), and more especially from the down by the
disciple
in the lectures of Hierocles.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
Elagab.
6, 15.
)
[E. H. B. )
them; but with whom Photius and Peter of Sicily, HIEROCLES ('lepokañs), literary. 1. A Greek
and, among moderns, Fabricius and Beausobre con- rhetorician of Alabanda in Caria, who, like his
found them. Some have attempted, but without brother Menecles, was distinguished by that kind of
just ground, to distinguish between Hierax, the oratory which was designated by the name of the
reputed Manichaean, and Hieracas, founder of the Asiatic, in contrast with Attic oratory. His brother
Hieracites. (Epiphan. Panarium Haeres. 67 ; was the teacher of the famous Molo of Rhodes,
Augustin, De Haeres. c. 47; Anonymi Praedes- the teacher of Cicero, so that Hierocles must have
tinatus, lib. i. c. 4, apud Galland. Bibl. Patr, vol. lived about B. C. 100. We do not hear that be
X. p. 370; Athanas. Opera, vol. ii. p. 235, ed. wrote any rhetorical works, but his orations appear
Benedictin ; Joan. Damasc. De Haeres. c. 67; to have been extant in the time of Cicero. (Brut.
Opera, vol. i. p. 91, ed. Lequien ; Cave, Hist. Litt. 95, Orat. 69, de Orat. ii. 23; Strab. xiv. p. 661. )
vol. i. p. 161, ed. Oxford, 1740—1743 ; Beausobre, 2. The author of a work entitled pilotopes,
Hist. du Manichéisme, liv. ii. ch. 7. § 2, vol. i. p. or the friends of history, which is referred to
430, &c. ; Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. vii. p. 321, vol. ix. p. several times, and seems to have chiefly contained
246 ; Lardner, Credibility, part ii. bk. i. c. 63. S marvellous stories about men and animals. (Steph.
7; Tillemont, Mém. vol. iv. p. 411, &c. ) [J. C. M. } Byz. s. vv. Bpaxuâves, Tapkuvia ; Tzetz. Chil. vii.
HIERA'MENES ('Iepauévns), is named with 146, 716, &c. ) The time at which he lived is
Tissaphernes and the sons of Pharaces, as contract- uncertain, though he belongs, in all probability, to
ing parties to the third treaty between Sparta and a later date than Hierocles of Alabanda.
Persia, and must therefore have been at that time 3. Of Hyllarima in Carin, is mentioned by
(B. C. 412) an important person in Asia Minor. Stephanus Byzantius (s. v. 'Tanápua), and from
(Thuc. viii
. 58. ) He is probably the same who is an athlete turned philosopher. Whether he is the
said to have married a sister of Dareius, and whose same as the Stoic who is spoken of by Gellius (ix.
sons, Autoboesaces and Mitracus, were killed by 5), cannot be decided. Vossius (de Hist. Graec.
Cyrus the Younger, for having failed to show to p. 453, &c. , ed. Westermann) conjectures that he is
him a mark of respect usually paid to the king the same as Hierocles the author of a work entitled
only. The complaint of the parents to Dareius Oeconomicus, from which some extracts are preserved
was in part the reason of the recall of Cyrus, in Stobaeus (Flor. Ixxxiv. 20, 23, lxxxv, 21, lxxix.
B. C. 406. (Xen. Hell. ii. 1. $ 9. ) [A. H. C. ] 53, xxxix. 34-36, lxvii. 21-24), and that he also
HIEʻRIUS (-lépios). 1. A rhetorician of was the author of a work on justice (Stob. viii.
Athens, who is mentioned by St. Augustin (Con- | 19), though the name is there perhaps a mistake for
fess. iv. 14), and Suidas (s. v. Tau périos), but is Hierar. (Comp. v. 60, ix. 56–59, x. 77, 78,
otherwise unknown.
xciii. 39. ) There is also a Hierocles, of whom
## p. 453 (#469) ############################################
HIEROCLES.
