/4. ]

[Footnote 505: Of the Naturalisation Bill no copy, I believe exists. The
history of that bill will be found in the Journals. From Van Citters
and L'Hermitage we learn less than might have been expected on a subject
which must have been interesting to Dutch statesmen. Knight's speech
will be found among the Somers Papers. He is described by his brother
Jacobite, Roger North, as "a gentleman of as eminent integrity and
loyalty as ever the city of Bristol was honoured with. "]

[Footnote 506: Commons' Journals, Dec 5. 1694. ]

[Footnote 507: Commons' Journals, Dec. 20. and 22. 1693/4. The journals
did not then contain any notice of the divisions which took place when
the House was in committee. There was only one division on the army
estimates of this year, when the mace was on the table. That division
was on the question whether 60,000L. or 147,000L. should be
granted for hospitals and contingencies. The Whigs carried the larger
sum by 184 votes to 120. Wharton was a teller for the majority, Foley
for the minority. ]

[Footnote 508: Commons' Journals, Nov. 25. 1694. ]

[Footnote 509: Stat. 5 W. & M. c. I. ]

[Footnote 510: Stat. 5 & 6 W. & M. c. 14. ]

[Footnote 511: Stat. 5 & 6 W. & M. c. 21. ; Narcissus Luttrell's Diary. ]

[Footnote 512: Stat. 5 & 6 W. & M. c. 22. ; Narcissus Luttrell's Diary. ]

[Footnote 513: Stat. 5 W. & M. c. 7. ; Evelyn's Diary, Oct. 5, Nov. 22.
1694; A Poem on Squire Neale's Projects; Malcolm's History of London.
Neale's functions are described in several editions of Chamberlayne's
State of England. His name frequently appears in the London Gazette, as,
for example, on July 28. 1684. ]

[Footnote 514: See, for example, the Mystery of the Newfashioned
Goldsmiths or Brokers, 1676; Is not the Hand of Joab in all this? 1676;
and an answer published in the same year. See also England's Glory in
the great Improvement by Banking and Trade, 1694. ]

[Footnote 515: See the Life of Dudley North, by his brother Roger. ]

[Footnote 516: See a pamphlet entitled Corporation Credit; or a Bank of
Credit, made Current by Common Consent in London, more Useful and Safe
than Money. ]

[Footnote 517: A proposal by Dr. Hugh Chamberlayne, in Essex Street, for
a Bank, of Secure Current Credit to be founded upon Land, in order to
the General Good of Landed Men, to the great Increase in the Value of
Land, and the no less Benefit of Trade and Commerce, 1695; Proposals for
the supplying their Majesties with Money on Easy Terms, exempting the
Nobility, Gentry, &c. , from Taxes enlarging their Yearly Estates, and
enriching all the Subjects of the Kingdom by a National Land Bank; by
John Briscoe. "O fortunatos nimium bona si sua norint Anglicanos. "
Third Edition, 1696. Briscoe seems to have been as much versed in Latin
literature as in political economy. ]

[Footnote 518: In confirmation of what is said in the text, I extract
a single paragraph from Briscoe's proposals. "Admit a gentleman hath
barely 100L. per annum estate to live on, and hath a wife and four
children to provide for; this person, supposing no taxes were upon
his estates must be a great husband to be able to keep his charge, but
cannot think of laying up anything to place out his children in the
world; but according to this proposed method he may give his children
500l. a piece and have 90l. per annum left for himself and his wife to
live upon, the which he may also leave to such of his children as he
pleases after his and his wife's decease. For first having settled his
estate of 100l. per annum, as in proposals 1. 3. , he may have bills of
credit for 2000L. for his own proper use, for 10s per cent. per annum as
in proposal 22. , which is but 10L. per annum for the 2000L. , which being
deducted out of his estate of 100L. per annum, there remains 90L. per
annum clear to himself. " It ought to be observed that this nonsense
reached a third edition. ]

[Footnote 519: See Chamberlayne's Proposal, his Positions supported by
the Reasons explaining the Office of Land Credit, and his Bank Dialogue.
See also an excellent little tract on the other side entitled "A Bank
Dialogue between Dr. H. C. and a Country Gentleman, 1696," and "Some
Remarks upon a nameless and scurrilous Libel entitled a Bank Dialogue
between Dr. H. C. and a Country Gentleman, in a Letter to a Person of
Quality. "]

[Footnote 520: Commons' Journals Dec. 7. 1693. I am afraid that I may
be suspected of exaggerating the absurdity of this scheme. I therefore
transcribe the most important part of the petition. "In consideration
of the freeholders bringing their lands into this bank, for a fund
of current credit, to be established by Act of Parliament, it is now
proposed that, for every 150L per annum, secured for 150 years, for but
one hundred yearly payments of 100L per annum, free from all manner of
taxes and deductions whatsoever, every such freeholder shall receive
4000L in the said current credit, and shall have 2000L more put into
the fishery stock for his proper benefit; and there may be further
2000L reserved at the Parliament's disposal towards the carrying on this
present war. . . . . The free holder is never to quit the possession of his
said estate unless the yearly rent happens to be in arrear. "]

