The events which followed, the dissen- name appears to be derived from ouian, a knife
sion between the seven conspirators respecting the for carving wood, and afterwards a sculptor's chisel.
sion between the seven conspirators respecting the for carving wood, and afterwards a sculptor's chisel.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
29); and in the under the command of Parmenion, and to whom
following year he showed his zeal in support of his the mandate for the death of the aged general was
new allies, by seizing and giving up to the Athe- afterwards delivered for execution.
nians the Corinthian and Lacedaemonian ambas- vince he remained until after the return of Alex-
sadors, who had repaired to his court on their way ander from India, when repaired, together with
to Asia to ask assistance of the king of Persia Cleander and Heracon, to meet that monarch in
(Herod. vii. 137 ; Thuc. ii. 67). The Athenians, Carmania, B. C. 326. Hither he was followed by
on their part, appear to have cultivated his friend- many persons from Media, who accused him of nu-
ship by repeated embassies, which were received in merous acts of rapine, extortion, and cruelty, and
the most friendly manner, both by the king himself on these charges he was put to death by order of
and his son Sadocus, who had been admitted to the Alexander. (Arr. ib. iii. 26, vi. 27 ; Curt. X.
rights of Athenian citizenship (Thuc. l. c. ; Aris- 1. )
[E. H. B. ]
toph. Acharn. 134—150, and Schol. ad loc. ). The SITHON (Elewr), a son of Poseidon and Assa,
great object of the Athenians was to obtain the or of Ares and Achiroë, the daughter of Neilus,
powerful assistance of Sitalces against Perdiccas, was married to the nymph Mendeis, by whom he
king of Macedonia, with whom the Thracian became the father of Pallene and Rhoeteia. He
monarch was already on terms of hostility on was king of the Hadomantes in Macedonia, or
account of the support which the latter had afforded king of Thrace (Tzetz. ad Lycuph. 1356). Pallene,
or promised to Philip, the brother of Perdiccas. on account of her beauty, had numerous suitors,
The Macedonian king had for a time bought off and Sithon, who promised her to the one who
the hostility of his powerful neighbour by large / should conquer him in single combat, slew many.
In this pro-
## p. 844 (#860) ############################################
844
SITTIUS.
SMERDIS.
At length he allowed Dryas and Cleitus to fight eqnally successful against Saburra, whom he de-
for her, promising to give her to the conqueror. feated and slew. Shortly afterwards L. Afranius
Pallene, who loved Cleitus, caused her own and Faustus Sulla, who had fled from Utica with
instructor Persyntes to induce the charioteer of 1500 cavalry into Mauritania, with the intention
Dryas to draw out the nails from the wheels of his of crossing over into Spain, were intercepted by
master's chariot, so that during the fight he broke Sittius, who was marching with a small body of
down with his chariot, and was killed by Cleitus. troops to join Caesar, were taken prisoners, and
Sithon, who was informed of the trick, erected a sent to Caesar, About the same time the fleet of
funeral pile, on which he intended to burn the Sittius, which was stationed at Hippo Regius,
corpse of Dryas and his own daughter ; but when captured the ships in which Scipio and other fu-
the pile was ready, Aphrodite appeared, a shower gitives were endeavouring to quit the country. On
of rain extinguished the fire, and Sithon altered leaving Africa, Caesar rewarded the services of
his mind, and gave his daughter to Cleitus. Sittius and Bocchus by granting to them the wes-
(Parthen. Erot. 5 ; Conon, Narr. 10 ; Tzetz. ad tern part of Numidia, which had been previously
Lycoph. 583, 1161 ; comp. Cleitus. ) [L. S. ) under the sway of Masinissa, a friend and ally of
SITO (ELTW), a surname of Demeter, describing Juba. Sittius settled down in the portion which
her as the giver of food or corn. (Athen. X. p. 416, had been assigned to him, and distributed the land
iii. p. 109; Aelian, V. H. i. 27; Eustath. ai Hom. among his soldiers. After the death of Caesar,
H. 265. )
[L. S. ] Arabio, the son of Masinissa, who had fought in
SITTIUS or SI'TIUS. ]. P. Sittius, of Spain under the sons of Pompey, returned to Africa,
Nuceria in Campania, was one of the adventurers, drove Bocchus out of his hereditary dominions, and
bankrupt in character and fortune, but possessing killed Sittius by stratagem. (Cic. pro Sull. 20;
considerable ability, who abounded in Rome during Sall. Cat. 21 ; Hirt. B. Afr. 25, 30, 36, 93, 95, 96 ;
the latter years of the republic. He was connected Dion Cass. xliii. 3, 4, 8, 9, 12 ; Appian, B. C. iv.
with Catiline, and went to Spain in B. c. 64, from 54 ; Cic. ad Att. xv. 17, “ Arabioni de Sitio nibil
which country he crossed over into Mauritania in irascor. ")
the following year. It was said that P. Sulla had 2. Sirtius, of Cales in Campania, was proscribed
sent him into Spain to excite an insurrection by the triumvirs in B. C. 43, but at the request of
against the Roman government; and Cicero accord- his townsmen was allowed to live as an exile at his
ingly, when he defended Sulla, in B. C. 62, was native place. (Appian, B. C. iv. 47. )
obliged also to undertake the defence of his friend SIXTUS, the third of that name who occupied
Sittius, and to deny the truth of the charges that had the papal chair, succeeded Coelestinus in A. D. 432,
been brought against him. The orator represented and died A. D. 440. He is known as an author
Sittius as his own friend, and pointed out how merely from some formal letters possessing no par-
his father had remained true to the Romans during ticular interest. They will be found in the Epis-
the Marsic war. (Cic. pro Sull. 20. ) Sittius, how- tolae Pontificum Romanorum of Coustant, vol. i.
ever, did not return to Rome. His property in p. 1229. fol. Paris, 1721, and in the Bibliotheca
Italy was sold to pay his debts, and he continued Patrum of Galland, vol. ix. p. 518, fol. Venet.
in Africa, where he fought with great success in 1773.