453
HIEROCLES.
there is still extant a commentary on the golden and was dedicated to Olympiodorus ; but the work
verses of Pythagoras, and who may be the same as is now lost, and all that has come down to us con-
the one of Hyllarima Suidus, it is true, calls him sists of some extracts from it preserved in Photius
an Alexandrian, but this may be only because he (Bibl. Cod. 214, 25)). These extracts are also
studied philosophy at Alexandria. (Comp. No. 5. ) found separately in some MSS. , and were published
Vossius goes still further, and identifies him with by F. Morelli at Paris, 1593 and 1597, 8vo. They
the Hierocles who compared Apollonius of Tyana are also contained in Pearson's and Needham's edi-
with Jesus Christ, in a work to which Eusebius tions of the Commentary on Pythagoras. From
wrote a reply (see No. 4): it is, however, not im- these extracts we see that Hierocles endeavoured to
possible that Hierocles of Hyllarima may be the show the agreement between Plato and Aristotle
same as the one alluded to by Apostolius. (Pro against the doctrines of the Stoics and Epicureans,
verb. viii. 20, xi. 90. )
and to refute those who attempted to deny the
4. A Roman proconsul at first of Bithynia, and Divine Providence.
afterwards at Alexandria, in the time of Diocletian, A third work of an ethical nature is known to
A. D. 284-305. It is said that this emperor was us from a number of extracts in Stobaeus (see the
instigated to his persecution of the Christians, in passages referred to above, under No. 3), on jus-
A. D. 302, mainly by Hierocles, who was a man of tice, on reverence towards the gods, on the conduct
great philosophical acquirements, and exerted all his towards parents and relations, towards one's country,
powers to suppress the Christians and their religion, on marriage, &c. The maxims they inculcate are
and raise the polytheistic notions of the Pagans by of a highly estimable kind. The work to which
attributing to them a profound meaning, which had these extracts belonged probably bore the title
only been misunderstood and mistaken by the Td piloooqovueva (Suid. s. v. 'Eurodav ; Apostol.
vulgar. (Lactant. Instil. Div. v. de Mort. Per. Prov. ix. 90). These extracts are likewise con-
secut. 16. ) With this object in view, he published tained in Pearson's and Needham's editions of the
& work against the Christians, in which he at- Commentary. There is another work, which is
tempted to point out contradictions in the Scrip referred to under the title of Oikovouirós, but which
tures in the historical as well as in the doctrinal probably formed only a part of the Td Quooopov-
portions. It bore the title Λόγοι φιλαλήθεις προς | μενα.
Tous Xprotiavous, and consisted of two books; Lastly, we have to notice that Theosebius, a dis.
the work itself is lost, but we may still form an idea ciple of Hierocles, published a commentary on the
of it from the notice which Lactantius takes of it Gorgias of Plato, which consisted of notes taken
(Div. Instit. 1. c.
), and more especially from the down by the disciple in the lectures of Hierocles.
refutation which Eusebius wrote of it. (See above, (Phot. Bibl. Cod. 292. )
p. 116. ) We there see that Hierocles attacked the There is extant a work called 'Aoteia, a collec-
character of Jesus Christ and his apostles, and put tion of ludicrous tales and anecdotes, droll ideas,
him on an equality with Apollonius of Tyana. and silly speeches of school pedants, &c. , which
(Comp. Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. i. p. 792 ; Cave, was formerly ascribed to Hierocles the New Pla-
Hist. Lit. vol. i. p. 131, vol. ii. p. 99; Pearson, Pro- tonist; but it is obviously the production of a very
legomena to Hierocles, p. xiii. ed. Need ham, who, insignificant person, who must have lived at a later
however, confounds our Hierocles with No. 5. ) time than the New Platonist. It was first pub-
5. A New Platonist, who lived at Alexandria lished by Marq. Freherus, Ladenburg, 1605, 8vo. ,
about the middle of the fifth century, and enjoyed and afterwards by J. A. Schier, Leipzig, 1750,
a very great reputation. He is commonly con- 8vo. ; it is also contained in Pearson's and Need-
sidered to be the author of a commentary on the ham's editions of the Commentary on Pythagoras,
golden verses of Pythagoras, which is still extant, and in J. de Rhoer's Observationes Philologicae,
and in which the author endeavours to give an Groningen, 1768, 8vo.