[Footnote 521: Commons' Journals, Feb. 5. 1693/4. ]

[Footnote 522: Account of the Intended Bank of England, 1694. ]

[Footnote 523: See the Lords' Journals of April 23, 24, 25. 1694, and
the letter of L'Hermitage to the States General dated April 24/May 4]

[Footnote 524: Narcissus Luttrell's. Diary, June 1694. ]

[Footnote 525: Heath's Account of the Worshipful Company of Grocers;
Francis's History of the Bank of England. ]

[Footnote 526: Spectator, No. 3. ]

[Footnote 527: Proceedings of the Wednesday Club in Friday Street. ]

[Footnote 528: Lords' Journals, April 25. 1694; London Gazette, May 7.
1694. ]

[Footnote 529: Life of James ii. 520. ; Floyd's (Lloyd's) Account in the
Nairne Papers, under the date of May 1. 1694; London Gazette, April 26.
30. 1694. ]

[Footnote 530: London Gazette, May 3. 1694. ]

[Footnote 531: London Gazette, April 30. May 7. 1694; Shrewsbury to
William, May 11/21; William to Shrewsbury, May 22? June 1; L'Hermitage,
April 27/Nay 7]

[Footnote 532: L'Hermitage, May 15/25. After mentioning the various
reports, he says, "De tous ces divers projets qu'on s'imagine aucun
n'est venu a la cognoissance du public. " This is important; for it has
often been said, in excuse for Marlborough, that he communicated to the
Court of Saint Germains only what was the talk of all the coffeehouses,
and must have been known without his instrumentality. ]

[Footnote 533: London Gazette, June 14. 18. 1694; Paris Gazette June
16/July 3; Burchett; Journal of Lord Caermarthen; Baden, June 15/25;
L'Hermitage, June 15/25. 19/29]

[Footnote 534: Shrewsbury to William, June 15/25. 1694. William to
Shrewsbury, July 1; Shrewsbury to William, June 22/July 2]

[Footnote 535: This account of Russell's expedition to the Mediterranean
I have taken chiefly from Burchett. ]

[Footnote 536: Letter to Trenchard, 1694. ]

[Footnote 537: Burnet, ii. 141, 142. ; and Onslow's note; Kingston's True
History, 1697. ]

[Footnote 538: See the Life of James, ii. 524. ,]

[Footnote 539: Kingston; Burnet, ii. 142. ]

[Footnote 540: Kingston. For the fact that a bribe was given to Taaffe,
Kingston cites the evidence taken on oath by the Lords. ]

[Footnote 541: Narcissus Luttrell's Diary, Oct. 6. 1694. ]

[Footnote 542: As to Dyer's newsletter, see Narcissus Luttrell's Diary
for June and August 1693, and September 1694. ]

[Footnote 543: The Whig narrative is Kingston's; the Jacobite narrative,
by an anonymous author, has lately been printed by the Chetham Society.
See also a Letter out of Lancashire to a Friend in London, giving some
Account of the late Trials, 1694. ]

[Footnote 544: Birch's Life of Tillotson; the Funeral Sermon preached by
Burnet; William to Heinsius, Nov 23/Dec 3 1694. ]

[Footnote 545: See the Journals of the two Houses. The only account that
we have of the debates is in the letters of L'Hermitage. ]

[Footnote 546: Commons' Journals, Feb. 20. 1693/4 As this bill never
reached the Lords, it is not to be found among their archives. I have
therefore no means of discovering whether it differed in any respect
from the bill of the preceding year. ]

[Footnote 547: The history of this bill may be read in the Journals of
the Houses. The contest, not a very vehement one, lasted till the 20th
of April. ]

[Footnote 548: "The Commons," says Narcissus Luttrell, "gave a great
hum. " "Le murmure qui est la marque d'applaudissement fut si grand qu'on
pent dire qu'il estoit universel. "--L'Hermitage, Dec. 25/Jan. 4. ]

[Footnote 549: L'Hermitage says this in his despatch of Nov. 20/30. ]

[Footnote 550: Burnet, ii. 137. ; Van Citters, Dec 25/Jan 4. ]

[Footnote 551: Burnet, ii. 136. 138. ; Narcissus Luttrell's Dairy; Van
Citters, Dec 28/Jan 7 1694/5; L'Hermitage, Dec 25/Jan 4, Dec 28/Jan
7 Jan. 1/11; Vernon to Lord Lexington, Dec. 21. 25. 28. , Jan. 1. ;
Tenison's Funeral Sermon. ]

[Footnote 552: Evelyn's Dairy; Narcissus Luttrell's Diary; Commons'
Journals, Dec. 28.