(W. R. )
the wars of the kings of the country, selling his SLECAS, a gem-engraver, only known by a
services first to one prince and then to another. gem inscribed with the name CAEKAZ, which is,
The reputation he had acquired gradually attracted however, of a very suspicious form. (Bracci, i. p.
troops to his standard ; and at the time that Caesar 234. )
[P. S. ]
landed in Africa, in B. C. 46, he was at the head of SMERDIS (Euépdis), the son of Cyrus, the
a considerable force both by land and by sea. founder of the Persian empire, accompanied his
Although Sittius had not previously had any con. elder brother Cambyses to Egypt, but was sent
nection with Caesar, he resolved to espouse his back by the latter to Susa, because he was the only
cause, foreseeing that Caesar would be victorious one of all the Persians who was strong enough to
in Africa as elsewhere, and that he himself would bend the bow which the king of the Ethiopians
be liberally rewarded for his services. Sittius had sent to the Persian monarch. Shortly after-
came to the assistance of Caesar at the time when | wards Cambyses dreamt that a messenger came to
his aid was most needed, for he had landed in him from Persia, announcing that his brother was
Africa with only a small number of his troops, and seated on the royal throne with his head reaching
ran the risk of being overwhelmed by the superior to the skies. A larıned at this dream portending
number of the enemy. Joined by Bocchus, king his brother's greatness, he sent a confidential ser.
of Mauritania, Sittius invaded Numidia, took Cirta, vant named Prexaspes to Susa with express orders
the capital of the kingdom, and laid waste the to put Smerdis to denth. Prexaspes fulfilled his
Gaetulian dominions of Juba. The latter monarch, commission, murdered Smerdis secretly, and buried
who was advancing with a large army to assist him with his own hands. Among the few per-
Scipio against Caesar, forth with returned to the de- sons who were privy to the murder was Patizei-
fence of his own dominions, contenting himself thes, a Magian, who had been left by Cambyses in
with sending thirty elephants to the support of charge of his palace and treasures. This person
Scipio. This retr
of Juba saved Caesar from had a brother who bore the same name as the
destruction, as the latter had no forces sufficient to deceased prince, and strongly resembled him in
resist the united armies of Scipio and Juba. Of the person ; and as most of the Persians believed
operations of Juba against Sittius and Bocchus, we Smerdis to be alive, and were disgusted and
know nothing ; but the Numidian king soon after- alarmed at the frantic tyranny of Cambyses, he
wards joined Scipio, at the earnest request of the resolved to proclaim this brother as king, repre-
latter, leaving his general Saburra to oppose Sittius senting him as the younger son of the great Cyrus.
and Bocchus. While Caesar defeated Scipio and Cambyses hear i of the revolt in Syria, but he died
Juba in the decisive battle of Thapsus, Sittius was of an accidental wound in the thig? , as he way
## p. 845 (#861) ############################################
SMERDIS.
845
SMILIS.
monnting his horse to march against the usurper. | 780), and Justin (i. 9), are merely other forms of
Before his death he assembled the Persians, con- Smerdis. The former writer calls him Merdis,
fessed to them that he had murdered his brother, the latter Merdis or Mergis,
and conjured them not to submit to a Mede and a Both Herodotus and Ctesias, however, agree in
Magian. But the words of Cambyses did not the most important part of the history, namely,
meet with much belief ; and Prexaspes positively that the usurper was a Magian. The true nature
denied that he had put Smerdis to death, as it of the revolution has been pointed out by Heeren
would not have been safe for him to have admitted and Grote. It was an attempt on the part of
that he had murdered one of the song of Cyrus. the Medes, to whom the Magians belonged, to
The false Smerdis was thus acknowledged as king obtain the supremacy, of which they had been
by the Persians, and, with the assistance of his deprived by Cyrus. This
appears
from the
brother Patizeithes, reigned for seven months with words which Herodotus (iii. 65) puts into the
out opposition. But the leading Persian nobles mouth of Cambyscs on his death-bed, in which he
seem never to have been quite free from suspicion ; adjures the Persians not to allow the sovereignty
and this suspicion was increased by the king to revert again to the Medes, as well as from the
never inviting any of them to the palace and never speeches of Gobryas, one of the seven Persian
appearing in public, as well as by his wish to con. conspirators (Herod. iii. 73), and of Prexaspes
ciliate the subject nations by granting them ex- (iii. 75). Plnto (ale Leg. iii. p. 695) in like man-
emption from taxes and militiry service for three ner, says that Cambyses was deprived of the bove-
years. Among the nobles who entertained these reignty by the Medes. The assassination of the
suspicions was Otanes, whose daughter Phaedima false Smerdis and the accession of Dareius Hys-
had been one of the wives of Cambyses, and had taspis again gave the ascendancy to the Persians ;
been transferred together with the rest of the royal and the anniversary of the day on which the Ma-
harem to his successor. The new king bad some gians were massacred, was commemorated among
years before been deprived of his ears by Cyrus for the Persians by a solemn festival, called Magopho-
some offence; and Otanes now persuaded his nia, on which no Magian was allowed to show
daughter to ascertain whether her master had himself in public. The real nature of the trans-
really lost his ears. Phaedima undertook the action is also shown by the revolt of the Medes
dangerous task, ascertained that the king had no which followed the accession of Dareius. (Heeren,
ears, and communicated the decisive information to Historical Researches, vol. i. p. 346, Engl. Transl. ;
her father. Otanes thereupon organized a con. Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. iv. pp. 296—304. )
spiracy to get rid of the pretender, and in conjunc- SMERDO'MENES (Euepdouévms), son of
tion with six other noble Persians, succeeded in Otanes, was one of the generals who had the
forcing his way into the palace, where they slew supreme command of the land forces of Xerxes
the false Smerdis and his brother Patizeithes in in his invasion of Greece (Herod. vii. 82, 121).
the eighth month of their reign, B. c. 521. Their SMILIS (Luinis), the son of Eucleides, of
death was followed by a general massacre of the Aegina, a sculptor of the legendary period, whose
Magians.