intelligible account of the philosophy of Pytha- 6. A Greek grammarian, who is known to us only
goras. The verses of Pythagoras form the basis, as the author of a work entitled Euvékõnuos, that is,
but the co mentator endeavours to give a suc- The Travelling Companion, which is intended as a
cinct view of the whole philosophy of Pythagoras, handbook for travellers through the provinces of the
whence his work is of some importance to us, and Eastern empire. It was probably written at the
may serve as a guide in the study of the Pytha- beginning of the sixth century of our era ; it con-
gorean philosophy. This commentary was first tains a list of 64 eparchiae or provinces of the East-
published in a Latin translation by J. Aurispa, em empire, and of 935 different towns, with brief
Padua, 1474, 4to. , and afterwards at Rome, 1475, descriptions, and is therefore of considerable import-
1493, 1495, 4to. , and at Basel, 1543, 8vo. The ance for the geography of those countries. The
Greek original with a new Latin version was first first edition in C. a S. Paulo, Geograph. Sacr. , Paris,
edited by J. Curterius, Paris, 1583, 12mo. A 1641, and Amsterdam, 1704, fol. , is incomplete.
better edition, incorporating also the fragments of Better editions are those in E. Schelstraten's Anti-
other works of Hierocles, was published by J. quitas Eccles. Illustr. , Rome, 1697, vol. ii. , and in
Pearson, London, 1654 and 1655, 4to. , and with vol. i. of Banduri's Imperium Orient. ; but by far
additions and improvements by P. Needham, Cam- the best edition is that of P. Wesseling, in his
bridge, 1709, 8vo. A still better edition of the Veterum Romanorum Itineraria, Amsterdam, 1735,
commentary alone is that by R. Warren, London, 4to. , p. 631, &c.
(L. S. )
1742, 8vo.
HIEROCLES ('lepoxinis), the author of a
Hierocles was further the author of an extensive treatise on veterinary surgery, of which only some
work entitled Περί Προνοίας και ειμαρμένης και fragments remain, which are to be found in the
του εφ' ημίν προς την θείαν ηγεμονίαν συντάξεως, | collection of writers on this subject, first published
that is, On Providence, Fate, and the reconciliation in Latin by Joannes Ruellius, Paris, 1530, fol. ,
of man's free will with the divine government of and afterwards in Greek by Simon Grynaens,
the world. The whole consisted of seven books, Basel, 1537, 4to. Nothing is known of the events
GG 3
## p. 454 (#470) ############################################
454
IIIERON.
. HIERON.
of his life, except that he is supposed to have been | and other colonists of Dorian origin ; and having
a lawyer by profession, and not a veterinary sur changed its name to Aetna, caused himself to be
geon, and to have lived in the tenth century after proclaimed the founder of the new city. (Diod. xi.
Christ, as he dedicated his work to Cassianus 49 ; Schol. ad Pind. Ol. i. 35, Pyth. i. 1, 120. )
Bassus. He is perhaps the same writer who is At a very early period of his reign also we find
gnoted in the Geoponica. An analysis of his him interposing in the affairs of the Greek cities in
opinions, so far as they can be gathered from the the south of Italy, and presenting the destruction
fragments that remain, is given by Haller in his of Locri by Anaxilas of Rhegium, which he appears
Biblioth. Medic. Pract. vol. i. p. 290 ; see also to have effected by the mere apprehension of his
Fabric. Bill. Gr. vol. vi. p. 497, ed. vet. (W. A. G. ) power, without having actually recourse to arms.
HIERON I. ('lépwr), tyrant of SYRACUSE, (Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. i. 98, ii. 34. ) Some years
was son of Deinomenes and brother of Gelon, whom later he again interfered on behalf of the sons of
he succeeded in the sovereignty, B. C. 478. We the same Anaxilas, and by urging them to put for-
know scarcely any thing of his personal history ward their claim to the sovereign power, succeeded
previous to his accession, except that he supported in effecting the expulsion of Micythus from Rhe-
his brother in his various wars, and appears to gium. (Diod. xi. 66. ) The death of Theron in
have taken an active part in the great victory of B. c. 472, and the violence of his son Thrasydaeus,
Himera, as his share in the glory of that day was involved Hieron in hostilities with Agrigentum,
commemorated by Gelon himself in the inscription but he defeated Thrasydneus in a great battle,
at Delphi which recorded his triumph. (Schol. ad which contributed essentially to the downfal of
Pind. Pyth, i. 15. 5, ii. 115. ) It is stated by Dio- that tyrant ; and after his expulsion Hieron was
dorus (xi. 38) that Hieron was appointed by readily induced to grant peace to the Agrigentines.
Gelon as his successor, though it appears from (Diod. xi. 53. ) But by far the most important
other authorities that that prince left an infant son; event of his reign was the great victory which he
hence it may well be suspected that he assumed obtained over the Etruscan feet near Cumae (B. C.
the government in the first instance only in his 474), and which appears to have effectually broken
nephew's name, and subsequently took possession the naval power of that nation. The Etruscans had
of it for himself. In either case it is clear that he attacked Cumae and the neighbouring Greek settle-
was virtually sovereign of Syracuse from the time ments in Campania with a powerful fleet, and the
of Gelon's death, but his rule was soon distin- Cumaeans invoked the assistance of Hieron, who,
guished from that of his brother by its greater though suffering at the time from illness, appears
severity and more tyrannical character. Its tran- to have commanded in person the fleet which he
quillity was early disturbed by his jealousy of his destined to their support. (Pind. Pyth. i. 137 ;
brother Polyzelus, to whom Gelon had left the and Schol. ad loc. ; Diod. xi. 51. ) of the victory
command of the army and the hand of his widow he there obtained, and which was celebrated by
Demarete. This connection secured to Polyzelus Pindar, an interesting memorial has been preserved
the powerful support of Theron of Agrigentum (the to our own days, in a bronze helmet found at
father of Demarete), and, united with his great Olympia in 1817, and now in the British Museum,
popularity, sufficed to render him an object of sus- which appears from the inscription it bears to have
picion to Hieron. The latter is said to have em- formed part of the spoils consecrated by Hieron on
ployed him in a military expedition against the this occasion to the Olympian Zeus. (Rose, Incr.
Sybarites in Italy, or, according to another account, Graec. Vetust. p. 66 ; Boeckh's Pindar, vol. iii. p.
in Sicily itself, in hopes that he might perish in 225. ). It was probably after this victory that he
the war.
The failure of this design led to an open sent the colony to Pithecusa or Ischia, mentioned
rupture between the two brothers, and Polyzelus by Strabo (v. p. 248. )
took refuge with Theron, who is said to have been How far the internal prosperity of Syracuse,
preparing to support him by arms, when a reconcili- under the rule of Hieron, corresponded with this
ation was effected, and a treaty of peace concluded external show of power we have no means of
between him and Hieron, which is attributed by judging, but all accounts agree in representing his
some accounts to the intervention of the poet government as much more despotic than that of
Simonides. (Schol. ad Pind. Ol. ii. 29, 37. ) AC-Gelon. He fortified his power by the maintenance
cording to Diodorus (xi. 48), on the contrary, it of a large guard of mercenary troops, and evinced
was owing to the conduct of Hieron himself, who, the suspicious character of a tyrant by the employ-
instead of listening to the overtures of the citizens ment of numerous spies and informers. (Arist.
of Himera, and espousing their cause against The- Pol. v. 11; Diod. xi. 48, 67 ; but comp. Plut. de
ron, gave him information of their designs; in Ser. Num. Vind.
p.
551. ) In one respect, how-
gratitude for which, Theron abandoned his hostile ever, he was superior to his brother in the liberal
intentions. By the treaty thus concluded, Poly- and enlightened patronage that he extended to men
zelus was restored to his former position at Syra- of letters, which has contributed very much to cast
cuse, while Hieron himself married a sister of the a lustre over his name. His court became the
Agrigentine ruler. (Schol ad Pind. l. c. ) resort of the most distinguished poets and philoso-
Our information concerning the events of the phers of the day. Aeschylus, Pindar, and Bacchy-
reign of Hieron is very imperfect, but the detached lides are recorded as having taken up their abode
and fragmentary notices which alone remain to us with him, and we find him associating in friendly
attest the great power and influence that he must intercourse with Xenophanes, Epicharmus, and
have possessed.