The events which followed, the dissen- name appears to be derived from ouian, a knife
sion between the seven conspirators respecting the for carving wood, and afterwards a sculptor's chisel.
form of government which should be established in | In the accounts respecting this artist, there is a
Persia, and the accession of Dareius son of Hystas- great confusion between the mythical and histo
pes, are related elsewhere. [DAREIUS. ] (Herod. rical elements ; but the only safe conclusion to be
jü. 30, 61–79. )
drawn from those accounts is that the name is purely
The account of Ctesias is very different from mythical, and that Smilis is the legendary head of
that of Herodotus. Ctesias gives the name of the Aeginetan school of sculpture, just as Daedalus
Tanyoxarces to the brother of Cambyses, and re- is the legendary head of the Attic and Cretan schools.
lates that Cyrus had left him satrap of Bactria and Pausanias (vii. 4. § 4) makes Smilis a contem-
the surrounding countries. He further says, that porary of Daedalus, but inferior to him in fame,
a Magian of the name of Spendadates accused and states (8 5. s. 7) that the Eleians and the
Tanyoxarces to the king of an intention to revolt, Samians were the only people to whom he tr-
in consequence of which he was secretly put to velled, and that he made for the latter the statue
death, but in order to deceive Amytis, the mother of Hera in her great temple in the island. From
of Cambyses, Spendadates, who bore a striking re this tradition, coupled with another preserved by
semblance to the deceased prince, was ordered to Clemens Alexandrinus (Protrept. 4, p. 40), which
personate him, and governed Bactria for five years referred the statue of Hera to the time of Procles,
as if he were the real brother of Cambyses. The an attempt has been made to fix the date of Smilis
fraud was at length discovered by Amytis, who to the period of the Ionian migration, which took
put an end to her own life by poison, after impre- place, according to the chronologers, about 100
cating curses on Cambyses. The king died soon years after the Trojan War, or about B. c. 1044,
aſter of a wound at Babylon, whereupon Spenda. er. Eratosth. , or 988, er. Callim. (Clinton, F. H.
dates mounted the throne, and reigned for a vol. i. pp. 119, 140), and in which migration it is
time under the name of Tanyoxarces. His im- assumed that Smilis accompanied the colonists
posture, however, was at length discovered, and from Epidaurus, under Procles, who settled at
he was put to death in his palace by seven Samos (Müller, Acgin. p. 98 ; Thiersch, Epochen,
noble Persians, who had conspired against him pp. 45, 46, 194). Few examples could be better,
(Ctesias, Pers. cc. 8, 10—14). Xenophon (Cy- of the absurdities which result from the attempt to
rop. viii. 7. $ 11) calls the brother of Cambyses make up chronological history by piecing together
Tanaoxares, which is merely another form of the different legends. In the first place the statement
name in Ctesias, but assigns to him the satrapies of of Pausanias, that Smilis was contemporary with
the Medes, Armenians, and Cadusii. On the other Daedalus, has to be modified to suit a conclusion
hand, the names given to him by Aeschylus (Prom. I for which Pausanias himself is made the chief
## p. 846 (#862) ############################################
B46
SMILIS.
SOAEMUS.
authority; and then, when this has been done, priests had preserved from a period beyond any
another piece of chronological evidence has to be historical record, which were regarded with more
dealt with, totally inconsistent with either of the reverence, as the original symbol of the god, than
other accounts; for Pliny tells us that the architects even the gold and ivory statues of a Pheidias, and
of the labyrinth of Lemnos were Smilis, Rhoccus, the real origin of which was so entirely forgotten
and Theodorus (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 13. s. 19; that some images of the same character, like that
adopting the certainly correct emendation of Heyne, of Artemis at Ephesus, were even believed to have
Smilis
, Rhoecus, for Zmilus, Rholus). Now, al fallen straight from heaven (comp. DAEDALUS).
though there is much difficulty about the precise To this class of works belonged the statue of
date of Rhoecus and Theodorus, yet it is tolerably Hera in her temple at Samos. Pausanias, indeed,
clear that they were historical personages, and that (9. c. ) appears to fall into the error of assuming
they lived after the commencement of the Olym- the contemporaneousness of the temple and the
piads. How Pliny (or the Greek writer from statue ; but, in the very same words, he gives us
whom he derived the statement) came to associate the means of correcting his mistake, for he infers
Sinilis with these artists, whether it was because the high antiquity of the temple from the high an-
he found Rhoecus and Theodorus mentioned as the tiquity of the image ; and he goes on to explain
architects of the Heraeum, and Smilis as the maker what precise degree of antiquity he means, by
of the statue in it, or whether their names were siating that Smilis was contemporary with Dae-
already thus associated in some native legend re- dalus. A still more decided testimony to the
specting the labyrinth at Lemnos, – it is now extreme antiquity of the image is furnished by the
hopeless to determine ; but, at all events, the his tradition, referred to by Pausanias just before, that
torical existence of Smilis cannot be admitted on the Argives brought it with them, when they first
the authority of this passage ; nor can we accept, established at Samos the worship of their own
without some positive evidence, the conjecture of great goddess Hera. The statue is also expressly
Müller, followed by Thiersch, that the Smilis called a wooden one by Clemens Alexandrinus
meant by Pliny was a real person belonging to a (Protrept. p. 13), and by Callimachus (Fr. 105,
family which, like the Daedalids at Athens, pre- Bentley), as quoted by Eusebius (Pruep. Evang.