[E. H. B. )
them; but with whom Photius and Peter of Sicily, HIEROCLES ('lepokañs), literary. 1. A Greek
and, among moderns, Fabricius and Beausobre con- rhetorician of Alabanda in Caria, who, like his
found them. Some have attempted, but without brother Menecles, was distinguished by that kind of
just ground, to distinguish between Hierax, the oratory which was designated by the name of the
reputed Manichaean, and Hieracas, founder of the Asiatic, in contrast with Attic oratory. His brother
Hieracites. (Epiphan. Panarium Haeres. 67 ; was the teacher of the famous Molo of Rhodes,
Augustin, De Haeres. c. 47; Anonymi Praedes- the teacher of Cicero, so that Hierocles must have
tinatus, lib. i. c. 4, apud Galland. Bibl. Patr, vol. lived about B. C. 100. We do not hear that be
X. p. 370; Athanas. Opera, vol. ii. p. 235, ed. wrote any rhetorical works, but his orations appear
Benedictin ; Joan. Damasc. De Haeres. c. 67; to have been extant in the time of Cicero. (Brut.
Opera, vol. i. p. 91, ed. Lequien ; Cave, Hist. Litt. 95, Orat. 69, de Orat. ii. 23; Strab. xiv. p. 661. )
vol. i. p. 161, ed. Oxford, 1740—1743 ; Beausobre, 2. The author of a work entitled pilotopes,
Hist. du Manichéisme, liv. ii. ch. 7. § 2, vol. i. p. or the friends of history, which is referred to
430, &c. ; Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. vii. p. 321, vol. ix. p. several times, and seems to have chiefly contained
246 ; Lardner, Credibility, part ii. bk. i. c. 63. S marvellous stories about men and animals. (Steph.
7; Tillemont, Mém. vol. iv. p. 411, &c. ) [J. C. M. } Byz. s. vv. Bpaxuâves, Tapkuvia ; Tzetz. Chil. vii.
HIERA'MENES ('Iepauévns), is named with 146, 716, &c. ) The time at which he lived is
Tissaphernes and the sons of Pharaces, as contract- uncertain, though he belongs, in all probability, to
ing parties to the third treaty between Sparta and a later date than Hierocles of Alabanda.
Persia, and must therefore have been at that time 3. Of Hyllarima in Carin, is mentioned by
(B. C. 412) an important person in Asia Minor. Stephanus Byzantius (s. v. 'Tanápua), and from
(Thuc. viii
. 58. ) He is probably the same who is an athlete turned philosopher. Whether he is the
said to have married a sister of Dareius, and whose same as the Stoic who is spoken of by Gellius (ix.
sons, Autoboesaces and Mitracus, were killed by 5), cannot be decided. Vossius (de Hist. Graec.
Cyrus the Younger, for having failed to show to p. 453, &c. , ed. Westermann) conjectures that he is
him a mark of respect usually paid to the king the same as Hierocles the author of a work entitled
only. The complaint of the parents to Dareius Oeconomicus, from which some extracts are preserved
was in part the reason of the recall of Cyrus, in Stobaeus (Flor. Ixxxiv. 20, 23, lxxxv, 21, lxxix.
B. C. 406. (Xen. Hell. ii. 1. $ 9. ) [A. H. C. ] 53, xxxix. 34-36, lxvii. 21-24), and that he also
HIEʻRIUS (-lépios). 1. A rhetorician of was the author of a work on justice (Stob. viii.
Athens, who is mentioned by St. Augustin (Con- | 19), though the name is there perhaps a mistake for
fess. iv. 14), and Suidas (s. v. Tau périos), but is Hierar. (Comp. v. 60, ix. 56–59, x. 77, 78,
otherwise unknown.
xciii. 39. ) There is also a Hierocles, of whom
## p. 453 (#469) ############################################
HIEROCLES.