tended to derive its descent from the mythical | iii. 8); and from the words used in these passages
artist Smilis ; much less can we even admit into to describe the image (édos and {úlvov & dos), it
discussion the miserably uncritical expedient pro- may be inferred that it was a wooden etatue in a
posed by Sillig. (Cat. Art. s. v. ), namely, to as- sitting posture, one of the most ancient types of
sume that the Lemnian labyrinth was commenced the statues of divinities. Of the same class were,
by Smilis, and finished about 200 years later by no doubt, the statues of the Hours sitting upon
Rhoecus and Theodorus !
thrones in the Heraeum at Elis, which were also
The true state of the case seems to be something ascribed to Smilis (Paus. v. 17. § 1, where the
of the following kind. Long before the historical common reading "Emiros is undoubtedly wrong,
period and even before the state of society contem- and the alteration of it into Ejidis is supported,
plated in some of the later legends, the necessities besides other arguments, by the statement of Pau-
of an idolatrous worship had given rise to the art sanias in the other passage referred to, that Smilis
of carving rude statues of divinities out of wood. visited the Eleians).
[P. S. ]
This art, according to a general analogy, soon SMINTHEUS (Euivdeus), a surname of Apollo,
became established at particular spots, among which is derived by some from ouivdos, a mouse,
which Athens and Aegina were conspicuouis ; at and by others from the town of Sminthe in Troas
such places schools of art grew up, and the art (Hom. Il. i. 39 : 0v. Fast. vi. 425, Met. xii. 585;
itself made rapid progress ; so that the skill of the Eustath. ad Hom. p. 34). The mouse was regarded
artists of these schools established their schools by the ancients as inspired by the vapours arising
more and more firmly at those spots, which soon from the earth, and as the symbol of prophetic
became centres from which the art was diffused. power. In the temple of Apollo at Chryse there
Now it was in most perfect keeping with the was a statue of the god by Scopas, with a mouse
common Greek mode of embodying legends, that under its foot (Strab. xiii
. p. 604, &c. ; Eustath.
a personal representative should be imagined for ad Hom. p. 34), and on coins Apollo is represented
each school, whose native place is its native home, carrying a mouse in his hands (Müller, Ancient
and whose travels represent the diffusion of the Art and its Rem. § 361, note 5). Temples of
art from that centre. Thus, like Daedalus at Apollo Smintheus and festivals (Smintheia) existed
Athens, Smilis represents at Aegina the early in several parts of Greece, as at Tenedos, near
establishment of a school of sculpture (wood- Hamaxitos in Aeolis, near Parion, at Lindos in
carving), and his visits to Samos and the Eleians * Rhodes, near Coressa, and in other places. (Strab.
represent the early employment of the Aeginetan s. p. 486, xiii. pp. 604, 605. ) (L. S. ]
sculptors at two of the chief centres of Grecian SMYRNA (Euópva), a daughter of Theias and
worship. But more than this: as the Greeks had Oreithya, or of Cinyras and Cenchreis: she is
the most perfect faith in the reality of their also called Myrrhe, and is said to have given the
legendary personages, it became the custom to name to the town of Smyrna. (Apollod. ii. 14.
ascribe actually existing works to these mythical $ 4; Ov. Met. x. 435 ; Anton. Lib. 34). Strabo
artists ; and among the works ascribed to them (xiv. p. 633) mentions an Amazon who bore the
were of course those extremely ancient wooden same name.
[L. S. )
images (tóava), which the care of a succession of SOAEMUS or SOHAEMUS. 1. King of
Ituraea, received the kingdom from Caligula.
When Pausanias says that these were the On his death, which Tacitus places in A. d. 49,
only places which the artist visited, he can mean Ituraea was annexed by Claudius to the province
nothing else than that they were the only places of Syria (Dion Cass. lix. 12; Tac. Ann. xii. 23. )
where works ascribed to him existed.
2. King of Sophene, a district in Armenia, be-
## p. 847 (#863) ############################################
SUCRATES.
817
SOCRATES.
tween the mountains Masius and Antitaurus, | Mithridates, but that monarch was not yet pre-
of which he was appointed king by Nero, in A. D. pared to brave the Roman power, and conse
54. He espoused the cause of Vespasian, when quently found it convenient to sacrifice his unfor-
the latter was proclaimed emperor by the legions in tunate ally, and not only refused to support
Syria, in a. 1. 69, and he subsequently served Socrates, but even put him to death. (Appian.
under Titus in the war against the Jews. Josephus Mithr. 10, 13; Memnon, c. 30 ; Justin. xxxviii.
calls him king of Emesa. (Tac. Ann. xiii. 7, 5. ) He is called by Memnon Nicomedes, which
Hist. ii. 8), v. 1 ; Joseph. B. J. vii. 28. ) name he probably assumed at the same time with
3. King of Armenia, was placed on the throne the crown of Bithynia.
(E. H. B. )
by the Romans in the reign of M. Aurelius. SOʻCRATES (Ewrpátos), the celebrated Ache-
(ARSACIDAE, p. 363, a. )
nian philosopher, was the son of a statuary of
SOCLES (Ewkins), an Athenian sculptor, of the name of Sophroniscus. lle belonged to the
the demus of Alopece, who is mentioned in the deme Alopece, in the immediate neighbourhood of
celebrated inscription relating to the erection Athens, and according to the statement of Demetrius
of the temple of Athena Polias, as one of the Phalerens and Apollodorus, was born in the 4th
makers of the bas-reliefs of the frieze of that year of the 77th Olympind (B. C. 468). The ns-
temple. (Schöll, Archäologische Mithilungen aus sumption that he was born ten years later (Ding.
Griechenland, p. 125; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Laërt ii. 45) is confuted by his expression in the
Schorn, pp. 403, 404, 2d ed. )
[P. S. ) Apology of Plato, that, though he was more than
SOCRATES (Ewkpátis), historical.
seventy years old, that was his first appearance
1. An Athenian, son of Antigenes, was one of before a judicial tribunal, since the date of the
the three commanders sent out with a fleet in B. c. conviction that ensued is well established (01.
following year he showed his zeal in support of his the mandate for the death of the aged general was
new allies, by seizing and giving up to the Athe- afterwards delivered for execution.
nians the Corinthian and Lacedaemonian ambas- vince he remained until after the return of Alex-
sadors, who had repaired to his court on their way ander from India, when repaired, together with
to Asia to ask assistance of the king of Persia Cleander and Heracon, to meet that monarch in
(Herod. vii. 137 ; Thuc. ii. 67). The Athenians, Carmania, B. C. 326. Hither he was followed by
on their part, appear to have cultivated his friend- many persons from Media, who accused him of nu-
ship by repeated embassies, which were received in merous acts of rapine, extortion, and cruelty, and
the most friendly manner, both by the king himself on these charges he was put to death by order of
and his son Sadocus, who had been admitted to the Alexander. (Arr. ib. iii. 26, vi. 27 ; Curt. X.
rights of Athenian citizenship (Thuc. l. c. ; Aris- 1. )
[E. H. B. ]
toph. Acharn. 134—150, and Schol. ad loc. ). The SITHON (Elewr), a son of Poseidon and Assa,
great object of the Athenians was to obtain the or of Ares and Achiroë, the daughter of Neilus,
powerful assistance of Sitalces against Perdiccas, was married to the nymph Mendeis, by whom he
king of Macedonia, with whom the Thracian became the father of Pallene and Rhoeteia. He
monarch was already on terms of hostility on was king of the Hadomantes in Macedonia, or
account of the support which the latter had afforded king of Thrace (Tzetz. ad Lycuph. 1356). Pallene,
or promised to Philip, the brother of Perdiccas. on account of her beauty, had numerous suitors,
The Macedonian king had for a time bought off and Sithon, who promised her to the one who
the hostility of his powerful neighbour by large / should conquer him in single combat, slew many.
In this pro-
## p. 844 (#860) ############################################
844
SITTIUS.
SMERDIS.
At length he allowed Dryas and Cleitus to fight eqnally successful against Saburra, whom he de-
for her, promising to give her to the conqueror. feated and slew. Shortly afterwards L. Afranius
Pallene, who loved Cleitus, caused her own and Faustus Sulla, who had fled from Utica with
instructor Persyntes to induce the charioteer of 1500 cavalry into Mauritania, with the intention
Dryas to draw out the nails from the wheels of his of crossing over into Spain, were intercepted by
master's chariot, so that during the fight he broke Sittius, who was marching with a small body of
down with his chariot, and was killed by Cleitus. troops to join Caesar, were taken prisoners, and
Sithon, who was informed of the trick, erected a sent to Caesar, About the same time the fleet of
funeral pile, on which he intended to burn the Sittius, which was stationed at Hippo Regius,
corpse of Dryas and his own daughter ; but when captured the ships in which Scipio and other fu-
the pile was ready, Aphrodite appeared, a shower gitives were endeavouring to quit the country. On
of rain extinguished the fire, and Sithon altered leaving Africa, Caesar rewarded the services of
his mind, and gave his daughter to Cleitus. Sittius and Bocchus by granting to them the wes-
(Parthen. Erot. 5 ; Conon, Narr. 10 ; Tzetz. ad tern part of Numidia, which had been previously
Lycoph. 583, 1161 ; comp. Cleitus. ) [L. S. ) under the sway of Masinissa, a friend and ally of
SITO (ELTW), a surname of Demeter, describing Juba. Sittius settled down in the portion which
her as the giver of food or corn. (Athen. X. p. 416, had been assigned to him, and distributed the land
iii. p. 109; Aelian, V. H. i. 27; Eustath. ai Hom. among his soldiers. After the death of Caesar,
H. 265. )
[L. S. ] Arabio, the son of Masinissa, who had fought in
SITTIUS or SI'TIUS. ]. P. Sittius, of Spain under the sons of Pompey, returned to Africa,
Nuceria in Campania, was one of the adventurers, drove Bocchus out of his hereditary dominions, and
bankrupt in character and fortune, but possessing killed Sittius by stratagem. (Cic. pro Sull. 20;
considerable ability, who abounded in Rome during Sall. Cat. 21 ; Hirt. B. Afr. 25, 30, 36, 93, 95, 96 ;
the latter years of the republic. He was connected Dion Cass. xliii. 3, 4, 8, 9, 12 ; Appian, B. C. iv.
with Catiline, and went to Spain in B. c. 64, from 54 ; Cic. ad Att. xv. 17, “ Arabioni de Sitio nibil
which country he crossed over into Mauritania in irascor. ")
the following year. It was said that P. Sulla had 2. Sirtius, of Cales in Campania, was proscribed
sent him into Spain to excite an insurrection by the triumvirs in B. C. 43, but at the request of
against the Roman government; and Cicero accord- his townsmen was allowed to live as an exile at his
ingly, when he defended Sulla, in B. C. 62, was native place. (Appian, B. C. iv. 47. )
obliged also to undertake the defence of his friend SIXTUS, the third of that name who occupied
Sittius, and to deny the truth of the charges that had the papal chair, succeeded Coelestinus in A. D. 432,
been brought against him. The orator represented and died A. D. 440. He is known as an author
Sittius as his own friend, and pointed out how merely from some formal letters possessing no par-
his father had remained true to the Romans during ticular interest. They will be found in the Epis-
the Marsic war. (Cic. pro Sull. 20. ) Sittius, how- tolae Pontificum Romanorum of Coustant, vol. i.
ever, did not return to Rome. His property in p. 1229. fol. Paris, 1721, and in the Bibliotheca
Italy was sold to pay his debts, and he continued Patrum of Galland, vol. ix. p. 518, fol. Venet.
in Africa, where he fought with great success in 1773.