453
HIEROCLES.
there is still extant a commentary on the golden and was dedicated to Olympiodorus ; but the work
verses of Pythagoras, and who may be the same as is now lost, and all that has come down to us con-
the one of Hyllarima Suidus, it is true, calls him sists of some extracts from it preserved in Photius
an Alexandrian, but this may be only because he (Bibl. Cod. 214, 25)). These extracts are also
studied philosophy at Alexandria. (Comp. No. 5. ) found separately in some MSS. , and were published
Vossius goes still further, and identifies him with by F. Morelli at Paris, 1593 and 1597, 8vo. They
the Hierocles who compared Apollonius of Tyana are also contained in Pearson's and Needham's edi-
with Jesus Christ, in a work to which Eusebius tions of the Commentary on Pythagoras. From
wrote a reply (see No. 4): it is, however, not im- these extracts we see that Hierocles endeavoured to
possible that Hierocles of Hyllarima may be the show the agreement between Plato and Aristotle
same as the one alluded to by Apostolius. (Pro against the doctrines of the Stoics and Epicureans,
verb. viii. 20, xi. 90. )
and to refute those who attempted to deny the
4. A Roman proconsul at first of Bithynia, and Divine Providence.
afterwards at Alexandria, in the time of Diocletian, A third work of an ethical nature is known to
A. D. 284-305. It is said that this emperor was us from a number of extracts in Stobaeus (see the
instigated to his persecution of the Christians, in passages referred to above, under No. 3), on jus-
A. D. 302, mainly by Hierocles, who was a man of tice, on reverence towards the gods, on the conduct
great philosophical acquirements, and exerted all his towards parents and relations, towards one's country,
powers to suppress the Christians and their religion, on marriage, &c. The maxims they inculcate are
and raise the polytheistic notions of the Pagans by of a highly estimable kind. The work to which
attributing to them a profound meaning, which had these extracts belonged probably bore the title
only been misunderstood and mistaken by the Td piloooqovueva (Suid. s. v. 'Eurodav ; Apostol.
vulgar. (Lactant. Instil. Div. v. de Mort. Per. Prov. ix. 90). These extracts are likewise con-
secut. 16. ) With this object in view, he published tained in Pearson's and Needham's editions of the
& work against the Christians, in which he at- Commentary. There is another work, which is
tempted to point out contradictions in the Scrip referred to under the title of Oikovouirós, but which
tures in the historical as well as in the doctrinal probably formed only a part of the Td Quooopov-
portions. It bore the title Λόγοι φιλαλήθεις προς | μενα.
Tous Xprotiavous, and consisted of two books; Lastly, we have to notice that Theosebius, a dis.
the work itself is lost, but we may still form an idea ciple of Hierocles, published a commentary on the
of it from the notice which Lactantius takes of it Gorgias of Plato, which consisted of notes taken
(Div. Instit. 1. c.
), and more especially from the down by the disciple in the lectures of Hierocles.
refutation which Eusebius wrote of it. (See above, (Phot. Bibl. Cod. 292. )
p. 116. ) We there see that Hierocles attacked the There is extant a work called 'Aoteia, a collec-
character of Jesus Christ and his apostles, and put tion of ludicrous tales and anecdotes, droll ideas,
him on an equality with Apollonius of Tyana. and silly speeches of school pedants, &c. , which
(Comp. Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. i. p. 792 ; Cave, was formerly ascribed to Hierocles the New Pla-
Hist. Lit. vol. i. p. 131, vol. ii. p. 99; Pearson, Pro- tonist; but it is obviously the production of a very
legomena to Hierocles, p. xiii. ed. Need ham, who, insignificant person, who must have lived at a later
however, confounds our Hierocles with No. 5. ) time than the New Platonist. It was first pub-
5. A New Platonist, who lived at Alexandria lished by Marq. Freherus, Ladenburg, 1605, 8vo. ,
about the middle of the fifth century, and enjoyed and afterwards by J. A. Schier, Leipzig, 1750,
a very great reputation. He is commonly con- 8vo. ; it is also contained in Pearson's and Need-
sidered to be the author of a commentary on the ham's editions of the Commentary on Pythagoras,
golden verses of Pythagoras, which is still extant, and in J. de Rhoer's Observationes Philologicae,
and in which the author endeavours to give an Groningen, 1768, 8vo.