(W. R. )
the wars of the kings of the country, selling his SLECAS, a gem-engraver, only known by a
services first to one prince and then to another. gem inscribed with the name CAEKAZ, which is,
The reputation he had acquired gradually attracted however, of a very suspicious form. (Bracci, i. p.
troops to his standard ; and at the time that Caesar 234. )
[P. S. ]
landed in Africa, in B. C. 46, he was at the head of SMERDIS (Euépdis), the son of Cyrus, the
a considerable force both by land and by sea. founder of the Persian empire, accompanied his
Although Sittius had not previously had any con. elder brother Cambyses to Egypt, but was sent
nection with Caesar, he resolved to espouse his back by the latter to Susa, because he was the only
cause, foreseeing that Caesar would be victorious one of all the Persians who was strong enough to
in Africa as elsewhere, and that he himself would bend the bow which the king of the Ethiopians
be liberally rewarded for his services. Sittius had sent to the Persian monarch. Shortly after-
came to the assistance of Caesar at the time when | wards Cambyses dreamt that a messenger came to
his aid was most needed, for he had landed in him from Persia, announcing that his brother was
Africa with only a small number of his troops, and seated on the royal throne with his head reaching
ran the risk of being overwhelmed by the superior to the skies. A larıned at this dream portending
number of the enemy. Joined by Bocchus, king his brother's greatness, he sent a confidential ser.
of Mauritania, Sittius invaded Numidia, took Cirta, vant named Prexaspes to Susa with express orders
the capital of the kingdom, and laid waste the to put Smerdis to denth. Prexaspes fulfilled his
Gaetulian dominions of Juba. The latter monarch, commission, murdered Smerdis secretly, and buried
who was advancing with a large army to assist him with his own hands. Among the few per-
Scipio against Caesar, forth with returned to the de- sons who were privy to the murder was Patizei-
fence of his own dominions, contenting himself thes, a Magian, who had been left by Cambyses in
with sending thirty elephants to the support of charge of his palace and treasures. This person
Scipio. This retr
of Juba saved Caesar from had a brother who bore the same name as the
destruction, as the latter had no forces sufficient to deceased prince, and strongly resembled him in
resist the united armies of Scipio and Juba. Of the person ; and as most of the Persians believed
operations of Juba against Sittius and Bocchus, we Smerdis to be alive, and were disgusted and
know nothing ; but the Numidian king soon after- alarmed at the frantic tyranny of Cambyses, he
wards joined Scipio, at the earnest request of the resolved to proclaim this brother as king, repre-
latter, leaving his general Saburra to oppose Sittius senting him as the younger son of the great Cyrus.
and Bocchus. While Caesar defeated Scipio and Cambyses hear i of the revolt in Syria, but he died
Juba in the decisive battle of Thapsus, Sittius was of an accidental wound in the thig? , as he way
## p. 845 (#861) ############################################
SMERDIS.
845
SMILIS.
monnting his horse to march against the usurper. | 780), and Justin (i. 9), are merely other forms of
Before his death he assembled the Persians, con- Smerdis. The former writer calls him Merdis,
fessed to them that he had murdered his brother, the latter Merdis or Mergis,
and conjured them not to submit to a Mede and a Both Herodotus and Ctesias, however, agree in
Magian. But the words of Cambyses did not the most important part of the history, namely,
meet with much belief ; and Prexaspes positively that the usurper was a Magian. The true nature
denied that he had put Smerdis to death, as it of the revolution has been pointed out by Heeren
would not have been safe for him to have admitted and Grote. It was an attempt on the part of
that he had murdered one of the song of Cyrus. the Medes, to whom the Magians belonged, to
The false Smerdis was thus acknowledged as king obtain the supremacy, of which they had been
by the Persians, and, with the assistance of his deprived by Cyrus. This
appears
from the
brother Patizeithes, reigned for seven months with words which Herodotus (iii. 65) puts into the
out opposition. But the leading Persian nobles mouth of Cambyscs on his death-bed, in which he
seem never to have been quite free from suspicion ; adjures the Persians not to allow the sovereignty
and this suspicion was increased by the king to revert again to the Medes, as well as from the
never inviting any of them to the palace and never speeches of Gobryas, one of the seven Persian
appearing in public, as well as by his wish to con. conspirators (Herod. iii. 73), and of Prexaspes
ciliate the subject nations by granting them ex- (iii. 75). Plnto (ale Leg. iii. p. 695) in like man-
emption from taxes and militiry service for three ner, says that Cambyses was deprived of the bove-
years. Among the nobles who entertained these reignty by the Medes. The assassination of the
suspicions was Otanes, whose daughter Phaedima false Smerdis and the accession of Dareius Hys-
had been one of the wives of Cambyses, and had taspis again gave the ascendancy to the Persians ;
been transferred together with the rest of the royal and the anniversary of the day on which the Ma-
harem to his successor. The new king bad some gians were massacred, was commemorated among
years before been deprived of his ears by Cyrus for the Persians by a solemn festival, called Magopho-
some offence; and Otanes now persuaded his nia, on which no Magian was allowed to show
daughter to ascertain whether her master had himself in public. The real nature of the trans-
really lost his ears. Phaedima undertook the action is also shown by the revolt of the Medes
dangerous task, ascertained that the king had no which followed the accession of Dareius. (Heeren,
ears, and communicated the decisive information to Historical Researches, vol. i. p. 346, Engl. Transl. ;
her father. Otanes thereupon organized a con. Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. iv. pp. 296—304. )
spiracy to get rid of the pretender, and in conjunc- SMERDO'MENES (Euepdouévms), son of
tion with six other noble Persians, succeeded in Otanes, was one of the generals who had the
forcing his way into the palace, where they slew supreme command of the land forces of Xerxes
the false Smerdis and his brother Patizeithes in in his invasion of Greece (Herod. vii. 82, 121).
the eighth month of their reign, B. c. 521. Their SMILIS (Luinis), the son of Eucleides, of
death was followed by a general massacre of the Aegina, a sculptor of the legendary period, whose
Magians.
The events which followed, the dissen- name appears to be derived from ouian, a knife
sion between the seven conspirators respecting the for carving wood, and afterwards a sculptor's chisel.
form of government which should be established in | In the accounts respecting this artist, there is a
Persia, and the accession of Dareius son of Hystas- great confusion between the mythical and histo
pes, are related elsewhere. [DAREIUS. ] (Herod. rical elements ; but the only safe conclusion to be
jü. 30, 61–79. )
drawn from those accounts is that the name is purely
The account of Ctesias is very different from mythical, and that Smilis is the legendary head of
that of Herodotus. Ctesias gives the name of the Aeginetan school of sculpture, just as Daedalus
Tanyoxarces to the brother of Cambyses, and re- is the legendary head of the Attic and Cretan schools.
lates that Cyrus had left him satrap of Bactria and Pausanias (vii. 4. § 4) makes Smilis a contem-
the surrounding countries. He further says, that porary of Daedalus, but inferior to him in fame,
a Magian of the name of Spendadates accused and states (8 5. s. 7) that the Eleians and the
Tanyoxarces to the king of an intention to revolt, Samians were the only people to whom he tr-
in consequence of which he was secretly put to velled, and that he made for the latter the statue
death, but in order to deceive Amytis, the mother of Hera in her great temple in the island. From
of Cambyses, Spendadates, who bore a striking re this tradition, coupled with another preserved by
semblance to the deceased prince, was ordered to Clemens Alexandrinus (Protrept. 4, p. 40), which
personate him, and governed Bactria for five years referred the statue of Hera to the time of Procles,
as if he were the real brother of Cambyses. The an attempt has been made to fix the date of Smilis
fraud was at length discovered by Amytis, who to the period of the Ionian migration, which took
put an end to her own life by poison, after impre- place, according to the chronologers, about 100
cating curses on Cambyses. The king died soon years after the Trojan War, or about B. c. 1044,
aſter of a wound at Babylon, whereupon Spenda. er. Eratosth. , or 988, er. Callim. (Clinton, F. H.
dates mounted the throne, and reigned for a vol. i. pp. 119, 140), and in which migration it is
time under the name of Tanyoxarces. His im- assumed that Smilis accompanied the colonists
posture, however, was at length discovered, and from Epidaurus, under Procles, who settled at
he was put to death in his palace by seven Samos (Müller, Acgin. p. 98 ; Thiersch, Epochen,
noble Persians, who had conspired against him pp. 45, 46, 194). Few examples could be better,
(Ctesias, Pers. cc. 8, 10—14). Xenophon (Cy- of the absurdities which result from the attempt to
rop. viii. 7. $ 11) calls the brother of Cambyses make up chronological history by piecing together
Tanaoxares, which is merely another form of the different legends. In the first place the statement
name in Ctesias, but assigns to him the satrapies of of Pausanias, that Smilis was contemporary with
the Medes, Armenians, and Cadusii. On the other Daedalus, has to be modified to suit a conclusion
hand, the names given to him by Aeschylus (Prom. I for which Pausanias himself is made the chief
## p. 846 (#862) ############################################
B46
SMILIS.
SOAEMUS.
authority; and then, when this has been done, priests had preserved from a period beyond any
another piece of chronological evidence has to be historical record, which were regarded with more
dealt with, totally inconsistent with either of the reverence, as the original symbol of the god, than
other accounts; for Pliny tells us that the architects even the gold and ivory statues of a Pheidias, and
of the labyrinth of Lemnos were Smilis, Rhoccus, the real origin of which was so entirely forgotten
and Theodorus (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 13. s. 19; that some images of the same character, like that
adopting the certainly correct emendation of Heyne, of Artemis at Ephesus, were even believed to have
Smilis
, Rhoecus, for Zmilus, Rholus). Now, al fallen straight from heaven (comp. DAEDALUS).
though there is much difficulty about the precise To this class of works belonged the statue of
date of Rhoecus and Theodorus, yet it is tolerably Hera in her temple at Samos. Pausanias, indeed,
clear that they were historical personages, and that (9. c. ) appears to fall into the error of assuming
they lived after the commencement of the Olym- the contemporaneousness of the temple and the
piads. How Pliny (or the Greek writer from statue ; but, in the very same words, he gives us
whom he derived the statement) came to associate the means of correcting his mistake, for he infers
Sinilis with these artists, whether it was because the high antiquity of the temple from the high an-
he found Rhoecus and Theodorus mentioned as the tiquity of the image ; and he goes on to explain
architects of the Heraeum, and Smilis as the maker what precise degree of antiquity he means, by
of the statue in it, or whether their names were siating that Smilis was contemporary with Dae-
already thus associated in some native legend re- dalus. A still more decided testimony to the
specting the labyrinth at Lemnos, – it is now extreme antiquity of the image is furnished by the
hopeless to determine ; but, at all events, the his tradition, referred to by Pausanias just before, that
torical existence of Smilis cannot be admitted on the Argives brought it with them, when they first
the authority of this passage ; nor can we accept, established at Samos the worship of their own
without some positive evidence, the conjecture of great goddess Hera. The statue is also expressly
Müller, followed by Thiersch, that the Smilis called a wooden one by Clemens Alexandrinus
meant by Pliny was a real person belonging to a (Protrept. p. 13), and by Callimachus (Fr. 105,
family which, like the Daedalids at Athens, pre- Bentley), as quoted by Eusebius (Pruep. Evang.
tended to derive its descent from the mythical | iii. 8); and from the words used in these passages
artist Smilis ; much less can we even admit into to describe the image (édos and {úlvov & dos), it
discussion the miserably uncritical expedient pro- may be inferred that it was a wooden etatue in a
posed by Sillig. (Cat. Art. s. v. ), namely, to as- sitting posture, one of the most ancient types of
sume that the Lemnian labyrinth was commenced the statues of divinities. Of the same class were,
by Smilis, and finished about 200 years later by no doubt, the statues of the Hours sitting upon
Rhoecus and Theodorus !
thrones in the Heraeum at Elis, which were also
The true state of the case seems to be something ascribed to Smilis (Paus. v. 17. § 1, where the
of the following kind. Long before the historical common reading "Emiros is undoubtedly wrong,
period and even before the state of society contem- and the alteration of it into Ejidis is supported,
plated in some of the later legends, the necessities besides other arguments, by the statement of Pau-
of an idolatrous worship had given rise to the art sanias in the other passage referred to, that Smilis
of carving rude statues of divinities out of wood. visited the Eleians).