intelligible account of the philosophy of Pytha- 6. A Greek grammarian, who is known to us only
goras. The verses of Pythagoras form the basis, as the author of a work entitled Euvékõnuos, that is,
but the co mentator endeavours to give a suc- The Travelling Companion, which is intended as a
cinct view of the whole philosophy of Pythagoras, handbook for travellers through the provinces of the
whence his work is of some importance to us, and Eastern empire. It was probably written at the
may serve as a guide in the study of the Pytha- beginning of the sixth century of our era ; it con-
gorean philosophy. This commentary was first tains a list of 64 eparchiae or provinces of the East-
published in a Latin translation by J. Aurispa, em empire, and of 935 different towns, with brief
Padua, 1474, 4to. , and afterwards at Rome, 1475, descriptions, and is therefore of considerable import-
1493, 1495, 4to. , and at Basel, 1543, 8vo. The ance for the geography of those countries. The
Greek original with a new Latin version was first first edition in C. a S. Paulo, Geograph. Sacr. , Paris,
edited by J. Curterius, Paris, 1583, 12mo. A 1641, and Amsterdam, 1704, fol. , is incomplete.
better edition, incorporating also the fragments of Better editions are those in E. Schelstraten's Anti-
other works of Hierocles, was published by J. quitas Eccles. Illustr. , Rome, 1697, vol. ii. , and in
Pearson, London, 1654 and 1655, 4to. , and with vol. i. of Banduri's Imperium Orient. ; but by far
additions and improvements by P. Needham, Cam- the best edition is that of P. Wesseling, in his
bridge, 1709, 8vo. A still better edition of the Veterum Romanorum Itineraria, Amsterdam, 1735,
commentary alone is that by R. Warren, London, 4to. , p. 631, &c.
(L. S. )
1742, 8vo.
HIEROCLES ('lepoxinis), the author of a
Hierocles was further the author of an extensive treatise on veterinary surgery, of which only some
work entitled Περί Προνοίας και ειμαρμένης και fragments remain, which are to be found in the
του εφ' ημίν προς την θείαν ηγεμονίαν συντάξεως, | collection of writers on this subject, first published
that is, On Providence, Fate, and the reconciliation in Latin by Joannes Ruellius, Paris, 1530, fol. ,
of man's free will with the divine government of and afterwards in Greek by Simon Grynaens,
the world. The whole consisted of seven books, Basel, 1537, 4to. Nothing is known of the events
GG 3
## p. 454 (#470) ############################################
454
IIIERON.
. HIERON.
of his life, except that he is supposed to have been | and other colonists of Dorian origin ; and having
a lawyer by profession, and not a veterinary sur changed its name to Aetna, caused himself to be
geon, and to have lived in the tenth century after proclaimed the founder of the new city. (Diod. xi.
Christ, as he dedicated his work to Cassianus 49 ; Schol. ad Pind. Ol. i. 35, Pyth. i. 1, 120. )
Bassus. He is perhaps the same writer who is At a very early period of his reign also we find
gnoted in the Geoponica. An analysis of his him interposing in the affairs of the Greek cities in
opinions, so far as they can be gathered from the the south of Italy, and presenting the destruction
fragments that remain, is given by Haller in his of Locri by Anaxilas of Rhegium, which he appears
Biblioth. Medic. Pract. vol. i. p. 290 ; see also to have effected by the mere apprehension of his
Fabric. Bill. Gr. vol. vi. p. 497, ed. vet. (W. A. G. ) power, without having actually recourse to arms.
HIERON I. ('lépwr), tyrant of SYRACUSE, (Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. i. 98, ii. 34. ) Some years
was son of Deinomenes and brother of Gelon, whom later he again interfered on behalf of the sons of
he succeeded in the sovereignty, B. C. 478. We the same Anaxilas, and by urging them to put for-
know scarcely any thing of his personal history ward their claim to the sovereign power, succeeded
previous to his accession, except that he supported in effecting the expulsion of Micythus from Rhe-
his brother in his various wars, and appears to gium. (Diod. xi. 66. ) The death of Theron in
have taken an active part in the great victory of B. c. 472, and the violence of his son Thrasydaeus,
Himera, as his share in the glory of that day was involved Hieron in hostilities with Agrigentum,
commemorated by Gelon himself in the inscription but he defeated Thrasydneus in a great battle,
at Delphi which recorded his triumph. (Schol. ad which contributed essentially to the downfal of
Pind. Pyth, i. 15. 5, ii. 115. ) It is stated by Dio- that tyrant ; and after his expulsion Hieron was
dorus (xi. 38) that Hieron was appointed by readily induced to grant peace to the Agrigentines.
Gelon as his successor, though it appears from (Diod. xi. 53. ) But by far the most important
other authorities that that prince left an infant son; event of his reign was the great victory which he
hence it may well be suspected that he assumed obtained over the Etruscan feet near Cumae (B. C.
the government in the first instance only in his 474), and which appears to have effectually broken
nephew's name, and subsequently took possession the naval power of that nation. The Etruscans had
of it for himself. In either case it is clear that he attacked Cumae and the neighbouring Greek settle-
was virtually sovereign of Syracuse from the time ments in Campania with a powerful fleet, and the
of Gelon's death, but his rule was soon distin- Cumaeans invoked the assistance of Hieron, who,
guished from that of his brother by its greater though suffering at the time from illness, appears
severity and more tyrannical character. Its tran- to have commanded in person the fleet which he
quillity was early disturbed by his jealousy of his destined to their support. (Pind. Pyth. i. 137 ;
brother Polyzelus, to whom Gelon had left the and Schol. ad loc. ; Diod. xi. 51. ) of the victory
command of the army and the hand of his widow he there obtained, and which was celebrated by
Demarete. This connection secured to Polyzelus Pindar, an interesting memorial has been preserved
the powerful support of Theron of Agrigentum (the to our own days, in a bronze helmet found at
father of Demarete), and, united with his great Olympia in 1817, and now in the British Museum,
popularity, sufficed to render him an object of sus- which appears from the inscription it bears to have
picion to Hieron. The latter is said to have em- formed part of the spoils consecrated by Hieron on
ployed him in a military expedition against the this occasion to the Olympian Zeus. (Rose, Incr.
Sybarites in Italy, or, according to another account, Graec. Vetust. p. 66 ; Boeckh's Pindar, vol. iii. p.
in Sicily itself, in hopes that he might perish in 225. ). It was probably after this victory that he
the war.
The failure of this design led to an open sent the colony to Pithecusa or Ischia, mentioned
rupture between the two brothers, and Polyzelus by Strabo (v. p. 248. )
took refuge with Theron, who is said to have been How far the internal prosperity of Syracuse,
preparing to support him by arms, when a reconcili- under the rule of Hieron, corresponded with this
ation was effected, and a treaty of peace concluded external show of power we have no means of
between him and Hieron, which is attributed by judging, but all accounts agree in representing his
some accounts to the intervention of the poet government as much more despotic than that of
Simonides. (Schol. ad Pind. Ol. ii. 29, 37. ) AC-Gelon. He fortified his power by the maintenance
cording to Diodorus (xi. 48), on the contrary, it of a large guard of mercenary troops, and evinced
was owing to the conduct of Hieron himself, who, the suspicious character of a tyrant by the employ-
instead of listening to the overtures of the citizens ment of numerous spies and informers. (Arist.
of Himera, and espousing their cause against The- Pol. v. 11; Diod. xi. 48, 67 ; but comp. Plut. de
ron, gave him information of their designs; in Ser. Num. Vind.
p.
551. ) In one respect, how-
gratitude for which, Theron abandoned his hostile ever, he was superior to his brother in the liberal
intentions. By the treaty thus concluded, Poly- and enlightened patronage that he extended to men
zelus was restored to his former position at Syra- of letters, which has contributed very much to cast
cuse, while Hieron himself married a sister of the a lustre over his name. His court became the
Agrigentine ruler. (Schol ad Pind. l. c. ) resort of the most distinguished poets and philoso-
Our information concerning the events of the phers of the day. Aeschylus, Pindar, and Bacchy-
reign of Hieron is very imperfect, but the detached lides are recorded as having taken up their abode
and fragmentary notices which alone remain to us with him, and we find him associating in friendly
attest the great power and influence that he must intercourse with Xenophanes, Epicharmus, and
have possessed.