[P. S. ]
This art, according to a general analogy, soon SMINTHEUS (Euivdeus), a surname of Apollo,
became established at particular spots, among which is derived by some from ouivdos, a mouse,
which Athens and Aegina were conspicuouis ; at and by others from the town of Sminthe in Troas
such places schools of art grew up, and the art (Hom. Il. i. 39 : 0v. Fast. vi. 425, Met. xii. 585;
itself made rapid progress ; so that the skill of the Eustath. ad Hom. p. 34). The mouse was regarded
artists of these schools established their schools by the ancients as inspired by the vapours arising
more and more firmly at those spots, which soon from the earth, and as the symbol of prophetic
became centres from which the art was diffused. power. In the temple of Apollo at Chryse there
Now it was in most perfect keeping with the was a statue of the god by Scopas, with a mouse
common Greek mode of embodying legends, that under its foot (Strab. xiii
. p. 604, &c. ; Eustath.
a personal representative should be imagined for ad Hom. p. 34), and on coins Apollo is represented
each school, whose native place is its native home, carrying a mouse in his hands (Müller, Ancient
and whose travels represent the diffusion of the Art and its Rem. § 361, note 5). Temples of
art from that centre. Thus, like Daedalus at Apollo Smintheus and festivals (Smintheia) existed
Athens, Smilis represents at Aegina the early in several parts of Greece, as at Tenedos, near
establishment of a school of sculpture (wood- Hamaxitos in Aeolis, near Parion, at Lindos in
carving), and his visits to Samos and the Eleians * Rhodes, near Coressa, and in other places. (Strab.
represent the early employment of the Aeginetan s. p. 486, xiii. pp. 604, 605. ) (L. S. ]
sculptors at two of the chief centres of Grecian SMYRNA (Euópva), a daughter of Theias and
worship. But more than this: as the Greeks had Oreithya, or of Cinyras and Cenchreis: she is
the most perfect faith in the reality of their also called Myrrhe, and is said to have given the
legendary personages, it became the custom to name to the town of Smyrna. (Apollod. ii. 14.
ascribe actually existing works to these mythical $ 4; Ov. Met. x. 435 ; Anton. Lib. 34). Strabo
artists ; and among the works ascribed to them (xiv. p. 633) mentions an Amazon who bore the
were of course those extremely ancient wooden same name.
[L. S. )
images (tóava), which the care of a succession of SOAEMUS or SOHAEMUS. 1. King of
Ituraea, received the kingdom from Caligula.
When Pausanias says that these were the On his death, which Tacitus places in A. d. 49,
only places which the artist visited, he can mean Ituraea was annexed by Claudius to the province
nothing else than that they were the only places of Syria (Dion Cass. lix. 12; Tac. Ann. xii. 23. )
where works ascribed to him existed.
2. King of Sophene, a district in Armenia, be-
## p. 847 (#863) ############################################
SUCRATES.
817
SOCRATES.
tween the mountains Masius and Antitaurus, | Mithridates, but that monarch was not yet pre-
of which he was appointed king by Nero, in A. D. pared to brave the Roman power, and conse
54. He espoused the cause of Vespasian, when quently found it convenient to sacrifice his unfor-
the latter was proclaimed emperor by the legions in tunate ally, and not only refused to support
Syria, in a. 1. 69, and he subsequently served Socrates, but even put him to death. (Appian.
under Titus in the war against the Jews. Josephus Mithr. 10, 13; Memnon, c. 30 ; Justin. xxxviii.
calls him king of Emesa. (Tac. Ann. xiii. 7, 5. ) He is called by Memnon Nicomedes, which
Hist. ii. 8), v. 1 ; Joseph. B. J. vii. 28. ) name he probably assumed at the same time with
3. King of Armenia, was placed on the throne the crown of Bithynia.
(E. H. B. )
by the Romans in the reign of M. Aurelius. SOʻCRATES (Ewrpátos), the celebrated Ache-
(ARSACIDAE, p. 363, a. )
nian philosopher, was the son of a statuary of
SOCLES (Ewkins), an Athenian sculptor, of the name of Sophroniscus. lle belonged to the
the demus of Alopece, who is mentioned in the deme Alopece, in the immediate neighbourhood of
celebrated inscription relating to the erection Athens, and according to the statement of Demetrius
of the temple of Athena Polias, as one of the Phalerens and Apollodorus, was born in the 4th
makers of the bas-reliefs of the frieze of that year of the 77th Olympind (B. C. 468). The ns-
temple. (Schöll, Archäologische Mithilungen aus sumption that he was born ten years later (Ding.
Griechenland, p. 125; R. Rochette, Lettre à M. Laërt ii. 45) is confuted by his expression in the
Schorn, pp. 403, 404, 2d ed. )
[P. S. ) Apology of Plato, that, though he was more than
SOCRATES (Ewkpátis), historical.
seventy years old, that was his first appearance
1. An Athenian, son of Antigenes, was one of before a judicial tribunal, since the date of the
the three commanders sent out with a fleet in B. c. conviction that ensued is well established (01.
